INCOTERMS 2010

International Commercial Terms

English Version
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Regardless of whether you send something to a customer or order something from a supplier, your freight
must arrive on time; otherwise you will have problems. That is why we, as the largest Swiss insurance company,
always think a couple of steps ahead, not only analysing your transportation risks but also advising you on all
matters concerning transportation routes, delivery conditions, etc.
This brochure provides you with an overview of the Incoterms 2010 and in particular what you as a sales repre-
sentative or buyer must know. The Incoterms were created by the International Chamber of Commerce and
regulate the rights and obligations of buyers and sales representatives in international commodity handling. They
can be obtained from the International Chamber of Commerce, Zurich, (Publication 715 ED) or from bookstores
(ISBN 978-3-929621-71-6).
The Incoterms are international rules for structuring a particular group of contractual clauses that are used in
commercial agreements..
The Incoterms 2010 rules are presented in two distinct classes:
Rules for any Mode or Modes of Transport
EXW Ex Works ( named place)
FCA Free Carrier ( named place)
CPT Carriage paid to (... named place of destination)
CIP Carriage and Insurance
paid to (named place of destination)
DAT Delivered at Terminal ( named terminal at port/place of destination)
DAP Delivered at Place (named place of destination)
DDP Delivered Duty paid (... named place of destination)
Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport
FAS Free alongside Ship (... named port of shipment)
FOB Free on Board (... named port of destination)
CFR Cost and Freight (... named port of destination)
CIF Cost, Insurance, Freight (... named port of destination)
INCOTERMS 2010 (International Commercial Terms)
They do not regulate:

transfer of ownership
the payment process
applicable law
the jurisdiction
The terms regulate in particular:

delivering and taking delivery of goods

the division of costs
the transfer of risk
proof of delivery, transport documents or
equivalent electronic message

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Each clause regulates the obligations of the seller
or buyer. With regard to the transportation insurance,
interest focuses primarily who bears the risk during
transportation (from where to where).
The trading terms, which are to some degree restrictive,
result in the transportation insurer making the following
recommendation:

Exporters The exporter should handle exports on the basis of, for example, the CIF or CIP clauses.

Importeur The importer should deal with imports on the basis of, for example, the CFR or CPT clauses.
What benefits does the Swiss exporter or importer gain from this recommendation?

With Zurich you have a reliable Swiss insurer on whom you can always count.
You determine the insurance coverage that is appropriate for your goods.
The insurance is valid from the point of departure to the destination.
Always obtain a house-to-house insurance.
Claims can be dealt within Switzerland.
You reduce your financial risk to a minimum, because when you lodge a claim you have no transfer
difficulties (e.g. as the result of currency restrictions), nor you have any exchange risk.
Rules for any mode or modes of transport
EXW Ex Works (... named place)
FCA Free Carrier (... named place)
CPT Carriage paid to (... named place of destination)
CIP Carriage and Insurance
paid to (... named place of destination)
DAT Delivered at Terminal ( named terminal at port/place of destination)
DAP Delivered at Place ( named place of destination)
DDP Delivered Duty paid ( named place of destination)
Rules for see and inland waterway transport
FAS Free alongside Ship (... named port of shipment)
FOB Free on Board (... named port of shipment)
CFR Cost and Freight (... named port of destination)
CIF Cost, Insurance, Freight (... named port of destination)
Mode of transport and the appropriate INCOTERMS 2010
Agree on the Incoterms 2010 in
your commercial agreements and record
this, e.g. CIF Incoterms.
This clarifies matters. If measures in certain countries
should mean that legal regulations make it necessary to
take out transportation insurance abroad, it is possible to
safeguard against a not unsubstantial financial risk by
means of indemnity insurance. The indemnity insurance
(Clause TR12/2006) has nothing in common with an
export risk guarantee. It simply provides comprehensive
insurance coverage in addition to foreign transporta-
tion insurances.
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Sellers Obligation

Place the goods for disposal at your

premises or another named place
(i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.).
Points of prime importance

Even after the delivery of the goods,

you still bear a considerable financial risk
until full payment has been made.
These conditions are disadvantageous for
your client. He bears a high risk and has to
arrange everything himself such as export,
transportation, insurance etc.
Buyers Obligation

Take delivery of the goods as soon as they

have been made available at the seller's
premises or another named place
(i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.);
bear all costs and risks involved with
organising the transport from that time on.
Points of prime importance

Risk of loss or damage to the goods is

transferred to you as soon as they have
been placed at your disposal at the seller's
premises or other named place
(i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.);
The supplier is under no obligation
to obtain marine insurance.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
EXW Ex Works ( named place)
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Sellers Obligation

Deliver the goods on board the ocean ship;

bear all costs and risks of loss or damage
to the goods until they are on board of the
vessel at the named port of shipment.
Points of prime importance

The buyer may only be able to obtain

restricted insurance from the port
of shipment.
On the one hand, you bear a considerable
financial risk should no payment have been
made before the shipment; on the other
hand, you have no guarantee that the buyer
has obtained marine insurance.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
FOB Free on Board ( named port of shipment)
Buyers Obligation

Obtain the required space onthe ocean ship;

bear all costs and the risk of loss or damage
to the goods from the time are on board of
the vessel at the named port
Points of prime importance

The supplier has no obligation to obtain

insurance for the maritime voyage.
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Sellers Obligation

Deliver the goods on board the ocean ship;

obtain a contract for carriage to the named
port of destination and pay the freight as
well as all other costs;
bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods
until they are on board of the vessel at
the named port of shipment.
Points of prime importance

Even after the delivery of the goods,

you still bear a considerable financial risk
until full payment has been made.
The buyer may only be able to obtain
restricted insurance for the maritime
voyage.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
CFR Cost and Freight (... named port of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Accept delivery of the goods at the named

port of destination after receipt of the
transport documents;
bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods
from the time they are on board of the
vessel at the named port of shipment.
Points of prime importance

The supplier bears the risk of loss or

damage to the goods only as far as the
port of shipment. He is under no obligation
to obtain insurance for the maritime
voyage.
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Sellers Obligation

Deliver the goods on board the ocean ship;

obtain a contract for carriage to the
named port of destination and pay the
freight as well as all other costs;
bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods
until they are on board of the vessel at the
named port of shipment;
obtain transferable marine insurance.
Points of prime importance

If the insurance has been agreed CIF

named port of destination, it is usually
possible to obtain only restricted coverage
for the subsequent overland transport.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
CIF Cost, Insurance, Freight (... named port of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Accept delivery of the goods at the named

port of destination after receipt of the
transport documents;
bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods
from the time they are on board of the
vessel at the named port of shipment.
Points of prime importance

The supplier only has to obtain minimal

coverage for the goods during the
maritime voyage.
Without a qualitative and quantitative
examination of the goods at the port of
arrival, only restricted insurance can be
obtained for the subsequent transport to
the destination.
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Sellers Obligation

Deliver the goods for transport by the

carrier contracted to the named place of
destination;
bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods
until they have been delivered to the first
carrier.
Points of prime importance

Even after the delivery of the goods you

still bear a considerable financial risk until
full payment has been made and your
customer has obtained marine insurance.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
CPT Carriage paid to (... named place of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods

from the time they have been delivered to
the first carrier.
Points of prime importance

The supplier is under no obligation to take

out marine insurance.
Damage which is not detected before the
carrier takes delivery of the goods can no
longer be claimed for from the supplier.
Without a qualitative and quantitative
examination of the goods at the time
the carrier takes delivery, only restricted
coverage can be obtained for the
subsequent transport.
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Sellers Obligation

Obtain a contract for the carriage of the

goods and pay the freight as well as all
other costs as far as the named place of
destination;
bear all risk of loss or damage to the goods
until they have been delivered to the first
carrier;
obtain transferable marine insurance,
the conditions of which are appropriate
for the type of goods and commercial
practice.
Points of prime importance

For subsequent transportation from

the named place of destination (if different
from the final place of destination)
your client can only obtain restricted
insurance.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
CIP Carriage and insurance paid to (... named place of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Accept the goods from the carrier at

the named place.
Points of prime importance

The buyer carries the risk for loss or

damage to the goods during shipment.
However, the seller has to obtain insurance
from warehouse to warehouse.
The buyer has the option of agreeing the
scope of insurance with the seller. If no such
agreement is made, he is only obliged to
obtain insurance coverage which conforms
to market standards.
The buyer neither knows the insurance
company nor the exact scope of coverage.
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Sellers Obligation

Obtain a contract for carriage of the goods

as well as place the goods at the disposal
of the buyer at the named terminal at the
port or place of destination.

Bear all costs and the risk of loss or

damage to the goods until the goods are
unloaded and at the disposal of the buyer
at the terminal.

To clear the goods for export

Points of prime importance

Specify as clearly as possible the terminal

and a specific point within the terminal at
the agreed port or place of destination, as
the risks to that point are for the account
of the seller.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
DAT Delivered at Terminal ( named Terminal at port or place of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Taking the goods at the agreed

terminal/place.

Bear all costs and the risk of loss or

damage to the goods from the moment
the goods are unloaded and at the disposal
of the buyer at the terminal.
Points of prime importance

Specify as clearly as possible the terminal

and a specific point within the terminal at
the agreed port or place of destination, as
the risks to that point are for the account
of the seller.

If the parties intend the seller to bear the

risks and costs involved in transporting and
handling the goods from the terminal to
another place, then the DAP or DDP rules
should be used.
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Sellers Obligation

Obtain a contract for carriage of the goods

as well as place the goods at the disposal
of the buyer at the named place of
destination.

Bear all costs and the risk of loss or

damage to the goods are on the arriving
means of transport, ready for unloading
and at the disposal of the buyer at the
named place of destination.

To clear the goods for export

Points of prime importance

Specify as clearly as possible the point

within the agreed place of destination, as
the risks to that point are for the account
of the seller.
Sellers risk Buyers risk
DAP Delivered at Place ( named place of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Taking the goods at the agreed place of

destination.

Bear all costs and the risk of loss or

damage to the goods from the moment
the goods are on the arriving means of
transport, ready for unloading and at the
disposal of the buyer at the named place
of destination.
Points of prime importance

Specify as clearly as possible the point

within the agreed place of destination, as
the risks to that point are for the account
of the seller.

If the parties wish the seller to clear the

goods for import, pay any import duty and
carry out any import customs formalities,
the DDP term should be used.
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Sellers Obligation

Place the goods at the disposal of the

buyer on any arriving means of transport
not unloaded at the named place of
destination;
bear all costs and the risk of loss or
damage to the goods as well as all costs
incurred through customs formalities,
duties, taxes and other charges.
Points of prime importance

Even after delivery of the goods you still

bear a considerable financial risk until full
payment has been made and your
customer has obtained marine insurance.
The buyer may only be able to obtain
restricted coverage for the subsequent
transportation.
The seller may encounter unresolvable
problems when attempting to clear
customsin the country of destination
(e.g. missing import licenses which must
be procured by the buyer).
Sellers risk Buyers risk
DDP Delivered Duty paid (... named place of destination)
Buyers Obligation

Take delivery of the goods on the arriving

means of transport not unloaded at the
named place of destination and from that
time bear all costs to the final destination.
Points of prime importance

The supplier is under no obligation to take

out marine insurance.
Damage which occurs before the goods
reach the named place of destination, but
which is only detected at the final
destination can no longer be claimed for
from the supplier.
Without a qualitative and quantitative
examination of the goods at the named
place of destination, only restricted
coverage can be obtained for the subse-
quent transport.
Zurich Insurance Company Ltd
Technical Underwriting
Marine
Thurgauerstrasse 80
CH-8050 Zurich
Phone +41 44 628 38 00
Fax +41 44 629 18 25
transport@zurich.ch
www.zurich.ch 4
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