Research Project Waste Water Analysis

Aftab Hassan Siddiqui Textile waste water treatments
TEXTILE WASTE WATER ANALYSIS & ITS

TREATMENTS
Aftab Hassan Siddiqui
Msc. Applied Ce!ist"# & Ce!ical Tecn$l$%#
&ni'e"sit# $f (a"aci
Page 1
C)NTENT
S.
No. TITTLE
Pg.
No.
1 Abstract 3
2 Acknowledgments 4
3 Environment
4 Introd!ction to environmental Poll!tion "
#ecom$osition o% environmental $oll!tion &
" T'$es o% environmental $oll!tion 1(
& So!rces o% environmental Poll!tion 11
) Environmental Poll!tion concl!sion 14
* Pro%ile o% te+tile ind!str' o% Pakistan 1
1( ,e-!irements o% water b' te+tile ind!str' 1
11 .!alit' o% S!b/soil water 1&
12 E%%ect o% water im$!rities on wet $rocessing 1&
13 #eminerali0ation o% sea/water 1*
14
12emical treatments 3e+$erimental
observations4 24
1 ,es!lt 2&
1" 1oncl!sion 2&
Page 2
Anal#ses and T"eat!ent $f Te*tile Effluents
AFTAB HUSSAIN SIDDIQUI
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Karachi, , Pakistan
under of research senior professor & chairman of applied chemistry
1Corresponding authors e-mail: aaftabsiddiqi@gmail.com
A+STRACT
The present study was carried out to determine
the degree of pollution of textile wastewater
and ability of FeCl3,CaCo3,Lime,activated carbon
resin as coagulating agent for its treatment.
The wastewater samples were collected from
Mustaim dyeing ! printing textile industries
from city "one of #arachi $%a&istan'. These
samples were analy"ed for the parameters li&e
p(, turbidity, T)*, hardness, chlorides, by
standard methods before and after treatment. +t
was observed that FeCl3,CaCo3,lime acts as a
good coagulating agent for the treatment of
textile effluents. The p(, turbidity, T)*,
hardness, chlorides values of effluents were
found to decrease up to reuired level
respectively after treatment. +t was concluded
that the industrial effluents should be treated
before to be drained into the natural water
bodies so that it may not cause water and soil
pollution and FeCl3 might be used for wastewater
treatment on industrial scale.
#ey ,ords- Textile effluents. Coagulating agent.
,ater hardness. ,astewater treatment
Page 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my dear Allah
who gave me this opportunity & help me in every step of my
life to complete my research project and also my parents for
their blessings.
I take immense pleasure in thanking of my beloved Chairman
Sir ehdi !a"a #a"mi $%hd Analytical chemistry& for having
permitted me to carry out this project on waste water
treatments & its analysis of textile industry.
'his report could not have been accomplished without the
splendid support and cooperation of the Sir ehdi !a"a #a"mi
who had been a source of inspiration and for his timely
guidance in the conduct of my project work( for a profound
favour I will always remain obliged to him.
Page 4
A)'A* +ASSA, SI--I./I
/01+230M/0T
The environment encompasses all living and non4
living things occurring naturally on /arth or some
region thereof. +t is an environment that
encompasses the interaction of all living
species.The concept of the environment can be
distinguished by components-
Complete ecological units that function as
natural systems without massive human
intervention, including all vegetation,
microorganisms, soil, roc&s, atmosphere and
natural phenomena that occur within their
boundaries.
5niversal natural resources and physical
phenomena that lac& clear4cut boundaries, such as
air, water, and climate, as well as energy,
radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not
originating from human activity.
/nvironmental pollution is 6the contamination of
the physical and biological components of the
earth7atmosphere system to such an extent that
normal environmental processes are adversely
affected8.
6%ollution is the introduction of contaminants
into the environment that cause harm or discomfort
to humans or other living organisms, or that damage
the environment8 which can come 6in the form of
chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat
or light8. 6%ollutants can be naturally occurring
Page 5
substances or energies, but are considered
contaminants when in excess of natural levels.8
+ntroduction to /nvironmental %ollution
9lthough pollution had been &nown to exist for a
very long time $at least since people started using
fire thousands of years ago', it had seen the
growth of truly global proportions only since the
onset of the industrial revolution during the :;th
century.
The industrial revolution brought with it
technological progress such as discovery of oil and
its virtually universal use throughout different
industries.
Technological progress facilitated by super
efficiency of capitalist business practices
$division of labour < cheaper production costs <
overproduction < overconsumption < overpollution'
had probably become one of the main causes of
serious deterioration of natural resources.
9t the same time, of course, development of natural
sciences led to the better understanding of
negative effects produced by pollution on the
environment.
/nvironmental pollution is a problem both in
developed and developing countries. Factors such
as population growth and urbani"ation invariably
place greater demands on the planet and stretch the
use of natural resources to the maximum.
Page 6
+t has been argued that the carrying capacity of
/arth is significantly smaller than the demands
placed on it by large numbers of human populations.
9nd overuse of natural resources often results in
nature=s degradation.
+t=s interesting to note that natural resources
had been stored virtually untouched in the /arth
for millions of years.
>ut since the start of the industrial revolution
vast amounts of these resources had been exploited
within a period of ?ust a couple of hundred of
years at unimaginable rates, with all the waste
from this exploitation going straight in to the
environment $air, water, land' and seriously
damaging its natural processes.
/nvironmental%ollutants-
,hat 9re They ! (ow )o They )ecompose@
/nvironmental pollutants are constituent parts of
the pollution process. They are the actual
6executing agents8 of environmental pollution.
They come in gaseous, solid or liuid form.
+t is interesting to note that, as of :;;A, there
were around BC,AAA different chemicals in the
mar&etplace, i.e. potential environmental
pollutants that were to be released into air, water
and land on a regular basis.
,e assume that, as of DA:: 4 DA:D, this number may
be significantly higher.
Page 7
2enowned author Miguel 9. *antos identifies at
least three general characteristics of
environmental pollutants -
%ollutants donEt recogni"e boundaries, i.e.
they are transboundary.
Many of them canEt be degraded by living
organisms and therefore stay in the ecosphere
for many years.
They destroy biota and habitat.
These points emphasi"e that pollutants present a
serious long4term global problem that affects more
or less every country and, therefore, can only be
solved by a coordinated set of actions and
unwavering commitment of nations to international
environmental agreements.
+n order to develop and implement an effective
international policy for pollutants= management, it
is important, among other factors, to understand
their decomposition mechanisms.
,e &now that decomposition of pollutants can occur
either biologically or physicochemically.
>iological )ecomposition of /nvironmental
%ollutants
*antos divides environmental pollutants into
biodegradable and non4biodegradable ones, and
describes them as follows.
>iodegradable %ollutants
>iodegradable pollutants are the ones that can be
bro&en down and processed by living organisms,
Page 8
including organic waste products, phosphates, and
inorganic salts.
For example, if a pollutant is organic, it can be
used by a living organism to obtain energy and
other material from carbohydrates, proteins etc.
Therefore, biodegradable pollutants are only
6temporary nuisances8 that can be neutralised and
converted into harmless compounds.
(owever, it is important to remember that they can
become serious pollutants if released in large
amounts in small areas, thus exceeding the natural
capacity of the environment to 6assimilate8 them.
0on4>iodegradable %ollutants
0on4biodegradable pollutants are the ones that
cannot be decomposed by living organisms and
therefore persist in the ecosphere for extremely
long periods of time.
They include plastics, metal, glass, some
pesticides and herbicides, and radioactive
isotopes.
+n addition to that, fat soluble $but not water
soluble' non4biodegradable pollutants, ex. mercury
and some hydrocarbons, are not excreted with urine
but are accumulated in the fat of living organisms
and cannot be metabolised.
0on4>iological )ecomposition of /nvironmental
%ollutants
0on4biological decomposition of non4biodegradable
pollutants reuires a combination of many factors,
Page 9
such as wind, water and climate to wor& together to
achieve neutralisation of pollutants.
*ome of the most dangerous pollutants such as
radioactive isotopes can decompose by themselves
but it will ta&e them thousands of years.
2emoval of 9ir %ollutants from the 9tmosphere
9ir pollutants, as opposed to solid and liuid
pollutants found on land and in water, may be
removed from the atmosphere through wet deposition
or dry deposition.
+n case of wet deposition pollutants ma&e way into
clouds or other precipitation and then get
deposited onto the surface of the /arth by way of
rain. +n case of dry deposition, pollutants are
deposited directly onto the planetEs surface and
vegetation, such as plants and trees of tropical
rainforests.
,e may assume that once air pollution has been
deposited onto the planetEs surface, the normal
rules of biological and non4biological
decomposition for other types of pollutants will
apply.
Types of /nvironmental %ollution
Fenerally spea&ing, there are many types of
pollution but the most important ones are-
9ir pollution
,ater pollution
*oil pollution $contamination'
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*ome of the most notable air pollutants are sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, o"one,
volatile organic compounds $13Cs' and airborne
particles, with radioactive pollutants probably
among the most destructive ones $specifically when
produced by nuclear explosions'.
,ater pollutants include insecticides and
herbicides, food processing waste, pollutants from
livestoc& operations, volatile organic compounds
$13Cs', heavy metals, chemical waste and others.
*ome soil pollutants are- hydrocarbons, solvents
and heavy metals.
*ources of /nvironmental %ollution
Fossil Fuel *ources of /nvironmental %ollution
+n modern industriali"ed societies, fossil fuels
$oil, gas, coal' transcended virtually all
imaginable barriers and firmly established
themselves in our everyday lives.
0ot only do we use fossil fuels for our obvious
everyday needs $such as filling a car', as well as
in the power4generating industry, they
$specifically oil' are also present in such
products as all sorts of plastics, solvents,
detergents, asphalt, lubricating oils, a wide range
of chemicals for industrial use, etc.
Page 11
Combustion of fossil fuels produces extremely high
levels of air pollution and is widely recogni"ed
as one of the most important 6target8 areas for
reduction and control of environmental pollution.
Fossil fuels also contribute to soil contamination
and water pollution. For example, when oil is
transported from the point of its production to
further destinations by pipelines, an oil lea& from
the pipeline may occur and pollute soil and
subseuently groundwater. ,hen oil is transported
by tan&ers by ocean, an oil spill may occur and
pollute ocean water.
3f course, there are other natural resources
whose exploitation is a cause of serious pollution.
for example, the use of uranium for nuclear power
generation produces extremely dangerous waste that
would ta&e thousands of years to neutrali"e.
>ut there is no reasonable doubt that fossil fuels
are among the most serious sources of environmental
pollution.
%ower4generating plants and transport are probably
the biggest sources of fossil fuel pollution.
Common sources of fossil fuel pollution are-
+ndustry-
%ower4generating plants
%etroleum refineries
%etrochemical plants
%roduction and distribution of fossil fuels
3ther manufacturing facilities
Transport-
2oad transport $motor vehicles'
Page 12
*hipping industry
9ircraft
Fossil fuel combustion is also a ma?or source of
carbon dioxide $C3D' emissions and perhaps the
most important cause of global warming. Learn more
about the causes and effects of global warming
here.
3ther $0on4Fossil Fuel' *ources of
/nvironmental %ollution
9mong other pollution sources, agriculture
$livestoc& farming' is worth mentioning as the
largest generator of ammonia emissions resulting in
air pollution.
Chemicals such as pesticides and fertili"ers are
also widely used in agriculture, which may lead
water pollution and soil contamination as well.
Trading activities may be another source of
environmental pollution.
For example, it=s been recently noted that
pac&aging of products sold in supermar&ets and
other retail outlets is far too excessive and
generates large uantities of solid waste that ends
up either in landfills or municipal incinerators
leading to soil contamination and air pollution.
2esidential sector is another significant source
of pollution generating solid municipal waste that
may end up in landfills or incinerators leading to
soil contamination and air pollution.
3ur uniue analysis of %ollution Causes will give
you an excellent perspective on the fundamental
Page 13
pollution drivers such as globali"ation,
industriali"ation and population growth.
Gou will also learn about why we refer to
production and consumption as primary ! secondary
causes of pollution. plus get a schematic
presentation of pollution sources 4 i.e., actual
economic sectors such as manufacturing, power
generation, residential sector and so on.
*ince air pollution is one of the largest areas of
environmental pollution studies, our discussion on
9ir %ollution Causes explains how each ma?or
pollutant contributes specifically to air
pollution.
/nvironmental %ollution 4 Conclusion
/nvironmental pollution is causing a lot of
distress not only to humans but also animals,
driving many animal species to endangerment and
even extinction.
The transboundary nature of environmental
pollution ma&es it even more difficult to manage it
< you cannot build bric& walls along the borders of
your country or put customs cabins at every point
of entry to regulate its flows into your country.
/verything on our planet is interconnected, and
while the nature supplies us with valuable
Page 14
environmental services without which we cannot
exist, we all depend on each other=s actions and
the way we treat natural resources.
+t=s widely recognised that we are hugely
overspending our current budget of natural
resources < at the existing rates of its
exploitation, there is no way for the environment
to recover in good time and continue 6performing8
well in the future.
%erhaps we should adopt a holistic view of nature
< it is not an entity that exists separately from
us. the nature is us, we are an inalienable part
of it, and we should care for it in the most
appropriate manner. 3nly then can we possibly solve
the problem of environmental pollution.
:. %rofile of Textile +ndustry of %a&istan
Textile manufacturing is the ma?or industry of
%a&istan and it plays a &ey role in the economy of
the country. The industry exports goods worth more
than B billion 5.*. dollars annually. This is about
two thirds of the total foreign exchange earnings
of the country. Textile industry also provides at
least HAI of the industrial ?obs, besides creating
vast opportunities for relevant commercial
enterprises. These include sales of different
textile products, transport of raw materials and
the finished goods, supplying of machinery and
Page 15
their spares, pac&ing, forwarding, shipping trades
etc. The cotton textile manufacturing consumes more
than ; million bales $:.C million tonnes' of cotton
in addition to A.C million tonnes of man4made
fibres and JA thousand tonnes of wool. The industry
has not only impressive credentials within the
country but is also a ma?or force in the world
trade as %a&istan is in the top :A textile
manufacturing and exporting countries.
D. 2euirement of ,ater by Textile +ndustry
The present day product4mix and manufacturing
techniues are a far cry from the pre :;JA=s period
when %a&istan was exporting raw cotton, yarn, grey
cloth and T4shirts, the last named at a ridiculous
price of KB per do"en. %resent emphasis is on
manufacture of the high4value added finished
products and average price of the &nitted garments
is now K HC per do"en. 9s the name suggests the
finished goods need to be bleached, dyed and
printed and these processes reuire plentiful
uantities of the good uality water. 3n the
average one #g of the material reuires at least
:AA litres of water. 5nfortunately the uality4
water, found in our perennial rivers, is always in
short supply because the first charge on this water
is for human consumption and agriculture. The other
source is sub4soil water but this is mostly
brac&ish as happens in all semi4arid countries li&e
%a&istan. The saline or brac&ish sub4soil waters
are unfit for bio4consumption and are also
unsuitable for most of the industrial uses,
including the textile wet processing. The sub4soil
waters of the two ma?or textile centres of the
country, #arachi and Faisalabad, are highly saline
and as such are not suitable for producing high
uality finished textile products.
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9bout two decades bac&, setting up of a textile
finishing plant was banned in #arachi only because
uality water was not available. 0ow when the ban
has been lifted, all the mills are using sub4soil
water for wet processing of their products because
water of the rivers L*indh= and L(ub=, that is
supplied by the #arachi ,ater and *ewerage >oard
$#.,.*.>', hardly meets even :AI of their
reuirements. The precious #,*> water is,
therefore, used mainly for boilers and drin&ing
purposes.
Focussing on the water shortage dilemma of #arachi,
it may be observed that this city is the biggest
manufacturer of the textile wet processed goods in
the country. #arachi has at least 3AA registered
processing mills that include DAA cloth $woven
cotton and man4made fibres', MA &nitting and 3A
towel mills. +n addition to these about another CA4
MA unregistered mills and a large number of
factories processing garments, yarns, &itchen
towels, mops, laces, ?ute goods, garment4
accessories, etc. also exist that consume fairly
large uantities of water. +t has been estimated
that the wet processing industry of #arachi
consumes around CA million gallons $>ritish' of
water every day. This huge supply is met by
extracting the sub4soil water either by the mills
directly or by the so4called 6Tan&er8 water4
suppliers, including the 0ational Logistic Cell.
3. Nuality of *ub4*oil ,ater
The sub4soil water of #arachi is of a poor uality
and has high concentration of the dissolved salts
or has a high T)*$Total )issolved *olids'. The T)*
Page 17
content varies from :,CAA to 3A,AAA ppm $parts per
million' in different localities of the metropolis
and follows no clear4cut pattern of T)* content
within a locality. +n many factories in the *+T/
area the T)* ranges between :,CAA to 3,AAA ppm but
it may go up to :C,AAA or even to DC,AAA in the
nearby mills.
The same pattern of T)* variation exists in the
sub4soil waters in #orangi, Landhi and the 0orth
#arachi areas. The water in comparison has a T)*
ranging between DCA43CA ppm depending on the time
of the year, being low in the rainy season and high
in winters.
H. /ffect of ,ater +mpurities on ,et %rocessing
(igh concentration of dissolved salts, especially
the hardness4causing calcium and magnesium ones,
creates lot of difficulties in wet processing.
0ature of the impurities and their effect on the
uality of the finished goods are briefly mentioned
below.
$a' 3rganic matter, Turbidity and Color-
Turbidity and colour are usually due to presence of
organic matter in water and these detract from
brightness of the bleached and purity of shade of
the dyed goods. The organic matter, whether
dissolved or suspended breeds micro4organisms that
may develop mildew, fungi etc., which in turn
produce coloured spots, foul smell and even holes
in the material.
Page 18
$b' (ardness- (ardness creates many undesirable
effects in processing. 3n heating or coming in
contact with al&alis, calcium and magnesium salts
are precipitated on fabrics as whitish carbonate
and hydroxide particles. 9lthough concentration of
these salts is small yet their overall reflection
pattern lowers whiteness of the bleached goods and
depth of shade of the dyed goods and mars purity
and brightness of the hue. +n pac&age yarn dyeing,
the precipitated particles hinder free4flow of
liuor through the pac&ages and tend to cause
uneven dyeing. The precipitated salts also impart
harshness to the fibres. /xcessive presence of
these salts also causes uneven dyeing and
necessitates addition of expensive seuestering
agents. *ome processing mills of #arachi have
resorted to soften the entire supply of the process
water to get more uniform dyeings but softening
does not reduce T)* of water and creates some other
problems as mentioned in the following %ara $c'.
4 +n textile mills, including the spinning and
the weaving sections, certain euipments are
installed that reuire circulation of water through
pipes. These include boiler, humidification plant
and multi4tubular heaters7coolers of the dyeing
machines. ,ith passage of time the hardness
producing salts in water accumulate to form a hard
scale inside the pipes. The scale is a bad
conductor of heat and causes wastage of fuel in
boilers and lowers efficiency of the other
euipment. 2emoval of the scale from inside the
tubes is a time consuming and an expensive
proposition and adds to the cost of processing.
Page 19
$c' Total )issolved *olids- +n addition to the
hardness causing calcium and magnesium salts, water
contains other dissolved salts that are mainly
sodium cations and chloride, sulphate and
bicarbonate anions. These sodium salts create
certain complications li&e precipitation of dyes of
inherent low solubility.
%resence of excessive amount of sodium ions gives a
damp and limp handle to the finished fabric due to
their tendency to hold water. The materials dyed in
such waters loo& dull and lac& brightness.
(igh T)* in the boiler feed water causes foaming
and carry4over problems that lower efficiency of
the boilers and also create difficulties in
processing. Further excessive sodium ions in boiler
water accelerate corrosion of the iron plates due
to their high electrical conductivity. *uch waters
also reuire more freuent blow4downs that result
in fuel loss.
To sum up the goods processed in the high T)*
waters have dull shades, a poor handle and in many
cases uneven dyeing. To avoid uneven dyeing
expensive seuestering agents are added in the dye
bath but still brightness of dyed and printed goods
is poor and handle unattractive. These shortcomings
lower value of the finished goods.
C. )esalination of >rac&ish and *ea ,ater
9s discussed above, it appears that the uality4
water is going to be in short supply for the
industry permanently and this shortage is li&ely to
be progressive. +t is, therefore, necessary to
consider alternative processes to supplement the
existing water sources and the most obvious choice
is demineralisation or desalination of brac&ish
sub4soil water and even seawater. There are three
Page 20
ma?or methods that are being successfully used for
desalination of water.
These are based on the following principles-
:.1apori"ation!condensation.
D.+onexchange.
3. 2everse 3smosis.
C.: 1apori"ation and condensation- +n this
system, saline water is heated preferably under
reduced pressure to boiling point and the water
vapours $steam' are cooled to condense to pure
water. This process is expensive unless it is made
synergistic with power generation. +t is also
capital intensive and needs high calibre and so
expensive expertise to run and maintain the plants.
The system has been used in oil producing low fuel4
cost countries li&e *audi 9rabia and 59/ but even
there the 2.3. process has replaced this.
C.D. +on4exchange )emineralisation %rocess-
This method of water purification is based on the
principle of the ,ater *oftening but differs in
having two columns of different resins. +n the one
cations and in the other anions of the dissolved
salts are replaced with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
respectively and water of a very high purity or
"ero conductivity is obtained. 9fter exhaustion,
the resins are regenerated- the cationic with a
mineral acid and the anionic with caustic soda.
The capital cost of the euipment is lower than the
other two systems but cost of the resins and their
regeneration chemicals is high and so ma&es the
process uneconomical for the textile industry. This
process is mainly used by the pharmaceutical and
certain chemical industries where water of ultra4
high purity is needed.
Page 21
C.3. 2everse osmosis process or (yper
Filtration- 9ccording to the well4&nown principle
of osmosis when a salt solution is separated from
water with a semi4permeable membrane, water
molecules tend to move across the membrane towards
the salt solution under the concentration gradient.
+n an enclosed vessel, transport of water molecules
through the membrane creates pressure that is &nown
as the 63smotic %ressure8 and is proportional to
the difference in concentrations of salt on both
sides of the membrane. +f pressure is applied on
the salt4solution side of the membrane, flow of
water is stopped. +f pressure exceeds the value of
the osmotic pressure, water will start flowing in
the opposite direction, i.e. from the salt solution
to the waterside. This principle is used in the
reverse osmosis process for reducing salt
concentration in the brac&ish water or even the sea
water.
The process was &nown for uite sometime but could
become commercially feasible only after robust and
long lasting synthetic semi4permeable membranes
were developed and became available at competitive
prices. The reverse osmosis method of
demineralisation of water has now acuired a great
commercial significance in the semi4arid countries.
C.3.: *emi4%ermeable Membranes- The semi4
permeable membranes are mainly of two types, vi".
the spiral and the hollow fibre. Former is a
composite of polyamide polymer on polysulphone
support membrane. The hollow4fibre module consists
of polyamide or cellulose triacetate fibres of DC4
DCA mm diameter that are sealed on one end. 9 large
number of the hollow fibres are bundled together
and placed in a saline water4pressure vessel.
%ressure reuired for ma&ing water flow across the
membrane depends on salinity of the water, type of
membrane and the desired salt removal and it varies
Page 22
from :AA to HAA psi. 3ne suare meter of the
membrane, whose pore si"e is of the order of :A4DA
9o, is capable of demineralising about CAA litres
or ::A $>r.' gallons of water per day. The pressure
pump is usually a multistage type having a throttle
valve to control the pressure to the desired level.
%ower consumption for treating seawater is about C4
; #,h and for brac&ish water D43.C #,h per m3 or
DDA $>r.' gallons. Life of the membrane depends
upon uality of the water and conditions of
wor&ing. 9cidic p( and presence of oxygen,
oxidi"ing chemicals, soil and microbes in water
deteriorate the membrane rapidly. The saline water
is, therefore, thoroughly pre4treated before
passing through the 2.3. membrane.
+n the following paragraphs information has been
collected by a study of two leading textile wet
processing mills that were pioneers in introducing
the 2.3. engineering in their mills. >oth the mills
use sub4soil water, having a T)* ranging from 3,AAA
to B,AAA ppm.
C.3.D Filtration and Chemical Treatment-
The feed water is carefully filtered in D stages.
in the first or multi4media system particles up to
HA mm are removed and in the second step particles
above Cmm are removed in special cartridge filters.
The filtering media in the former are gravel and
sand and in the latter fine polypropylene fibres.
The cartridge filters are replaced with the fresh
ones after the filtration pressure reaches a level
of :C psi. >efore the first filtration feed water
is treated with an oxidi"ing agent li&e sodium
hypochlorite to destroy any possible microbial
growth. 9ny excess of the oxidi"ing agent and the
dissolved oxygen is next removed by adding a
reducing agent that is usually sodium
metabisulphite. >efore forcing water through the
Page 23
2.3. membranes, it is treated with an anti4scaling
agent to minimise formation of scale on the
membranes. (ydrochloric acid is also fed at the
same time to decompose al&aline carbonates and
bicarbonates and a p( of B.C is maintained. The
2.3. water or the permeate is finally degassed to
remove carbon dioxide and its p( is ad?usted to M.C
by adding al&ali. The final product may have D4CI
of the T)* of the raw water while T)* of the waste4
water is normally not allowed to go beyond DA,AAA
ppm.
The membranes are periodically bac&4washed with the
2.3. water to which some proprietary cleansing
chemicals are also added to remove scale and other
impurities. +f carefully maintained, the 2.3.
membranes may last for H years but it may be &ept
in mind that it is very easy to damage these.
Page 24
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,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
Mg3( **4 5S304
1062
3000 $-
4000 4200 $- 4300 32 $- 42 +.g+
%e&&.,+
2%-7#
T%ea$4e#$ '%-4 0a(0.)4 0a%2-#a$e
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
12 3200 1900 22 4e&.)4
(.g+$
1e((-7
Page 25
T%ea$4e#$ '%-4 a()4
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
4 2400 1800 28 (-7 0-(-%(e,,
T%ea$4e#$ '%-4 (.4e
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
866 2300 667 23 (-7 0-(-%(e,,
T%ea$4e#$ '%-4 .%-# 0+(-%.&e
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
3 1850 1450 19 (-7
(.g+$
-%a#ge
T%ea$4e#$ '%-4 0a(0.)4 0a%2-#a$e 8 A()4
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
12 2240 1100 18 #-#e 0-(-%(e,,
Page 26
T%ea$4e#$ '%-4 0a(0.)4 0a%2-#a$e9 A()4 8 .4e
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
8 1200 950 19 #-#e 0-(-%(e,,
Re,.#, $%ea$4e#$ '-% .%-# 0+(-%.&e $%ea$e& ,a4*(e
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
9 430 820 15 #-#e 0-(-%(e,,
Re,.#, $%ea$4e#$ '-% 0a(0.)4 0a%2-#a$e9 A()4 8 .4e $%ea$e& ,a4*(e
*+ +a%&#e,,
$-$a( &.,,-(/e
,-(.&, 0-#&)0$./.$1 $)%2.&.$1 0-(-)%
4g3( **4 5S304
762 300 740 21 #-#e 0-(-%(e,,
Page 27
M. 2esult
The best treated sample is resin treated of calcium
carbonate, alum ! lime as its hardness, total
dissolve solids ! its %h is under control.
J. Conclusion
+ have completed my research wor& to find the
lowest cost treatment of textile effluent and at
the end + am able to regret that after treatment of
this effluent it can be utili"e for bleaching
purpose as well as for dyeing of fabrics this
treated water can easily use for washing purpose of
floors and even also for cleaning of machineries in
dyeing ! printing departments as well if we utli"e
reverse osmosis treatment of this treated water we
can also use it for drin&ing purpose but it would
be costly and more costly country li&e %a&istan
because in %a&istan you can easily get drin&ing
water in lower cost than this treatment but in
%a&istan many industries utili"ing this reverse
osmosis process, till now there is no alternative
for reverse osmosis plant. The net cost of the 2.3.
water is higher than the water that is supplied in
*+T/ area of #arachi O 2s.M37:,AAA $>r.' gallons.
(owever, it is lower than the tan&er water that is
sold, on the average, O 2s.:DA7:,AAA gallons and
has a T)* ranging anywhere from :,DAA to D,AAA ppm.
Consideration of regular availability of good and
uniform uality of this raw material has encouraged
many textile mills in #arachi to install the 2.3.
%lants. 9n eually encouraging factor is saving in
Page 28
the cost by at least 3AI of the seuestering agent
and the printing thic&ener used in dyeing and
printing processes, besides improving the general
loo& and finish of the goods. Many textile mills
have installed the 2.3. plants and these include
M7s Gunus >ros, *iddiue *ons, 0a&ashbandi,
Liberty, 9fro"e, Foodwell, Caravan /ast, +bal
*il&, *tandard etc. *ome prominent non4textile
users are M7s %roctor and Fambol, Candyland, 9bbot
and #noll %harmaceutical, *iddiue *ons Tin4%late
factory, mineral waters and aerated4drin&s
manufacturers and many hospitals.
3ne of the ma?or constraints in setting up of
desalination plants in #arachi is insufficient
availability of the sub4soil water of a T)* below
B,AAA ppm. *ome mills have installed as many as B
pumping wells and still there is shortage of water
for their 2.3. plant. This situation discourages
many mills management interested in the pro?ect. +n
my opinion we have two hitherto unexploited sources
of water, i.e. the mills= own effluent and the
municipal sewerage. /ffluent of the processing
mills is highly colored and has a higher T)* than
the sewerage that is about JAA4:AAA ppm. +n case
the mill effluent is to be treated arrangements
should be made to collect the washings of the
bleached and the dyed products separately from the
spent bleach and dye liuors. This will reduce the
organic constituents $>3)' and T)* of the effluent
and ma&e the pre4treatments and 2.3. processes more
efficient and economical.
The alternative source of the sewerage water has a
volume of at least CAA million gallons per day in
#arachi. +f it is completely got rid of its
dissolved and suspended organic impurities, as is
done in all the developed countries of the ,orld,
it would be an excellent source for textile wet
processing. >ut there is a big 6+F8 and the
Page 29
purification process can be entrusted only to a
private organisation on a commercial basis whose
performance be monitored by an independent
controller appointed by the consumers. 9fter the
usual purification treatments, 2.3. desalination
should be carried out to bring the T)* of water
down to a level of DAA43AA ppm and also to ensure
complete removal of the organic matter. This
suggestion is for a serious consideration of
#arachi textile entrepreneurs.
Page 30

Research Project Waste Water Analysis

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Aftab Hassan Siddiqui Textile waste water treatments

TEXTILE WASTE WATER ANALYSIS & ITS

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