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California Test 217

STATE OF CALIFORNIABUSINESS, TRANSPORTATION AND HOUSING AGENCY June 2008


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES
Transportation Laboratory
5900 Folsom Boulevard
Sacramento, California 95819-4612



METHOD OF TEST FOR SAND EQUIVALENT



CAUTION: Prior to handling test materials, performing equipment setups, and/or conducting
this method, testers are required to read SAFETY AND HEALTH in Section I of
this method. It is the responsibility of the user of this method to consult and use
departmental safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations before any testing is performed.


A. SCOPE

The sand equivalent test provides a
measure of the relative proportions of
detrimental fine dust or clay-like
material in soil or fine aggregates.

B. APPARATUS

The following equipment is required to
perform this test. Detailed descriptions
and specifications are included as
necessary to assure standardization.
Items bearing an Office of Purchasing
and Warehousing (OPW) catalog number
are available to California state agencies
from the Department of Transportation,
Office of Purchasing and Warehousing.
Detailed plans are available for these
items bearing a Transportation
Laboratory (TL) drawing number.

1. Sand Equivalent Test Apparatus
(Figure 1).

a. A graduated plastic cylinder,
rubber stopper, irrigator tube,
weighted foot assembly, and
siphon assembly, all conforming
to the specifications and
dimensions shown in TL drawing
number C 218 (Figure 3). A glass
or plastic container with cover,
having a minimum capacity of
one gallon, and fitted with the
siphon assembly or a discharge
tube near the bottom, shall be
used to dispense the working
calcium chloride solution. The
container shall be placed on a
shelf or suspended above the
work area in such a manner that
the level of the solution is
maintained between 36 and
46 inches above the work
surface.

2. Mechanical Sand Equivalent Shaker
(Figure 2).

a. A mechanical device designed to
hold a graduated plastic cylinder
in a horizontal position while
subjecting it to a reciprocating
motion parallel to its length.

The motion shall be provided
through a scotch-yoke
mechanism, which provides a
stroke length of 8 0.05 inches.
The device shall operate at a
speed of 175 2 complete cycles
per minute. Prior to use, the
shaker shall be fastened securely
to a firm and level mount.

b. TL drawing number D-256.

3. (Alternate) Manually-Operated Sand
Equivalent Shaker (Figure 4).

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a. A manually actuated device
designed to hold a graduated
plastic cylinder in a horizontal
position while subjecting it to a
reciprocating motion parallel to
its length. The device shall
consist of a carriage mounted on
top of two spring steel straps.
Motion shall be provided by
pushing the carriage in one
direction and allowing the spring
action of the straps to move it in
the opposite direction. The
shaker may be held stable by
hand, but it is recommended that
it be fastened securely to a firm
and level mount if a large
number of tests are to be run.

4. Measuring tin: A 3 oz. tin
approximately 2 inches in diameter
having a capacity of 85 5 mL.

5. Rubber stopper: A stopper to fit the
plastic cylinder.

6. Funnel: A wide-mouth funnel
suitable for directing the test
specimen into the plastic cylinder.

7. Oven: A drying oven set to operate at
230 9F.

8. Timer: A clock or watch reading in
minutes and seconds.

C. MATERIALS

1. Stock calcium chloride solution.

a. Sand Equivalent Stock Solution
OPW catalog number 6810-
0090-3.

b. May be prepared from the
following:

454 g (1 lb.) technical grade
anhydrous calcium chloride.

2050 g (1640 mL) USP glycerin
(95 %)

Dissolve the calcium chloride in
gallon of distilled or deionized
water. Cool the solution to room
temperature, then filter it
through Whatman No. 2V or
equivalent filter paper. Add the
glycerin to the filtered solution,
mix well, and dilute to 1 gallon
with distilled or deionized water.

2. Working calcium chloride solution.

a. Prepare the working calcium
chloride solution by diluting
85 5 mL of stock solution with
water to obtain 1 gallon of
solution. Thoroughly mix the
solution.

b. Working solution, which is more
than two weeks old, shall be
discarded.

c. The mixing and storage
container(s) shall be thoroughly
rinsed prior to mixing a fresh
batch of solution.

d. Fresh solution shall not be added
to old solution regardless of age.

3. Water.

Use distilled or deionized water for
the normal performance of this test,
including the preparation of the
working calcium chloride solution. If
it is determined, however, that the
local tap water is of such quality that
it does not affect the test results, it is
permissible to use it in lieu of
distilled or deionized water.

D. CONTROL

1. The temperature of the working
solution should be maintained at
72 5F during the performance of
this test. If this is impractical, it will
be necessary to establish
temperature correction factors for
each material being tested.
Establish correction factors by the
following procedures:

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a. Prepare a minimum of 12 test
specimens in accordance with
Section E of this test procedure.

b. Perform tests in groups of three,
using working solution at
different temperatures. Prepare
solutions near the upper and
lower expected temperature
range and at approximately 10F
increments through the range
should be used. The temperature
of the solution used with at least
one group must be 72 5F.

c. Establish a correction curve by
plotting the temperature of the
solution against the average test
value at that temperature.

d. This correction curve may be
used to determine the correction
that must be applied to obtain a
test value corrected to 72F.

e. Results for individual specimens
which meet the minimum sand
equivalent specification when the
temperature of the working
solution is below the
recommended range do not
require correction provided they
do not reduce the moving average
results below specified
minimums.

Example:


Test
Value

Temperature Range
of Solution

45F 55F 65F 75F
1 52 55 57 59
2 50 55 58 60
3 51 58 59 60
Average 51 56 58 60



A test performed on this material
when the temperature of the
solution was 50F would have to
be corrected by +6 points.

2. The workbench or table shall be a
flat level surface and shall be free of
vibrations.

E. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS

1. Prepare sand equivalent test
specimens from the passing No. 4
sieve portion of the material to be
tested after it has been processed
according to the procedures
prescribed in California Test 201,
except that reclaimed aggregate
containing traces of asphalt or
asphalt concrete shall not be oven
dried at temperatures greater than
100F.

a. Aggregates for use in Sacked
Concrete Slope Protection shall
be prepared as prescribed in
California Test 227. Since a
cleanness test is to be performed
on the coarse aggregate portion of
this material, do not remove the
fines from the material retained
on the No. 4 sieve.

2. Split or quarter the passing No. 4
sieve material to provide a test
specimen which fills the 85 mL
measuring tin to level full. The
accuracy of splitting or quartering
representative portions of a material
decreases as the sample size is
reduced. To minimize the effects of
adjusting the size of the relatively
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small sand equivalent test sample,
the following procedure should be
followed:

a. Determine the exact amount
required to provide four test
specimens by dipping four
measuring tins full of the
material and determining either
the combined volume or mass.
When filling the measuring tin,
tap the bottom edge of the tin
with a hard object or on a hard
surface to consolidate the
material. Fill each measure to
slightly rounded above the brim
and then strike off to level full
using a straightedge. After
determining the combined
amount, return the material to
the sample.

b. Carefully split or quarter the
predetermined amount of
material necessary to provide
four test specimens.

c. Split or quarter the premeasured
material to obtain a test
specimen. Two successive splits
will provide a specimen of the
proper size. Do not make
adjustments to the specimen size
by adding or removing material at
this time.

3. Dry the prepared test specimen to
constant mass at 230 9F and cool
to room temperature.

a. When testing reclaimed
aggregates containing traces of
asphalt or asphalt concrete, the
oven-drying temperature shall
not exceed 100F.

b. Aggregates, which are sampled
immediately after being dried in
an asphalt plant drier may be
tested without additional drying
provided they are not exposed to
dampness prior to testing.
Aggregates that are not tested on
the same day they are sampled
shall be oven-dried prior to
testing unless they have been
stored in moisture-proof
containers.

c. As a timesaving expedient in
routine work, it is permissible to
test materials in an air-dried
condition. Air-dried material,
which does not meet minimum
requirements, shall be retested in
an oven-dried condition and the
results of the oven-dried sample
will control.

F. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Read and record the temperature of
the working solution.

a. In a temperature-controlled work
area where the room temperature
remains constant within 5F
over a 24 hr period, the average
room temperature may be
recorded in lieu of the solution
temperature.

2. Fill the plastic cylinder to 4
0.1 inches with working calcium
chloride solution.

3. Pour the prepared test specimen into
the plastic cylinder (see Figure 5).

a. Use the funnel to avoid spillage.

b. Release air bubbles and promote
thorough wetting by bumping the
base of the cylinder against a
firm object while the test
specimen is being poured into the
cylinder or by tapping the
cylinder sharply on the heel of
the hand several times after the
test specimen has been poured
in.

c. Allow the wetted material to
stand undisturbed for 10 1 min.

4. Immediately following the 10 min
wetting period, agitate the test
specimen to break up clay lumps
and remove coatings.

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a. At the end of the 10 min soaking
period, stopper the cylinder, then
loosen the material from the
bottom by shaking the cylinder
while holding it in a partially
inverted position. Shake the
cylinder just enough to loosen
the material. Excessive agitation
may affect the test results.

b. Secure the cylinder in one of the
specified shakers and agitate
according to (1) or (2) below:

(1) Mechanical Shaker Method

(a) Set the timer and allow
the machine to operate for
45 1 s.

(2) Manual Shaker Method

(a) Set the stroke counter to
zero.

(b) Stand directly in front of
the shaker and place the
right hand against the
upper portion of the right
hand spring steel strap
(see Figure 6).

(c) Use the fingers and wrist
to apply enough force to
push the carriage to the
left until the pointer lines
up with the stroke limit
marker painted on the
backboard.

(d) Allow the spring action of
the straps to move the
carriage in the opposite
direction without
assistance or hindrance to
complete the cycle.

(e) Once the shaker is in
motion, maintain a
smooth oscillating motion
by gently applying
pressure to the right hand
strap during the thrust
portion of each cycle.

(f) The center of the stroke
limit marker is positioned
to provide the proper
stroke length and its
width indicates the
maximum allowable limits
of variation. Proper
shaking action is
accomplished only when
the tip of the pointer
reverses direction within
the marker limits.

(g) Continue the shaking
action for 100 strokes.

c. At the end of the shaking period
remove the cylinder from the
shaker, and set it upright on the
workbench.

5. Immediately irrigate the test
specimen with working calcium
chloride solution to flush the clay-
size particles from the sand.

a. Insert the irrigator tube in the
cylinder, start the flow of working
calcium chloride solution, and
rinse the material from the side
of the cylinder as the irrigator is
lowered.

b. With the cylinder remaining in an
upright position and the solution
flowing from the tip of the
irrigator, apply a twisting action
to the irrigator and force it to the
bottom of the cylinder (see
Figure 7). The flow of solution
will flush the clay-size particles
upward and into suspension.
Withdraw the irrigator from the
sample as necessary to change
position and again force it to the
bottom. The most effective
technique for penetrating the test
sample with the irrigator is to
hold the irrigator between the
palms of both hands and rotate it
by rubbing the hands back and
forth while applying a downward
pressure.

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c. Continue twisting and forcing the
irrigator to the bottom of the
cylinder until the fines have been
flushed from all areas of the
sample. Rotate the cylinder with
each penetration of the irrigator
and visually inspect the test
specimen for pockets of fine
material.

d. When the solution reaches the
15 inch mark in the cylinder,
slowly withdraw the irrigator
without shutting off the flow so
that the liquid level is maintained
at about 15 inches. Regulate the
flow just before the irrigator is
entirely withdrawn and adjust
the final level to 15 inches.

6. Immediately place the cylinder on a
workbench or table free of vibrations,
and allow the cylinder and contents
to stand undisturbed for 20 min
15 s from the time the irrigation is
completed.

7. Determine the clay reading.

a. At the end of the 20 min period,
read and record the level of the
top of the sediment column. This
is the clay reading (see Figure 8).
b. When the clay reading falls
between 0.1 inch graduations,
record the level of the higher
graduation.

c. If a clearly defined line of
demarcation does not form
between the sediment and the
liquid above it in the specified
20 min period, allow the cylinder
to stand undisturbed until the
clear line of demarcation does
form. Then immediately read and
record the time and height of the
column. If tap water was used,
retest an untested portion of the
sample using distilled or
deionized water.

d. If the liquid immediately above
the line of demarcation is still
darkly clouded at the end of
20 min, and the demarcation
line, although distinct, appears to
be in the sediment column itself,
read and record the level of this
line at the end of the specified
20 min period. If tap water was
used, retest an untested portion
of the sample using distilled or
deionized water.

8. Determine the sand reading.

a. After the clay reading has been
taken, gently lower the weighted
foot assembly into the cylinder
until it comes to rest on the sand.
Do not allow the sand reading
indicator to hit the mouth of the
cylinder as the assembly is being
lowered.

b. As the weighted foot assembly
comes to rest on the sand, tip the
assembly toward the graduation
on the cylinder so that the
position of the sand reading
indicator is visible. Take care not
to press down on the assembly.

c. Read the level of the top edge of
the indicator (see Figure 8).

d. Subtract 10 inches from the
observed reading. This is the
sand reading.
e. When the sand reading falls
between 0.1 inch graduations,
record the level of the higher
graduation.

G. CALCULATIONS AND REPORTING

1. Calculate the sand equivalent to the
nearest 0.1 using the following
formula:

SE = (Sand reading/Clay reading) x 100

2. If the calculated sand equivalent is
not a whole number, report it as the
next higher whole number.

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H. PRECAUTIONS

1. Perform the test in a location free of
vibrations, because vibrations may
cause the suspended material to
settle at a greater rate than normal.

2. Do not expose the plastic cylinders to
direct sunlight any more than is
necessary.

3. Occasionally a fungus growth may
develop in the working calcium
chloride solution. This fungus can
easily be seen as a slimy substance
in the solution or as a mold growing
on the inside of the container. When
this occurs, discard the remaining
solution, and clean the growth from
the container and from the inside of
the flexible tubing and irrigator by
the following procedure:

a. Prepare a cleaning solvent by
diluting sodium hypochlorite
(household bleach or equivalent)
with an equal quantity of water.

b. Fill the solution container with
the prepared cleaning solvent.
Allow about a liter of the cleaning
solvent to flow through the
siphon assembly, and irrigator
tube; then place the pinch clamp
on the end of the tubing to cut off
the flow of solvent and to hold the
solvent in the tube. Refill the
container, and allow it to stand
overnight.

c. After soaking, allow the cleaning
solvent to flow out through the
siphon assembly and irrigator
tube.

d. Remove the siphon assembly
from the solution container, and
rinse both with clear water. The
irrigator tube and siphon
assembly can be rinsed easily by
attaching a hose between the tip
of the irrigator tube and water
faucet and backwashing fresh
water through the tube.

4. At the beginning of each test, visually
observe the flow of solution from the
irrigator to ensure proper discharge.
If the solution is discharged from any
point other than the drilled holes,
immediately replace the irrigator. If
the drilled holes become clogged,
remove the obstruction by any
method that does not damage the
irrigator or change the size or shape
of the hole. Dislodging an
obstruction with a sharp object
should be done only as a last resort
and with extreme care.

I. SAFETY AND HEALTH

Soils and aggregates may contain
bacteria and/or organisms, which can be
harmful to one's health. The wearing of
dust masks and protective gloves when
handling materials is advised.

The use of heat resistant gloves/mitts or
potholders to remove samples from the
ovens is required.

When preparing stock solution,
protective eyewear, an approved
respirator, protective gloves, and apron
shall be worn.

The requirements listed for preparing
stock solution should be considered for
use when mixing working solution and
performing the Sand Equivalent test.

Prior to handling, testing or disposing of
any materials, testers are required to
read Caltrans Laboratory Safety Manual:
Part A, Section 5.0, Hazards and
Employee Exposure; Part B, Sections:
5.0, Safe Laboratory Practices; 6.0,
Chemical Procurement Distribution and
Storage; and 10.0, Personal Protective
Apparel and Equipment; and Part C,
Section 1.0; Safe Laboratory Practices.
Users of this method do so at their own
risk.

REFERENCES:
California Tests 201 and 227

End of Text
(California Test 217 contains 11 Pages)
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FIGURE 1

Sand Equivalent Test Apparatus
Excluding Shaker



FIGURE 2

Mechanical Sand Equivalent Shaker

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FIGURE 3
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FIGURE 4

Manually Operated Sand Equivalent Shaker
(Idaho Shaker)



FIGURE 5
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FIGURE 6


FIGURE 7


FIGURE 8