Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
41 views

Diffraction Grating: dsinθ

The document discusses diffraction gratings and diffraction patterns. It explains how diffraction gratings can disperse light into different wavelengths and orders. It also describes how single-slit diffraction patterns are formed and the factors that determine the intensity and locations of maxima and minima in the patterns.

Uploaded by

TuhinVaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

Diffraction Grating: dsinθ

The document discusses diffraction gratings and diffraction patterns. It explains how diffraction gratings can disperse light into different wavelengths and orders. It also describes how single-slit diffraction patterns are formed and the factors that determine the intensity and locations of maxima and minima in the patterns.

Uploaded by

TuhinVaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Diffraction Grating

The condition for maxima is


d sin
bright
= m
m = 0, 1, 2,
The integer m is the order
number of the diffraction
pattern pattern
If the incident radiation
containsseveral wavelengths contains several wavelengths,
each wavelength deviates
through a specific angle g p g
Diffraction Grating, Intensity
All the wavelengths are seen at
m =0 m 0
This is called the zeroth-order
maximum
The first-order maximum
corresponds to m = 1
Note the sharpness of the
principle maxima and the broad
rangeof thedarkareas range of the dark areas
Diffraction Grating Spectrometer
The collimated beam is
incident onthegrating incident on the grating
The diffracted light leaves
the gratings and the telescope g g p
is used to view the image
The wavelength can be
d t i db i th determined by measuring the
precise angles at which the
images of the slit appear for g pp
the various orders
Resolving Power of a Diffraction Resolving Power of a Diffraction
Gratingg
For two nearly equal wavelengths,
1
and
2
, between
which a diffraction grating can just barely distinguish, g g j y g ,
the resolving power, R, of the grating is defined as

R
Therefore agratingwithahighresolutioncan
2 1

R

=

Therefore, a grating with a high resolution can
distinguish between small differences in wavelength
Resolving Power of a Diffraction Resolving Power of a Diffraction
Gratingg
The resolving power in the mth-order
diffractionisR N diffraction is R = Nm
N is the number of slits
m is the order number
Resolvingpower increaseswithincreasing Resolving power increases with increasing
order number and with increasing number of
ill i t d lit illuminated slits
A single-slit diffraction experiment
Light of wavelength
comparable to or larger than the
width of a slit spreads out in all
forward directions upon passing
through the slit. through the slit.
This indicates that light g
spreads beyond the narrow path
defined by the slit into regions
that would be in shadow if light that would be in shadow if light
traveled in straight lines
Light from a small source passes by the edge of an
opaque object and continues on to a screen. A diffraction
pattern consisting of bright and dark fringes appears on
the screen in the region above the edge of the object.
Diffraction Pattern, Object Edge
This shows the upper
h lf f th diff ti half of the diffraction
pattern formed by
light fromasingle light from a single
source passing by the
edge of an opaque edgeo a opaque
object
The diffraction pattern ed c o p e
is vertical with the
central maximum at
the bottom
Diffraction vs. Diffraction Pattern
Diffraction refers to the general behavior of waves
spreadingout astheypassthroughaslit spreading out as they pass through a slit
A diffraction pattern is another interference pattern
Th i t f i b t t f th i id t li ht The interference is between parts of the incident light
illuminating different regions of the slit
Diffraction Pattern, Single Slit
The diffraction pattern
consistsof thecentral consists of the central
maximum and a series
of secondarymaxima of secondary maxima
and minima
Thepatternissimilar to The pattern is similar to
an interference pattern
Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern
A Fraunhofer diffraction
pattern occurswhenthe pattern occurs when the
rays leave the diffracting
object inparallel directions object in parallel directions
Screen very far from the
slit slit
Could be accomplished
b i l by a converging lens
Huygens Principle and Diffraction Huygens Principle and Diffraction
Pattern
sin

=
a The condition for destractive
2
sin
2
1
=
interference:
Destructive interference:
m

= sin
a
m sin
3 2 1 = m ,.. 3 , 2 , 1 = m
The Width of a Single-Slit The Width of a Single Slit
Diffraction Patterns
m

= sin
Locations of dark fringes:
a
Small angle
,.. 3 , 2 , 1 = m
Small angle
approximation
sin=tg= sin=tg=
tg=y/L
L 2
L m
y

=
3 2 1 = m
Locations of dark fringes: The width of a bright fringe:
a
w =
a
y
m
=
,.. 3 , 2 , 1 = m
Intensity of Single-Slit Diffraction Patterns
Slit width a can be thought g
of as being divided into
zones
Thezoneshaveawidthof y The zones have a width of y
Each zone acts as a source
of coherent radiation
The incremental fields
between adjacent zones are
t f h ith out of phase with one
another by an amount
2 2
sin

=
Intensityof Single-Slit Diffraction Intensity of SingleSlit Diffraction
Patterns
2
) / sin sin(

a
I I
max
/ sin
) (

=
a
I I
Resolution of single-slit
Rayleighs criterion: the central maximum of one image
falls on the first minimumof the other image the images are falls on the first minimum of the other image the images are
said to be just resolved.
(a) The sources are far apart, and the patterns are well (a) e sou ces a e a apa t, a d t e patte s a e we
resolved. (b) The sources are closer together such that the
angular separation just satisfies Rayleighs criterion, and
the patterns are just resolved. (c) The sources are so close
together that the patterns are not resolved.
The limiting angle of resolution, The limiting angle of resolution,
min

=
i
a

min

= sin
a
= sin
The width of central maximum is The width of central maximum is
2x
min

22 . 1
min
=
a

You might also like