EXPERIMENT 3

DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

I. OBJECTIVES
1. Be able to specify what the output will be when the input is zero and what the
output will be when the input is one.
2. Be able to investigate the logic behavior, characteristics and implementation of
various IC gates.
3. To use the single IC 7400 to produce different types of gates.
4. To use the single IC 7402 to produce different types of gates.

II. THEORY
In logic signals voltage signal with zero (0) corresponding to 0 volts and one (1)
corresponding to five or three volts. A sinusoidal signal with zero corresponding to some
frequency, and one corresponding to some other frequency. Once we have the concept
of a logic signal we can talk about operations that can be performed on logic signals.
Begin by assuming we have two logic signals, A and B. Then assume that those two
signals form an input set to some circuit that takes two logic signals as inputs, and has
an output that is also a logic signal. That situation is represented below.







The output, C, depends upon the inputs, A and B. There are many different ways that C
could depend upon A and B. The output, C, is a function, - a logic function - of the
inputs, A and B.

AND GATES

An AND function can be implemented electrically using a device known as an AND
gate. You might imagine a system in which zero (0) is represented by zero (0) volts and
one (1) is represented by three (3) volts. To get a logical zero, connect the input of the
gate to ground to have zero (0) volts input. To get a logical one, connect the input of the
gate to a five (5) volts source to have five volts at the input.


OR GATES

An OR gate is a gate for which the output is 1 whenever one or more of the
inputs is 1. The output of an OR gate is 0 only when all inputs are 0.
NOT Gates (Inverters)

A third important logical element is the inverter. An inverter does pretty much what
it says. If the input is 0, the output is 1. Conversely, if the input is 1, the output is 0.

NAND Gates

There is another important kind of gate, the NAND gate. Actually, the way to start
thinking about a NAND gate is to think of it as an AND gate with an inverter on the
output.

III. MATERIALS
- 7400 IC (quadruple twoinput NAND gates)
- 7402 IC (quadruple twoinput NOR gates)
- 7404 IC (hex inverters)
- 7408 IC (quadruple twoinput AND gates)
- 7432 IC (quadruple twoinput OR gates)











IV. PROCEDURES
Using a single 7400 IC, construct a circuit with NAND gates that implements the
Boolean function
F= AB + CD
F= ((AB) (CD))
F= [(A NAND B) NAND (C NAND D)]
1. Draw the circuit diagram








2. Obtain the truth table for F as a function of the tour inputs

A B C D F

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
V. DATA AND OBSERVATION
TRUTH TABLE

X Y F


7400 NAND GATES

0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

7402 NOR GATES
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0

7404 INVERTER
0
1
1
0

7408 AND GATES
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1

7432 OR GATES
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1

7486 XOR GATES
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

UNIVERSAL NAND GATE
X Y F
a. An inverter 0 1
1 0


b. A two-input OR 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X y F

c. A two-input OR 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

d. A two-input NOR 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

e. A two-input XOR 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
VI. COMPUTATION

a. An inverter
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0

Input output
b. A two-input AND







c. A two-input OR






d. A two-input NOR





e. A two-input XOR




VII. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

UNIVERSAL NAND
a. An inverter











b. A two-input AND









c. A two-input OR














d. A two-input XOR
















e. A two-input NO








UNIVERSAL NAND

LOGIC DIAGRAM AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

a. Inverter
(X.1) = X
X = X


b. Two-input AND
[ (XY) (1)] = XY
( X + Y) = XY
XY = XY


c. Two-input OR
(XY) = (X+Y)
(X+Y) = (X+Y)





d. Two-input NOR
[(XY) (1)] = (X+Y)
[(XY)] = (X+Y)
(X+Y) = (X+Y)


e. Two-input XOR
[ (X (XY)) (Y (XY))] = XY+YX
X (XY) + Y (XY) = XY +YX
X(X+Y) + Y(X+Y) = XY +YX
XX + YX +YX +YY = XY +YX
XY +YX = XY +YX
NOR GATE


UNIVERSAL NOR
a. Inverter
(X+0) = X
X = X


b. AND
(X +Y) = XY
XY = XY



c. OR
((X + Y) + (X + Y))
(XY + XY) = X + Y
(XY) = X + Y
X + Y = X + Y


d. NAND
(((X + 0) + (Y + 0) + (X + 0) + (Y + 0)))
((X + Y) + (X + Y))
(XY + XY) = (XY)
(XY) = (XY)


VIII. GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. What are the factors to be weighed in considering the construction of other types
of logic gates?

Factors to be weighed in considering the construction of other types of
logic gates are (1) the feasibility and economy of producing the gate with
physical components, (2) the possibility of extending the gate to more than
two inputs, (3) the basic properties of the binary operator, such as
commutativity and associativity, and (4) the ability of the gate to implement
Boolean functions alone or in conjunction with other gates.

2. What does the inverter circuit inverts?

The inverter circuit inverts the logic sense of a binary variable, producing
the NOT, or complement, function.

3. How do you define the buffer with bubble circuit of inverter?

The small circle in the output of the graphic symbol of an inverter (referred
to as bubble) designated the logic complement.

4. Why does NAND & NOR gates more popular than their complement
counterparts?

This is because NAND and NOR gates are easily constructed with
transistor circuits and because digital circuits can be easily implemented
with them. These gates are easier to fabricate with electronic components
and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

5. How do you implement a Boolean function with NAND gates in a convenient
way?

To show that any Boolean function can be implemented with NAND gates,
we need only show that the logical operations of AND, OR, and
complement can be obtained with NAND gates alone.

6. What is the connection of NOR operation to NAND operation?

The NOR operation is the dual of the NAND operation. Therefore, all
procedures and rules for NOR logic are the duals of the corresponding
procedures and rules developed for NAND logic.

7. How do you recognize the AND OR diagram from NOR diagram?
The equivalent AND OR diagram can be recognized from the NOR
diagram by removing all the bubbles. To compensate for the bubbles in
four inputs, it is necessary to complement the corresponding input literals.

8. Why is the conversion from positive to negative logic and vice versa essential?

The conversion from positive to negative logic and vice versa is
essentially an operation that changes 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s in both the
inputs and the output of a gate.

9. To get the output of F, how do you simplify F in AND OR INVERT?

We have to simplify F into Sum of products form by combining 0s in
the map.

10. What are the procedure for converting a multilevel AND OR diagram into an all
NAND diagrams?

1. Convert all AND gates to NAND gates with AND invert graphic
symbols.
2. Convert all OR gates to NAND gates with invert OR graphic symbols.
3. Check all the bubbles in the diagram. For every bubble that is not
compensated by another small circle along the same line, insert an
inverter (a one input NAND gate) or complement the input literal.


IX. SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS

1. Give the truth table of the given functions (through simulation)


Solution:
F
1
= xy + xy = y
F
2
= xy + xy = xy
F
3
= x + xy

Answer:
x y F
1
F
2
F
3
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1

2. Provide a 3 input function that will have an output of logic 1 whenever there are
two or more input of 0.

Truth Table:
x y z F
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

Solution:
F = xyz + xyz + xyz + xyz
F = xyz + xyz + xyz + xyz
F = yz + x(yz + yz)
F = yz + x(y XOR z)


X. CONCLUSIONS

I therefore conclude that using a 7400 IC which is a quadruple two input NAND
gates we can implement different types of logical gates such us a INVERTERS, AND,
OR, NAND, NOR, and, XOR gates. From which we can found in different type of ICs.
The same with the 7402 IC which is a quadruple two input NOR gates and can also
implement different type of logical gates the same with the AND gate. Both ICs called a
universal one for they can be used in different type of logical gates which is really
helpful to the upcoming experiments while gaining the application of this experiment.