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    Signals and Systems Formulas

    Uploaded by

    KPRBT
    Formula sheet for basic signals and systems analysis. Basic signals, properties of systems and convolution

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Signals and Systems Formulas

    Uploaded by

    KPRBT
    189 views3 pages
    Formula sheet for basic signals and systems analysis. Basic signals, properties of systems and convolution

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Formula sheet for basic signals and systems analysis. Basic signals, properties of systems and convolution

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    189 views3 pages

    Signals and Systems Formulas

    Uploaded by

    KPRBT
    Formula sheet for basic signals and systems analysis. Basic signals, properties of systems and convolution

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The document discusses different types of signals used in signals and systems including unit impulse, unit step, sinusoidal and others. It also introduces concepts like systems, linearity, time-invariance, causality, memory and convolution.

    The document discusses different types of signals including the unit impulse function, unit step function, unit ramp function, sinusoidal function, signum function, rectangle function, unit triangle function and unit sinc function.

    The properties of linear time-invariant systems discussed are homogeneity, additivity, time-invariance, causality and memory.

    Summary 1: Overview of Signals and Systems

    A. Signals:

    Unit impulse function: ( ) t
    0, 0
    ( )
    , 0
    t
    t
    t

    =

    =

    , ( ) 1 t dt



    0 0
    ( ) ( ) ( ) t t f t dt f t



    Unit step function: ( ) u t
    1, 0
    ( )
    0, 0
    t
    u t
    t
    >

    =

    <



    0
    ( )
    ( ), ( ) ( )
    t
    du t
    t d u t
    dt

    = =


    Unit ramp function:
    0
    , 0
    ( ) ( ) ( )
    0, 0
    t
    t t
    r t tu t u d
    t

    >

    = = =

    <




    Sinusoidal function:
    0 0 0
    ( ) cos(2 ), x t A f t = +
    0
    A =Amplitude
    0
    f =Frequency (Hz)
    0
    1/ T f = =Period (sec)
    0
    =Phase angle (rad)
    Signum function:
    1, 0
    sgn( ) 2 ( ) 1
    1, 0
    t
    t u t
    t
    >

    = =

    <


    Rectangle function:
    1, / 2 / 2
    ( ) ( ) ( )
    2 2
    0, | | / 2
    T t T
    t T T
    rect u t u t
    T
    t T
    < <

    = + =

    >



    Unit triangle function:
    1 | |, 1 1
    ( )
    0, | | 1
    t t
    tri t
    t
    < <

    =

    >


    Unit sinc function:
    sin( )
    sin ( )
    t
    c t
    t

    =
    Unit comb function: ( ) ( ),
    n
    comb t t n n

    =
    =

    an integer



    B. Properties of Systems:






    Linearity: a system is said to be linear such that if
    1 1
    2 2
    ( ) ( )
    ( ) ( )
    x t y t
    x t y t


    then
    1 2 1 2
    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ax t bx t ay t by t + + ; a and b are arbitrary constants
    The property
    1 1
    ( ) ( ) ax t ay t is referred to as homogeneity, and
    the property
    1 2 1 2
    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x t x t y t y t + + is referred to as additivity

    Time Invariance: a system is said to be time-invariant such that if
    ( ) ( ) x t y t
    then
    0 0
    ( ) ( ) x t t y t t ;
    0
    t is an arbitrary time-shift

    Causality: a system is said to be causal if the output signal does not
    depend on the future values of the input signal. Non-causal systems are
    not realizable. For causal systems, if
    0
    ( ) 0, x t for t t = <
    then
    0
    ( ) 0, y t for t t = <

    Memory: a system is said to be memory-less if at any moment of time
    the output depends on the input at that moment. A resistive circuit is a
    memory-less system, whereas a circuit with capacitors and/or inductors
    has memory.

    Invertibility: a system is said to be invertible if unique inputs produce
    unique outputs; that is, different inputs do not produce the same output
    and one input does not produce different outputs.

    Stability: a system is said to be (bounded input-bounded output or
    BIBO) stable if bounded inputs result in bounded outputs.




    System Input, x(t) y(t), Output

    C. Convolution
    Definition:
    1 2 1 2
    ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) f t f t f f t d

    , convolution of
    1
    ( ) f t and
    2
    ( ) f t
    For linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, the output response is the
    convolution of the input signal ( ) x t and the impulse response ( ) h t ,

    0 0
    ( ) ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
    t t
    y t x t h t h x t d h t x d = = =



    Properties of Convolution:

    -
    1 2 2 1
    ( )* ( ) ( )* ( ) f t f t f t f t =
    -
    1 2 3 1 2 1 3
    ( )*[ ( ) ( )] ( )* ( ) ( )* ( ) f t f t f t f t f t f t f t + = +
    -
    1 2 3 1 2 3
    [ ( )* ( )]* ( ) ( )*[ ( )* ( )] f t f t f t f t f t f t =

    If ( ) ( )* ( ) y t x t h t = , then
    -
    0 0 0
    ( ) ( )* ( ) ( ) ( ) y t t x t h t t x t t h t = =
    -
    ( ) ( ) ( )
    * ( ) ( )*
    dy t dx t dh t
    h t x t
    dt dt dt
    = = , assuming the derivatives exist
    - ( ) [ ( ) ]* ( ) ( )*[ ( ) ]
    t t t
    y d x d h t x t h d

    = =


    - ( )* ( ) ( ) x t t x t =
    -
    0 0
    ( )* ( ) ( ) x t t t x t t =

    Steady-State Response of LTI Systems to sinusoidal inputs:






    If
    0 0 0
    ( ) cos(2 ) x t A f t = + ,
    0 0 0 0 0
    ( ) | ( )|cos[2 ( )]
    ss
    y t A H f f t H f = + + , steady-state response

    If the system is represented by an electric circuit, the system function H(f)
    is obtained by solving the circuit in the frequency domain using the trans-
    formations , , 1/ ; 2 R R L j L C j C f = .
    H(f) x(t) y(t)

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