CHEMISTRY REPORT

ELECTROLYTE AND REDOX

Disusun Oleh :

Angela Lois X3/05
Annabella Sulianto X3/06
Jonathan Hirawan X3/18
Priscilla Viera X3/28




SMA Santa Laurensia
2012


ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION

A. Strong Electrolytes

Results


Solution
Phenomenons
Light Bubbles
HCl solution v (bright) v (many)
H
2
SO
4
solution v (less brighter than HCl) v (many)
NaOH solution x v (many)
Ba(OH)
2
solution x v (few)
NaCl solution v (dim) v (many)
Notes x = not existed (theres no light/ bubble) v = existed (theres light or bubble)

Analysis
HCl , H
2
SO
4
, NaOH, Ba(OH)
2
, and NaCl are strong electrolytes. HCl and
H
2
SO
4
are inorganic acids, while NaOH and Ba(OH)
2
are inorganic bases. Four of
them are strong electrolytes because they are polar covalent compound that undergo
complete ionization. Meanwhile, NaCl is a salt or an ionic compound, thus it will
undergo complete dissociation when dissolved in water.
1. HCl solution undergoes complete ionization in its solvent (water). Thus, it can
conduct electricity as proven in the experiment, the solution of HCl could light
a bulb brightly and produce many bubbles, which means it is a good electrical
conductor.
2. H
2
SO
4
solution also undergoes complete ionization in its solvent (water). Thus
it can light a bulb brightly (less brighter than HCl) and produce many bubbles,
which means it also a good electrical conductor.
3. NaOH solution undergoes complete dissociation in its solvent (water), but it
cant light a bulb and only produce bubbles. Which means t is a poor
electrical conductor.
4. Ba(OH)
2
solution undergoes complete dissociation in its solvent (water), but
similar as NaOH it cant light a bulb and only produce few bubbles. Which
means it is a poor electrical conductor.
5. NaCl solution undergoes complete dissociation in its solvent (water), it can
light a bulb even though dimly, and produce many bubble, which means it is a
good electrical conductor, but not as good as HCl and H
2
SO
4
.
Discussion
Generally, a strong electrolyte such as those five solutions could light a bulb
brightly and produce many bubbles, as they are a good electrical conductor. It
happened because when the substance dissolved in water, (water is a polar covalent
compound that dissolved polar substance such as ionic and another polar covalent
compound) they will be surrounded by water molecules (H
2
O). Water molecules that
have partial (+) and (-) charge will attract opposite charge of the dissolved substance.
The partial (+) charge of water molecules will attract the (-) charge of the dissolved
substance, and the partial (-) charge of water molecules will attract the (+) charge of
the dissolved substance. If the attraction force (intermolecular force) between the
water molecules and substance is strong enough, it will break the covalent bond of the
substance and form many free ions. The formation of free ions will allow current to
pass, thus the solution can conduct electricity.
Despite the fact of the theory above, the experiment gives a different result. Not
all of the strong electrolyte can be good electrical conductor, such as Ba(OH)
2
and
NaOH. What matters is the solubility of the substance in its solvent (water), those
substance have various solubility in water. The bigger the solubility of a substance in
its solvent, more particles will dissolved in the solvent and more free ions will formed.
More free ions in a solution means the solution will allow more current to pass
through it, and be a good electrical conductor. On the other hand, the lower the
solubility of a substance in its solvent, less particles will dissolved in the solvent and
less free ions will formed. Less free ions in a solution means the solution will allow
less current to pass through it, and be a poor electrical conductor. In this case, HCl,
H
2
SO
4
, and NaCl have a bigger solubility so they are a good electrical condutor,
meandwhile Ba(OH)
2
and NaOH have a low solubilty so they are a poor electrical
conductor.
Conclusion
A strong electrolyte is not always a good electrical conductor; it depends on the
solubility of the substance in its solvent.

B. Weak Electrolytes
Results
Solution
Phenomenons
Light Bubbles
CH
3
COOH solution x v (few)
Citric acid solution
(C
6
O
8
H
7
)
x v (few)
Ammonia solution
(NH
3
)
x v (few)

Analysis
CH
3
COOH solution and Citric acid solution (C
6
O
8
H
7
) are weak electrolytes. Both of
them are organic acid, while NH
3
is organic base, which also classified as weak
electrolytes. They can conduct electricity although they are not ionic compounds
because they are polar covalent compounds that have partial positive charge and
partial negative charge that undergo partial ionization when it is dissolved in water.
1. CH
3
COOH solution undergoes a partial ionization, when dissolved in its
solvent (water). It cant conduct electricity, but produce a few bubbles. From
the result above we can state that CH
3
COOH is a poor electrical conductor.
2. Citric acid solution (C
6
O
8
H
7
) also undergoes a partial ionization in its solvent
(water). It cant conduct electricity but only produce a few bubbles. From the
result we can conclude that it is a poor electrical conductor.
3. Ammonia solution (NH
3
) also undergoes a partial ionization when it is
dissolved in its solvent (water). It cant light the bulb and produces few
bubbles, so it is a poor electrical conductor.
Discussion
Generally, a weak electrolyte such as those two solutions can conduct
electricity but an only produce a dim light and bubbles because they are a poor
electrical conductor. This happens because they are a polar covalent compound that
has partial negative charge and partial positive charge that makes them undergo a
partial ionization. When it is dissolved in the water, the positive charge in the water
molecule will attract the negative charge of the substance and the negative charge of
the water will attract the positive charge of the substance, because the polar covalent
compound only have a partial negative charge and partial positive charge, so the
attraction force (intermolecular force) between the substance and the water
(solvent) is not so strong, making only a few particles of the substance can separate
and forming only a few free ions that can conduct electricity thus they will conduct
electricity poorly by producing dim light and few bubbles.
Just like the first explanation from the strong electrolytes, not all of the weak
electrolytes will produce a dim light but most of them will only produce some bubbles.
From the result we can conclude that the three solutions CH
3
COOH solution, Citric
acid solution (C
6
O
8
H
7
), and Ammonia has a low solubility in its solvent (water), so
few particles dissolved and it will ionized partially. Thus will allow less current to
pass through it make them cant light a bulb, but only produce some bubbles. There
are no enough free ions to light the bulb.
Conclusion
Weak electrolytes do not always produce a dim light and bubbles; many of
those only produce bubbles without the light because the low solubility also affects
the presence of ions in the solvent.

C. Non-Electrolytes
Results
Solution
Phenomenons
Light Bubbles
Sugar solution x x
Alcohol x x

Analysis
Sugar solution and Alcohol are non-electrolytes. Both of them are organic compunds.
They cant conduct electricity, but actually they are polar covalent compounds that
have partial positive charge and partial negative charge and can dissolve in water.
Although they dissolve in water, but they dont undergo ionization, or not ionized.
1. Sugar solution can dissolve in water because it is polar covalent compound,
even though sugar dissolves in water, it is not ionized so the solution cant
conduct electricity.
2. Alcohol also a polar covalent compound, alcohol dissolve in water, but even
though alcohol dissolve in water they didnt undergo ionization, so they cant
conduct electricity.
Discussion
Non-electrolyte such as those two solutions cant conduct electricity and they
didnt produce any light or bubbles because they are non-electrical conductors even
though they organic compound and can dissolve in water. This happens because they
are polar covalent compound that have partial positive charge and partial negative
charge, but when they dissolve in water, the attraction force (intermolecular force)
between water molecules and substance is very weak, so it cant break particles of
the substance into free ions, hence no ions are formed. These solutions are not ionized
because no free ions are formed that eventually makes it dont produce any light or
bubbles. If no free ions are formed, so there will be no charge to pass, thus the
solution wont conduct electricity.
Conclusion
Non-electrolytes always produce no light and no bubbles in solution or molten
form; because they didnt undergo ionization even though they are soluble in water.



REDOX REACTION
Results
One spatule of copper(II) oxide as black powder mixed with one spatule of
carbon powder. They were reacted by heating with spiritus burner and produced
brown copper in solid state. Beside solid copper, carbon monoxide also produced as
the result of the reaction. The formula of the reaction is :
CuO + C Cu + CO
Copper(II) oxide reacted with carbon, produced copper and carbon monoxide.
Analysis
The reaction between copper(II) oxide and carbon as black powder produced
copper solid with brown color and carbon monoxide as the result with formula of
CuO + C Cu + CO. This reaction included redox reaction base on oxygen because
there is gain and loss of oxygen and oxidation state because there is changing in
oxidation state. The most apparent of redox reaction is gain and loss of oxygen and
the changes of oxidation state. Copper(II) oxide loses its oxygen to become copper
and carbon gain oxygen to become carbon monoxide, so it is obviously redox reaction.
Beside that, there is changing of oxidation state because clearly there are free
elements, which are carbon that reacted and copper as the result of the reaction.
Discussion
There are 4 types of redox reaction, which are gain or loss oxygen, gain or loss
hydrogen, gain or loss electrons, and changes of oxidation state. The reaction between
copper(II) oxide and carbon is redox reaction that can be explained by oxygen and
oxidation state theory. It cant be explained by hydrogen theory because there is no
hydrogen included in the reaction, so there is no gain or loss hydrogen in it. It cant
also be explained by gain or loss electrons because element in each compound is
neutral and the charges are the same, thus there is no gain or loss electrons. In
conclusion, the reaction between copper(II) oxide and carbon that produce copper and
carbon monoxide is redox reaction base on theory of gain or loss oxygen and changes
of oxidation states. In redox reaction, there are oxidising agent, reduction agent,
oxidation result, and reduction result. Oxidising agent is substance that causes
oxidation while reducing agent is substance that causes reduction. Oxidation result is
the result of oxidation while reduction result is the result of reduction.
Base on oxygen theory, copper(II) oxide (CuO) loses oxygen to become
copper (Cu) solid, and carbon (C) gains oxygen to become carbon monoxide (CO).
Oxidation means the gain of oxygen and reduction means the loss of oxygen. This
means copper(II) oxide undergoes reduction because it loses oxygen to become
copper, while carbon undergoes oxidation because it gains oxygen to become carbon
monoxide. Copper(II) oxide acts as oxidising agent since it causes the oxidation of
carbon. On the other hand, carbon acts as reducing agent since it causes the reduction
of copper(II) oxide. As the result of the reaction, copper is reduction result, because
the copper(II) oxide is reduced and the carbon is oxidised, thus carbon monoxide is
oxidation result.



CuO + C Cu + CO




Beside on oxygen and electrons theory, this reaction can also be explained by
oxidation state because there are changing in oxidation states. Oxidation is increase in
oxidation state and reduction is decrease in oxidation state. Total sum of oxidation
numbers of the atoms in neutral compound is 0. The oxidation number of oxygen is -2
in most compounds, except in fluoride, which is +2, peroxide which is -1, and
superoxide which is -1/2. While the oxidation number of free element is 0. In both
copper(II) oxide and carbon monoxide, the oxidation state of oxygen is -2, thus it
does not undergo anything. Copper in copper(II) oxide has oxidation state of +2,
because the oxygen has oxidation state of -2 (to make it neutral) while copper solid
has oxidation state of 0 because it is free element, so copper undergoes reduction
because the oxidation state is decreased from +2 to 0. Carbon undergoes oxidation
because the oxidation state is increased from 0 in carbon to +2 in carbon monoxide.
Copper(II) oxide is oxidising agent that causes oxidation and carbon is reducing agent
that causes reduction while in the result, copper is reduction result because copper(II)
oxide has undergo reduction and carbon monoxide is oxidation result because carbon
has undergo oxidation.


+2 0 0 +2
CuO + C Cu + CO




Conclusion
In conclusion, redox reaction takes place in the reaction between copper(II)
oxide and carbon. The redox reaction can be explained by the gain or loss of oxygen
and the changes of oxidation state.

oxidising
agent
reducing
agent
reduction
result
oxidation
result
OXIDATION
oxidising
agent
reducing
agent
reduction
result
oxidation
result
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
REDUCTION