Fault Analysis ECE4334

ECE4334
Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

ECE4334
FAULT ANALYSIS
Dr. E
ECE4334
Content
System representation
Single line-to-ground fault
Line-to-line fault
Double line-to-ground fault
Balanced (3) faults
ECE4334
System representation and assumptions
The power system operates under balanced steady-state conditions before
the fault occurs. Thus, the sequence networks are uncoupled before the
fault occurs. During unsymmetrical faults they are interconnected at the
fault location.
Prefault load current is neglected. This, prefault voltage, V
F
at the fault
point is close to its nominal value (i.e. it can be take to be 10). The
prefault voltage at each bus (and machine internal voltages) in the
positive-sequence network equals V
F
. This assumption is called flat
profile.
In defining the prefault flat voltage profile, we do take into account the
connection-induced phase shifts in Y xfmr.
Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittances are ignored.
Load impedances can be ignored
Series resistance and shunt elements in lines are ignored.
Armature resistance in generators is ignored.
The resulting circuit model consists only of sources and pure reactances.
ECE4334
Using symmetrical components

1
3
1 1 1
1
0
0

3
1
1
1
0
ECE4334
ECE4334
ECE4334
Example 9.1
ECE4334
Example 9.1
ECE4334
Example 9.2
At bus 2 all the voltages are 0!
ECE4334
Example 9.2
ECE4334

1
3
1 1 1
1
0
0

3
1
1
1
3
ECE4334
ECE4334
Single line-to-ground fault on the example
Remember?
ECE4334
Remember?
ECE4334
ECE4334
ECE4334
Example 9.3
No fault impedance
ECE4334
REMEMBER: Example 9.1
ECE4334
ECE4334
Back to Example 9.3
ECE4334
Example 9.3
ECE4334
Line-to-line fault

1
3
1 1 1
1
3
0

1 1 1
1
ECE4334
Line-to-line fault
ECE4334
Line-to-line fault on the example
ECE4334
Line-to-line fault on the example
ECE4334
Example 9.4
ECE4334
Example 9.4
ECE4334

1 1 1
1
ECE4334
ECE4334
ECE4334
Double line-to-ground fault on the example
ECE4334
Double line-to-ground fault on the example
ECE4334
Example 9.5
ECE4334
Example 9.5 (a,b)
ECE4334
Example 9.5 (a,b)
ECE4334
Example 9.5 (c)
ECE4334
Example 9.5 (c)
ECE4334
Example 9.5 (c)
ECE4334
Example 9.5 (c)
ECE4334
Example 9.6
ECE4334
ECE4334
Example 9.6
ECE4334
Example 9.6
ECE4334
Example 9.6
ECE4334
Example 9.6
ECE4334
Example 9.6
Results by ignoring
the xfmr shifts
ECE4334
Generalized solution for networks
Assume that we know the pre-fault voltages (solution
of power flow)
The general procedure is given as follows:
1. Calculate Z
bus
for each sequence (first calculate
Y
bus
)
2. For a fault at bus i, the Z
ii
values are the Thvenin
equivalent impedances; the pre-fault voltage is the
positive sequence Thvenin voltage.
3. Connect and solve the Thvenin equivalent
sequence networks to determine the fault currents
in each sequence.
Thanks to Dr. Tom Overbye, University of Illinois for the content
ECE4334
Generalized solution for networks
4. Sequence voltages throughout the system can be calculated by
5. Phase values are determined from the sequence values
0
0
0
0
prefault
f
I
Z

= +

V V
M
M
This is solved
for each
sequence
network!
The entry
corresponds to the
faulted bus
ECE4334
Unbalanced fault example for a network
Pre-fault voltages are 1 pu at all buses. Pre-fault loads are ignored.
Transformer phase-shifts are ignored.
Calculate the bus voltages after a single-line-to-ground fault at bus
3.
ECE4334
Unbalanced fault example in network
First step: Sequence networks
ECE4334
Ex.: Positive/negative sequence networks
Form Y
bus
and subsequently calculate Z
bus
j0.2 j0.05
j0.2 j0.05
j0.1
j0.1 j0.1

24 10 10
10 24 10
10 10 20

0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750
10 10
ECE4334
Ex.: Positive/negative sequence networks
Form Y
bus
bus
j0.2 j0.05
j0.2 j0.05
j0.1
j0.1 j0.1

0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750
Thvenin equivalent
impedance at bus 1
of positive & neg.
sequence networks
Thvenin equivalent
impedance at bus 2 Thvenin equivalent
impedance at bus 3
ECE4334
Ex.: Zero sequence network
Form Y
bus
bus
j0.05 j0.05
j0.05 j0.05
j0.3
j0.3 j0.3

16.6667 3.3333 3.3333
3.3333 26.667 3.3333
3.3333 3.3333 20

0.0714 0.0143 0.0429
0.0143 0.429 0.0286
0.0429 0.0286 0.1857
ECE4334
Ex.: Zero sequence network
Form Y
bus
bus
j0.05 j0.05
j0.05 j0.05
j0.3
j0.3 j0.3

0.0714 0.0143 0.0429
0.0143 0.429 0.0286
0.0429 0.0286 0.1857
Thvenin equivalent
impedance at bus 1
of zero sequence
network
Thvenin equivalent
impedance at bus 2
Thvenin equivalent
impedance at bus 3
ECE4334
EX: Sequence networks
For a single-line-to-ground fault at bus 3 the Thvenin equivalent
impedances are used for bus 3 and since it is a bolted fault we do not have
3Z
f
in the final circuit.
10
0.1857
0.1750
0.1750
For SLG fault the
sequence networks
are connected in
series
ECE4334
EX: Calculate the sequence currents & voltages

10
0.1857 0.1750 0.1750
1.8667
1.8667
Bus voltages at each bus in each sequence:
0
0
0
0
0
0
ECE4334
EX: Calculate the sequence voltages

10
10
10

0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750
0
0
1.8667

0.1397 0.1103 0.1250
0.1103 0.1397 0.1250
0.1250 0.1250 0.1750
0
0
1.8667

0.0714 0.0143 0.0429
0.0143 0.429 0.0286
0.0429 0.0286 0.1857
0
0
1.8667
ECE4334
EX: Calculate the sequence voltages

0.7667
0.7667
0.6733

0.2333
0.2333
0.3267

0.080
0.0533
0.3467
ECE4334
EX: Calculate the phase voltages at bus 1

0.7667
0.7667
0.6733

0.2333
0.2333
0.3267

0.080
0.0533
0.3467

1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
0.08
0.7667
0.2333
0.45330
0.9328 111.82
0.9328111.82
ECE4334

0.7667
0.7667
0.6733

0.2333
0.2333
0.3267

0.080
0.0533
0.3467

1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
0.0533
0.7667
0.2333
0.480
0.9233 110.28
0.9233110.28
ECE4334

0.7667
0.7667
0.6733

0.2333
0.2333
0.3267

0.080
0.0533
0.3467

1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
0.08
0.7667
0.2333
0
1.0101 120.98
1.0101120.98
ECE4334
What about faults on lines?
The previous analysis has assumed that the
fault is at a bus. Most faults occur on
transmission lines, not at the buses.
These faults are treated by including a
dummy bus at the fault location. How the
impedance of the transmission line is then
split depends upon the fault location.
ECE4334
Power system protection
Main idea is to remove faults as quickly as
possible while leaving as much of the system as
intact as possible
Fault sequence of events
1. Fault occurs somewhere on the system, changing the
system currents and voltages
2. Current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers
(PTs) sensors detect the change in currents/voltages
3. Relays use sensor input to determine whether a fault
has occurred
4. When a fault occurs the relays open the circuit
breakers to isolate fault
ECE4334
Power system protection
Protection systems must be designed with both
primary protection and backup protection in
case primary protection devices fail.
In designing power system protection systems
there are two main types of systems that need to be
considered:
1. Radial: there is a single source of power, so power
always flows in a single direction; this is the easiest
from a protection point of view
2. Network: power can flow in either direction:
protection is much more complicated

Fault Analysis ECE4334

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fault Analysis ECE4334

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fault Analysis ECE4334

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ECE4334

Dr. C.Y. Evrenosoglu

You might also like