DESIGN CAISSON BREAKWATER

An evaluation of the formula of Goda

Carlita L. Vis

DESIGN CAISSON BREAKWATER

An evaluation of the formula of Goda

C L . Vis
Delft, August 1995
Delft University of
Technology

page ii

summary

SUMMARY
The growing need for breakwaters in deep water due to the increasing draught
of large vessels draws the attention to caisson breakwaters. These monolithic
structures are more economical compared to rubble mound breakwaters.
Especially in deep water lower construction and maintenance costs and
considerable savings in construction time can be realised. A caisson is built on
shore and t o w e d out to the actual offshore site. Unfortunately, damage at a
caisson is often progressive. This causes an abrupt collapse of the structure. By
understanding the dynamic processes involved, the design of the structure can
be soundly based.
The formula of Goda (1985) is a worldwide used design method for vertical
breakwaters based on the quasi-static approach. His design method is very
useful as a first indication for the dimensions of the caisson. In order to be able
to analyse Goda's method, the design of a caisson breakwater is roughly
divided in three phases. First the crest elevation of the caisson, the design
wave and the design water depth, are determined w i t h probabilistic
considerations about the economy of the harbour. Subsequently the wave load
follows from the wave pressure formulae. Thirdly, the w i d t h of the structure
sets the weight of the structure which defines the safety against failure.
Goda sets the design parameters on definite values regardless the cost-benefit
analysis of the harbour. His design wave is the highest wave in the design sea
state, which is based on the principle that a breakwater should be designed to
be safe against the single wave w i t h the largest pressure among storm waves.
From the comparison of the measured wave forces of the hydraulic model
study and the values calculated w i t h the wave pressure formulae of Goda and
of the linear wave theory no conclusions can be drawn. This is partly due to the
close resemblance of the results of the linear wave theory and Goda's formula
for the conditions at Europoort Rotterdam and partly caused by the scatter in
the measurements.
A n experiment about the failure mechanisms of the caisson confirms the
introducing of uncertainties concerning the placing of the caisson on the rubble
mound foundation.
Goda's wave pressure formulae turned out to be in fact design formulae. Not
only his design parameters but the formulae themselves include safety
considerations. Evaluation of Goda's formula is therefore only valid w h e n the
whole design process is taken into account.
It is noted that the accuracy of the calculated wave pressure on the wall is very
good w i t h respect to the uncertainties introduced in the foundation forces and
the determination of the design parameters.

page iii

page iv

table of

contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
a

SUMMARY

P g

PREFACE

page vii

Page 1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

page 1
page 2
page
page 5

Why building a caisson breakwater?

Design process
Aims of this study
Outline of contents

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

2.2

2.3

3.2
3.3

Failure mechanisms
2.1.1 Breakwater sliding
2.1.2 Breakwater overturning
Probabilistic design process
2.2.1 The design parameters result from an economic
decision problem
2.2.2 Dimensions of caisson
Design according to Goda
2.3.1 Design parameters
2.3.2 Resistance against failure
2.3.3 Dimensions of caisson
2.3.4 Rubble mound foundation

page 7
page 9
page 11
page 12
page
page
page
page
page
page
page

12
14
16
16
17
18
20

page 23

Wave statistics in open sea

3.1.1 Distribution of wave heights
3.1.2 Distribution of wave periods
Transformation of deep water data to data at the site
Chance that design wave height H is exceeded
d

LINEAR W A V E THEORY
4.1

Page 7

HYDRAULIC DESIGN CONDITIONS

3.1

'

INTRODUCTION

2.1

page
page
page
. page
page

23
25
26
29
32

Page 35

Formulae of wave pressure

4.1.1 The reflection of incoming waves
4.1.2 Wave pressure on the front of the vertical wall
4.1.3 Wave pressure on the base of the caisson

page v

page
page
. page
page

35
36
37
41

table of

4.2
4.3

Spectral analysis
Calculation for Europoort Rotterdam

FORMULA OF GODA
5.1

5.2

6.4
6.5

Formulae of wave pressure

page 49
5.1.1 Wave pressure on the front of a vertical wall . . . page 4 9
5.1.2 Wave pressure under a wave trough
page 53
Calculation for Europoort Rotterdam
page 53

7.3

7.4

page 57

Aims of experimental study

page
Scaling considerations
page
Experimental set up
page
6.3.1 Construction of the caisson model
page
6.3.2 Measuring system
page
Experiment 1: Determine horizontal dynamic wave force page
Experiment 2: Determine the horizontal dynamic wave force at
moment of failure of the caisson
page

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1
7.2

page 4 2
page 45

page 49

EXPERIMENTS IN W A V E CHANNEL
6.1
6.2
6.3

contents

58
59
61
61
62
64
66

page 69

Analysis of Goda's design principles

Linear wave theory compared w i t h Goda's formula
7.2.1 Wave pressure for wave crest
7.2.2 Wave pressure for wave trough
The experimental data compared w i t h the theory
7.3.1 Experiment 1
7.3.2 Experiment 2
Recommendations

page
. . . page
page
page
page
page
page
page

69
70
70
72
72
76
77
77

CONCLUSIONS

Page 79

LIST OF SYMBOLS

page 81

REFERENCES

page 87

page vi

preface

PREFACE
This report is written as a part of my study for the MSc. degree at the Faculty
of Civil Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, Hydraulic engineering
group.
Part of this study about the design of a breakwater is performed at the Imperial
College for Science, Technology and Medicine in London. In the hydraulics
laboratories of the department of Civil Engineering, a hydraulic model study has
been carried out in order to compare experimental results w i t h the results of
theoretical calculations. I realise that learning about the English w a y of
hydraulic engineering at Imperial College was a great opportunity, for which I
am very grateful.
The advice and practical assistance of Professor P. Holmes and Dr. D. Hardwick
of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine are gratefully
acknowledged.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor J.K. Vrijling and Mr.
K.G. Bezuyen of the Delft University of Technology for their supervision.

Delft, August 1995

Carlita L. Vis

page vii

page viii

INTRODUCTION
A breakwater can be designed for several different purposes. In the first section
of this chapter background information is given about caisson breakwaters in
general. The design process of a caisson breakwater is discussed in the second
section. Subsequently, the objective of this study is defined in the third section
followed by the explanation of the outline of this report in the last section.

Why building a caisson breakwater?

The main functions of a breakwater
The basic function of a breakwater is to provide protection against waves. This
protection may be necessary for an approach channel or for a harbour itself, in
order to provide a sufficient tranquil harbour basin for ships to navigate and
moor. Other purposes of a breakwater can be:

Reduce the amount of dredging required in a harbour entrance by cutting

off the littoral transport supply.
Guide the current in the approach channel or along the coast.
Reduce the gradient of the cross current in an approach channel in order
to make the ships entering the harbour better steerable.

In this study the protection against waves is considered to be the only function
of a breakwater.
A caisson breakwater
The choice of a breakwater type
for a given situation depends on
many factors. T w o types of
breakwaters can be
distinguished:

1
i h

Caisson breakwater
Rubble mound breakwater

iiirfflTin a.
caisson

JBfflmm mMsmm^
rubble mound

Monolithic structures, the so

called caisson breakwaters, have
Caisson breakwater
and rubble
mound
Figure 1.1
major advantages compared to
breakwater
rubble mound breakwaters in
deep water. For instance the
volume of a caisson in deep water is less than that needed for a rubble mound
breakwater because the latter increases w i t h the square of the water depth
see figure 1 1 Monolithic breakwaters are also more economical because of
their lower construction and maintenance costs and their considerable savings
in construction time, for a caisson is built onshore and t o w e d out to the actual
offshore site. A rubble mound breakwater can only be built offshore w h i c h is

page 1

introduction

considerably more expensive. Rubble mound breakwaters are nevertheless more

popular in western countries because they can fulfil their function even w h e n
they are severely damaged. Damage at a caisson breakwater is on the other
hand most of the times progressive, which results in an abrupt collapse of the
monolith.

1.2

Design process
The design of a caisson breakwater is an iterative
process. It can be divided roughly into three
phases, see figure 1.2. Firstly the design
parameters have t o be determined in accordance
w i t h the design principles. The design principles
consist of economical considerations because an
very high and heavy structure is not favourable.
Secondly, the design parameters are used as
input for the wave pressure formulae, which
results in a design wave load. Subsequently the
dimensions of the caisson can be calculated.
These dimensions have t o be checked w i t h the
design principles again because the optimum
strength of the structure is related to the stability
of the structure, w h i c h is provided only by the
weight of the structure. In other words, the
optimum ratio between the width and the height
of the structure has t o be determined.

design principles:
design parameters

dimensions :
width & height
Figure

1.2

General

design

process

A standard design method for vertical wall

breakwaters w a s developed by the Japanese Goda [ref 4] and is used
worldwide. He made his formula after numerous hydraulic model studies. The
wave pressure formulae of Goda were empirically derived and validated by the
performance of prototype breakwaters.

Design principles
A breakwater is assumed t o have failed when the main function is no longer
fulfilled. That is, the protection against waves is less than required.
Overtopping of waves is therefore considered as failure. A distinction has t o be
made between failure in the sense of total collapse of the structure and
malfunction of the breakwater .
The strength aaainst collapse of a structure
should be designed in such a w a y that the
structure can resist the extreme hydraulic design
load on the structure, otherwise ultimate failure
occurs. These chosen extreme design conditions
determine therefore the needed strength or
stability of the caisson.

page 2

harbour

Figure

1.3

Sliding

introduction

The fulfilment of functioning of the structure under normal loading conditions is

depending on the crest elevation of the breakwater. The amount of allowed
overtopping should result from a cost-benefit analysis in relation w i t h 'the
economy' of the harbour and the hydraulic design conditions. In other words,
the question needs to be answered is: 'What is the accepted downtime of the
harbour resulting from overtopping of waves for the lifetime of the caisson' .
This design condition sets the minimum crest elevation of the breakwater.
The strength against extreme loading results from
the ultimate failure mechanisms w i t h including
safety measures against failure. The judging of
the accepted chance of ultimate failure of the
caisson during its lifetime is also an economic
decision problem, because the probability of
exceedance of the design parameters sets the
probability of ultimate failure of the caisson.

harbour

Figure

1.4

The most important ultimate failure mechanisms

for a caisson breakwater are:

Sliding (see figure 1.3)

Overturning (see figure 1.4)
Failure of the foundation (figure 1.5 gives
t w o failure possibilities)

Overturning

harbour

Figure

1.5

Failure of the
foundation

Design parameters
Once the amount of allowed overtopping is determined, the crest elevation of
the caisson is established w i t h taking into account the requirements from
mariners. Accordingly the design water depth and the design wave w i t h an
accepted probability should be chosen.
Wave loading
The wave load on the structure can be calculated w i t h the wave pressure
formulae if the following parameters are known:

crest height
characteristics of the rubble mound foundation
water depth

wave height and wave period

Dimensions caisson
The probabilistic loading on the caisson determines the probability of ultimate
failure through the failure mechanisms. Sliding and overturning are caused by a
horizontal wave force acting on the exposed front and by a vertical uplift force
acting on the base of the caisson. Both forces are resulting from the dynamic
wave pressure. Immediate total failure of a caisson breakwater occurs by
definition when the design conditions are exceeded. The width of the caisson
sets the total weight of the structure which provides the designed stability for a
constant height of the caisson.
page 3

introduction

1.3

Aims of this study

In this study the design process of a caisson breakwater will be analysed.
Goda's design method will therefore be compared w i t h a design method that
makes use of the linear wave theory for the conditions of a breakwater at
Europoort Rotterdam.
An important aspect of the evaluation of the design process is the comparison
of Goda's wave pressure formulae w i t h the linear wave theory and w i t h the
results of a hydraulic model study.
The linear wave theory is based upon the concept that waves can be
characterised as linear, sinusoidal waves [ref 1], The resulting simple
mathematical representation is easy to apply and gives a good approximation of
wave behaviour.

Restrictions of this study

The following limiting conditions are
applied:

A quasi-static approach is used to

analyse the wave forces on the
Europoort
monolithic breakwater.
Rotterdam

The waves are considered not to

break as breaking is not taken into
account in the calculation of the
wave pressures w i t h the linear
wave theory.

The very complex problems of the

foundation fall outside the scope
The Netherlands
Figure 1.6
of this study.

The hydraulic design data of a

breakwater at Europoort Rotterdam will be used for the calculations, see
figure 1.6 and figure 1.7.
The direction of
the wave crests is
assumed to be
constant and
normal to the
breakwater axis.
The breakwater is
considered to
have a certain
length, see figure
1.8. The
interaction w i t h
Situation approach channel Europoort
Rotterdam
the Sides (Other
Figure 1.7
caissons) is
neglected.
page 4

Outline of contents

Figure

1.8

Length of

caisson

In order to analyse the design process of a

caisson breakwater the design philosophy is first discussed in chapter 2. This
includes the failure mechanisms, the determination of the design parameters by
means of an economic decision problem and Goda's design principles.
Prior to the actual description of the design wave pressure formulae in chapter
4 (linear wave theory) and 5 (Goda), chapter 3 summarises the hydraulic design
conditions for Europoort Rotterdam. The hydraulic conditions at deep water are
transformed during the propagation into shallower water which influences the
probability density function of the wave height.
In chapter 6 the experimental study is described. Hydraulic model tests were
carried out to compare the theoretical results w i t h experimental data. A model
caisson was placed in a wave channel and attacked w i t h regular waves. The
horizontal dynamic wave force has been measured and the ultimate failure
mechanism have been considered.
The results of the probabilistic design method w i t h the linear wave theory, the
formula of Goda and the experimental data are discussed in chapter 7.
Recommendations for further research are given also.
The final conclusions are given in chapter 8.
It is noted that detailed background information about the experiments are
given in the appendices.

page 5

introduction

page 6

design

principles

DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Goda developed an easy to apply practical design method [ref 4 ] . In order to be
able to analyse his design philosophy, this chapter deals w i t h the question:
When is a breakwater design at an optimum for a particular site ? The answer
is:
The best design is defined as the structure
at minimum total costs.

that fulfils the

requirements

A n investment in a breakwater structure is an economic decision problem and

depends on all harbour related activities. For a breakwater protects the harbour
against waves in such a w a y that the harbour basin is sufficient tranquil for the
ships to navigate and moor. Without the breakwater the ships would only be
able to use the harbour w i t h reasonable good weather conditions. Whether the
breakwater can improve the earning capacity of the harbour depends for
instance on the type and number of ships using the harbour, the needed quay
facilities, the meteorological data, the hydrographical data, the harbour related
economic systems, the future development of the harbour, etc. This implies
that the functional requirements of a breakwater are related to the economy of
the harbour.
The total costs of the design depend on the investment and maintenance of the
structure. The investment will be high for a structure w i t h a high strength. The
strength of the structure will be designed so as to resist the extreme design
conditions. These extreme design conditions result from the accepted
probability of ultimate failure for the lifetime of the structure, while the
probability of failure due to the amount of overtopping is dependent on the
crest elevation of the structure.
In order to determine the probability of failure, it is first necessary to define
when failure of a caisson breakwater occurs. This is described in section 1. The
second section presents subsequently a theory of how to find the optimum
design load in relation to the costs. Goda's design principles concerning the
design parameters and accordingly failure of the structure are given in the third
section.

2.1

Failure mechanisms
A breakwater fails when it does not fulfil its main function: protect the harbour
against waves. For example, when a critical value of wave disturbance in the
harbour basin is exceeded, the ship handling has to stop, which reduces the
earning capacity of the harbour. The design of a breakwater depends therefore
on the required degree of protection of the harbour against the waves. This
degree of protection is defined by the layout of the structure, the permeability,

page 7

design

principles

the crest level (amount of overtopping) and the energy absorption (percentage
of reflection of the incoming waves). The definition of failure of a breakwater
is:
The breakwater fails when the waves in the harbour are higher than allowed
according to the design criteria.
Although failure can occur during both construction and operation, in this study
only failure during operation of the breakwater has been considered because the
construction can be carried out during good weather conditions. The probability
of failure represents the probabilities of exceeding a given limit state. The t w o
different states are the serviceability limit state and the ultimate limit state

The Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

The serviceability limit state is the state of the breakwater during normal
loading conditions. For this state the performance of the breakwater is
evaluated under the 'normal' or daily conditions to which the structure will be
exposed during most of its lifetime.
Failure is defined in this state as: the breakwater does not fulfil its function
because the amount of overtopping is too high, which disturbs the harbour
activities. The harbour has to be closed d o w n . This can happen regularly and
therefore the costs, whereas the losses due to the closing of the harbour for a
certain period can be substantial, should be taken into account. The higher the
crest height of the breakwater the less overtopping will occur.
Another state of failure is, that the breakwater does not fulfil its requirements
any more after a few years, which is deterioration of structural resistance over
time. This means for instance that the structure has moved through the years
or that the scour protection is dismantled. This type of failure can be prevented
by:

Increasing the design resistance in order to guarantee sufficient strength

during the service life.
Controlling the deterioration through inspection and maintenance
procedures.

Both methods of improvement should be taken into account at the design stage
and will affect the costs of the design.

The Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

The ultimate limit state occurs during extreme conditions and has a very small
probability of occurrence. The breakwater fails when the extreme hydraulic
loading is higher than the resistance of the structure. By evaluating all the
failure mechanisms that are likely to occur under specified extreme conditions,
the ability of the structure to survive extreme conditions is checked.

page 8

design

principles

The three most important failure mechanisms of the ultimate limit state are
sliding, overturning and failure of the foundation, see figure 2 . 1 , 2.2 and 2.3.
Ultimate failure will be considered to have occurred w h e n :

A displacement is caused by the horizontal wave force exceeding the

horizontal friction force, see section 2 . 1 . 1 .

A n overturning is caused by the horizontal and uplift wave forces, see

section 2.1.2.

Figure

Figure

Sliding

2.1

harbour

harbour

harbour

2.2

Overturning

Figure

Failure of the
foundation

2.3

Failure of the foundation can be caused by several phenomena. Wave impact

forces for instance are relatively high because they result from wave breaking.
These forces can cause the formation of quicksand due to rocking motions of
the caisson. These problems fall outside the scope of this study but in order to
avoid that problems w i t h the foundation will occur, a reasonably thick porous
filter layer has to be placed on the sand bottom to prevent high pore pressures.

2.1.1

Breakwater sliding
Breakwater sliding is the horizontal translation of the caisson, which occurs
when the horizontal wave load is higher than the horizontal friction force.
harbour

sea

W
X

'v

hydrostatic

pressure

harbour

sea

_X

Fw c
Figure 2.5

Wave pressure
wave crest

flu

on caisson for <

Ff

The waterlevel at the harbour side is

assumed to be the same as the
Schematization
of forces under
waterlevel at the seaside. So the same Figure 2.4
wave crest
hydrostatic pressure acts on both
sides of the caisson, see figure 2.5.
The resulting force is consequently the horizontal dynamic wave force F .
Displacement will occur when this force F exceeds the horizontal foundation
w

page 9

design

principles

friction force F , see figure 2.4. As an approximation it is assumed that the

caisson fails when the friction force is exceeded and any displacement occurs.
f

The horizontal dynamic wave force F

is:

F =F smut
w

in which

cu
is the angular frequency =2n/T
T
is the wave period
r
is the time
The load frequency w is far less than the natural frequency of the structure
therefore the forces can be considered as static.
When there is no vertical motion, there is vertical equilibrium:

N - W - U - N '
in which

A/
W
U

AT

is the resulting upward normal force

is the weight of the caisson
is the buoyant force of the caisson
is the instantaneous resultant vertical dynamic force
caused by propagation of wave pressures under the
structure

The instantaneous resultant vertical dynamic force N' can be expressed in

terms of the horizontal wave force F :
w

N' = e F =
w

in which

e F

sinca t

[ 2

is a coefficient, which can be found from a foundation

model

The horizontal friction force F \s depending on the normal force N and on the
friction between concrete and rubble mound. The formula is:
f

F <. \x N
f

in which

fJ

I - !

is the friction coefficient, which can be found empirically

The friction coefficient is related to the underlying soil properties according to

Coulomb [ref 18]:
u = tan5 = tan(-4>)
3
in which

6
0

is the angle of friction between soil and concrete

is the angle of internal friction of the soil
page 10

l -

5 ]

design

principles

For
0 = 45:
fJ = tan (2/3-45) = tan 3 0 = 0.58
This is actually an internal failure mechanism and is considered as 'failure of the
foundation'.
The actual friction between the top layer of the foundation and the base of the
caisson has to be empirically derived. For a ribbed caisson base the design
value for this friction factor is approximately 0.5. This decreases to f j = 0.4 for
a flat base [ref 11].

If there is horizontal motion, it follows that:

1

in which

m
dv/dt
b

is the virtual mass of the caisson

is the acceleration of the caisson

The water and soil mass surrounding the caisson will influence the inertia
characteristics of the caisson by taking part in the movement as well. Therefore
the virtual mass is defined as an equivalent mass which would begin to move
when a displacement of the caisson occurs. Motion starts when the static
friction force is first exceeded. The extra virtual mass which has to start
accelerating is considered to contribute extra resistance against any movement
of the structure.

2.1.2

Breakwater overturning
The horizontal dynamic wave force F
and the vertical dynamic wave force
AT tend to rotate the caisson to the
harbour side, see figure 2.6. The
counter moment is provided by the
turning moment originating from the
weight of the structure.

sea

w-u
Fw

rubble mound

2.7

Dynamic

wave

N'

width of caisson

Figure

harbour

Figure

2.6

Turning

moments

pressure

The vertical dynamic wave force N' is assumed to have a triangular distribution
over the base, see figure 2.7. However, the pressure at the heel of the caisson
page 11

design

principles

does not have to be zero. It depends on the characteristics of the rubble mound
foundation because the dynamic uplift pressure depends on the velocity
distribution of the water particles underneath the caisson. The latter is in its
turn dependent on the permeability of the rubble mound foundation. The
velocity will decrease due to friction and turbulence. The velocity distribution is
assumed to be linear but the curve in the pressure distribution will probably be
much more gentle. So a triangular pressure distribution for the vertical dynamic
force AT seems a conservative assumption.
Equilibrium of moments around the heel, see figure 2.6, yields:
(F

in which

arm,)

(N< < f )

- (W - U) |

[2.7]

is the width of the caisson

The moment arm of the wave force F can be derived, see chapter 4 , for a
known wave pressure distribution along the front. This pressure distribution
depends on the wave height. This results in a different moment arm for every
different wave height.
w

In case of a wave trough the wave forces act in the opposite direction that is
F acts seaward. The centre of rotation shifts to the lower left corner, which
W
reduces the moment arm of A/'.
2.2

Probabilistic design process

The design of a prismatic caisson is the determination of the required width ar
crest height of the caisson. These dimensions are depending on stability
requirements and on the functional requirements of the harbour. An economic
decision problem is the result.

2.2.1

The design parameters result from an economic decision problem

The total costs of the design depend on the probability of failure of the caisson.
It is therefore necessary to determine the relation between the probability of
failure and the stability (expressed in the dimensions) of the caisson and the
relation between the probability of failure and the economics of the harbour.
Risk is the product of failure probability and the consequences of failure. The
consequences of failure are often expressed in terms of capital cost. In this
case the consequences of failure are in terms of:

loss of investments
loss of expected future income of the harbour

It follows that the total costs consist of the costs of construction and
maintenance, and the costs of risk, which include the economic loss due to
page 12

design

principles

failure of the structure times the probability of failure. The income from the
harbour activities and the to the harbour related economic systems on account
of the breakwater should compensate the total costs.
Every design wave or design load has a
probability of exceedance. If the design wave is
small, the costs of construction will be relatively
low but the risk will be relatively great. As the
magnitude of the design load increases, the risk
will decrease, due to the decreasing probability
that the design conditions will be exceeded. This
implies that the design load must be such that the
total costs are minimized, see figure 2.8.

Cost

l-AV+B

Fo

Design wave or load

If design load F is exceeded then displacement x

Determine
Figure 2.8
will occur (sliding is considered as the first
optimum
design
occurring failure mechanism). Failure will be
wave
defined as displacement x = x , the load is then
F.. Thus the probability of collapse is the
probability of force F being exceeded (P(F )). The dimensions of the caisson
are known if the design load F is chosen. Hence the cost of construction,
investment /, is a function of F :
0

i -

[2.8]

Damage is defined as a certain change in the state of the structure, which does
not influence the functioning of the breakwater. Damage to a monolithic
breakwater is often progressive. However, it is assumed that a second storm of
a given intensity causes just as much displacement as the first one. Repair
work will only be carried out in the calm season once per year. The annual
chance of damage repair costs is then independent of the number of damage
occurrences in that year. Because if a breakwater moves t w i c e as much as a
result of a second storm, it will cost as much to jack it into place again.
To determine the amount of risk, or the so called anticipated damage, it is
assumed that an insurance company is willing to insure a caisson against
damage. If the theoretical annual premium is s:
s = (probability of damage) (the cost of repairing damage)
The anticipated damage per year is:
[2.9]

s = P(F ) W
1

in w h i c h

P(F )
?

is the probability that force F is exceeded, which is the

probability of ultimate failure
is the cost of repairing when a failure of the structure
occurs
1

page 13

design

principles

The capitalized value of the sum of the 'premiums' s depends on the life of the
structure. If its life is 100 years, the capitalized anticipated damage D is [ref
16]:
D = M

in which

( 1

) .s

[2.10]

is the rate of interest in % per year

The total costs C are defined as the costs of construction / and the capitalized
anticipated damage D. Hence C = l + D. It is assumed that the cost of
construction / is a linear function of the required volume of the caisson per
metre of exposed front V, so
[

l - A V + B

in which

A
B

'

is the price per cubic metre volume of the caisson

is the additional price per cubic metre length of the
caisson (cost of toe protection etc.)

The relation between the required volume of the caisson per metre of exposed
front V a n d the design load F results from the failure mechanisms.
0

2.2.2

Dimensions of caisson
Failure will be considered to have occurred when the caisson is translated
(sliding) or rotated (overturning). Both failure mechanism are related to the
weight and the geometry of the structure. For a prismatic caisson the height
and the w i d t h have to be optimized.
The minimum required width b is related to the sliding mechanism because for a
certain crest height (resulting from the overtopping criterion) the w i d t h
determines the weight of the caisson which provides the stability. A Safety
Factor illustrates the stability through a ratio of the force of resistance and the
driving force. The Safety Factor of sliding is expressed as:
S-F;

Mng

- 5-

* constant, > 1

[2.12]

The value of constant

depends on the uncertainties in the assumptions and
formulae but should be at least more than 1 to assure stability. When the input
data are not very reliable, the value of the safety factor should be made higher
than 1.
1

Another important safety requirement for the stability is that the entire base
should contribute to the upward normal pressure. The moment arm of N is in
that case equal to 1/3 of the w i d t h . A triangular pressure distribution for N is
assumed, see figure 2.9. The maximum bearing pressure p
acts at the heel
of the structure for a wave crest. This maximum bearing pressure depends on
max

page 14

design

the soil properties. See figure 2.10

for the possible pressure
distribution w i t h the resulting lever
arm.

principles

width of caisson:b
harbour

In case of a wave trough the

pressure distribution for N is
opposite. The maximum bearing
pressure acts at the toe of the
structure in this situation.

rubble mound

Resulting upward normal force

Figure 2.9
The Safety Factor of overturning
illustrates once more the
resistance against failure. The design value constant
is expressed as:

S.F. overturning

M,w-u
constant* > 1
M
+ Mi
Fw

[2.13]

Crest elevation
The minimum
harbour
height of a
breakwater is
determined by
crest elevation
considerations as
A:
&
overtopping and
Minimum crest elevation
Visibility for
Figure 2.11
mariners. Since
overtopping does not necessarily cause ultimate failure
some overtopping is accepted. A cost-benefit analysis
should give the optimum allowed amount of
overtopping, see section 2 . 2 . 1 . Assume overtopping is
allowed x times per year. The breakwater should be at
least high enough to reflect the highest wave expected
w i t h that frequency, see figure 2.9

1/3 b

s e a

pmax

HitLitingwav

\
pmax
N
2/3 b

<

>

A
pmax

_
]
Figure

2.10

Normal
force

Width of caisson
The determination of the w i d t h is dependent on the failure mechanisms.
Assume that sliding will first occur before overturning. The crest elevation is
held constant so the minimum w i d t h can be calculated. This w i d t h has to be
sufficient to withstand overturning as well. Finally the maximum bearing
pressure on the foundation has to be below the defined limit.

page 1 5

design

principles

This procedure has to be executed for several heights if the minimum crest
height can be taken higher as the optimum height. According to the theory
optimum design follows from an economic analysis.

2.3

Design according to Goda

The formula of Goda [ref 4] is a worldwide used design method for vertical
breakwaters based on the quasi-static approach. See chapter 5 for the wave
pressure formulae. Goda made his formula after a lot of hydraulic scale model
studies He judged the reliability of his formula by predicting the accuracy of
breakwater stability w i t h the aid of the performance of prototype breakwaters.
His formula is valid for breaking and nonbreaking waves. The basic source of
this section is Goda's 'Random seas and design of maritime structures (1985).

2.3.1

Design parameters
The design parameters are the design w a v e , characterized by its wave height
and wave period and the design water depth.

Design wave height

Goda states that the highest wave in the design sea state must be employed.
This is based on the principle that a breakwater should be designed in order t o
be safe against the single wave that has the largest pressure among storm
waves. According to Goda the design wave H is the highest wave out of 2 5 0
waves This wave has a probability of exceedance of 0 . 4 % seaward of the
surfzone whereas within the surfzone the height is taken as the highest of
random breaking waves at a distance 5-/V (H is the mean of one-third of the
highest waves, see chapter 3) seaward of the breakwater. Goda defines the
surfzone or breaking zone as: 'A relatively wide zone of variable water depth in
which wave breaking takes place. Concerning the breaking of random sea
waves, the breaking point as well as the breaking wave height cannot be
defined clearly, in contrast to the case of regular w a v e s ' . So H H -H %Goda states that the ratio H JH
is affected by the number of waves in a
record. The value of H
should therefore be estimated, based upon the
duration of the storm and the number of waves. He writes that the prediction
generally falls in the range:
d

max

0A

max

= (1.6 ... 2.0) H

I -

1 4 1

To avoid possible confusion in the design, a definite value of H = 1.8 H is

recommended in consideration of the performance of many prototype
breakwaters as well as w i t h regard to the accuracy of the wave pressure
estimation. Certainly there remains the possibility that some waves exceeding
1 8 H will hit the site of the breakwater when storm waves equivalent to the
design condition attack. But the distance of sliding of an upright section, if it
were to slide, would be very small. It should be remarked, however, that the
prescription H = 1.8-H is a recommendation and not a rule.
d

page 16

design

principles

Design wave height H is the smaller one of 1.8-H or H . H is the limiting

wave height of a broken wave at 5-H distance offshore.
d

Design wave period

The period of the highest wave is taken as that of the significant w a v e ,
T = T . The wave period does not exhibit a universal distribution law such as
the Rayleigh distribution for wave heights according to Goda. Nevertheless
found empirically that the representative period parameters are interrelated.
Goda found that T lies in the range ( 0 . 6 . . . 1 . 3 ) 7 ; and takes T in the middle of
that range.
d

Design water depth

The recommended design water depth is based on the fact that the greatest
wave pressure is exerted not by waves just breaking at the site, but by waves
which have already begun to break at a distance. For the sake of convenience,
the distance 5-H from the breakwater will be used for the design water depth.
Goda derived this from laboratory data on breaking wave pressures.
s

2.3.2

Resistance against failure

The caisson must be safe against sliding and overturning. The safety factor
against sliding of Goda is defined as:
u (W-

< F
-

in w h i c h

W
U
N'

f
F

sliding

U-

N)
g

_F^_

[ 2

.15]

goda

goda

is the weight of the caisson

is the buoyant force
is the instantaneous resultant vertical dynamic
force caused by propagation of the waves in the
rubble mound foundation according to Goda
is the horizontal friction force
is the wave force according to Goda

w_goda

jj

is the friction coefficient

The safety factor against overturning is defined as:

(Mw ~ Mu> - M

N/godt

^'''overturning

in w h i c h

My
M

N'goda

is the turning moment due to the weight of the

caisson
is the turning moment due to the buoyant force
turning moment due to the vertical dynamical
uplift force according to Goda

i s

page 17

design

principles

i the turning moment due to the dynamical wave

"'Fw_goda

force according to Goda

The safety factors should not be less than 1.2 according to Goda. He takes the
coefficient of friction f j as 0.6 (friction coefficient between concrete and rubble
stones).
The bearing capacity of the foundation should be analysed. Goda assumes that
a trapezoidal distribution of bearing pressure exists beneath the base. The
largest bearing pressure at the heel p
is calculated as:
m

1u

2 W

/ W * -

in which

T i ^

N
a f

'

is the upward normal force according to Goda

is the lever arm of the upward normal force

o d a

goda

according to Goda:
_
"goda

in which

o d a
9

N
.
fj
'"goda
g o d

[2.18]

is the turning moment of the upward normal force

according to Goda around the heel of the structure

Precautions against Impulsive Breaking Wave pressure

The pressure due to breaking waves may rise to more than ten times the
hydrostatic pressure corresponding to the wave height, though its duration will
be very short. Goda explains that it would be rather foolish to design a vertical
breakwater that is directly exposed to impulsive breaking wave pressures. A
rubble mound breakwater would be the natural choice in such a situation. It is
not the magnitude of the greatest pressure but, rather, the occurrence of the
impulsive breaking wave pressure that is most important. Table 2.1 is a guide
for judging the possible danger of impulsive breaking wave pressure.

2.3.3

Dimensions of caisson
The w i d t h satisfying the conditions of the safety factors and the maximum
bearing pressure is the minimum required width in relation to a certain crest
elevation. The criterion of the crest elevation in Japan is at a height of 0.6
times the significant wave height above design water level. This criterion is
used in situations where a small amount of wave overtopping and resultant
wave transmission is tolerated.
Goda's experiments showed that the required caisson width depends on the
wave period. The width has to increase w i t h an increasing wave period (see
page 1 8

design

Table 2.1

Questionnaire

for judging

the danger of impulsive

A-l Is the angle between the wave direction

and the line normal to the breakwater
less than 20 ?

wave

pressure

No
Little Danger

Y e s

A-2 Is the rubble mound sufficiently small

to be considered negligible?

breaking

Y e s

No
Go

to B-l

No
Little Danger

A-3 Is the sea bottom slope steeper than 1/50?

Yes
A-4 Is the steepness of the equivalent
deep water wave less than about 0.03?

No
-> Little Danger

Y e s

A-6 Is the crest elevation so high as

not to allow much overtopping?

Little Danger

Y e s

A-5 Is the breaking point of a progressive

wave (in the absence of a structure)
located only slightly in front of the
breakwater?

No

No
L i t t l e Danger

Yes

Danger of Impulsive Pressure Exists

B-l Is the combined sloping section and

top berm of the rubble mound broad
enough (refer to Fig. 4.20)?

Y e s

B-2 Is the mound so high that the wave

height becomes nearly equal to or
greater than the water depth above
the mound (refer to Fig. 4.21)?

No
Little Danger

Y e s

B-3 Is the crest elevation so high as not to

cause much overtopping?

No
>-Little Danger

No
* Little Danger

Yes

Danger of Impulsive Pressure Exists

chapter 5 for explanation and appendix F for the calculations).

page 19

principles

design

2.3.4

principles

Rubble mound foundation

Berm height
"It is best to set the height of the rubble mound foundation as low as possible
to prevent the generation of large wave pressure. But the function of a rubble
mound - to spread the vertical load due to the weight of the upright section and
the wave force over a wide area of the seabed- necessitates a minimum height,
which is required not to be less than 1.5 m in Japan. Further more the top
should not be too deep, in order to facilitate underwater operations of divers in
levelling the surface of the rubble mound for even setting of the upright section.
A cost analysis will yield the optimum h e i g h t . "
1

Berm width
"If the seabed is soft, the dimensions of the rubble mound should be
determined by safety considerations against circular slip of the ground. The
berm in front of an upright section functions to provide protection against
possible scouring of the seabed. A wide berm is desirable in this respect, but
the cost and the danger of inducing impulsive breaking wave pressure precludes
the design of too great a berm w i d t h . The practice in Japan is for a minimum of
5 m under normal conditions and about 10 m in areas attacked by large storm
waves. The berm to the rear of an upright section has the function of safely
transmitting the vertical load to the seabed. It also provides an allowance of
some distance if sliding should occur.The gradient of the slope of the ruble
mound is usually set at 1:2 or 1:3 for the seaward side and 1:1.5 to 1:2 for the
harbour"
2

Foot-protection blocks
"In breakwater construction in Japan, it is customary to provide a f e w rows of
foot-protection concrete blocks at the front and rear of the upright section see
figure 2 . 1 2 .
Crest Elevation
Concrete Crown
v

iO.O
Foot- Protection
Concrete Blocks

A r m o r Stones (Blocks)

Figure 2.12

Idealized

typical section

Upright Section
X

Foot Protection
Concrete Blocks

Rubble Mnund Foundation

[ref 4]

The foot protection usually consists of rectangular blocks weighing from 10 to

4 0 tons, depending on the design wave height. Foot-protection blocks are

Goda, V., Random seas and design of maritime

structures.

University

of Tokyo Press,

1985. page

139

Goda, Y., Random seas and design of maritime

structures.

University

of Tokyo Press,

1985. page

139

page 20

design

principles

indispensable, especially when storm waves attack a vertical breakwater at an

oblique angle."
"The remainder of the berm and slope of the rubble mound foundation must be
protected w i t h armour units of sufficient weight to withstand wave action."
Protection against scouring of the seabed in front of a breakwater
"A vertical breakwater reflects most of the wave energy incident on it, thus
creating great agitation at its front. Various materials such as plastic filters am
asphalt mats are spread beneath the area of the tip of the rubble mound and
extended beyond i t . "
4

Goda, Y, Random seas and design of maritime

structures.

University

of Tokyo Press,

1985. page

140

Goda, Y., Random seas and design of maritime

structures.

University

of Tokyo Press,

1985. page

142

page 21

design

page 22

principles

hydraulic

design

conditions

HYDRAULIC DESIGN CONDITIONS

To be able to say something about the probability of failure of the breakwater,
the probability of the wave load should be determined while the strength of the
structure is considered to be constant. A breakwater fails in the ultimate limit
state (ULS) when the extreme wave load is higher than the resistance of the
structure. The probability of exceedance of this extreme wave load determines
therefore the resistance and the dimensions of the structure (chapter 2).
The wave load is a function of the water depth h, the wave height H and the
wave period T. Therefore the joint probability density function of the high water
level (including tides and meteorologie effects), the wave height and the wave
period is needed.
The extreme wave load results from a single wave in a storm. The probability of
exceedance of this single wave cannot be related to the probability of
exceedance of a characteristic wave height. Therefore the frequency of
exceedance of individual design wave heights is needed. The chance that a
certain design wave height H is exceeded during the lifetime / of the structure
needs to be found. When the joint probability density function of H and T is
given for a constant water depth, the probability of exceedance of H and 7 can
be determined.
d

The variation in the seabed level has a significant influence on the hydraulic
loadings because a change in the water depth will affect the characteristics of
the waves. This implies that for a constant design water depth, shoaling and
breaking of waves influence the joint probability density function of the wave
height and the wave period. The probability of the wave loads changes
accordingly.
In the first section the probability density functions of the water depth, the
wave height and the wave period are given for the North Sea (deep water). In
the second section the transformation of waves entering from deep water into
shallower water is described. The chance that a certain design wave height is
exceeded is determined in the third section.

Wave statistics in open sea

A wave can be characterized by its wave height and wave period. Therefore the
distribution of wave heights and wave periods give the probability of
occurrence of a single wave for a constant water depth.
In deep water a storm can be characterized by the significant wave height H
and the peak period T , assuming a statistically stationary sea state during the
storm. For shallow water conditions this assumption can be unrealistic due to
s

page 23

hydraulic

design

conditions

variations in water level caused by tidal and/or set up effects. See figure 3.1 for
the origin of the probability density functions (p.d.f.).
In figure 3.1 the following expressions are used:

mean sea level (MSL), which is the reference water level. A rise
of the MSL due to long term climatic variations (usually taken as
0.1 - 0 . 1 5 m) is not taken into account;

vertical tide, which is because of the astronomical driven force

entirely deterministic;

global climatic conditions

astronomic forces

meteorological conditions
WIND

TIDE

Waves
Mean sea level
Tide (vertical)
Wind waves

Wind set up
'

p.d.f. wave steepnes s j p.d.f. wave height H

I p.d.f.. storm surge level h

1
L
J
X
JOINT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION (H,TJA)

Figure 3.1

Hydraulic

design conditions

for deep

water

wind set up, which is caused by shear stress, exerted by w i n d ,

on the water surface causes a slope in the water surface as a
result of which wind set up and set down occur at d o w n and up
wind shorelines;
storm surge level, which is the highest still water level during a
storm;

Individual sea states

An actual wave record from a wave gauge in the sea gives an irregular wave
profile. For an example see figure 3.2. On the horizontal axis the time is given
page 2 4

hydraulic

design

conditions

>-

Figure

3.2

Typical wave record Iref 5]

and the water surface elevation n is given on the vertical axis. To be able to
analyse the waves, the mean water surface level is defined as the zero line.
A wave is defined as a water movement between a point where the surface
profile crosses the zero line upward and the next zero-up-crossing point. So the
horizontal distance between t w o adjacent zero-up-crossing points defines the
wave period T. The vertical distance between the highest and lowest points in
a wave is defined as the wave height H. When the waves are listed in
increasing order of the wave height, a representative wave height can be
defined. Often the significant wave height H is used, which is the mean of
one-third of the highest waves.
s

The standard recording period of a wave record is 20 minutes and represents

wave conditions over a 3 hour period, during which the conditions are assumed
to be 'stationary'. During each stationary sea state a short-term wave height
distribution applies.

3.1.1

Distribution of wave heights

When the characteristic values, the significant wave heights H of each storm,
are plotted, a significant relation is found: the long term distribution.
s

Frequentie

Figure

3.3

Histogram

of wave heights

/ref

15]

A smooth distribution of wave heights is obtained by using many wave records,

page 25

hydraulic

design

conditions

in which the ordinate is then the relative frequency so that the area under the
histogram is equal to 1 , see figure 3.3. Normally the wave heights are
normalised by the significant wave height which can be the Rayleigh
distribution for the distribution of individual wave heights (see figure 3.4):
[3.1]

H In m

Figure 3.4

Rayleigh

distribution

for H

so

= 9 m (R=100

years)

Table 3.1 gives the long term distribution of significant wave heights for deep
water (North Sea).

.2 Distribution of wave periods

The wave period does not exhibit an universal distribution law. The range of the
periods depends on the origin of the waves. In some cases, the period
distribution is even bi-modal, w i t h 2 peaks corresponding to the mean periods
of the wind waves and swell (waves generated in another wind field area).
The wave periods can be analysed by assuming that sea waves consist of an
infinite number of waves with different frequencies, see chapter 4 .
To determine the probability density function of the wave period, the probability
density function of the wave steepness s is used. The relation between the
wave period and the wave steepness is:

[3.2]
2n
in which

s
H
L
T
p

is the wave steepness w i t h period T

is the significant wave height
is the wave length of the wave w i t h period T
is the peak period (around which the wave energy is
concentrated)
p

page 26

'

hydraulic

design

conditions

H and s are assumed to be independent stochasts. This assumption is fairly

0.12i

"

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02-

O-l

(%)
Figure 3.5

Probability

density

function

of the wave steepness

in the North Sea [ref

15]

conservative because there is a relation between H and s : high steep waves

are more likely to occur than small steep waves. Figure 3.5 gives the probability
density function of the wave steepness of the North Sea.
s

Table 3.1

Hydraulic

design conditions

[ref

13]

Hydraulic design conditions

At deep

At the site

water

R (years)

T (s)

Hso (m)

h (m)

0.1

4.5

7.4

12.8

0.5

5.5

9.0

13.0

6.0

10.0

13.2

7.0

11.0

13.7

10

7.5

11.5

13.9

20

8.0

12.0

14.2

50

8.5

12.5

14.4

100

9.0

13.0

14.6

500

10.0

14.0

15.1

1000

10.5

15.0

15.3

5000

11.5

16.0

15.8

page 27

hydraulic

design

conditions

It is a normal distribution given by:

2

1 _
(s-O ,
exp[2o
/2rc

[3.3]

in w h i c h

s
is the wave steepness
f
is the mean = 3 . 7 %
a
is the standard deviation = 0 . 5 %
When the t w o probability density functions are combined the boundaries of the
joint probability density function of the wave height and the wave period is

E
c

Figure 3.6

Boundaries

of the joint

Table 3.1 Iref

probability

density

function

of H and T and the given

s

values

from

13)

found, see figure 3.6 and appendix A for the derivation.

Astronomic tides and meteorologie effects give the statistics of high water
levels.
It is assumed that both the water levels and the storm waves occur
simultaneously and that one storm lasts 6 hours. Wave conditions measured
and extrapolated at deep water near the design location are given in Table 3.1
in which

H
T
h

is
is
is
is

the
the
the
the

return period
significant wave height at deep water
wave period
water depth at the site

The chance of occurrence in terms of the return period can be transformed by

assuming that a year can be divided in a number of storm intervals. This is a
conservative assumption because a storm does not occur in every interval in
page 28

hydraulic

design

conditions

reality. This transformation is only valid when the probability of exceedance is

expressed in years, which is called the long term distribution. For such a
distribution many wave records over a certain period of time are needed.
The frequency f= 1/R is the number of storm intervals in a year multiplied by
the chance that the wave height H is exceeded during a storm. A storm
duration is taken as 6 hours. So
f

_ 365 days * 24 hours

_ 365 * 24

storm duration hours

p ( f y )

[ 3

4 ]

Which implies that 1460 storms per year occur. For example:
R = 1 year
R= 10 years -*

f=\
f=0A

-
-

?(H) = 1/1460 = 6 . 8 5 * 1 0 "

?{H) = 0 . 1 / 1 4 6 0 = 6 . 8 5 * 1 0 ~

Transformation of deep water data to data at the site

The transformation of waves propagating from deep water into shallower water
can be schematised as illustrated in figure 3.7. Waves can be transformed due
to shoaling, breaking, diffraction and refraction.

Shoaling is a change in wave height when waves propagate in

varying water depths as a result of the change in the rate of
energy flux.

Wave breaking occurs because of the limitation of the wave

height in relation to the water depth and the wave steepness.

Diffraction is the transformation of the waves due to the

interference of the waves w i t h the structures they meet. The
resulting wave field around a breakwater is different from the
undisturbed wave field. The wave direction is neglected in this
study therefore only the influence of waves reflected by the
structure will be taken into account (see chapter 4 for the theory
on standing waves).

Refraction is the change in the wave propagation velocity and in

the direction of wave propagation when waves propagate in
varying water depth.
When waves approach shallower water w i t h their crests at an angle to the
depth contours, the wave crests appear to curve in a w a y that the angle w i t h
the depth contours decreases. The wave celerity decreases as the water depth
decreases. For simplicity, refraction influences will be neglected.
Wave shoaling
The variation in wave height due to variation in the speed of energy
propagation, i.e. the group velocity is given by [ref 1]:

page 29

hydraulic

design

conditions

joint probability density function (H.TJi)

shoaling

breaking
limit f(h)

limit f(L)

censored probability density function (H,T)

P(failure)
Figure

3.7

Transformation

deep

water

data

H
Ho

in which

is
is
is
is
is
is
is

H
Ho
Cg

( Cg'o
J
k
h

the
the
the
the
the
the
the

[3.5]
2kh

[1 +
]tanh/V/j
N
sinh(2/c/j)

shoaling coefficient
wave height at the site
wave height at deep water
group velocity of the waves
group velocity of the waves in deep water
wave number (2nlL)
water depth at the site

The phenomenon of shoaling can not be neglected because K is purely a

function of h/L. The shoaling coefficient for Europoort Rotterdam is indicated in
Table 3.2.
sh

Table

R (yrs)

3.2

Transformed

Hso (m)

h(m)

hydraulic

Hmaxl =0.5h

design

L(m)

conditions

Ksh=H/Ho Hmax2=Hso*Ksh

Hs (m)

Hx

P(Ha)

0.1

4.5

12.8

6.4

70

0.9133

4.1

4.1

6.2

0.00685

3000

0.5

5.5

13

6.5

91

0.9308

5.1

5.1

0.00137

2500

13.2

6.6

104

0.9487

5.7

5.7

7.5

0.000685

2000

13.7

6.9

118

0.9667

6.8

6.8

0.000137

1000

10

7.5

13.9

125

0.9766

7.3

8.2

6.85E-05

1000

20

14.2

7.1

132

0.9858

7.9

7.1

8.5

3.42E-05

1000

50

8.5

14.4

7.2

139

0.9958

8.5

7.2

8.7

1.37E-05

900

100

14.6

7.3

147

1.006

9.1

7.3

8.9

6.85E-06

800

500

10

15.1

7.6

162

1.025

10.3

7.6

9.3

1.37E-06

600

1000

10.5

15.3

7.7

175

1.048

11

7.7

9.5

6.85E-07

500

5000

11.5

15.8

7.9

191

1.066

12.3

7.9

9.9

1.37E-07

500

page 30

hydraulic

design

conditions

The ratio H/H is obtained from the value of h/L using appendix C from the
Shore Protection Manual [ref 14]. The deep water wave length is
L =gT /2n.
0

Wave breaking
. .. .. .
Breaking of waves can occur for t w o reasons. The first reason is the limitation
of wave height due to the water depth. Secondly, the wave steepness is
limited.
The breaking criterion due to the water depth is normally given by the breaker
index (y ) defined as the ratio of the maximum wave height to water depth
ratio (H/h):
br

2
.

* r-i
s

[ 3

- y

l . J max

6 1

br

For regular waves y has a theoretical value of 0 . 7 8 . While for irregular waves
(represented by H ) values are found for ^ = 0 . 5 - 0 . 6 [ref 5 ] . The actual limiting
wave height ratio ^ d e p e n d s mainly on the bed slope m and the wave
steepness s. In this study y =0.b
is taken for irregular waves.
br

br

Waves in deep water break when a certain limiting wave steepness s is

exceeded. Miche [ref 5] states that the maximum steepness of a nonbreaking
wave is 0 . 1 4 2 = 1/7. The wave steepness is defined as the ratio of wave height
t o wave length H/L.
However the breaking criterium for standing waves differs from those for
travelling waves according to Wiegel [ref 13]:
H

in which

[ 3

= 0.109 L tanh kh

7 1

H
is the maximum progressive wave height
k
is the wave number (2nlL)
h
is the water depth
L
is the wave length
As indicated in Table 3 . 2 , the standing wave breaking criterium is never a
governing factor for the significant wave, since the higher of these break long
before reaching the breakwater.
x

The numerical model ENDEC [ref 5] gives design graphs in which the influence
of both shoaling and wave breaking is included. See figure 3.8.
The input parameters for Europoort are:
1.
Local relative water depth
in w h i c h
L
op

is the deep water wave length (with

peak period 7 ^ = 1 0 s) = qT l2n
=
(9.81 * 1 0 ) / 2 r r = 1 56 m
is the design water depth (R = 50
years has been taken) = 14.4 m
= 1 4 . 4 / 1 5 6 = 0.09
2

page 31

hydraulic

3.

design

conditions

Deep water wave steepness s

=
H IL
in which
H
= 9 m (R = 100 years has been taken)
s
= 9 / 1 5 6 = 0.06
op

so

op

so

op

The maximum steepness available in the design graphs is 0 . 0 5 . For 0.05 the
output is:
HJh

= 0.45

: H = 0.45-14.4
s

= 6.5 m

So H = 0.5-h seems to be a good approximation.

When h = 14.4 m the design significant wave height H is:
/V- = 0.5-14.4 = 7.2 m
s

Chance that design wave height H

is exceeded

Each storm can be characterized by a given value of H , the significant wave

height. Assume this storm consists of n waves, which are distributed according
to a Rayleigh distribution.
The chance that an arbitrary chosen design wave height H is exceeded by any
given wave is:
s

- z &

f\H) = e
The chance that this wave is not exceeded in a series of n waves is:

page 32

[3.8]

hydraulic

design

conditions

[1 - FXH^Y

I-!

So the chance that H is exceeded at least once in a single storm containing n

waves is:
d

Ej - 1 - [1 -

F\H}\

[3- ]

This chance has to be combined w i t h the chance that H occurs, which must
come from a long term distribution of significant wave heights, p ^ ) can be
determined as the chance that some wave height H -AH is exceeded minus the
chance that the height H + AH is exceeded. p(H ) is the chance that H falls in
the interval having a w i d t h of 2AA/ . Take as an approximation AH is 0.5 m
then E is not changed significantly. So the chance that H occurs during any
single storm period is:
s

E = P(HJE,

[3.11]

It is still possible that the chosen design wave height occurs as well in another
wave field characterised by a different value of H , completely outside the
interval which was just defined. The same procedure has to be repeated for
other storms.
s

The sum of all the possible p{HJ values must be equal to one. The overall
chance that the chosen design wave height is exceeded at least once in the
single storm period is:

in which

n'

is the number of intervals depending on LH

If there are M storms in a year and the design life of the structure is / years.
The breakwater is then exposed to M-l storms. The chance that H is exceeded
during / years is:
d

p{H)

- 1 - (1 -

E )
3

M I

[3-13]

If this chance is not in accordance w i t h the requirements according to the

economy of the harbour (see chapter 2), the entire procedure must be repeated
w i t h a different design wave height.

Due to the lack of economical data another approach has to be used in this
case. The most probable maximum wave height in the design storm
represented by H = 0.5-h is chosen. This most probable maximum wave height
is usually taken as the one w i t h the highest probability density given by:
s

page 33

hydraulic

1
- In/7 H.
I 2
in which

design

conditions

[3.14]

is the number of waves in the design storm.

For H = 7.2 m results for 2 0 0 0 waves in the design storm a design wave
height H of:
H =V(V
In 2000)-7.2 = 1.96-7.2 = 14.1 m
This design wave is limited by the standing wave breaking criterium.
/7 = 0.109-Z.-tanh/cV? = 8.7 m (see table 3.2)
s

0-f
0

Figure 3.9

8
H in m

10

12

Censored Rayleigh

distribution

=7.2

page 34

i
14

I
16

linear wave

theory

LINEAR W A V E THEORY
Water-wave phenomena are complex and difficult to describe mathematically
because of non linearities, three-dimensional characteristics and apparent
random behaviour. However, the small-amplitude or linear wave theory presents
a mathematical representation of waves. The linear wave theory is very easy to
apply and gives a good approximation of wave behaviour.
In the first section of this chapter the wave pressure formulae of the linear
wave theory are derived. In the second section the influence of the wave period
on the wave load is discussed. A design of a caisson breakwater using the
linear wave theory is made in the third section.

Formulae of w a v e pressure
direction

The linear wave

theory is based upon
the concept that
waves can be
characterised as
linear, sinusoidal
waves. The waves are
considered to be t w o
dimensional: they will
propagate along the
horizontal x-axis while
the z-axis (positive
upward) will have its
origin at the still

Kcrest

of p r o p a g a t i o n
length

celerity

a
H

(still

water

level)

trough

bottom:

Figure

4.1

Definition

-d

of sinusoidal

wave

water level (SWL), see figure 4.1

The following assumptions are commonly made for simple wave theories [ref
14]:
1.

The fluid is homogeneous and incompressible, the mass density of water

p is constant.
Surface tension can be neglected.
Coriolis effect can be neglected.
Pressure at the free surface is uniform and constant.
The fluid is ideal or inviscid (no viscosity influences).
The particular wave under consideration does not interact w i t h any other
water motions.
The bed is a horizontal, fixed, impermeable boundary.
The wave amplitude is small and the waveform is invariant in time and
space.
w

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

page 35

linear wave

9.

theory

Waves are plane or long crested (two dimensional).

.1 The reflection of incoming waves

The short wave theory says that a standing wave results from the
superposition of t w o travelling waves. When nonbreaking waves attack a
vertical impermeable wall w i t h their crests parallel to the breakwater axis, they
are totally reflected, see figure 4 . 2 . Hence a standing wave will result.
The surface elevation of an incoming wave
r\ - a, sin ( o f - / r x )

is characterised as:

[4.1]

Ui

in which

a,-

ui

is the amplitude
of the incoming
wave
is the angular
frequency
( = 2/7/7)
is the wave
number ( = 2rr/L)

Ut

A
z=0

js=-d
Figure

4.2

Incoming

wave is

reflected

The horizontal velocity u of an incoming wave is:

f

Uj = Qj sin (co t- kx)

[4.2]

The reflected wave (with subscript t) can be described as:

r\ = a s i n ( o ) f + / f x + a )
t

u - -u

in which

s'\n(wt+kx+a)

[4.3]

[4.4]

is the phase difference between the incoming wave and

the reflected wave

Because of the impermeability of the w a l l , the velocity of a water particle at the

wall (x = 0) has to be zero. Hence at x = 0 yields:
u = 0

[4.5]

From this boundary condition results that the phase difference a is zero and the
velocity of the incoming wave is equal to and contrary to the velocity of the
reflected w a v e :
u, = u,

[4.6]

This implies that there is always an antinode at the vertical w a l l , because at an

page 36

linear wave

theory

antinode the horizontal velocity is zero and the vertical velocity is at a

maximum.
The maximum amplitude of the standing wave will be the superposition of both
amplitudes: a = a -\-a =2-a .
This standing wave will only result when there is
total reflection which means that the reflection coefficient r= a /a,- = 1 .
s

When the incoming waves are not totally reflected the reflection coefficient is
less than 1. An intermediate form of a standing wave and a travelling wave will
occur. The amplitude n varies in that case from:
a,- + a = d+rja/

to

4.1.2

a a
r

= (1-r)a,-

Wave pressure on the front of the vertical wall

The derivation of the
wave pressure below
wave pressure above
distribution is shown

dynamic wave pressure is obtained in t w o steps. First the

still water level (SWL: z = 0) is discussed. Secondly the
design water level is derived. The total pressure
in figure 4 . 3 .

(z=0)

z=-h

Figure 4.3

Pressure distribution

under wave crest and wave

trough

1\
Wave pressure below design water level
The expression for the wave pressure p is derived from Bernoulli's equation for
non stationary flow [ref 1]:
p - -

in which

p
g

- o

^ - o

q *

[4.7]

is the mass density of sea water (1030 k g / m )

is the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s )
2

page 37

linear wave

theory

is the vertical position along the z-axis (positive upward)

is the velocity potential:

t )

coshfr(/7 z)
+

[4.8]

cos^f.^j

is the absolute value of the velocity vector

The first term on the right-hand side p gz
in equation 4.7 is the hydrostatic pressure
which acts on the harbour side of the
breakwater as well. In a linear
approximation the third term on the righthand side Vip q
in equation 4.7 is
neglected because it is assumed to be very
small compared to the second term
p d<p/dt .
w

SWL^

z-d
rubble mound

Figure 4.4

Wave pressure below

SWL

Only this linear term remains:

#
P

in which

"

at

a.

coshfr(/7 z)
+

s i n ( ( i ) f

_fr

x )

[4.9]

sinh/f/7

is the amplitude of the standing wave

Combining this equation w i t h the dispersion relation, w h i c h characterises a

wave by its wave number k and angular frequency u>:
a,

[ 4

= g k tanh kh

1 0 1

gives the expression for the dynamic wave pressure p _:

+/

[4.11]

It is noted that:

subscript +

subscript -

means positive (onshore directed) pressure under a wave

crest
means negative (offshore directed) pressure under a wave
trough

The amplitude of the dynamic wave pressure at a certain depth z is given by:

^-

cosh k( h+z)
cosh kh

[4.12]

This formula is only valid from z = -h t o z = 0 , since for the expression of 0

(equation 4.8) an approximation around the surface water level is made [ref 11.
page 38

linear wave

theory

In figure 4.5 the dynamic pressure under a wave crest is illustrated (in this
example the wave height reaches just the top of the caisson).

he

Figure 4.5

Wave pressure

under wave

crest

A t z = 0 the dynamic wave pressure (under a wave crest) is indicated as p

P1

+ 1

[4.13]

Pw 9 a

A t z = -d (at the base of the caisson or top of the foundation) the dynamic w a v e
pressure (under a wave crest) is indicated as p :
+3

.
~

_ .

*
9

coshk(h-d) _
cosh/r/7
=

P + 1

cosh 1.5k
coshkh

[4.14]

In figure 4.6 the dynamic pressure under a wave trough is illustrated.

Figure 4.6

Wave pressure

under a wave

trough

A t z = 0 the wave pressure is zero. At z = -H the dynamic wave pressure is

indicated as p. . This is negative because the resultant dynamic pressure is
directed offshore. This is in formula:
This is the same expression as for p
because the wave amplitude is assumed
to be small compared to the water depth.
?

page 39

linear wave

cosh

k(h-H)

theory

[4.15]

cosh/r/j
2^
Wave pressure above design waterlevel
For 0<z<n
the dynamic wave pressure is assumed to be hydrostatic, see
figure 4 . 7 . A distinction has to be made between the following t w o situations.
The height of the standing wave
does not reach the top of the caisson
la

hc

< h)
c

SWU-

A t z = a = H for a < H the dynamic

wave pressure is indicated as p :
s

+4

& -0

[4.16]

The value of the reflection coefficient

r remains 1.

B.

Figure

4.7

Wave

pressure

above

SWL, a < / )
c

The height of the 'standing wave' exceeds the top of the caisson
A

It is assumed that there is still a

fictive 'standing w a v e ' w i t h height
a = 2-aj = H although the incoming
wave is not totally reflected. As
visualized in figure 4 . 8 , the dynamic
wave pressure decreases linearly to
the top and pressure p
is not equal
to zero at the top of the caisson:
s

SWL

+ 4

Figure

+ 4

- P g.(H -h}
w

4.8

[4.17]

Wave

pressure

above

SWL, a > / ?
c

The value of the reflection coefficient r becomes less than 1 .

By integrating the dynamic wave pressure over the water depth, the amplitude
of the horizontal dynamic wave force acting on the front of the caisson is
obtained.
o

Pw 9 H

w1+

cosh/r/7

Pw9
w1

cosh/r(z+/))
z--d

z--H

9 Q
2n cosh/V/7

Lp

f cosh/r(z+/7)

cosh kh J

page 4 0

[4.18]

smhk(z h)
+

z--d

q H,
z - [4.19]
*
" sinh/r(z+/}) |
2 k cosh/f/i
z--d
V

linear wave

The dynamic wave force above design water level F

w2

- \

P*9

theory

is:

"

[4.20]

or
F ^ s - { ^ h

^ p

[4.21]

The amplitude of the total dynamic positive wave force F

w+

= F h + F

' w+

* w1 +

is given by:
t -

2 2

w2+

For the resultant wave force under a wave trough, the resultant hydrostatic
wave force from z = -H to z = 0 should be added to the dynamic part. The
amplitude of the total dynamic negative wave force F _ is given by:
d

K-

4.1.3

- F 1- {p^Hi

[4.23]

Wave pressure on the base of the caisson

Underneath the structure acts a
'static' buoyant force and a vertical
width of c a i s s o n
dynamic wave force. This dynamic
force is caused by propagation of
wave pressures in the rubble mound
foundation. This means that this
vertical dynamic wave force N'
rubble mound
depends on the horizontal dynamic
wave force F (see chapter 2). It is
assumed that the dynamic wave
Uplift pressure on the base
Figure 4.9
pressure p on the base of the
caisson decreases linearly across the
width b. For a wave crest the maximum pressure p at the toe of the caisson
(seaside) is equal to the wave pressure p
at the front at z = -d and the
minimum pressure is zero at the heel of the caisson (harbour side). The
distribution could be parabolical and not zero at the heel (depending on the
existence of foot-blocks and the void ratio of the foundation). For simplicity it is
assumed that for a wave crest the expression for N' yields:
w

+3

N* =

b p

^ b p

page 41

[4.24]

linear wave

4.2

theory

Spectral analysis
Not just one wave period can have influence on the wave load, but a whole
spectrum of periods must be taken into account. By introducing linear spectral
transfer functions between the load and the hydraulic parameters, the wave
load can be found as a function of the wave frequency.

Transfer functions
In order to transfer the hydraulic parameters into hydraulic loads, the wave
loads have to be written as functions of the parameters:
Fmmm =

( d>

"

The transformation of waves into wave loads can be done w i t h a spectral

method. To allow the application of such a method, the transformation from
waves to wave loads has to be a linear system. The transfer functions have to
be determined w i t h the aid of a mathematical model. For irregular waves the
following method can be used.
Mathematical model
An incoming wave field w i t h elevation /?,- is considered as a stochastic process
in (x,y,t). The energy density spectrum of n, is S (f).
ni

The wave periods can be analyzed by assuming that sea waves consist of an
infinite number of waves w i t h different frequencies, see figure 4 . 1 0 . The
distribution of the energy of these individual waves plotted versus the
frequency f ( = 1/7), irrespective of the wave direction, is called the frequency
spectrum.
2

The square of the amplitude a gives the quantity of energy per m sea state.
Therefore the contribution of each sine wave to the variance of the water
surface elevation nix) in terms of energy is given by a .The variance density or
energy density spectrum is the curve which describes the average amount of
energy within a frequency band Aoj as a function of the frequency uj. In
formula:
n

S(co)

2"

14.26]

AOJ

The irregular wave profile of figure 4 . 1 0 is represented by the diagram in figure

4.11 which shows 6 bars of the wave components A..F.
In reality the energy distribution is a continuous curve because there exists an
infinite number of frequency components.
Such a frequency spectral density function for the North Sea is shown in figure
4 . 1 2 . The dotted line can be described as:
page 4 2

linear wave

V2x

LX k=4

theory

4X

C
D
E
F

A A I

A+B

A+B+C+D+E+F

geconqerji
60

30
Figure 4. 10

Superposition

'2.

90

of wave components

[ref

120

150

180 tijd

15]

,2

3 4-

1
"I

0
0,0
/vpure 4.11

0,2
Spectral

0,4

0,6

representation

0,8

of superposed

S(r) - y C*

i;o

1,2

waves [ref

2.5

page 4 3

for

r radi
s 1

1 | 4 1 l

15]

f<L

for f * f

[4.27]

[4.28]

linear wave

theory

OBSERVATION
M O O S L ton, 3 2 )

Figure 4 . 1 2 indicates that the wave energy is

concentrated around the frequency 0.1 Hz. So
the peak period T = 10 s. The second peak is
strongly correlated w i t h the local wind speed [ref
15].
p

The energy density spectrum S(f) describes the

short-term wave field. The energy density
spectrum S Jf)
of the wave load F
at the
structure can be determined as:
wa

wave

S M)
wav

in which

OlS

- 0 ( 0 S (0

14.29]

n /

-*-f

0.1

Figure

4.12

04

OS

OS

Spectral

form

energy

penetrating

from the North

Off)

for
Sea

is the transfer
[ref 15]
function which is the
wave load per unit of incoming wave amplitude, as
a function of the frequency f

Assuming a relatively narrow wave load spectrum S Jf)

and a Rayleigh
distribution of the individual wave loads, the traditional parameters F
(significant wave load) and T (mean wave load period) can be obtained by the
following relations.
wav

[4.30]

[4.32]

mn

in which

[~

S ( f ) df
w

[4.33]

is the area of the energy density spectrum of the wave

load

The basis of this calculation is the wave pressure distribution according to a

linear wave theory. By integration of the pressure distribution over the height of
the structure the wave load per meter length of the structure can be
determined. This wave load function F Jt)
divided by the incoming wave
amplitude gives the transfer value for the wave period considered.
wg

For quasi-static reacting structures a 'high frequency filter' is the result. Wave
loads w i t h high frequencies (small wave periods) have more impact than the
loads w i t h low frequencies.

page 4 4

(Hi)

linear wave

.3

theory

Calculation for Europoort Rotterdam

To give an indication of the order of magnitude of the dimensions of a caisson
breakwater at Europoort Rotterdam, a calculation w i t h the wave pressure
formulae using the design criteria of chapter 2 is executed.
Design criteria
Safety factor of sliding and overturning more than or equal to
1.2.
The entire base under pressure which gives the requirement for
the moment arm of the upward normal force. This lever arm
should be more than or equal to 1/3 of the w i d t h of the caisson.
Mass density caisson: rho c
In order to determine the mass
density of the entire caisson,
assume that the structural walls
are 1 m thick. For the estimated
dimensions o f / ? = 1 9 m and
b = 1 5 m results an indication for
the mass density, see figure 4.13
(per running metre length):

19

Area filled w i t h concrete =

= 19-2-1 + 1 3 - 2 - 1
15
= 38 + 26 = 64 m
Rough estimation dimensions
caisson
Area filled w i t h sand =
Figure 4.73
= 13-17 = 2 2 1 m
Total area is 2 8 5 m . The contribution to the weight of the concrete can be
estimated by 6 4 / 2 8 5 = 0 . 2 2 ~ 2 5 % . The contribution of the sand-water
mixture is then 7 5 % . The overall mass density of the caisson can be estimated
as:
Assume
P ,
,
=
25 k N / m - 2 5 0 0 k g / m
'concrete
19 k N / m m 1900 kg/m-*
^wet sand
2

Pc

= 0 . 2 5 - 2 5 0 0 + 0 . 7 5 - 1 9 0 0 = 2 0 5 0 kg/nrr

The design parameters:

For a given crest elevation of the caisson h determines the w i d t h b the stability
of the structure. The needed design parameters are:
c

Length
H

is the length of the caisson considered = 22.5 m

is the design wave height = 8.7 m (which should give an
acceptable probability of failure, see chapter 3)
is the design water depth w i t h return period R = 50 years = 14.4

in the formulae
experiments,

are the forces

see chapter

calculated

per running

metre,

6.

page 45

this length

results

from

a given

length

in

linear wave

theory

m (see chapter 3)
is the submerged part of the caisson = 14.4 - 1.5 (foundation) =
12.9 m
is the crest height of the caisson = 19 m (see chapter 2)
is a characteristic wave period = 12.5 s
is the wave length at deep water = g P / 2 / 7 = 2 4 4 m
is the wave length at the site = L -tanh(kh)
= 139 m
is the mass density of sea water = 1 0 3 0 k g / m
is the mass density of the entire caisson = 2 0 5 0 k g / m (see
explanation above)
is the maximum allowable bearing pressure = 6 0 0 k N / m (see
chapter 2) multiplied by the length of the caisson (22.5 m) =
13500 k N / m '

hcaisson
T
Lo
L
rho w (pj
rho c (pj

Pmax

Table

4.1

Length
Hd

Calculation
22.5

design

caisson

SLIDING

OVERTURNING in heel

8.7 m

l p +1

1980 kN/m'

arm_Fw1.1

6.5

M_Fw1.1

14.4 m

p+3

1630 kN/m'

a r m F w l .2

8.6 m

M_Fw1.2

19415 kNm

12.9 m

p+4

930 kN/m'

arm_Fw2.1

15.2 m

M_Fw2.1

65026

pu

1630 kN/m'

arm_Fw2.2

14.4 m

M_Fw2.2

34776 kNm

P_"P
p_weight

2930 kN/m'

armJJ

10.75 m

M_Fw

255890 kNm

7920 kN/m'

arm_W

10.75 m

Mjjplift

677250 kNm

ho
h_caisson

4.6 m
19 m

136676 kNm
kNm

hovertop?

23.1

0.08 Hz

Fw1

22610 kN

arm_N'

14.3 m

M_W

12.5 s

Fw2

6690 kN

arm_N

7.21

M_N'

250536 kNm

M N

646511.5 kNm

LO

243.9547 m

Fw

29300 kN

h/LO

0.059027 -

170250 kN

h/10

0.059287 -

N'

17520 kN

89730 kN

FW1.1

Uplift

63000 kN
0.58

Fw1.2

mu
Ff

52040 kN

Fw2.1

4278 kN

Fw2.2

2415 kN

139 m

kh

0.65092 -

kd

0.583116 -

sinhkh

0.697869 -

sinhk(h-d)

0.067856 -

coshkh

1.219435 -

coshk(h-d)

1.78

|s.F.sliding

1.0023 -

coshkd

1.174884 -

tanhkh

0.572289 -

11.1

rho w

1030 kg/m " 3

-1830188 kNm

b/3
S.F.overt

Fw1.

2.28

21027 kN
2257.5 kN
23284.5

pmax

8297 k N / m '

kN

Overestimation Fw:

21.5 m

1.03

m/s

The minimum required width in order to fulfil all the design criteria, see Table
4.1 is b = 21.5 m.
The requirement for the lever arm of the upward normal force N turns out to be
the critical factor for these design parameters. The factor of safety for sliding is
1.78 and the safety factor for overturning is 2.28 which assumes that sliding
would occur before overturning.
The maximum bearing pressure p
= 8 2 9 7 k N / m ' which is less than 1 3 5 0 0
k N / m ' . Per running metre is p
= 8297/22.5 = 369 kN/m .
max

max

The moment arm of the horizontal dynamic wave force F is calculated

according to figure 4 . 1 4 .
w

page 4 6

linear wave

Figure 4.14

Linear approximation

of F

The final layout is illustrated in figure 4 . 1 5 .

b = 21.5 m
-<

>he
>

4.6 m

hcaisson

d = 12.9 m

h = 14.4 m

19 m

\f

/
Figure 4.15

$ foundation 1.5 m ,
Design caisson for Europoort

Rotterdam

lhLj = 8. 7 m)

page 47

theory

linear wave

page 48

theory

formula

of Goda

FORMULA OF GODA
Goda has served as an expert and consultant to various technical projects and
has published in 1985 'Random seas and design of maritime structures' [ref 4]
which is the basic source of this chapter. Goda developed some immediate
answers for design and construction problems. The formulae he derived about
wave pressures on a vertical wall caisson, based on numerous hydraulic model
studies, are called 'The formula of Goda'. His design principles are described in
chapter 2.
In the first section Goda's formulae for the wave pressures are described. With
these formulae a design for a vertical wall breakwater is made in the second
section using his design principles of chapter 2.

Formulae of wave pressure

Goda states that the difference between theory and experiments decreases as
the theory of higher order approximation is incorporated. He made his formulae
using the fourth order theory [ref 9] (see chapter 7 about higher order theories).
The wave pressure formulae proposed by Goda assume the existence of a
trapezoidal pressure distribution along the vertical wall, as shown in figure 5 . 1 ,
regardless of the breaking of waves. In this figure, h denotes the water depth in
front of the breakwater, d
the depth above the rubble
f-^-j
mound foundation, h' the
distance from the design
water level to the bottom
of the upright section, and
h the crest elevation above
the design water level.
c

From this point forward on,

Goda's original notation is
Figure 5.1
Wave
changed in the notation
used for the linear wave theory with subscript g

pressure

according

to Goda

1 Wave pressure on the front of a vertical wall

The pressure intensities Goda gives are assumed not to change even if wave
overtopping takes place. The formulae are valid for wave pressures under a
wave crests. For the wave pressures under a wave trough a design diagram is
given in following section 5.1.2.

page 49

formula

is

The wave pressure at the design water level: o ,

P*ig " \ C

1 g

cosP) ( 1 + cos p)
2

of Goda

Pw

[5.1]

g H

For perpendicular wave attack yields /? = 0, that gives:

P 1<7

(1

2) P* 0

[5.2]

in which
4nhlL

a , - 0.6

[5.3]

sinh(4n/)/L)

[5.4]
2

3/7,

</

/V

means the smallest value of / or ; / J ^ is the design water depth at a

distance of 5-H seaward of the breakwater.

/T7//7

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

hlLi
Figure

5.2

Diagram

for the parameter

0.10

0.10

0.1S

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

h/U

a,

The reduction factors a and a are empirically determined. Factor a accounts

for the influence of the wave period and a represents the tendency of the
pressure to increase w i t h the height of the rubble mound foundation. The
presence of a rubble mound foundation may result in a changed behaviour of
waves from non breaking to breaking. The value of a , can be derived from
figure 5.2.
1

If the wave period becomes greater, the wave length will be greater and h/L
will be smaller: a , will increase. However, the influence is not very great, a ,
does not carry any theoretical significance according to Goda.

If no rubble mound is present o is almost zero.

2

page 50

formula

2+

The wave pressure at depth h:

of Goda

+2g

The pressure at depth h is the pressure at the design water level multiplied w i t h
a reduction factor.
P.
P*2g ~

[5.5]

cosh(2K/7/Z.)

The reduction factor

1/(coshAr/j) can be obtained from figure 5.3.

1.00

0.60

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

s
VA

m
N

0.75

0.70

0.65

Hi

0.60

0.55
0.05

0.15
0.15

0.15

0.10

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

A/to

Figure

5.3

Diagram for

1/cosh(2nh/L)

This reduction factor is derived from the first order linear wave theory. The
pressure at depth h will also increase w i t h increasing wave period. Hence the
factors p
and Micoshkh) are both influenced by the wave period.
+ 1 g

3i

The wave pressure at depth d:

P+Sg "

+3g

[5.6]

3 P+\g

in which
1

<x = 1 -

[5.7]

cosh(2jt/7/Z.)

Based on the assumption that between p

exists, a can be explained.

+ 1 g

page 51

and p

+ 2 g

a linear pressure variation

formula of Goda

4^.

Wave pressure above design water level:

+4g

With perpendicular wave attack Goda assumes a maximum elevation n* to

which the wave pressure is exerted of 1 . 5 - H above the design water level.
For n* > h yields:
d

-n

in w h i c h

h*

is the elevation to which the pressure is exerted = min

ln,hj
= 0

If n* < h \sp
c

+4g

With the following equations the total wave pressure and its moment around
the bottom of an upright section can be calculated:
F

mg

Fmg

= 1 (2

P + 1 f f

= \

P + 3 g

(P 1*

) d

2
+

P 3)

(p

+1ff

P + 4 f f

(P+1g

P+4g) K

) d h; + 1

[5-

p+

P + 4 f f

) /i;

[5.10]

5^.

The maximum uplift wave pressure: p

ff

Theoretically, p at the toe of the upright section should be the same as the
pressure in front of the wall, p .
Goda assumes that the uplift pressure would
be too great if p =p
resulting from the performance of prototype
breakwaters.
u

+3

+3

The uplift pressure is assumed to have a triangular distribution w i t h toe

pressure p given by:
ug

Pug = 1 3 Pw9 H

[5.11]

So when a rubble mound foundation is present, the difference between the

expressions for p
and p is that a is left out in the expression for p . Goda
states that the omission of a is the consequence of the expectation that the
part of the wave pressure represented by a is of short duration and will not
contribute much to the total uplift.
+ 3 g

ug

ug

The total uplift pressure N' and its moments around the heel of the upright
section are calculated w i t h :

page 52

formula

'

of Goda

- \ P u

[5.12]

[5.13]

^ N

where b denotes the w i d t h of the caisson.

.2 Wave pressure under a wave trough

Under a wave trough the nett pressure is directed offshore. Goda developed a
diagram based on theoretical calculations using the finite amplitude standing
wave theory, w i t h modifications introduced on laboratory data. Figure 5.4 gives
the total offshore directed force.

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Wave Steepness,

Figure 5.4

Calculation

diagram for the total pressure

0.10

H/L

of standing

waves under a wave

trough

Calculation for Europoort Rotterdam

In order to give an idea of the design of a caisson for Europoort Rotterdam w i t h
Goda's formula. A calculation w i t h the following design criteria (see chapter 2)
is done.
Design criteria

Safety factor of sliding and overturning more than or equal to 1.2.

The maximum bearing pressure of the foundation is
= 600 kN/m
2

P m a x

page 53

formula

of Goda

The design parameters are:

Length
is the length of the caisson considered = 22.5 m
H
is the design wave height = 8.7 m (which is maximum breaking
height, see chapter 3)
h
is the design water depth w i t h return period R = 50 years = 14.4
m (see chapter 3)
d
is the submerged part of the caisson = 14.4 - 1.5 (foundation) =
12.9m
h caisson
is the crest height of the caisson = 19 m (see chapter 2)
T
is a characteristic wave period = 1 2 . 5 s
L
is the wave length at deep water = QT I2TT = 2 4 4 m
L
is the wave length at the site = L -tanh(kh)
= 139 m
rho w (pj
is the mass density of sea water = 1030 k g / m
rho c (pj
is the mass density of the entire caisson = 2 0 5 0 k g / m (see
chapter 4)
p
is the maximum allowable bearing pressure = 6 0 0 k N / m
multiplied by the length of the caisson (22.5 m) = 1 3 5 0 0 k N / m '
p
is the friction coefficient which Goda takes as 0.6
d

max

in the formulae
experiments,

are the forces

see chapter

calculated

per running

metre,

6.

page 54

this length

results

from

a given

length

in

formula

Table 5.1

Calculation
Length

design

caisson

22.5

|Hd

8.7

|p+1

1806

kN/m'

M_Fw

245260

kNm

14.4

p+3

1520

kN/m'

M_uplift

329930

kNm

12.9

p+4

1170 kN/m'

M_W

-890850

kNm

he

4.6

pu

1480

kN/m'

M_N'

111000

kNm

2930

kN/m'

M_N

-204660

kNm

P_up
p_weight

7920

kN/m'

h_cais3on

19 m

SLIDING

OVERTURNING In heel

h_overtop

23.1

0.08

Hz

Fwt

21450

kN

12.5

Fw2

6840

kN

|S.F. overt

LO

243.9547

Fw

28290

kN

1/3b

h/LO

0.059027

118780

kN

arrnN

kN

h/IO

0.059027

N'

11100

139.3471

63690

kN

kh

0.649298

Uplift

43990

kN

sinh 2kh

1.695618

Fl

hb
alpha!
i

14.84
0.893266
0.01982

lb

0.01982

1/coshkh

0.820813

alpha3

0.839478

ho*

0.6
38214

|s.F.sliding

2.965517

eta*

mu

i
alpha2

13.05

4.6

rho_w

1030 k g / m " 3

rtioc

2050

of Goda

1.35

15

pmax

1.57

3.21

13230

kN/m'

kN

I
m

kg/m " 3

The minimum required width in order to fulfil all the design criteria, see Table
5.1 is b = 15 m.
The limit on the maximum bearing pressure is the critical factor for these design
parameters.
The safety factor for sliding is 1.35 and the safety factor for overturning is
1.57 which implies that sliding would occur before overturning.
The final layout of the structure is illustrated in figure 5.5.

page 55

formula

b = 15

of Goda

m
iV

/V
h e

= 4.6

>

h = 14.4

d = 12.9

hcaisson

19

\t

/
Figure 5.5

foundation 1.5
Design caisson for Europoort

Rotterdam

with the formula

page 56

,
of Goda (H = 8, 7 m)
s

E X P E R I M E N T S IN W A V E C H A N N E L
Hydraulic model tests were carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratories of Imperial
College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London. In order t o be able t o
compare Goda's wave pressure formulae w i t h the linear wave pressure
formulae, the horizontal wave load on the front of the caisson w a s measured
for regular waves. This validated horizontal dynamic wave force w a s used

wave gauge
wave generator

J _ L

0.1 m

9.4 m
20 mm steel plate - impermeable foundation
Figure 6.1

Experimental

set up of experiment

1 (not on scale)

consequently t o examine the failure mechanisms of the caisson. T w o different

types of experiments have been done.
The horizontal dynamic wave force on a vertical wall caisson has been
considered in the first experiment. The model of the caisson made of perspex
was placed in a wave channel (0.3 m wide) and w a s attacked w i t h regular
waves, see figure 6 . 1 . The caisson w a s supported by a measuring frame w h i c h
was attached t o the wave channel in such a w a y that the horizontal wave load
could be measured by means of a strain gauge system. The electrical output
signal of the wave gauge and the strain gauge system were sent to a chart
recorder which plotted the sinusoidal wave elevation and wave load
simultaneously.
wave gauge
wave generator

0.1 m

9.4 m
20 mm steel plate - impermeable foundation
Figure 6.2

Experimental

set up of experiment

2 (not on scale)

The second experiment has been done to be able t o say something about the

page 57

experiments

in wave

channel

failure mechanisms of a caisson breakwater. The perspex model used in the

first experiment was now placed on a prepared gravel bed in the wave channel
without the measuring frame, see figure 6.2. The relation between the
horizontal dynamic wave force and the resulting upward normal force was
determined at the moment of failure. The submerged weight of the caisson
was k n o w n . The vertical dynamic instantaneous wave force underneath the
structure was zero for the cases in which the propagation of waves under the
structure was prevented by a steel bar in the rubble mound foundation, see
figure 6.2. The influence of the vertical dynamic instantaneous wave force was
distinguished by comparing the results of the experiments w i t h and w i t h o u t the
steel bar in the foundation.
In this chapter the following items are described. The aims of the experiments
are given in the first section. The second section explains the requirements
according to the scaling d o w n of the dimensions of the model. The first
experiment dealing w i t h the measurements of the dynamic horizontal wave
force is described in the third section. The determination of the conditions at
the moment of failure of the caisson, experiment 2 , is described in the fourth
section.

6.1

Aims of experimental study

The aims of this experimental study are t w o f o l d . One target is to compare the
theoretical predictions from the wave pressure formulae (the linear wave theory
and Goda's formula) w i t h the results of a physical model. The other objective is
to examine the ultimate failure mechanisms. In other words:
1.

Determine

the horizontal

dynamic

wave load on a vertical

wall

caisson.
2.

Determine the relation between the horizontal dynamic wave load

and the resulting upward normal force N at the moment of failure
of the caisson.

The moment of failure is defined as anv movement of the model resulting from
the wave attack. Three different ultimate failure mechanisms (see chapter 2)
can be distinguished:

Sliding
Overturning
Failure of the foundation

Although 'failure of the foundation' is not studied theoretically it can certainly

occur during the experiments.

page 58

experiments

6.2

in wave

channel

Scaling considerations
In order to get reliable results from a physical model, scaling rules have to be
obeyed. When these rules cannot be obeyed due to practical restrictions scale
effects will occur in the results of the experiments. This means that certain
phenomena are being represented incorrectly as 'the reality'.
Scaling rules can be derived from mathematical descriptions of physical
processes. Assumptions were often made to be able to derive these
mathematical formulae. Therefore the assumptions or simplifications made for
the formulae have to be applied to the experiments as well.

E.g. one assumption of the linear wave theory is 'surface tension can be
neglected' (see chapter 4). The formula for the wave celerity c of a wave is:
2a.

in which

t a n h (

2^)

[6.1]

is the surface tension

It is assumed that:
2jLl
pL

Mk
2%

in which

[6.2]

is a constant value

The influence of the surface tension can be neglected if a < < 1. For p =
k g / m and o=0.074
N/m [ref 6] results:
w

1030

4Tt a
g

4*n *0.074 _ 9 1 Q 1030*9.81

2

Pw

[6.3]

Accordingly for

Z.=0.1m
**
a = 0.029
i = 1.0m
a = 2.9*10-*
This means that the minimum wave length is apparently L = 0.1 m for which
the surface tension can be neglected.
Another scaling condition from equation 6.1 deals w i t h the dimensionless
parameter kh = 2nh/L, w h i c h should be the same for the model and the
prototype. A scale factor n is given as:
y

yprototype

y
)l'model

page 59

[6.4]

experiments

in wave

channel

Therefore:
^prototype

[6.5]

""model

The formula is:

"tt =

1 6

6 1

This implies that the scaling factor n of the water depth /7 has to be same as
the scaling factor n of the wave length L.
h

The scaling factor of the wave length n determines the scaling factor n for the
wave period T as well, because c = L/T:
L

n = n /n
c

while

n =Vn =A/n
c

The scaling factor n = n / n = A / n

T

(according to equation 6.5)

The same result is given by Froude's Law which considers the influence of
gravitational and inertial forces in relation to the behaviour of the waves.
The dimensions of the wave channel determined the geometric scale of the
model. The wave channel used in the Hydraulic Laboratories of the Imperial
College was 0.30 m wide, 0.32 m high and had a length of 10 m (see figure
6 . 1 : Experimental set up). The needed height in the wave channel w a s :
water level + wave height (of standing w a v e , take arbitrary value 7 m)
14.4 m + 7 m =
21.4 m (for prototype)
This results in

21.4 m/0.32 m = 67

The geometric scale is taken as n

= 75 to make sure that the waves do
not cause an overflow.
In order to be sure that the caisson will fail in this channel w i t h limited wave
heights, which is required for experiment 2, the w i d t h of the model was taken
as 0 . 1 3 3 m. This results in a width of the prototype of 10 metres which is
certainly not in accordance w i t h the design criteria! The main dimensions of the
prototype and the model are given in table 6 . 1 .
geometric

It is noted that it is very difficult to scale d o w n the grain size of the gravel
foundation. Nevertheless, it is assumed that the geometric scale 1:75 is valid
for the rubble mound foundation. Pea gravel w i t h a mean diameter of 5 mm
was used w h i c h results for the prototype in a mean grain size of
0 . 0 0 5 - 7 5 = 0 . 3 7 5 m. This introduces many uncertainties. The void ratio for
instance is different, w h i c h can have consequences for the dynamic upward
force N'. The Reynolds number Re, which is a function of the horizontal
velocity, the diameter of the rubble mound and the viscosity, can have
influence on the pore pressures in the gravel bed.
page 60

experiments
Table 6.1

Dimensions

prototype

and

Prototype
(m)
Wave height H

(variable)

93

14.4

192

19

253

Width caisson b

10

133

Length caisson x

22.5

300

1.5

20

Water depth h
h_caisson

Height foundation

(variable)

139

1858

Wave period T (s)

(variable)

12.5

1.44

1030

1000

2050

variable

Caisson rho_c

6.3

hjound

Wave length L

Water rho_w

channel

Model
(mm)

Height caisson

in wave

model

(kg/m )
3

(kg/m )

Experimental set up
In this section the model and the measuring devices of the experiments are
described.

6.3.1

Construction of the caisson model

Caisson
The dimensions of the caisson model were established
as shown in figure 6.3. The perspex plates were
attached by screws. Silicon glue was used to make the
model watertight. The design of the caisson was in
such a w a y that the top of the caisson could easily be
taken off to be able to change the weight of the
caisson.

Foundation
In experiment 1 a 20 mm high steel bar was used as foundation to stop the
waves from propagating under the structure, see figure 6 . 1 .
In experiment 2 a 20 mm high (mean grain size 5 mm) pea gravel bed was
prepared. The steel bar used in experiment 1 was placed for some experimental
runs in the gravel bed to stop the waves propagating in the rubble mound
foundation.
page 61

experiments

6.3.2

in wave

channel

Measuring system
Crank Wheel

Figure 6.4

Regular wave

generator

Wave generator
Figure 6.4 illustrates a standard wave generator which makes regular waves.
The rotational speed of the motor can be adjusted to change the wave period.
The wave height can only be changed mechanically by changing the arm of the
crank wheel which rotates at a constant speed. Therefore a change in wave
height results in a changed wave period as well. This is the reason w h y it is
impossible to adjust the wave period and the wave height exactly on required
values. The wave height is limited because of the limitation of the amplitude of
the wave paddle motion.

Wave gauge
The wave gauge is a resistance meter. The gauge measures the vertically
integrated conductivity of the water column between the submerged part of
t w o electrodes. The wave
gauge is therefore sensitive
Wave gauge calibration
for a change in the water
temperature. The probe is
sensitive to the
instantaneous difference in
waterlevel and hence good
calibration is required.
Calibration has been
executed before every
experiment and after every
experiment, an example is
given in figure 6.5. The
actual output of the plotting
1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
device is shown in
output voltage in V
appendix D. The readings
of the voltages given in
Figure 6.5
An example of the wave gauge
calibration
figure 6.5 were taken from
page 62

experiments

in wave

channel

a Digital Volt Meter (DVM), while at the same time the plotting device turned
the voltage signal into a visual output. The wave monitor multiplied and filtered
the signal of the wave gauge. Figure 6.5 shows a difference in voltage of 0 . 2 4
V , w h i c h results in a theoretical plotting output of 0 . 2 4 / 0 . 2 = 1.2 cm (the
output of the chart recorder was set at 0.2 V/cm).

Measuring frame
A measuring frame attached to the top of the channel (see the detailed
drawings in appendix J ) was designed first. The requirements for the design of
this frame were:

Obtain a fixed connection w i t h the caisson.

Be able to slide over the rails on top of the wave channel (it might
be necessary to change the location of the caisson in the
channel).
The construction of the frame should be cheap, easy to make and
still very rigid and stiff.

These conditions were satisfied by a steel plate sitting on top of the channel
connected to four mild steel bars which were connected to the caisson. The
final design is shown in appendix J .

Schematization
The configuration of four mild steel
bars supporting the caisson can be
schematised as a portal frame. As
is indicated in figure 6.6, spacers
have been used to enlarge the span
of the portal frame. The front of the
caisson is assumed to spread the
wave load equally, so the lever arm
of the force is always length /, the
length of the steel bars.
Figure 6.6

Schematization

portal

frame

Strain gauges
In order to transform the hydraulic wave load into an electrical signal, on both
sides on top of the steel bars strain gauges were placed. A displacement of the
box in the order of 0.5 mm is needed to get sufficient strain in the strain
gauges. See appendix C for the calculation of the required flexibility of the steel
bars.
Strain gauges measure strain and go into compression or into tension depending
on the direction of the applied load. A change in initial stress results in a
change of the resistance of the wire, which is the conductor of the strain
page 63

experiments

in wave

channel

gauges. Accordingly a different output in volts is obtained. Therefore a

difference in hydraulic loading is related to a difference in the output voltage,
which is plotted by the chart recorder. See appendix B for the detailed
background of the (for this special purpose) designed strain gauge system.

6.4

Experiment 1:

Determine horizontal dynamic wave force

The aim for this experiment was:

Determine the horizontal dynamic wave load F on a vertical
caisson for a given water depth h, wave height H and wave
period T.
w

wall

Procedure
First a loose attachment of the caisson w i t h the measuring frame w a s made.
Subsequently this construction was attached loosely to the rails on top of the
channel. The sequence of tightening of the screws on either the connection
caisson-steel bars and steel bars-top plate was done carefully and accurately
because at every side of the box there had to be a clearance of 0.5 mm to
allow the box to move under the loading. No influence of water currents along
the sides and no friction of the box w i t h the walls of the channel were allowed.
The top level of the caisson was + 0 . 2 5 3 m relative to the bottom of the
channel. A steel bar of 20 mm was used as 'impermeable foundation'
underneath the caisson. Obviously, friction between this 'foundation' and the
caisson was not allowed as well.
It is noted that the caisson was actually hanging on the steel bars due to the
considerable buoyancy of the empty box.
Several tests were done w i t h different wave heights and wave periods for a
constant water depth of 192 m m .

Results
An example of the output of the plotter is given is in figure 6.7, all the results
in numbers are shown in appendix E.

Performance and accuracy

wave period:
The wave periods have been measured by hand w i t h a
stopwatch. The mean period of 20 cycles of the wave paddle has
been taken as the representative wave period. In some cases 10
cycles have been taken because for small wave periods the
waves reflected at the caisson began to hit the wave paddle
page 6 4

Figure

6.7

Output

chart recorder:

Wave elevation

(right) and wave load

(left)

again which could have influenced the wave period. The accuracy
is therefore in the order of only a few percent w h i c h means only
a few hundreds of seconds.

wave height:
The accuracy of the wave height depends on the margin error of
the plotting device, the sensitivity of the probe of the wave
gauge, the amplifying signal through wave monitor and the
human error in taking the reading of the plots. The calibration is
very accurate as indicated in figure 6.5.
The position of the wave gauge is 10 cm from caisson front. A t
the wall should theoretically a node of the standing wave occur.
A representative wave length L is 1.85 m. The distance of 0.1 m
is than 0.1/1.85 = 0.05 this is 1/20 L.
cos 1 / 2 0 * 2 / r = 0 . 9 9 .
Which is negligible. The total accuracy is in the order of a few
percent.

wave load:
The accuracy of the wave load depends on the margin error ot
the plotting device, the amplifying signal of the strain gauge
system and the human error in taking the reading of the plots.
The output signal of the strain gauges was not filtered, therefore
noise appeared, as can be seen in some output graphs. This noise
was however not significant compared to the measured signal.
Finally there are uncertainties introduced by the assumptions. The
schematization of the portal frame for instance introduces
page 65

experiments

in wave

channel

uncertainties (fixed connection of steel bars at caisson and frame,

caisson considered to be one rigid mass). Although the measured
force was dynamic only a static calibration could be done, which
is considered as very accurate because of its repeatability, see
appendix B.
The total accuracy is in the order of only a few percent.

6.5

Experiment 2:

Determine the horizontal dynamic wave force at moment

of failure of the caisson

The aim for this experiment w a s :

Determine the relation between the wave load F and the
normal force N at the moment of failure of the caisson.
w

upward

Because of the precise prediction of the dynamic horizontal wave force F w i t h

either the linear wave theory or Goda's wave pressure formulae, the only
unknown is the dynamic upward force N' caused by propagation of wave
pressures in the rubble mound foundation under the structure (see chapter 2),
because at the moment of failure the submerged weight W-U of the caisson is
known as well. By preventing the waves from propagating under the structure
the dynamic upward force N' under the structure can be eliminated from the
equation for the vertical equilibrium. This is tried to accomplish by placing a
steel bar in the rubble mound foundation, see figure 6.2. For sliding is the
relation between the wave load F and the upward normal force N= W-U in
that case expressed in terms of the friction coefficient//. For overturning the
problems of the (scaled down) maximum bearing pressure under the base have
to be taken into account.
w

6.5.1

Procedure
The perspex caisson was placed on a 20 mm thick prepared gravel bed, see
figure 6.2. The caisson was filled w i t h water and weights, the total weight was
therefore known. Waves attacked the caisson in a constant water depth of
192 m m . To be able to distinguish whether the caisson had moved, a
microscope was used. Any displacement of the caisson was considered to be
failure of the caisson. For the same wave height and wave period the weight of
the caisson was increased until failure no longer occurred. Subsequently the
wave period or wave height was changed and the same procedure was
repeated.

6.5.2

Results
The results of every run of the experiment 2 are given in appendix K. For a
wave (defined by its wave height and wave period) the caisson failed w i t h a
known weight. The total results are shown in figure 6.8. 'Without sill' indicates
that the dynamic vertical upward force N' has been calculated according to the
page 66

experiments

in wave

channel

At moment of failure
50
Linear fit mu=0.4

45
40~
z

35-

30-

Linear fit m u = 0 . 5
without sill
o

o
o
S

with sill
25'

"3

2015
10
5

10

12

14

16

18

20

F_wave(N)
0

Figure

6.8

Wave load versus upward

normal force at moment

of

failure

assumptions made in chapter 2 (triangular distribution) and ' w i t h sill* indicates

that the steel bar stopped the waves from propagating in the rubble mound
foundation, which means that N'=0. The solid line is expressed as:
F

- 0.4 N - F

16.7]

In which 0.4 is the friction coefficient u = 0.4. For the dashed line yields
// = 0.5.

Performance and accuracy

The preparation of the gravel bed was the main uncertainty. Every single run of
the experiment had the same random bearing area under the base. In this w a y
every initial settlement of the caisson influenced the stability of the structure
w i t h a random probability. To start with failure until failure no longer occurs
was a method to check whether the caisson failed as well for weights less than
the critical weight.
It is noted that the execution of actual placing of the caisson was very sensitive
to the resistance to sliding and overturning of the caisson. Just before putting
the caisson on its bed, a current underneath the caisson was distinguished. Not
always was the whole base placed at once on the bed, sometimes the front or
back was touching the foundation first. Therefore when placing a caisson on
the sill, gaps under the caisson will be present w i t h a height at least as great as
the diameter of the rubble depending on the method of execution.
Some consequences of these named irregularities can be:

There is no full support along the entire base;

Seepage can occur underneath the base;
page 67

'

experiments

in wave

For the performance of experiment 2 yield of course all the uncertainties of

experiment 1 concerning the waves and the caisson model as well.

page 68

channel

results and

discussion

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The formula of Goda has been analysed in three phases of the design process,
see figure 7 . 1 .

design wave
design water depth

... Goda: H
... Linear: f(P(failure)
Wave pressure
formula

-<
f

F loading

Safety factors
L i m i t states

Dimensions
Figure 7.1

Design

process

Although the design process is iterative, these phases are analysed separately
in order to get a better overview.
The first section of this chapter describes the differences between the design
principles of Goda and the probabilistic design method. The theoretical results
of the linear wave theory (chapter 4) and the formula of Goda (chapter 5) are
compared in the second section. Subsequently in the third section, the
experimental results are compared to the t w o theories. Finally some
recommendations for further research are made.

Analysis of Goda's design principles

Determination design parameters
The probability of exceedance of the design parameters sets the probability of
failure of the caisson for a constant strength. The determination of the design
parameters is therefore an economic decision problem. Nevertheless Goda
recommends definite values for the design parameters based on the principle
that a breakwater should be designed to be safe against the single wave w i t h
the largest pressure among storm waves. For this extreme wave height he
page 69

results

and

discussion

takes the significant period whereas in reality a whole spectrum of wave

periods are involved. Goda does take into account the influence of the wave
period in his reduction factors for the wave pressure.
Resistance against failure
Goda calculates a safety factor for sliding in accordance w i t h the basic principle
that this safety factor is the calculated by dividing the resistance force by the
driving force. However, for the safety factor for overturning Goda does not
follow this principle any more.
The maximum bearing pressure of the foundation is not related to a minimum
lever arm of the upward normal force according to Goda. This results in
different dimensions of the caisson, see the calculations for a caisson at
Europoort in chapter 4 and chapter 5.

7.2

Linear wave theory compared w i t h Goda's formula

Only the formulae for the wave pressure are compared regardless of the design
philosophy of Goda.

7.2.1

Wave pressure for wave crest

The wave pressure formulae are given in Table 7 . 1 . of which the symbols, see
figure 7.2 are explained in chapter 4 (linear wave theory) and chapter 5
(Goda).
Table 7. 7

Wave pressure

formulae

under a wave

crest

LINEAR WA VE THEORY
p+t

Pw 9 H

P+3

p+

(cosh k(h-d))/(cosh

Pu

P+3

^w1 +

INT from z=-d

F 2 +A

0.5p gH/

khl

,(l-Ih/HJ

P +4

FORMULA OF GODA
(a,

+ 0;J p g

Pt

g3

-iV'.wv

= (a,/(a, + a j p

0.5 (p, + p )

+l

+ P

4 g

0.5pg(t.5H l*

0.5 (p

<>i 3 Pw9H
to z = 0

p ,)h
+/

0.5 tp,

The notation for the linear wave theory is p

indicated as p .

lrt

while the formula of Goda is

1g

The wave pressure at the design water level, p+ :

The difference between the linear wave theory and Goda's formula is the factor
7

page 70

results and

{a + a ). The factor a represents

the mean tendency that the wave
pressure increases w i t h the wave
period. If no rubble mound is present,
a is almost zero. If a horizontal
foreshore is present, a is exactly
zero. The influence of or, is often
greater than the influence of a .
1

discussion

harbour

sea

The wave pressure at depth d, p :

The linear wave theory reduces the
+3

Wave pressure
Figure

under a wave

crest

7.2

wave pressure from design water

level to depth d w i t h the factor (cosh
k(h-d)/cosh kh) while Goda reduces the pressure w i t h his factor a . Goda states
that the coefficient a w a s derived from the simplified assumption of a linear
pressure variation between p
and p
(which is the wave pressure at depth
h: p
= p/cosh
kh).
The w a v e pressure p
with wave
overtopping:
Goda assumes that the elevation to
which the wave pressure is exerted
,
1.5-H is. This results in a higher
wave pressure p , see figure 7.3.
3

1 g

2 g

+ 4

+4

The maximum uplift pressure, p:

Goda reduces the uplift pressure in
spite of the theory that states that

Wave pressure
Figure

with

overtopping

7.3

| i f t

a
P
pressure would be too great if p
were set equal to p , in view of the performance of prototype breakwaters

Pu=P+3-

+3

and other considerations.

The dynamic horizontal wave force below design water level F
:
Goda reduces the horizontal wave pressures p and p
w i t h his a-factors and
linearises the pressures in between. This results in a smaller dynamic horizontal
wave force F
than is given by the linear wave theory, see figure 7.4. The
linear wave theory integrates the wave pressure along the front of the caisson.
w1

+ 3

w 1 +

The dynamic horizontal wave force above design water level

F :
Goda takes the maximum elevation to which the pressure is exerted as
i.5-H ,
while the standing wave theory assumes a reflection coefficient of 1 which
implies an elevation of H . F _
is higher than predicted by the linear wave
theory, see figure 7.4.
w2+

w2+

The dynamic horizontal wave force F :

Goda reduces F
while he introduces an extra safety in F
w i t h his
elevation level of 1.5-H . Depending on the relation wave height H and water
depth h, the t w o theories compute roughly the same total wave force Fw+' see
w+

w1+

w 2 +

appendix H
page 71

results and

Wave force Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

Wave forces Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

T11=1.59s

T18 = 0.95 s

Hlnm

Hlnm

Wave force Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

Wave force Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

T41 = 1.51 s

T48 m 0.9 s

Figure

7.2.2

discussion

7.4

Wave forces according

to Goda and the linear wave

theory

Wave pressure for wave trough

The linear wave theory takes as much dynamic pressure of the hydrostatic
pressure off for the offshore directed force as it adds up for the positive
dynamic wave force. Goda gives a diagram based on theoretical calculations
using finite amplitude standing waves, w i t h modifications introduced on
laboratory data.

7.3

The experimental data compared with the theory

Before any conclusions can be drawn from the experimental results, the
relevance of the influence of the assumptions has to be determined.
Reliability measured wave height H
The relation wave height H versus wave load F
has been manipulated firstly
through the location of the wave gauge (0.1 m from the caisson front).
Secondly, the measured wave height is not twice the incoming wave height for
waves overtopping the caisson. An intermediate form of a standing wave and a
wgve

page 72

results

travelling wave occurs, see figure

7.5. The amplitude is a function of
the reflection coefficient which is
less than one for overtopping.

and

discussion

Wave gauge
overtopping <^

Ratio wave amplitude for wave crest

and wave trough
Figure 7.6 shows the ratio of the
height of the wave crest H and the
0.1 m
wave trough H_. This is illustrated for
t w o measurements.
Set up to measure wave height
Figure 7.5
The waves in Measurement M 1 1 and
M18 do not overtop the caisson. As
indicated in the graph, the wave crests are equal to the wave troughs which
implicates a reflection coefficient of 1 according to the theory.
+

Wave crest H+ versus wave trough H-

Wave crest H+ versus wave trough H-

Measurement M11: Tt 1 =1.59 s

Measurement M18: T1B=0.95 s

0.01

0 009
0.008

Wevo cfoit H +
0.007-

.E
X

o.ooe-

Wav* trough H

0.0030.004
0.0030.0O20.001
It
Wtwo nr.

13

t3

17

Wave crest H + versus wave trough H-

Wave crest H+ versus wave trough H-

Measurement M41: T41 =1.51 s

Measurement M48: T48=0.9 s

0.07-

OM-

WBVcrtttK +
OM'
0.04
0.03
0.02'
0.01-

II

13

13

17

Wav* nr.

Figure

7.6

Ratio of height of wave crest and wave

trough

In Measurement M 4 1 and M 4 8 the waves overtop the caisson and the

reflection coefficient is less than 1 . These graphs show that the ratio H /H. is
less precise than in M 1 1 and M 1 8 . Nevertheless M 4 1 indicates that the
measured wave crest H was higher than the wave trough H_ , M 4 8 does not
+

page 73

results

and

discussion

give any correlation. Apparently the reflection coefficient is affected by the

wave length and the length of the channel, because these determine the
intermediate form of a standing wave in the channel.
The reflection coefficient for this mechanism is theoretically less than 1
because the displacement of the caisson dissipates energy which is not
reflected.
It is therefore concluded that the graphs confirm the assumption that there is
no significant rise in water level due to the standing waves in front of the
vertical wall in this experimental set up.
Validity linear wave theory
Figure 7.7 gives the regions of validity of various wave theories. The input
parameters for this case can be found by the following characteristic values:
2

= 0.02
= 0.001

d/(gT ) = 0 . 1 9 2 / ( 9 . 8 1 - 1 )
H i/<9T )
= 0.01/(9.81-1)
2

sma

H /(gT )
high

= 0.06/(9.81 -1 )

= 0.006

Which implies that the experimental

conditions find themselves outside
the interval for which the linear wave
theory is valid. Actually Stokes'
second-order and for the higher
waves even Stokes' third-order
theory are valid.
[7.1]

n, - a sin(o t-kx) - a sin(6)

Linear wave theory is based on the
assumption that the motions are so
small that the free surface can be
0 I nodi I
described to the first order of
Figure 7.8
Comparison of second-order
Stokes'
approximation by equation 7.1 (see
profile with linear profile [ref 14]
also chapter 4 ) . Linear wave theory
assumes that the contribution made
to the solution by higher order terms is negligible. A more general expression
would be [ref 14]:
2

n = a sin(6) + a B (L,d)
2

sin(26) + a*B {L,o)

z

sin(36) +... a B {L,d)

n

sin(n)
[7.2]

The order of the approximation is determined by the highest order term of the
series considered. It is noted that the linear wave theory applies to a wave that
is symmetrical about the SWL and Stokes' second-order theory predicts a
waveform that is unsymmetrical about the SWL, see figure 7.8.
Goda found that the difference between theory and experiments decreases as
page 74

results

-A.
L

Figure 7.7

Validity

of various wave

0.040

0.500

and

discussion

theories

higher order approximations are used. The profile in figure 7.8 illustrates a
higher wave top and a less deep wave trough. Which implies that the wave
force for a wave crest would increase and the wave force for a wave trough
would decrease in a higher order approximation. Is this the reason for the
maximum elevation of wave pressure of 1.5-r7 and for the reduction factors
below the design level? Goda states that some discrepancies between the
d

page 75

results and

discussion

theory and the experiments have been taken as the basis of modification to the
theoretical diagrams for maximum total wave forces.
It is noted that when primarily the oscillating character of the waves important
is, that still the amplitude and the wave period have to estimated. These
estimates must be determined from empirical data. In such problems, the
uncertainty of the accurate wave height and period leads to a greater
uncertainty of the ultimate answer than does neglecting the effect of nonlinear
processes.

7.3.1

Experiment 1
The scatter of the results of the experiments is to such an extent that no
distinction between the t w o theories can be soundly based.

Horizontal dynamic wave force F

under wave crest
The experimental values for waves overtopping the caisson are less than
predicted and for small waves the measured wave force is often even higher
than the calculated wave force.
w+

See appendix H for the results of the experiments and the theoretical values.
The graphs show clearly that for low wave periods (high frequency) the linear
wave theory predicts a higher wave force than Goda's formula. This can be
explained by the dynamic characteristics of the model. As indicated in appendix
C, the caisson is schematised as a portal frame which is considered to behave
as an one mass-spring system. The contribution of the inertia influences is
probably higher for small wave periods than for high wave periods. A better
schematisation would be a one mass-spring system w i t h a damper. The
damping results from the water mass behind the caisson that has to be pushed
away to allow the caisson to move.
Measurement M31 to M38 have been carried out twice to check the
repeatability. Apart from M31 w i t h M31 * the repeatability is very good.
The reduction factors of Goda are calculated for the experimental input
parameters H, T,h:
0.7 < a < 0.93
a is zero (horizontal foreshore)
0.61 < a < 0.87
1

Horizontal dynamic wave force F _ under wave trough:

The measured forces F _ are less than the predicted values, see figure 7.9. But
Goda's offshore directed force has to be derived from a design diagram (see
chapter 5) and is therefore not very reliable.
w

page 76

results and

discussion

Wave force under wave trough

Wave force under wave trough

T11 = 1.59 s

T18 = 0.95 8

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

Fmln xptrlnMnt*

Fmln axparimin

Fmln linoof

Fmln iinoar

F min Goda

Fmln Goda

0.016

0.002

0.004

0.003

0.006

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.01S

Hmh h m

Hmlnlnm

Wave force under wave trough

Wave force under wave trough

T41 = 1.51 s

T48 = 0.9 s

Fmln xprtmint>
Fmln Ikitnr
Fmln Goda

0.01

Figure 7.9

0.02

0.03
Hmln In m

0.09

Wave force under wave trough according

model

7.3.2

0.04

to Goda, the linear wave

theory

and a

hydraulic

test

Experiment 2
The scatter in the results is to such an extent that no reliable conclusions can
be drawn. This is partly due to the fact that the dimensions of the model
caisson were not in accordance with the design criteria. The bearing pressure of
the foundation was above the allowed limit. The results of the experiment are
therefore not reliable. The coefficient of friction was nevertheless not that far
from the predicted value. The scatter in the measurements can be explained by
the uncertainties concerning the placing of the caisson.

7.4

Recommendations
Further update of the present model
In order to increase both the accuracy and reliability of the present model,
special attention should be paid to the effects of:
page 77

results and

discussion

The generated waves:

For the use of regular waves it would be more convenient when
the wave paddle is able to make waves w i t h a defined wave
height and period. A wave generator which can make irregular
waves will give better insight in the effects of random waves. In
order to be able to run the experiment for a longer period of time,
a wave absorber is needed at the rear end of the wave channel
because more waves are valid in that case.
Model w i t h smaller scale.
The use of a computer to work out the data.
An extra wave gauge in the middle of the channel.
Only then can be defined what the incoming wave height is.
Subsequently the reflection coefficient can be measured .

Further research
For a complete understanding of Goda's formula more information is needed
about his hydraulic model studies.
For a reliable design of a breakwater the problems of the foundation play a
major role. Although these problems fall outside the scope of this study, the
influence of the foundation requirements cannot be considered as a separate
problem. Especially the pore pressures need to be considered.

page 78

conclusions

CONCLUSIONS
The main conclusion concerning Goda's design formula is:
Goda's design formula is useful as a first indication for the dimensions of
the caisson. For a detailed design a probabilistic design method that
makes use of the linear wave theory is a better alternative.

Other conclusions are:

Goda's wave pressure formulae are in fact design formulae. For the
reason that safety considerations are included in the formulae.

Goda's safety requirements against failure of the foundation are less

stringent than usual applied in Holland. Goda only restricts the maximum
bearing pressure whereas in Holland the full base has to be under
pressure.

Goda does not take the economy of the harbour into account for the
determination of the dimensions of the caisson.

Goda reduces the horizontal dynamic wave force under sea water level
and increases the horizontal dynamic wave force above sea water level
w i t h regard to the linear wave theory.

page 79

conclusions

page 80

11ST O F S Y M B O L S
The notation used in this report differs from that in many papers. This is
intentional. To do otherwise would lead to considerable duplication and
confusion. The parameters in Goda's formula which are the same for the linear
wave theory are indicated w i t h the subscript '_g' and are therefore not listed
below.

^goda

arm

Wave amplitude

Lever arm of the upward normal force according to

Goda
Amplitude of incoming wave

Lever arm of the horizontal dynamic wave force F

Lever arm of the upward normal force N

Amplitude of standing wave

Fw

arm
a

Amplitude of reflected wave

Dfl/m

Price per cubic metre volume caisson

Phase difference

a a ,a

Parameters for wave pressure calculation according

b
B

to Goda
m
Width of caisson
Dfl/m Additional price per length of the caisson

1f

Angle of wave attack

Dfl

Total costs of caisson

m/s

Group velocity of the waves

(C )

m/s

Group velocity of the waves in deep water

y
d

Breaking index
Waterdepth above the rubble mound foundation in
front of caisson

Dfl

Capitalized anticipated damage

Angle of friction between soil and concrete

Rate of interest per year

Chance that the design wave height is exceeded at

least once in a single storm containing n waves.

Chance that the design wave height occurs during

any single storm period

Overall chance that the design wave height H is
d

exceeded in a storm period

Coefficient of a foundation model
f

s"

Frequency

page 81

list ot

Wave load

Design wave load

Wave load at moment of failure
Horizontal friction force between foundation and

N
N

caisson
Horizontal dynamic wave force
Horizontal dynamic wave force directed onshore

' w

~w +

symDols

under a wave crest

Horizontal dynamic wave force directed offshore

under a wave trough

N

F1+

Horizontal dynamic wave force from z = -d to z = 0

under a wave crest

N

Horizontal dynamic wave force from z = -d to z = 0

under a wave trough

F2+

Horizontal dynamic wave force from z = 0 to z = n

under a wave crest

N

Horizontal dynamic wave force from z = 0 to z = H ,

d

for

Fw2 + B

H <h
d

Horizontal dynamic wave force from z = 0 to z = H ,

d

m /s

m/s

9
h

H >h
d

Velocity potential

for

Angle of internal friction of the soil

2

m
m
m
m

hj

Gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s )

Water depth in front of caisson
Water depth at a distance of

5-H

1/3

Length between still water level and top of caisson

Maximum value of h and n*
c

h caisson

h found

H
Ho
H

Wave height at deep water

Limiting breaker height at 5-H distance offshore
Design wave height

m
s

m
so

H ax
m

Hi/250

H .4%

I
k

Height of the foundation

m
m

Design water depth

Wave height

Crest height of the caisson

Significant wave height at the site

Significant wave height at deep water
Design wave height according to Goda w i t h a
probability of exceedance of 0 . 4 %
Maximum progressive wave component according
to the standing wave breaking criterium

Dfl

Costs of the construction of caisson (Investment)

0-1

Wave number ( = 2n/L)

page 82

tof ot

symbols

Shoaling coefficient
years

Design life of the structure

Wave length at the site

Wave length at deep water

m
m

Wave length w i t h period T

Length of caisson (perpendicular to the w i d t h and
p

the height)
m

Area of the energy density spectrum of the wave

load
kg

Virtual mass of the caisson

Number of storms per year

M
M

Fw

Nm

Turning moment caused by the horizontal dynamic

Nm
Nm

wave force F
Turning moment due to the upward normal force N
Turning moment due to the instantaneous vertical

Nm

dynamic force N'

Turning moment due to the buoyant force of the

M>
N

My

caisson U
M

Nm

Turning moment due to the weight of the caisson

W

Mw-u

Nm

Turning moment due to the submerged weight (WU) of the caisson

MSL

Mean sea level

Coefficient of friction

Number of waves in a storm

Scaling factor of a parameter y

n'

Number of intervals depending on AH

Resulting upward normal force

N'

Instantaneous vertical dynamic force caused by

propagation of wave pressures under the caisson

n
*

n
Hi
It

I
P

Water surface elevation of wave

Maximum elevation above the design water level to
which the pressure is exerted according to Goda

Elevation of incoming wave

Elevation of reflected wave

Mean of normal distribution

N/m'

Total water pressure

N/m'

Dynamic wave pressure, directed onshore ' + ' or

directed offshore '-'

P+A

N/m'

Dynamic wave pressure at z = 0

P +1

N/m'

Dynamic wave pressure

P+2

N/m'

Dynamic wave pressure at z = -d

P+3

page 83

z--h

N/m'

Dynamic wave pressure at z = h

N/m'

Wave pressure at still water level according to

Goda
N/m'

Wave pressure at z = -h according to Goda

N/m'

Wave pressure at z = -d according to Goda

N/m'

Maximum bearing pressure of foundation

N/m'

Maximum uplift wave pressure caused by

propagation of wave pressures under the caisson
Chance that the significant wave height H occurs
s

Chance that the design wave height H is exceeded

d

at all during / years

Probability of collapse or the probability of force F

being exceeded
Chance that the significant wave height H is
s

exceeded
Chance that design wave height H is exceeded by
d

any given wave in a single storm containing n

waves characterized by H

Absolute value of the velocity vector

Coefficient of reflection
years

Return period

kg/m

Specific mass density of caisson

kg/m

Specific mass density of sea water

N/m

Surface tension

Standard deviation of normal distribution

Dfl

Theoretical annual premium

Wave steepness
Wave steepness of peak period
Energy density spectrum

Time

Wave period

Design wave period

Significant wave period

Peak wave period

Mean wave period

m/s

Horizontal velocity of water particle of incoming

wave

m/s

Horizontal velocity of water particle of reflected

wave

N
m

Buoyant force of the caisson

2

Required volume of caisson per running metre

exposed front
page 84

list ot

symbols

Slope angle of the foreshore

e
W

Dfl

Cost of repairing when failure occurs

Weight of the caisson

Displacement of caisson

Ultimate displacement of caisson considered as

failure
z
to

Vertical position along z-axis

rad/s

Angular frequency of the wave

page 85

list ot

page 86

symbols

references

REFERENCES
1.

Battjes, , Korte golven, collegehandleiding

Delft, 1993 (in Dutch).

2.

Biggs, J . M . , Introduction
Company, 1 9 6 4 .

3.

Bruining, J.W., Wave forces on vertical breakwaters.

University Delft, 1 9 9 4 .

4.

Goda, Y., Random seas and design of maritime

Tokyo Press, 1 9 8 5 .

5.

CIRIA/CUR, Manual on the use of rock in coastal and

engineering. Special publication 8 3 , 1991

6.

De Vries, M., Waterloopkundig onderzoek, collegehandleiding

Technische Hogeschool Delft, 1977 (in Dutch).

7.

Dieterman, H.A., Algemene mechanica II (B8), Deel II: Inleiding

dynamica
van constructies. Technische Universiteit Delft 1992 (in Dutch).

8.

Fisher, N.I., Statistical

Press, 1993.

9.

Goda, Y., The fourth order approximation to the pressure of

waves. Coastal Eng. in Japan, Vol. 10, 1976.

10.

Hald, A . , Statistical theory with engineering

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 9 5 2 .

11.

Huis i n ' t Veld, J.C., The closure of tidal basins. Delft University Press,
1987.

1 2.

Massie, W . W . , Coastal engineering (F11A),

Technische Universiteit Delft, 1986.

13.

Massie, W . W . , Coastal engineering (F5), Volume III - breakwater

Technische Universiteit Delft, 1 9 8 6 .

14.

U.S. A r m y , Shore Protection

Washington D.C., 1 9 8 4 .

15.

Vrijling, J.K., Probabilistisch ontwerpen in de waterbouwkunde

Technische Universiteit Delft, 1993 (in Dutch).

to Structural

B76. Technische Universiteit

Dynamics.

McGraw-Hill Book

Technical

structures.

University of

shoreline

B80.

analysis of circular data. Cambridge University

applications.

Volume I -

standing

New York,

introduction.

design.

Manual. U.S. Government Printing Office

page 87

(F30).

references

16.

Vrouwenvelder, A . C . W . M . and J.K. Vrijling, B3 Probabilistisch

ontwerpen. Technische Universiteit Delft, 1987 (in Dutch).

17.

W i n d o w , A.L and Holister, G.S., Strain gauge technology.

Science Publishers, 1 9 8 2 .

18.

Verruijt, A., Grondmechanica

b.v., 1990 (in Dutch).

Applied

(B22). Delftse Uitgevers Maatschappij,

page 88

DESIGN CAISSON BREAKWATER

Appendices

Carlita L. Vis

APPENDICES
A.

JOINT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF H

B.

STRAIN GAUGES

C.

DETERMINATION

AND T

OF REQUIRED FLEXIBILITY OF THE S T E E L

BARS

SUPPORTING THE CAISSON

D.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1:
OUTPUT CHART RECORDER

E.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1:
OUTPUT DATA

F.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1:
CALCULATION WAVE FORCE UNDER WAVE C R E S T WITH
LINEAR WAVE THEORY AND GODA'S FORMULA

G.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1:
CALCULATION WAVE FORCE UNDER WAVE TROUGH WITH
LINEAR WAVE THEORY AND GODA'S FORMULA

H.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1:
CALCULATION TOTAL WAVE FORCE WITH LINEAR WAVE
THEORY AND GODA'S FORMULA

I.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 1:
RATIO

WAVE

HEIGHT

TROUGH
J.

DRAWINGS EXPERIMENTAL S E T UP

K.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 2

L.

EXPERIMENTAL RECORDING TIME

OF WAVE

CREST

AND

WAVE

APPENDIX A.

J O I N T PROBABILITY D E N S I T Y F U N C T I O N
OF FL AND T
n

In this appendix the t w o dimensional probability density function of wave

height and wave period is derived. When the long term distribution for the
significant wave height H and the probability density function of the wave
steepness s are k n o w n , the joint probability density function of H and T can
be calculated because H and s are assumed to be independent stochasts,
which is a conservative assumption. High steep waves are more likely to occur
than small steep waves, so there is a relation.
s

The probability density function of the wave steepness s is given by [ref 1 5]:
p

0.12-\

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02-

(%)
Figure A. 1

Probability

density

function

wave steepness

s^

The formula is:

p

in which

S )

. _ J _

[A.11

s
is the wave steepness (H/Lp)
L
is the wave length w i t h wave period T (=
gT /2n)
f
is the mean wave steepness = 3 . 7 %
a
is the standard deviation = 0 . 5 %
The normal distribution is totally determined by its t w o parameters f and a. The
cumulative distribution is than given by, see figure A . 2 :
p

S 8

! _
0.5 J2H

(e
L

page A1

0 5 2

dt

[A.2]

1
0.9
0.8
r

0.7
0.6
~

0.5

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

r*

0
2

Wave steepness s (%)

Figure A. 2

Cumulative

normal distribution

Pis)

It is easier to use the standardized normal distribution w i t h mean = 0 and

standard deviation = 1. The probability density function must be expressed in
the new variable u:
[A.3]

u -

Figure A.3 gives values x(a) defined by the equation:

a -
X

</2%

[A.4]

e-" du

x{a)

If X is a normal A/(0,1) random variable, P{X > x(aj) = a.

x(a) corresponds to the upper P percent point, where P = WO-x(a). The lower
P percent point x(1-a) is obtained by symmetry, as x(1-a) = -x(a).
The wave steepness s
which is not reached by 1 0 % of the waves comes
from (see figure A . 3 for a = 0 . 1 ) :
w

e'

du - 0.1

5-3.7

-1.2817

u - -1.2817

1 0 %

- 3.06%

0.5
The same procedure yields for s

5 0 %

and s

go%

page A 2

see Table A.1

[A.5]

y.

x(a)

a.

A'(a)

x()

ot

0.50
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35

0.0000
0.0250
0.0500
0.0500
0.0751
0.1002
0.1254
0.1507
0.1760
0.2015
0.2271
0.2529
0.2789
0.3050
0.3314
0.3580
0.3849

0.34
0.33
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.19

0.4120
0.4395
0.4673
0.4673
0.4954
0.5240
0.5530
0.5825
0.6125
0.6430
0.6742
0.7060
0.7386
0.7720
0.8062
0.8415
0.8778

0.18
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080
0.075
0.070
0.065

0.9153
0.9541
0.9944
0.9944
1.0364
1.0804
1.1265
1.1751
1.2267
1.2817
1.3108
1.3410
1.3724
1.4053
1.4398
1.4761
1.5144

0.060
0.055
0.050
0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.001
0.0005
0.0001
0.00005

x(a)
1.5551
1.5985
1.5985
1.6452
1.6958
1.7511 .
1.8123
1.8812
1.9604
2.0542
2.1705
2.3268
2.5762
3.0905
3.2907
3.7191
3.8906

a
0

x(a)

Figure A.3

Percentiles

of the normal N 10,11

Table A. 1

Boundaries

of the wave

distribution

steepness

x(a)

s (%)

( m )

0.1

-1.2817

3.06

0.0478

0.5

3.70

0.0578

60%

90%

0.9

+ 1.2817

4.34

0 . 0 6 7 8 Tp

10%

These parabolic functions display the t w o dimensional probability function of

the wave height H and wave period T on a one dimensional graph:
s

page A 3

Hso (m)
4.5
5.5
6
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
10
10.5
11.5

S90%
S50%
S10%
T(s)
7.4 2.617528 3.165128 3.712728
5.4918
4.6818
3.8718
9
6.78
5.78
4.78
10
8.2038
6.9938
5.7838
11
11.5 6.32155 7.64405 8.96655
9.7632
8.3232
6.8832
12
12.5 7.46875 9.03125 10.59375
9.7682 11.4582
8.0782
13
9.3688 11.3288 13.2888
14
15.255
13.005
t0.755
15
14.7968 17.3568
16 12.2368

given values
s10%
s50%

s90%

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

T p in s

Figure A.4

Boundaries

of the joint probability

density

page A 4

function

and 7^ and given values [ref

13]

A P P E N D I X B.

STRAIN GAUGES

Strain gauges are small diameter wires made of electrical resistance alloys
w h i c h are adhesively bonded to a structure to measure the surface strain of the
structure. When the structure is loaded, the stress in the material is changed.
The difference in stress in the wires affects the resistance of the conductive
material thus an electrical signal as output can be obtained. The following items
are described subsequently :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.

Basic operating principle

Strain gauge characteristics
Installation
Instrumentation
Calibration

Basic operating principle

Strain sensitivity is a function of dimensional changes which take place when a

conductor (i.e. the small diameter wire) is stretched elastically plus any change
in the basic resistivity due to changing internal stresses of the material w i t h
strain.
The electrical resistance of the wire is given by:
R - Sil
A

in which

R
/
A
p

is
is
is
is

the
the
the
the

[B.1]

resistance of the wire

length of the wire
cross-sectional area of the wire
resistivity of the material the wire is made of

Strain sensitivity w h i c h , for a strain gauge is defined as the gauge factor, is a

dimensionless relationship expressed as:
AR

[B.2]
Al
I
in w h i c h

K
R
AR
/
A/

is
is
is
is
is

the
the
the
the
the

gauge factor
initial resistance
change in resistance
initial length
change in length

From these t w o formulae, the basic strain sensitivity can be established due to
the dimensional changes, assuming that the resistivity o remains constant.

page B1

Thus materials for which the resistivity is affected by the internal stress in the
material are undesirable for strain gauges.
If the wire is stretched elastically, for a given change in length (Al) there will be
an associated reduction in cross-sectional area due to the Poisson effect. If
Poisson's ratio u approaches 0.5 then the gauge factor K will be 2.0
(/e=1 +2u) [ref 17].

2.

Strain gauge characteristics

The wire is the strain sensitive resistance element and is made of a coppernickel alloy. This material is widely used because of its high strain sensitivity
which is relatively independent of strain level and temperature.
Table B. 1

Data of the used strain

gauges

Wire strain gauge

1

Foil strain gauge

PFL-10-11

Type

PL-5-11

Gauge length /

5 mm

10 mm

Gauge resistance R

120 0.3 0

120 0.3 0

Gauge factor K

2.02

2.13

Backing material

polyester

polyester
^^^^^

The functions of the backing material are:

handling the gauge

providing a readily bondable surface for bonding the gauge to the
test material
providing electrical insulation between the grid and the steel
transmitting strain from steel via the adhesive to the gauge grid

Basic electric circuit measurements require an resistance value which is not too
low. The standard resistance is 120 ohms. Because of practical limitations on
the diameter of the wire, the total length needed to achieve the minimum
desired resistance using a single filament would generally be considerably
longer than the desired length. Therefore most strain gauges consist of a grid
configuration of a single wire. Since the grid will respond to the average value
of strain between the ends of the grid, this dimension is the basic measuring
length of a strain gauge, and is called the gauge length. Because it would be
very difficult to attach instrumentation wires to the fine diameter wires used in
the grid ( - 0 . 0 2 m m ) , heavier wires of about 0.2 mm diameter are soldered to
the grid for connection to the signal wires after the gauge installation (see
figure B.1).

page B2

The wire strain gauge consists

typically of a grid of resistance wire to
w h i c h the paper backing is attached,
see figure B . 1 . The foil strain gauge,
see figure B.2, is essentially a small
printed circuit. The gauge grid differs
from that of a wire gauge in that the
cross-sectional area is rectangular
instead of circular. In this particular
case this difference is of no
importance.

Gauge
tnglh

In this study t w o types of wire strain

gauges were used: 5 mm 'flat-grid
FigureB.I
Wire strain
type wire strain gauges' and 10 mm
'foil strain gauges'.
Table B.1 gives the details. The physical size of the
backing of the 10 mm foil strain gauge is the same of
that of the 5 mm gauge. That was the reason that
after applying t w o 10 mm foil gauges on one steel bar
Figure
less expensive 5 mm strain gauges were applied on the
remaining bars.

3.

Backing

gauge

B.2

outline

Foil gauge
(leads
attached)

Installation

The performance of the strain gauge is critically dependent on the quality of the
installation and the adhesive used. The adhesive used is
Micro-Measurements
Certified M Bond 200 which is a cyanoacrylate compound. This material is
simple to use, the application of thumb pressure is sufficient for a good
bonding.
Preparation surface
The standard procedure for the surface preparation consists of five basic steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Solvent degreasing
Abrading
Application of gauge lay out lines
Conditioning
Neutralising

Degreasing cleans as far as possible the surface of the steel, this was done
w i t h alcohol. Final abrading was done w i t h silicon carbide paper 6 0 0 grit dry
and w e t . Wet abrading is preferred as conditioners (oil was used in this case)
accelerate the cleaning. Accurate alignment of the strain gauge is always a
requirement. Just beneath the clamping of the bar to the measuring frame the
position of the strain gauge was marked. To remove all residue a conditioner
was used subsequently. This conditioner left the surface slightly acidic and
adhesives (particularly cyanoacrylates) will not bond to an acidic surface.
Therefore a neutralizer was applied to neutralize the surface.

page B3

Once the surface was ready, the M-bond 200 catalyst was applied on the
bonding surface of the gauge. Together w i t h the M-bond 200 adhesive on the
steel surface the bond was quickly made.

Lead wire attachment and protection

Soft soldering was used after the wires from the gauge were knotted around
the
lead wires making use of t w o tweezers. Afterwards, several layers of protective
coat were applied to make the gauge 'spatproof'. Waterproofness was tried to
accomplish by making a cone of tape around the strain gauges and filling it w i t h
silicon glue.

Verification
To check the quality of the installation the installed resistance was verified
because this should be the standard 120 ohms. Testing should not be confined
to the completed installation but carried out at various stages during the
installation process. Therefore after attachment of the leads and after
application of the protective coating the resistance of the gauge was tested. A
difference in resistance was distinguished before and after soldering the lead
wires to the signal wires which proofed that a good connection was made.

Instrumentation
Almost all strain
Wheatstone
measurement systems can
bridge
be broken d o w n into the
components shown in
figure B.3. A strain gauge
can be considered as a
passive resistor which
requires a power source.
Changes in resistance
caused by mechanical
strain are measured in a
bridge circuit which
produces an out-of-balance
Figure B.3
voltage. This voltage needs
to be amplified and displayed.

Bridge
supply

Display

Amplifier
Schematic-strain

measurement

system

Wheatstone bridge
The wheatstone bridge is most commonly used for converting the small change
in the resistance of the strain gauge into a voltage suitable for amplification.
Consider figure B.4 in which /?,, R , R and R are resistors. Assuming that the
condition R/R
= R2/R3 is satisfied then the output voltage V
will be zero, or
'the bridge is balanced'. A change in resistance in /?, will unbalance the bridge
and produce a voltage across the output terminals.
2

out

page B4

If a similar change, in both magnitude and

polarity occurs in an adjacent arm of the
bridge, say R , then the voltage V
will
remain at zero and the bridge will remain in
a balanced condition. If, in adjacent arms,
resistance changes occur of equal
magnitude but opposite polarity, than the
voltage V
will be twice that due to
resistance changes in one arm. The eight
strain gauges on the four steel bars were
therefore in such a configuration connected
that the output signals were added up. The
output equation for the bridge is:
4

out

out

Figure B. 4

Wheatstone

bridge

KeNV, Input

V,out
in which

[B.3]

is the gauge factor

Vinput
' the voltage over the bridge
e
is the strain
N
is the number of active arms of the bridge
This includes that the output is independent of the gauge resistance. The
output voltage V
was directly measured and displayed w i t h a Digital Volt
Meter (DVM).
s

out

Chart recorder
The output voltage was amplified and plotted with a chart recorder, see
appendix D for the plots.

5.

Calibration

To calibrate the measuring system w i t h the strain gauges first every single
strain gauge was tested. This was done w i t h a so called 'Quarter Bridge', see
figure B.5.
Resistors of 120 Q were used to
form the bridge. The order of
resistance changes in the strain
gauges are:
A/9

K*R*e

If K=2,

/?= 1 20 Q and e = 1 fje:

AR = 2 x 120 x 1 * 10" =
0 . 2 4 mQ
This is very small. For comparison a
two-conductor copper cable of 1
m m section and 10 m length
WOUld Change in resistance by
Figure B.5
Quarter Bridge, three lead system
approximately 0 . 0 1 2 8 ohms for a
1 0 C change in temperature. For the above example this is equivalent to a shift
6

page B5

of 5 4 jje in the gauge. The advantage of a three lead wire system is:
The resistance of the lead wires, irrespective of length does not
unbalance the bridge because there are similar lead wires in
adjacent arms of the bridge and their effects will cancel out.
Resistance changes of the lead wires produced by temperature
changes are cancelled out in the bridge.
Desensitisation effects of the lead wires are halved.
In this case an example of the obtained values are:
e

2*30*10" *1 *2

- 3 * 1 0 " V - 300/771/

The separate testing of the strain gauges showed that the strain gauges were
measuring different values of strain on different bars. On one bar the amount of
strain turned out to be the same value. This is probably the effect of the
slightly different locations of the strain gauges w i t h respect to the clamping of
the steel bars to the measuring frame.
After separate calibration the eight strain
gauges were used as four arms of the
Wheatstone bridge, the sensitivity of the
system increased significantly. However,
the greatest advantage is that all lead wires
from the measuring point to the
instrumentation, including plugs and
connectors are outside the measuring
circuit, see figure B.6.
Figure B. 6

The final configuration of the strain gauges

Full
Wheatstone
configuration

bridge

is given in figure B.7 en figure B.8.

In this configuration the signals are
added up so a maximum signal can
be obtained. For convenience the
input voltage is set on 5.8 V
because the output for 1 N loading
is then 10 mV.

Static calibration
T w o types of calibration are done.
One without water and one in the
Figure B. 7
Gauge numbers on steel bars
Odd nr.:
tension
wave channel w i t h water. The
Even nr.:
compression
'dry' calibration was mainly to
determine the convenient voltage
and to proof that the measuring system was linear.

page B6

Figure

B.8

Calibration

in

water

The actual ' w e t ' calibration was done w i t h the complete set up in the channel
as shown in figure B.9.
The output from the plotter gave for the three different types of loading the
same result which proofs the assumption that the caisson is a stiff mass which
spreads the load equally.
See figure B.10 for the output of the
calibration.

Figure

page B7

B.9

Final lay out

bridge

Figure B. 10

Calibration

strain

gauges

page B8

APPENDIX C .

DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED FLEXIBILITY

OF THE STEEL BARS SUPPORTING THF
CAISSON

When the measuring frame attached to the caisson is schematized as a portal

frame w i t h an infinite rigid girder, the dynamic horizontal wave load can be
regarded as a dynamic load on a one degree mass-spring system. The required
flexibility of the steel bars supporting the caisson is than determined for a given
order of magnitude for the horizontal displacement of the girder.

1.

Schematization

Figure C.1 shows the

schematization of the measuring
frame as a portal frame. T w o
assumptions are made:

The connections of
the steel bars to
the caisson are
fixed.
The caisson is a
rigid mass.
The vertical loads
on the frame are
negligible.

Figure C. 1

Schematization

portal

frame

Which implies that the horizontal wave load on the caisson can be considered
as a horizontal load on a infinite rigid (flexibility El ~ oo) girder. The lever arm
of the wave load is for every wave different but can be considered equal to the
length of the bars when the caisson spreads the wave load equally over the
front.
The weight of the steel bars and steel spacers (see appendix J for the detailed
drawings of the measuring frame) and the uplift force of the caisson (because it
is an empty perspex box in water) are not taken into account. In fact this
vertical load can be considered as prestressing of the columns but can be
neglected because there is no significant influence on the linear behaviour of
the strain gauges w i t h the horizontal load.
Although the connections between the steel bars and the caisson are bolted,
every connection is considered to be a fixed connection. That denotes that no
rotation at the top and the bottom of the bars is allowed. A horizontal load
results therefore in only a horizontal displacement u. see figure C.2.
The rigid frame can be represented by a one-degree mass-spring system, see
figure C.3.

page C1

Figure C.2

Horizontal

displacement

F (t)
u

"1 II
I

Figure C.3

Mass-spring

system

The spring constant k of each column is simply equal to the inverse of the
deflection x at the top of the frame due to the unit horizontal load F w

- 9 k y

[C.1]

wave

in which
x
k

is the horizontal dynamic wave load

is the displacement of the caisson
is the spring constant of a column, given as:
1

[C.2]

Uof

in which

E
I

is the length of a column, which is the distance

from clamping (at the top of the caisson) to the
clamping of the steel bar (at the measuring frame)
(0.15 m)
is the elasticity modulus of steel ( 2 1 0 M 0 N/m )
is the moment of inertia ,given as:
9

I -

in which

b
h

12

b h

is the width of the steel bar (0.01 2 m)

is the height of the steel bar (0.006 m)

page C2

[C.3]

2.

Calculation

The length l of the steel bars was determined by the height of the caisson and
the lay out of the measuring frame attached to the channel (see appendix J).
Which resulted in a length / = 0.15 m. The cross area of steel bars available
was 0 . 5 " x 0 . 2 5 " = 12 mm x 6 m m .
a

The flexibility El and the spring constant k of one steel bar are given by:
El
= 2 1 0 * 1 0 (N/m ) * 1/1 2 * 0 . 0 1 2 * ( 0 . 0 0 6 ) (m ) "
= 45.36
Nm
9

= (12*45.36)/(0.15) 3

= 1 6 1 2 8 0 N/m

That gives a maximum displacement u for the maximum expected wave force
u

= 50/(2*161280) =

1.55*1Q- m = 0.15 mm

Which is sufficient for the strain gauges to measure strain.

page C3

APPENDIX P.

R E S U L T S E X P E R I M E N T 1:
OUTPUT CHART RECORDER

The chart recorder plotted the wave height and the wave load in different colours. It was not possible to copy these graphs properly in black
and white. Some output is given for the illustration.

A P P E N D I X K.

RESULTS EXPERIMENT 2:

The measurements are given in numbers and graphs. For every w a v e ,

characterised by the wave height and the wave period, failure occurred for a
certain weight of the caisson. Only for this weight the calculation w i t h the
linear wave theory is printed. All these occurrences of failure are plotted in the
final graph.
For every measurement is the relation between the weight of the caisson and
the safety factors for sliding and overturning given.
Finally the horizontal dynamic wave force F is plotted against the upward
normal force N to distinguish the friction coefficient /v.
w

F o r / - ^ - - o. b

EXPERIMENT 2

M22

M22

no sill

with sill
4
Failure

3.5

Failure

3.5

No failure I

3-

No failure

2.5

>
O

u;

1.5'

ui
1
Iteorelkal EalUjce

lhoorllcnl failure

0.5
1.5

0.0

1.5

2.0
2.5
S.F.sliding

3.5

2.0
2.5
S.F.sliding

M28

M28

with sill

no sill
2

1.8

Failure

Failure

1.6'

No failure

1.4'
No failure
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4

theoretical failure

theoretical failure

0.2
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.8

2.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

EXPERIMENT 2

for

y i ^ - . O . b

M38

M38

no sill

with sill

1.8

Failure

1.6

No failure

1.4
1.2'

1.8

1.2

0.8

0.8'

0.6

0.6
theoretical failure

theoretical failure
0.4+

0.2
0.0

No failure I

1.4

1'

0.4

Failure

1.6

0.2
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

M32

M32

no sill

with sill

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2
Failure

1.8
1.6

No failure

1.4'
1.2'
1'
0.8'
0.6'

theoretical failure
0.4'

theoretical failure

0.2
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

M32 (20th july)

M38 (20th july)

no sill

with sill

Failure

1.8

Failure

1.6
No failure

1.4
1.2
1
0.8'
0.6

theoretical failure
0.4

theoretical failure

0.2
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.6

1.8

2.0

pior

0.6
M38

M38

no sill

with sill

1.8

1.8

Failure

1.6

No failure

1.4
1.2

1.6

1.2'
1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6
theoretical failure

theoretical failure
0.4-

0.2
0.0

No failure

1.4'

0.4

Failure

0.20.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

M32

M32

no sill

with sill

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2
1.8

Failure
a

No failure

1.8

Failure

1.6'

No failure I

1.4'

'

1-2

1.2

0.8

0.8

0.6

theoretical failure

0.4-|
0.2
0.0

theoretical failure

0.2
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.(

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1.0
1.2
S.F.sliding

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

EXPERIMENT 2

M E A S U R E M E N T S O F T H E 21 ST OF JULY:

M38
No sill

W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

08

25

0.79

0.75

0.028

595

failure

102

29

0.S2

0.82

0.017

1137

failure

106

33

1.04

0.93

0.006

3667

failure

110

37

1.17

1.04

err

failure

114

41

1.29

1.11

err

failure

114

41

1.29

1.11

err

failure

116

43

1.36

1.18

err

no failure

117

44

1.39

1.18

err

no failure

118

45

1.42

1.21

err

With sill W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

110

43

1.36

1.26

err

no failure

114

47

1.48

1.35

err

failure
no failure

118

51

1.61

1.48

122

55

1.74

1.61

err
err

no failure

126

59

1.86

1.7

err

M32
No sill

W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

94

22

0.94

failure

96

24

1.03

err

no failure

98

26

1.11

1.11

err

no failure

102

30

1.29

1.21

err

With sill W (N)

N (N)

0.95

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

0.005

2933

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

93

26

1.11

1.13

err

failure

93

26

1.11

1.13

err

no failure

94

27

1.16

1.2

err

no failure

94

27

1.16

1.2

err

M E A S U R E M E N T S O F T H E 2 0 T H O F JULY:

M22
No sill
failure

W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

100

31

3.1

2.44

failure

100

31

3.1

2.44

err

no failure

101

32

3.2

2.56

err

no failure

102

33

3.3

2.56

err

With sill W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

err

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

96

29

2.9

2.71

no failure

97

30

2.86

err

rocking

99

32

3.2

err

rocking

100

33

3.3

3.14

err

err

M28
No sill

W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.lurn

arrn N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

94

24

1.31

1.13

err

failure

99

29

1.58

1.31

err

failure

100

30

1,64

1.38

err

no failure

102

32

1.75

1.44

err

With sill W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

97

30

1.64

1.54

err

failure

99

32

1.75

1.62

err

no failure

100

33

1.8

1.69

err

rocking

101

34

1.85

1.77

err

no failure

102

35

1.91

1.77

err

M32
No sill

W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

96

25

1.25

1.06

err

failure

26

1.3

1.11

err

no failure

97
99

28

1.4

1.17

err

no failure

100

29

1.45

1.22

err

no failure

102

31

1.55

1.28

err

no failure

104

33

1.65

1.39

err

no failure

105

34

1.7

1.39

err

M38
With sill W (N)

N (N)

S.F.sliding S.F.turn

arm_N (m) Pmax (N/m)

failure

102

35

1.24

1.15

err

failure

104

37

1.31

1.25

err

failure

105

38

1.34

1.25

err

failure

107

40

1.41

1.35

err

failure

108

41

1.45

1.35

err

(R=50)

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y
Geometric-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100)

75

Water-scale

1.03

Rho_o-scale

0.561086

Prototype

Model
Formulae

Scaling
Length

22.5

0.3

0.975

0.013

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.061

h_caisson

19

0.253

h_overtop

15.4

0.205

0.11

Hz

0.95

0.52

0.63

0.92

0.3

1.07

1.81

1.50

1.09

1.07

L0

135

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

854992

1.787544
0.10741

Hd

1.8

T28

T38

T22

T32

0.S3

h/LO

0.106667

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

h/IO

0.106887

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

98

kh

0.023244

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

kd

0.827072

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

sinhkh

1.060107 -

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

coshkh

1.457336 -

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

coshk(h-d)

1.004628 -

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1.004656

coshkd

1.361971 -

1.366501

1,092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

tanhkh

0.727428

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

sinhk(h-d)

0.09632

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m " 3

1000

rho c

1240

kg/m " 3

2210

1000
2210
1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

220

kN/m'

38

38

38

38

38

38

p+3

150

kN/m'

26

26

34

33

27

26

p+4

kN/m'

150

kN/m'

26

26

34

33

27

26

Scaling

SLIDING

pu

ormulae

P_"P
p_weight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

Fw1

2290

kN

Fv/2

110

kN

Fw

2400

kN

48090

kN

203

200

96

100

114

202

N'

750

kN

18040

kN

76

131

27

31

47

133

Uplift

29300

kN

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding
b

0.6
10820

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

46

78.6

16.2

18.6

28.2

79.8

7.67

15.72

2.7

3.1

5.64

15.96

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

kN

4.51
10

67
0.6

OVERTURNING in hee
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.2O3

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.080

0.080

0.089

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044
4

arrnN
b/3
Fw1.1

1935

kN

Fw1.2

451.5

kN

2386.5

kN

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

107

kN

Fw1.

Overestimation Fw:
1.04214
M_Fw1.1

12578

kNm

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.3

M_Fw1.2

3883

kNm

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

M_Fw2.1

kNm

M_Fw2.2

1541

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2
0.6

18000

kNm

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.4

-6.7

-7.6

-13.5

M_N'

5025

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

M_N

kNm

11.25

11.13

2.11

2.44

4.43

11.25

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_Fw
Mjjplift

S.F.overt

4.08

pmax

ERR

kN/m'<

13500

ERR

N/m' <

4280

kN/m' (prototype)
N/m' (mod

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y

(R=50)

Geometric-scale

75

Water-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100)

1.03

Rhoc-ecale

0.561086

Prototype

Model
Scaling

Length
Hd

Formulae

22.5

0.3

0.975

0.013

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.061

19

0.253
0.205

h caisson
h_overtop

15.4

0.11

Hz

0.95

9.3

1.07

L0

135

h/LO

0.106667

h/10

0.106887

98

L
kh

0.923244

kd

0.827072

sinhkh

1.060107

sinhk(h-d)

1.8

0.09632

coshkh

1.457336

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

coshkd

1,361971

tanhkh

0.727428

1.307

138

122

T32

T28

0.52

0.63

0.92

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

0.10741

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829802

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1,004656

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

0.93

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m " 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1240

kg/m " 3

2210

2210

1060

1260

1060
T38

T22

T32

0.93

2230
T28

Formulae

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

220

kN/m'

38

38

38

38

38

38

p+3

150

kN/m'

26

26

34

33

27

26

p+4

kN/m'

150

kN/m'

26

26

34

33

27

26

P_"P
p_weight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

Fw1

2290

kN

Fw2

110

kN

2400

kN

48090

kN

203

200

96

96

114

202

N'

750

kN

18040

kN

76

131

27

29

47

133

Uplilt

29300

Scaling

SLIDING

pu

Fw

mu
Fl
S.F.sliding
b

0.6
10820

kN

kN

4.51
10 m

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

46

78.6

16.2

17.4

28.2

79.8

7.67

15.72

2.7

2.9

5.64

15.96

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

OVERTURNING in heel
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arrnW

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0,067

armN'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arrnN

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044
4

b/3
FW1.1

1935

kN

Fw1.2

451.5

kN

2386.5

kN

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

107

kN

Fw1.

Overestimation Fw:
1.04214
M_Fw1.1

12578

kNm

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.3

M_Fw1.2

3883

kNm

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

M_Fw2.1

kNm

M_Fw2.2

1541

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2
0.6

18000

kNm

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.4

-6.4

-7.6

-13.5

M_N'

5025

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

M_N

kNm

11.25

11.13

2.11

2.71

4.43

11.25

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_Fw
Mjjplift

S.F.overt
pmax

4.08
ERR

kN/m'<

13500

ERR

N/m' <

4280

kN/m' (prototype)
N/m' (moc

(R=50)

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y
Geometric-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100)

75

Water-scale

1.03

Rho c-scale

0.561086
Model

Prototype

Scaling
22.5

0.3

1.8

0.024

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.081

19

0.253

h_overtop

16.2 m

0.216

0.11

T
L0

Length
Hd

h_caisson

Hz

0.95

9.3

1.07

135

h/LO

0.106667

h/IO

0.106887

98

kh

0.923244

kd

0.827072

sinhkh

1.060107

sinhk(h-d)

0.09632

coshkh

1.457336

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

coshkd

1.361971

tanhkh

0.727428

.
.

1.307

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m " 3

rho_c

1240

kg/m

T28

0.52

0.63

0.92

0.93

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

0.10741

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1.004656

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

1060

1100

1260

1100

0.93

1.8

T38

T22

T32

1000

1000

2210

2210

Hz
s
m

m/s
kg/m

T32

T38

T22

kg/m

T28

Formulae

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

410

kN/m'

71

71

71

71

71

71

N/m

p+3

280

kN/m'

48

49

63

60

49

49

N/m

p+4

kN/m'

N/m

280

kN/m'

48

49

63

60

49

49

N/m

Scaling

SLIDING

pu
P_"P
pweight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

N/m

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

N/m

Fw1

4220

kN

10

10

11

11

10

10 N
1 N

370

kN

4590

kN

11

11

12

12

11

11

48090

kN

203

200

96

100

114

100

N'

1400

kN

17390

kN

73

130

25

29

47

30

Uplift

29300

kN

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

Fw2
Fw

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding
b

0.6
10430

44

78

15

17.4

28.2

7.09

1.25

1.45

2.56

1.64

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

kN

2.27
10

18 N

OVERTURNING in heel
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.087

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arm_N

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

b/3
Fw1.1

3612

kN

11

10

Fw1.2

838.5

kN

4450.5

kN

10

10

12

11

10

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

369

kN

Fw1.

10 N

Overestimation Fw:
1.054621
M_Fw1.1

23478

kNm

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.7

Nm

M_Fw1.2

7211

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

Nm

M Fw2.1

kNm

Nm

M_Fw2.2

5314

kNm

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

Nm

36000

kNm

1.1

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

Nm

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Nm

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.4

-6.7

-7.6

-6.7

Nm

M_N'

9380

kNm

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.3

Nm

M_N

kNm

Nm

6.43

5.56

1.06

1.22

2.38

1.38

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

M Fw
M_uplift

S.F.overt
pmax

2.07
ERR

kN/m'<

13500

ERR

N/m' <

4280

kN/m' (prototype)
N/m' (moc

(R=50)

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y
Geometric-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100)

75

Water-scale

1.03

Rhoc-scale

0.561086
Model

Prototype

Scaling
22.5

0.3

1.8

0.024

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.081

19

0.253

hovertop

16.2

0.216

0.11

Hz

0.95
1.07

Length
Hd

h_calsson

9.3

L0

135

h/LO

0.106667

h/10

0.106887

kh

0.923244

kd

0.827072

sinhkh

1.060107

sinhk(h-d)

1.8

98

T32

0.09632

1.307

T28

T38

T22

m
0.93

Hz

1.09

1.07

1.854992

1.787544

0.63

0.92

0.93

0.52
1.91

1.59

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

0.10741

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.805005

0.926067

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

coshkh

1.457336

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1.004656

coshkd

1.381971

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

tanhkh

0.727428

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

1060

1100

1260

1100

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m* 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1240

kg/m " 3

2210

2210

m/s
kg/m * 3

T32

kg/m ~ 3

T28

T38

T22
1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

410

kN/m'

71

71

71

71

71

71

N/m

p+3

280

kN/m'

48

49

63

60

49

49

N/m

p+4

kN/m'

N/m

280

kN/m'

48

49

63

60

49

49

N/m

pu

Formulae

Scaling

SLIDING

P-"P
pweight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

N/m

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

N/m

Fw1

4220

kN

10

10

11

11

10

10 N

370

kN

4590

kN

11

11

12

12

11

11

48090

kN

203

200

96

100

114

100

N'

1400

kN

17390

kN

73

130

25

29

47

33

Uplift

29300

kN

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

Fw2
Fw

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding

0.6
10430

kN

2.27
10 m

1 N

19.8 N

44

78

15

17.4

28.2

7.09

1.25

1.45

2.56

1.8

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

OVERTURNING in heel
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arm_N

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

m
N

b/3
FW1.1

3612

kN

11

10

Fw1.2

838.5

kN

2 N
10 N

4450.5

kN

10

10

12

11

10

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

369

kN

2 N

Fw1.

Overestimation Fw:
1.054621
M_Fw1.1

23478

kNm

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.7

Nm

M_Fw1.2

7211

kNm

0.2

0,2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

Nm

M_Fw2.1

kNm

Nm

M_Fw2.2

5314

kNm

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

Nm

36000

kNm

1.1

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

Nm

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Nm

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.4

-6.7

-7.6

-6.7

Nm

M_N'

9380

kNm

0.3

0,3

0.4

0.4

Nm

kNm

Nm

8.43

5.56

1.06

1.22

2.38

1.69

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_Fw
M^uplift

M_N
S.F.overt

2,07

pmax

ERR

kN/m'<

13500

ERR

N/m' <

4280

kN/m' (prototype)
N/m' (moc

(R=50)

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y
Geometric-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100)

75

Water-scale

1.03

Rhoc-scale

0.561086
Model

Prototype

Scaling
22.5

0.3

1.725

0,023

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.081

h_caisson

19

0.253

h_overtop

16.1

0.215

0.11

Hz

0.95
1.07

Length
Hd

9.3

L0

135

h/LO

0.106667

h/10

0.106887

98

1.8

1.307

T38
0.63

T28
0.92

m
0.93

Hz

0.93

0.52
1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

0.10741

0.107696

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067
0.829602

coshkh

1.457336

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

1.004656

coshkd

1.361971

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

tanhkh

0.727428

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

kh

0.923244

kd

0.827072

sinhkh

1.060107

sinhk(h-d)

0.09632

m
T22

T32

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m* 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1240

kg/m* 3

2210

2210

m/s
kg/m

1070
T32

1100

1260
T38

T22

1100

kg/m

T28

1.91

1.59

1.09

p+1

390

kN/m

67

68

68

68

68

68 N/m

p+3

270

kN/m'

47

46

61

58

47

47 N/m

p+4

kN/m'

N/m

270

kN/m'

47

46

61

58

47

47

N/m

p_up

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

N/m

p_weight

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

N/m

Fw1

4050

kN

11

11

SLIDING

pu

Scaling

Formulae

1.07

9 N

340

kN

1 N

4390

kN

10

10

12

12

10

10 N

48090

kN

203

200

97

100

114

100

N'

1350

kN

17440

kN

74

130

26

29

47

30

Uplift

29300

kN

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

Fw2
Fw

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding

0.6
10460

44

78

15.6

17.4

28.2

4.4

7.8

1.3

1.45

2.82

1.8

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

kN

2.38
10

18 N

OVERTURNING in hee
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

a r m F w l .2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

armJJ

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arm_N

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

b/3
FW1.1

3483

kN

10

10

Fw1.2

774

kN

2 N

4257

kN

10

10

11

11

10

10 N

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

336

kN

2 N

Fw1.

8 N

Overestimation Fw:
1.051111
M_Fw1.1

22640

kNm

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.7

Nm

M_Fw1.2

6656

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

Nm

MJ=w2.1

kNm

Nm

M_Fw2.2

4838

kNm

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

Nm

34130

kNm

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

Nm

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Nm

MFw
M_uplift
M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.5

-6,7

-7.6

-6.7

Nm

MN'

9045

kNm

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.3

Nm

M_N

kNm

Nm

6.92

5.56

1.11

1.22

2.38

1.38

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

S.F.overt
pmax

2.18
ERR

kN/m'<

13500

kN/m' (pro

ERR

N/m' <

4280

N/m' (mod

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y

(R=50)

Geometric-scale
Water-scale

75
1,03

Rho_c-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100)

0.561086

Prototype

Model
Scaling

Length
Hd

Formulae

22.5

0.3

2.025

0.027

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.061

19 m

0.253

h_caisson
h_overtop

16.4

0.219

0.11

Hz

0.95

9.3

1.07

L0

135

1.8

T32
0.93
1.788

T22

T38

T28

0.52

0.63

0.92

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544
0.10741

0.93

h/LO

0.106667

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

h/IO

0.106887

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

98

1.307

kh

0.923244

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

kd

0.827072

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

sinhkh

1.060107

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09669

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

sinhk(h-d)

0.09632 -

coshkh

1.457336

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1,004447

1.004656

coshkd

1.361971

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

tanhkh

0.727428

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

1060

2230

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m* 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1240

kg/m * 3

2210

2210
T32

SLIDING

Scaling

Formulae

T22

1260
T36

2230
T28

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

460

kN/m'

79

79

79

79

79

79

p+3

320

kN/m'

55

55

71

68

55

55

p+4

kN/m'

320

kN/m'

55

55

71

68

55

55

pu
P_"P
p_weight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

Fw1

4750

kN

11

11

13

12

11

11

Fw2

470

kN

Fw

5220

kN

12

12

14

13

12

12

48090

kN

203

200

96

202

114

202

N'

1600

kN

17190

kN

73

129

24

130

47

131

Uplift

29300

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding

0.6
10310

kN

kN

10

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6
78.6

44

77.4

14.4

78

28.2

3.67

6.45

1.03

2.35

6.55

0.133

0.133

0,133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.086

1.98

67
0.6

OVERTURNING in heel
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arm_N

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044
9

b/3
Fw1.1

4128

kN

12

12

Fw1.2

903

kN

5031

kN

11

11

13

13

11

11

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2,2

466

kN

Fw1.

Overestimation Fw:
1.059158
M_Fw1.1

26832

kNm

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

M_Fw1.2

7766

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

M_Fw2.1

kNm

M_Fw2.2

6710

kNm

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

M_Fw

41310

kNm

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.4

-13.5

-7.6

-13.5

MN'

10720

kNm

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

M_N

kNm

5.63

4.94

4.74

2.21

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_uplift

S.F.overt

1.81

pmax

ERR

kN/m'<

13500

kN/m' (pro

ERR

N/m' <

4280

N/m' (mod

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y

(R=50)

Geometric-scale

75

Water-scale

(slope toreshore= 1:100)

1.03

Rhoc-scale

0.551086
Model

Prototype

Scaling
Length

22.5

0.3

2.025

0.027

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

4.6

0.061

Hd

hc
h_caisson

19 m

ormulae

0.253
r32

0.219

h_overtop

16.4

0.11

Hz

0.95

9.3

1.07

L0

135

1.788

1.8

T28

T38

T22

0.93

0.52

0.83

0.92

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544
0.10741

0.93

h/LO

0.106667

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

h/IO

0.106887

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

98

1.307

kh

0.923244

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

kd

0.827072

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

sinhkh

1.060107

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09632

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

coshkh

1.457336

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1.004656

coshkd

1.361971

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

tanhkh

0.727428

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

sinhk(h-d)

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m * 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1240

kg/m* 3

2210

2210

1030

2230

1260

2230
T22

T32

T28

T38

Formulae

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

460

kN/m'

79

79

79

79

79

79

p+3

320

kN/m'

55

55

71

68

55

55

p+4

kN/m'

320

kN/m'

55

55

71

68

55

55

Scaling

SLIDING

pu
P_ P
p_weight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

Fw1

4750

kN

11

11

13

12

11

11

Fv/2

470

kN

5220

kN

12

12

14

13

12

12

48090

kN

203

200

93

202

114

202

N'

1600

kN

17190

kN

73

129

26

130

47

131

Uplift

29300

Fw

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding
b

0.6
10310

kN

kN

1.98
10 m

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6
78.6

44

77.4

15.6

78

28.2

3.67

6.45

1.11

2.35

6.55

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

OVERTURNING in heel
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arm_N

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044
9

b/3
Fw1.1

4128

kN

12

12

Fw1.2

903

kN

5031

kN

11

11

13

13

11

11

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

466

kN

Fw1.

Overestimation Fw:
1.059158
M_Fw1.1

26832

kNm

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

M_Fw1.2

7766

kNm

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

M_Fw2.1

kNm

M_Fw2.2

6710

kNm

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

41310

kNm

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.2

-13.5

-7.6

-13.5

M_N'

10720

kNm

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

M_N

kNm

5.63

4.94

1.13

4.74

2.21

ERR

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_Fw
M_uplift

S.F.overt
pmax

1.81
ERR

kN/m'<

13500

kN/m' (pro

ERR

N/m' <

4280

N/m' (mod

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y

(R=50)

Geo me trie-scale

75

Water-scale

(slope foreshore= 1:100}

1,03

Rho_c-scale

0.574661

Prototype

Model
Scaling

Length
Hd

Formulae

22.5

0.3

3.075

0.041

14.4

0.192

12,9

0.172

hc

4.6

0.061

hcaisson

19

0.253

h_overtop

17.5

0.233

0.11

Hz

0.95

9.3

1.07

L0

135

h/LO

0.106667

h/10

0.106887

98

kh

0.923244

kd

0.827072

sinhkh

1.060107

sinhk(h-d)

0.09632

coshkh

1.457336

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

coshkd

1.361971

tanhkh

0.727428

1.8

1.307

T32

T22

0.93

0.92

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

0.10741

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.529

2.071

1.333

1.302683

0.93

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

1,004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1.004656

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

10.6

m/s

1030

kg/m* 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1270

kg/m * 3

2210

2210

1030
T32

Scaling

T28

0.63

rho_w

SLIDING

T38

0.52

2230
T22

1280
T38

2230
T28

Formulae

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

p+1

700

kN/m'

121

121

121

121

121

121

p+3

480

kN/m'

83

83

108

103

84

83

p+4

kN/m'

480

kN/m'

83

83

108

103

84

83

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

pu
P_"P
p_weight

506

506

506

4910

kN/m'

1519

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

Fw1

7210

kN

17

17

19

19

17

17

FwZ

1080

kN

Fw

8290

kN

19

19

21

21

19

19
202

48940

kN

202

200

93

202

116

N'

2400

kN

17240

kN

71

127

26

128

43

129

Uplift

29300

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding

0.6
10340

kN

kN

1.25

10 m

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

43

76.2

15.6

76.8

25.8

77.4

2.26

4.01

0.74

3.66

1.36

4.07

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

OVERTURNING in heel
arm_Fw1.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fw1.2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

arm_N

0,031

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044
14

b/3
Fw1.1

6192

kN

14

14

19

18

14

Fw1.2

1419

kN

Fwt.

7611

kN

17

17

20

20

17

17

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

1076

kN

Overestimation Fw:
1.055617
M_Fw1.1

40248

kNm

1.2

1.2

1.6

1.5

1.2

1.2

M_Fw1.2

12203

kNm

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

M_Fw2.1

kNm

M_Fw2.2

15494

kNm

0.5

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

M_Fw

67950

kNm

2.1

2.3

2.5

2.5

2.3

2.3

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

M_W

-244700

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.2

-13.5

-7.8

-13.5

M_N'

16080

kNm

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.5

kNm

0.8

3.46

3.18

0.68

2.9

1.18

3.21

559

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_uplift

M_N
S.F.overt

1.17

pmax

ERR

kN/m'<

13500

ERR

N/m' <

4180

kN/m' (prototype)
N/m' (mod

LINEAR WAVE T H E O R Y

(R=50)

Geo metric-scale

75

Water-scale

(slope foreshore=1:100)

1.03

Rho^c-scate

0.581086

Prototype

Model
Scaling

Length

Formulae

22.5

0.3

3.075

0.041

14.4

0.192

12.9

0.172

4.6

0,061

h^caisson

19

0.253

hovertop

17.5

0.233

0.11

Hz

0.95
1.07

Hd

hc

9.3

L0

135

1.8

T32
0.93

T22

T28

T38

0.52

0.63

0.92

1.91

1.59

1.09

0.93
1.07

1.788

5.695815

3.947148

1.854992

1.787544
0.10741

h/LO

0.106667

0.107383

0.033709

0.048643

0.103504

h/IO

0.106887

0.107896

0.033697

0.048624

0.103522

0.10741

1.299

2.S29

2.071

1.333

1.302683

0.928693

0.477015

0.582507

0.905005

0.926067

0.831954

0.427326

0.521829

0.810734

0.829602

1.068064

0.495312

0.616012

1.033702

1.064226

0.09689

0.04971

0.060715

0.094411

0.096615

1.463134

1.115946

1.174509

1.438242

1.460334

1.004683

1.001235

1.001841

1.004447

1.004656

1.366501

1.092702

1.139271

1.347045

1.364314

0.729984

0.44385

0.524485

0.718726

0.728755

1.22

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.21746

98

kh

0.923244

kd

0.827072

sinhkh

1.060107

sinhk(h-d)

0.09632

coshkh

1.457336

coshk(h-d)

1.004628

coshkd

1.361971

tanhkh

0.727428

1.307

10.6

m/s

rho_w

1030

kg/m* 3

1000

1000

rho_c

1240

kg/m* 3

2210

2210

1030
T32

1260

2230
T38

T22

2230
T28

Formulae

1.91

1.59

1.09

1.07

D+1

700

kN/m'

121

121

121

121

121

121

p+3

480

kN/m'

83

83

108

103

84

83

p+4

kN/m'

480

kN/m'

83

83

108

103

84

83

SLIDING

pu

Scaling

P_UP
p_weight

2930

kN/m'

506

506

506

506

506

506

4790

kN/m'

1518

1515

1515

1515

1515

1515

Fw1

7210

kN

17

17

19

19

17

17

Fw2

1080

kN

Fw

8290

kN

19

19

21

21

19

19

48090

kN

203

200

93

202

114

202

N'

2400

kN

16390

kN

69

127

26

128

47

129

Uplift

29300

kN

mu
Ff
S.F.sliding

0.6
9830

kN

1.19
10 m

67

67

67

67

67

67

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

42

76.2

15.6

76.8

28.2

77.4

2.21

4.01

0.74

3.66

1.48

4.07

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

0.133

OVERTURNING In heel
arm Fwt.1

6.5

0.087

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.086

arm_Fwt .2

8.6

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

arm_Fw2.1

15.2

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

0.203

arm_Fw2.2

14.4

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

0.192

arm_U

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm_W

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

arm N'

6.7

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.089

0.031

3.3

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044

0.044
14

arm_N
b/3
FW1.1

6192

kN

14

14

19

18

14

Fw1.2

1419

kN

Fw1.

7611

kN

17

17

20

20

17

17

Fw2.1

kN

Fw2.2

1076

kN

Overestimation Fw:
1.055617
M_Fw1.1

40248

kNm

1.2

1.2

1.6

1.5

1.2

1.2

M_Fw1.2

12203

kNm

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

M_Fw2.1

kNm

M_Fw2.2

15494

kNm

0.5

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

67950

kNm

2.1

2.3

2.5

2.5

2.3

2.3

146500

kNm

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

M_W

-240450

kNm

-13.5

-13.4

-6.2

-13.5

-7.6

-13.5

M_N'

16080

kNm

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.5

M_N

kNm

0.8

3.46

3.18

0.68

2.9

1.35

3.21

559

ERR

ERR

ERR

M_Fw
M_uplift

S.F.overt
pmax

1.12
ERR

kN/m'<

13500

ERR

N/m' <

4280

kN/m' (prototype)
N/m' (mod

At moment of failure
50
Linear fit mu=0.4
Linear fit mu=0.5
without sill

with sill

8
10 12
F_wave (N)

14

16

18

20

A P P E N D I X L.

E X P E R I M E N T A L R E C O R D I N G TIME

The data of the waves is only valid before reflections of the wave generator do
influence the waves.
The propagating speed of the waves is depending on the wave period of the
waves, therefore for every wave period the number of valid waves is calculated. These waves have been measured to calculate the wave force.

Experimental recording time

Model
h
14.4
0.192
12.5
T
1.44
LO
243.9547 3.252729
h/LO
0.059027 0.059304
0.059027 0.059303
h/10
L
139.3471 1.857962
kh
0.649298 0.651017
sinhkh
0.695892 0.697987
sinhk(h-d) 0.067687 0.067687
1.218305 1.219503
coshkh
0.571197 0.572354
tanhkh
c
11.14774 1.288533
distance
9.375
t1
7
14
t2
t3=3*t1
21
t3-t1
14
# waves
10
pos. wave gauge (in L)
cos x*L

T21
0.192
1.64
4.199299
0.045722
0.045722
2.142603
0.56304
0.593264
0.058684
1.162739
0.51023
1.306466
9.375
7
14
21
14
9
0.046672
0.957309
T21

T11
0.192
1.59
3.947148
0.048643
0.048643
2.070561
0.58263
0.616157
0.060728
1.174585
0.524574
1.302244
9.375
7
14
21
14
9
0.048296
0.95431
T11

T41
0.192
1.51
3.559943
0.053933
0.053933
1.954846
0.617118
0.657041
0.064327
1.196538
0.549119
1.294595
9.375
7
14
21
14
9
0.051155
0.948789
T41

T31

T12

0.192
1.49
3.466264
0.055391
0.055391
1.925808
0.626424
0.668204
0.065299
1.202704
0.555585
1.292487
9.375
7
14
21
14
9
0.051926
0.947247
T31

0.192
1.46
3.328088
0.057691
0.057691
1.882175
0.640945
0.68574
0.066815
1.212534
0.565543
1.289162
9.375
7
14
21
14
10
0.05313
0.944796
T12

T42
0.192
1.44
3.237532
0.059304
0.059304
1.853041
0.651023
0.697994
0.067867
1.219506
0.572358
1.286829
9.375
7
14
21
14
10
0.053965
0.943063

0.192
1.41
3.10404
0.061855
0.061855
1.809231
0.666787
0.717307
0.069513
1.230662
0.582862
1.283142
9.375
7
14
21
14
10
0.055272
0.9403
T42

T32

T22

T13

T43

T33

T23

T14

T15

T44

T34

T24

0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
1.16
1.15
1.13
1.31
1.27
1.23
1.17
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.29
3.016607 2.973359 2.930423 2.679364 2.598176 2.518237 2.362106 2.137277 2.100899 2.064832 1.993637
0.063648 0.064573
0.06552 0.071659 0.073898 0.076244 0.081283 0.089834 0.091389 0.092986 0.096306
0.063648 0.064574
0.06552 0.071659 0.073898 0.076244 0.081283 0.089834 0.091389 0.092986 0.096306
1.66235 1.632804 1.603181 1.543745 1.454006 1.438984 1.423927 1.393767
1.779952 1.765306 1.750639
0.83835 0.847215 0.865548
0.677755 0.683378 0.689104 0.725702 0.738834 0.752486 0.781458 0.829688
0.730848 0.737824 0.744952 0.791099 0.807912 0.825538 0.863458 0.928209 0.940062 0.952266 0.977743
0.070658 0.071245 0.071843 0.075666 0.077038 0.078464 0.081492 0.086533 0.087439 0.088366 0.090283
1.238603 1.242733 1.246977 1.275083 1.285582 1.296732 1.321197 1.364394 1.372485 1.380873 1.398564
0.63663 0.653543 0.680308 0.684934 0.689612 0.699105
0.590058 0.593711 0.597406 0.620429
0.62844
1.2405
1.2382
1.23342
1.280549 1.279211 1.277843 1.268972 1.265737 1.262349 1.255074 1.242741
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
16
16
16
16
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
21
24
24
24
24
21
21
21
21
21
21
14
14
16
16
16
16
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
14
0.064778
0.068775
0.069493
0.070228
0.071748
0.056181 0.056647 0.057122 0.060156 0.061244 0.062376
0.92687 0.924177 0.918309 0.908076 0.906178 0.904215 0.900096
0.938341 0.937324 0.936281 0.929416
T15
T44
T34
T24
T13
T43
T33
T23
T14
T32
T22

T45

T16
T35
T25
T46
T36
T26
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
1.1
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.04
1.02
1.01
1.88919
1.85499
1.82111
1.78754
1.68871
1.62439
1.59269
0.10163
0.1035
0.10543
0.10741
0.1137
0.1182
0.12055
0.1035
0.10163
0.10543
0.10741
0.1137
0.1182
0.12055
1.33315
1.30268
1.34834
1.31793
1.25679
1.22605
1.21062
0.9049
0.89471
0.91536
0.92607
0.95989
0.98395
0.99649
1.01895
1.03356
1.04864
1.06423
1.11423
1.15059
1.16979
0.09333
0.0944
0.09549
0.09661
0.10015
0.10267
0.10399
1.42768
1.43814
1.44902
1.46033
1.49717
1.52442
1.53896
0.71371
0.71868
0.72369
0.72875
0.74423
0.75477
0.76011
1.22576
1.22307
1.2203
1.21746
1.20845
1.19864
1.202
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
16
15
15
15
15
16
0.07417
0.07501
0.07588
0.07676
0.07957
0.08156
0.0826
0.89098
0.87761
0.89337
0.88849
0.88592
0.87153
0.86831
T35
T25
T26
T45
T16
T46
T36

0.192
1
1.56131
0.12297
0.12297
1.19518
1.00937
1.18971
0.10534
1.55416
0.7655
1.19518
9.375
8
16
24
16
16
0.08367
0.86497

T38/T28
T17
T18
T37/T47 T27
T48
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.192
0.95
0.92
0.9
0.89
0.99
0.94
1.37957
1.32149
1.26466
1.23671
1.53024
1.40908
0.14529
0.15182
0.15525
0.12547 0.13626
0.13917
0.13626
0.14529
0.15182
0.15525
0.12547
0.13917
1.1797 1.11746
1.10181
1.07041
1.03886
1.02302
1.02261
1.0949
1.12702
1.16125
1.17923
1.07957
1.21039
1.32715
1.38122
1.44041
1.47217
1.30183
0.10672
0.11269
0.1143
0.11767
0.12126
0.12315
1.57005
1.66172
1.70522
1.75351
1.77969
1.64157
0.81
0.82145
0.82721
0.77093
0.79304
0.79866
1.14946
1.19162
1.17627
1.17214
1.16349
1.15428
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
9.375
8
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
24
24
24
24
24
24
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
16
17
0.09076
0.09342
0.09626
0.09775
0.08477
0.08949
0.84176
0.83261
0.82261
0.81725
0.86149
0.84604
T37/T47 T27
T48
T38/T28
T17
T18

A P P E N D I X E.

R E S U L T S E X P E R I M E N T 1:
OUTPUT DATA

The output from the plotter of appendix D have been measured in order to
calculate the real wave heights and wave load. The calibration of the wave
gauge and the strain gauge system has been used to transform the measured
numbers.

+ p l o t

is the plotted wave crest

H.

is the plotted wave trough

is the total wave height plotted

plot

tot

F+ iot
P

'

F_

pht

is the negative plotted wave load

is the total wave load plotted

tot

positive plotted wave load

is the measured wave crest according to the wave gauge

calibration

H.

is the measured wave trough according to the wave gauge

calibration

is the measured positive wave load according to the strain

gauge calibration

F_

is the measured negative wave load according to the strain

gauge calibration

T11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1.59
T11
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
H + plot(mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H+ (m)
0.007
3
0.006
21
11
10
18
10
8
3
0.006
0.005
18
9
9
16
7
9
5
0.009
0.009
30
14
16
25
13
12
5
0.009
0.009
29
12
17
25
12
13
5
0.006
0.009
26
10
16
21
9
12
4
0.007
0.009
26
12
14
22
10
12
5
0.008
0.009
29
13
16
23
12
11
5
0.008
0.009
29
13
16
23
12
11
5
0.008
30
0.009
13
17
24
11
13

T12
1.46
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
r. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H+ (m)
0.006
3
0.005
20
11
9
16
9
7
1
3
0.009
26
0.007
14
12
22
12
10
2
5
0.01
35
0.01
17
18
28
14
14
3
6
0.009
34
0.011
15
19
27
12
15
4
6
0.011
0.012
40
19
21
32
15
17
5
7
0.013
0.011
43
20
23
34
16
18
6
7
0.011
0.014
18
41
23
15
34
19
7
6
0.011
0.013
40
18
22
33
15
18
8
6
0.01
38
0.012
17
21
31
14
17
9

T13

T13
1.37
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
ir. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H+ (m)
2
0.006
0.005
10
18
8
15
8
7
1
3
0.01
28
0.007
16
12
24
14
10
2
5
0.009
0.01
16
34
18
26
12
14
3
5
0.008
0.009
31
14
17
24
13
11
4
6
0.01
0.01
36
17
19
28
14
14
5
6
0.009
0.011
16
36
20
28
13
15
6
6
0.01
0.011
37
20
17
29
14
15
7
6
0.011
34
0.012
13
21
32
15
17
8
6
0.011
40
0.011
19
32
21
16
16
9

T14
ir.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

T14
1.23
F- (N)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
H + (m)
Ftot
(mm)
F-plot
(mm)
H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm)
0.004
1
0.002
6
11
5
8
5
3
3
0.006
0.007
21
10
18
11
10
8
6
0.011
36
0.011
17
30
19
15
15
4
0.006
0.009
25
10
15
20
8
12
4
0.007
25
0.007
12
13
20
10
10
3
0.006
0.005
18
9
9
15
8
7
3
0.005
0.005
18
9
14
9
7
7
3
0.006
0.006
9
19
10
16
8
8
3
0.006
0.006
19
10
9
16
8
8
3
0.006
0.006
22
10
12
18
9
9
3
0.007
0.006
24
12
12
10
19
9

3
3
4
3
3
3
4
4
4

3
4
5
4
6
6
5
5
5

3
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
6

2
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

T15

1.17

Wave nr.

T15
H- (m)
Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) I=tot (mm) H + (m)
0.003
0.004
6
11
5
9
0.005
18
0.006
9
15
9

H + p l o t (mm) H-plot (mm)

4
5
1
7
8
2

F-(N)

F+ (N)
1
3

2
3

3
4

15

14

29

18

18

36

0.011

0.01

15

11

26

17

14

31

0.011

0.008

12

10

22

13

12

25

0.009

0.007

13

11

24

13

14

27

0.009

0.008

13

13

26

15

16

31

0.009

0.009

14

12

26

16

15

31

0.01

0.009

g
10

15

13

28

18

16

34

0.011

0.009

15

13

28

17

16

33

0.011

0.009

11

15

12

27

17

14

31

0.011

0.009

12

14

13

27

15

16

31

0.01

0.009

13

14

23

15

12

27

0.01

0.006

14

15

11

26

17

13

30

0.011

0.008

T16

1.09

T16

Ftot (mm)

Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm)

H + p l o t (mm) H-plot (mm)

Wave nr.

H + (m)

H- (m)

F-(N)

F + (N)

10

0.003

0.003

14

16

0.005

0.005

14

13

27

15

15

30

0.01

0.009

15

15

30

16

17

33

0.011

0.011

17

15

32

19

16

35

0.012

0.011

15

17

32

16

19

35

0.011

0.012

18

17

35

20

18

38

0.013

0.012

17

17

34

18

19

37

0.012

0.012

9
10

17

15

32

18

17

35

0.012

0.011

16

15

31

17

17

34

0.011

0.011

11

17

16

33

18

17

35

0.012

0.011

12

17

16

33

19

18

37

0.012

0.011

13

16

17

33

18

19

37

0.011

0.012

14

17

12

29

19

15

34

0.012

0.009

15

16

12

28

18

15

33

0.011

0.009

Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm)

5
6
8

Ftot (mm)
11

0.003

0.003

11

20

0.005

0.006

T17

0.99

T17

H + p l o t (mm) H-plot (mm)

4
4
1
7
9
2

Wave nr.

16

H + (m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

F-(N)

11
16

12

23

13

14

27

0.008

0.009

19

35

19

21

40

0.011

0.014

19

18

37

22

21

43

0.014

0.013

17

14

31

20

15

35

0.012

0.01

16

17

33

18

19

37

0.011

0.012

17

15

32

19

17

36

0.012

0.011

18

16

34

19

19

38

0.013

0.011

10

17

15

32

18

17

35

0.012

0.011

5
5

11

16

14

30

18

16

34

0.011

0.01

12

17

15

32

18

18

36

0.012

0.011

13

17

15

32

18

17

35

0.012

0.011

14

17

14

31

18

17

35

0.012

0.01

15

15

15

30

16

18

34

0.011

0.011

16

17

15

32

18

19

37

0.012

0.011

T18

0.95

T18

H + p l o t (mm) H-plot (mm)

Wave nr.

Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm)

Ftot (mm)

H + (m)

H - (m)

F-(N)

F + (N)

11

0.003

0.003

14

11

18

0.004

0.006

10

18

11

11

22

0.006

0.007

14

17

31

15

19

34

0.01

0.012

18

19

37

21

22

43

0.013

0.014

19

16

35

22

18

40

0.014

0.011

15

15

30

17

18

35

0.011

0.011

18

17

35

20

20

40

0.013

0.012

9
10

17

15

32

20

17

37

0.012

0.011

15

15

30

18

18

36

0.011

0.011

11

16

15

31

19

18

37

0.011

0.011

12

16

15

31

19

18

37

0.011

0.011

13

16

15

31

18

18

36

0.011

0.011

14

17

15

32

20

18

38

0.012

0.011

15

17

18

35

20

20

40

0.012

0.013

16

16

17

33

19

19

38

0.011

0.012

17

16

17

33

18

18

36

0.011

0.012

1
2

T21

1.64
T21
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
Wave nr. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H+ (m)
0.009
4
0.007
28
15
13
23
13
10
1
8
0.011
0.016
47
18
29
39
16
23
2
6
0.012
0.012
40
19
21
34
17
17
3
7
0.015
0.014
47
23
24
41
21
20
4
6
0.014
0.012
40
21
19
37
20
17
5
6
0.014
0.013
40
20
20
37
19
18
6
7
0.014
0.015
45
21
24
41
20
21
7
8
0.014
0.016
46
20
26
41
19
22
8
7
0.013
0.016
43
18
25
40
18
22
9

4
5
6
7
6
6
6
6
5

T22

1.38
T22
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
Wave nr. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.01
4
5
0.009
32
17
15
26
14
12
1
9
8
0.019
0.017
58
30
28
50
26
24
2
8
12
0.016
68
0.024
28
40
57
23
34
3
9
11
0.018
68
0.022
31
37
56
25
31
4
10
11
0.021
0.023
75
36
39
62
30
32
5
10
13
0.026
0.021
78
34
44
66
29
37
6
10
13
0.021
0.028
80
34
46
68
29
39
7
10
15
0.021
85
0.029
35
50
30
71
41
8
11
15
0.024
0.03
89
39
50
75
33
42
9
T23
Wave nr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
T24
ir.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

1.27
H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-j
12
23
12
11
24
47
25
22
39
66
31
35
29
45
20
25
30
47
20
27
22
41
20
21
21
38
19
19
20
35
17
18
19
34
16
18
22
35
16
19
23
40
20
20

T23
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
im) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
4
3
0.009
0.008
26
14
8
7
0.018
0.016
52
28
10
11
0.022
0.025
75
36
7
8
0.014
0.018
53
24
7
9
0.014
0.019
54
24
7
6
0.014
0.015
46
24
7
6
0.014
0.014
44
23
6
6
0.012
0.013
41
21
6
6
0.011
0.013
39
20
5
6
0.011
40
0.014
18
7
7
0.014
0.014
47
24

1.13
T24
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.006
3
3
0.007
22
10
12
19
10
9
8
6
0.016
0.012
47
26
21
40
23
17
10
10
0.021
0.021
69
33
36
59
29
30
9
11
0.021
70
0.024
32
38
62
29
33
8
10
0.017
0.021
59
26
33
54
24
30
11
11
0.024
0.024
76
37
39
67
33
34
10
11
0.022
0.024
74
36
38
65
31
34
10
12
0.021
0.026
74
33
41
65
29
36
9
12
0.02
72
0.024
40
32
62
28
34
8
11
0.019
66
0.022
29
37
57
26
31
9
10
0.019
0.021
64
30
34
55
26
29
9
11
0.02
0.023
68
31
37
60
28
32
11
0.024
11
0.023
75
37
38
65
33
32
10
0.023
11
0.025
74
36
38
67
32
35

T25
1.07
T25
I -(N)
H- (m)
I- + (N)
Wave nr. IH + plot (mm H-plot (mm) IHtot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.007
0.006
3
3
10
21
11
18
8
10
1
7
5
0.014
41
0.011
23
18
36
20
16
2
8
9
0.018
61
0.02
29
32
53
25
28
3
11
11
0.026
77
0.025
39
38
36
71
35
4
10
13
0.024
80
0.029
36
44
73
33
40
5
11
11
0.026
0.025
77
38
39
71
35
36
6
10
0.024
13
0.029
78
34
44
74
33
41
7
11
0.025
11
0.026
38
77
39
72
35
37
8
10
12
0.024
78
0.028
36
42
72
33
39
9
11
0.025
12
80
0.029
37
43
75
35
40
10
12
11
0.025
0.029
38
81
43
75
35
40
11
12
11
0.024
0.029
37
80
43
34
74
40
12
12
11
0.024
0.029
38
81
43
74
34
40
13
11
12
0.024
78
0.027
37
41
72
34
38
14
11
13
0.028
0.026
82
38
44
75
36
39
15
r

T26
T26
1.01
F+ (N)
F-(N)
H- (m)
Wave nr. H + plot (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.007
0.006
4
3
10
23
13
19
9
10
1
7
5
0.015
42
0.011
25
17
36
21
15
2
8
8
0.018
57
0.017
28
29
49
25
24
3
12
11
0.027
79
0.024
42
37
71
38
33
4
13
12
0.026
0.028
86
45
41
76
37
39
5
10
12
0.021
76
0.027
33
43
68
30
38
6
12
11
0.026
79
0.026
39
40
73
36
37
7
10
12
0.023
76
0.027
34
42
70
32
38
8
12
11
0.026
0.026
80
39
41
74
37
37
9
11
12
0.027
0.024
37
78
41
34
72
38
10
10
12
0.024
75
0.026
35
40
70
33
37
11
10
12
0.025
77
0.026
36
41
35
72
37
12
10
12
0.027
0.024
34
76
42
33
71
38
13
11
0.026
12
0.027
39
81
42
37
75
38
14
10
0.024
12
0.026
34
74
40
70
33
37
15
10
12
0.026
0.026
36
77
41
36
36
72
16
T27
0.92
F+ (N)
F-(N)
H- (m)
H + plot (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.006
0.004
3
2
16
6
10
5
14
9
1
5
4
0.009
31
0.01
15
16
13
27
14
2
6
0.015
7
46
0.013
25
21
39
18
21
3
10
11
0.024
73
0.023
38
35
65
33
4
32
13
12
0.027
0.029
45
87
42
78
40
38
5
13
12
0.027
88
0.029
43
45
78
38
40
6
12
11
0.023
79
0.026
37
42
69
32
37
7
12
12
0.026
83
0.027
42
41
36
74
38
8
12
13
0.028
0.025
86
45
41
74
35
39
9
12
0.026
12
0.026
42
83
41
73
36
37
10
12
0.026
13
85
0.028
40
45
75
36
39
11
12
12
0.028
0.027
43
86
43
77
38
39
12
12
12
0.028
0.026
83
40
43
37
76
39
13
13
12
0.026
85
0.028
40
45
37
76
39
14
13
12
0.026
85
0.029
41
44
77
37
40
15
12
12
0.028
0.026
85
42
43
76
37
39
16
12
0.026
13
89
0.031
43
46
36
80
44
17

T27
Wave nr.

T28
0.89
F-(N)
F+ (N)
H- ( m )
H + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.003
3
1
0.006
5
16
12
11
4
8
1
2
4
0,008
0.004
7
20
13
17
6
2
11
6
4
0.008
13
35
0.014
30
22
19
11
3
6
7
0.016
45
0.013
25
20
41
18
23
4
11
0.024
11
75
0.024
38
37
33
66
33
5
14
0.03
13
91
0.028
47
44
42
81
6
39
14
13
0.03
92
0.028
44
48
81
39
42
7
13
11
0.025
85
0.029
39
46
35
75
40
8
12
0.026
11
80
0.026
42
38
72
36
36
9
13
0.028
13
90
0.029
45
45
79
39
40
10
13
0.028
13
0.029
44
89
45
80
39
41
11
13
13
0.029
0.027
44
88
44
78
38
40
12
12
12
0.029
0.027
43
85
42
79
38
41
13
12
13
0.026
42
88
0.029
46
76
36
40
14
13
0.026
12
0.028
44
86
42
76
37
39
15
12
12
0.028
0.025
83
41
42
74
35
39
16
12
14
0.025
40
89
0.032
49
80
35
45
17

T28
Wave nr.

18

42

32

74

46

36

82

0.03

0.023

13

10

T31
1.49
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
Wave nr. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.014
6
7
0.013
45
23
22
37
19
18
1
10
13
0.022
0.026
81
36
45
68
31
37
2
10
18
0.02
0.036
96
34
62
79
28
51
3
12
19
0.024
0.038
106
40
66
87
34
53
4
14
19
0.029
0.039
115
48
67
96
41
55
5
15
19
0.032
0.036
116
52
64
96
45
51
6
15
18
0.031
0.036
113
52
61
94
44
50
7
14
17
0.03
0.034
109
49
60
90
42
48
8
14
17
0.03
0.033
106
49
57
88
42
46
9
F(N)
F
+
(N)
(m)
HT31B
T31B
9
9
0.019
0.017
60
30
30
50
26
24
1
11
13
0.024
0.027
84
39
45
72
34
38
2
13
17
0.026
0.035
104
44
60
86
37
49
3
12
19
0.026
0.039
110
43
67
90
36
54
4
15
20
0.031
0.04
121
51
70
99
43
56
5
15
21
0.032
0.039
124
53
71
100
45
55
6
15
19
0.031
0.038
115
51
64
96
43
53
7
15
19
0.031
0.036
115
50
65
94
43
51
8
13
18
0.028
0.036
46
107
61
89
39
50
9
F(N)
(m)
T
3
1
*
HF
+
(N)
T31*
9
9
0.018
0.016
60
30
30
48
25
23
1
11
13
0.023
0.026
83
38
45
68
32
36
2
12
17
0.033
0.026
101
43
58
83
46
37
3
12
19
0.037
0.026
108
42
66
88
52
36
4
15
19
0.037
0.031
116
50
66
95
52
43
5
15
18
0.034
0.031
115
52
63
92
48
44
6
14
17
0.034
0.029
107
47
60
88
48
40
7
15
17
0.032
0.03
109
50
59
87
45
42
8
13
16
0.031
0.028
101
46
55
82
43
39
9
T32
ir.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
T32*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1.39
F- (N)
F + (N)
H- (m)
H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
8
8
0.017
0.017
57
28
29
48
24
24
12
13
0.026
0.028
87
42
45
76
37
39
12
18
0.024
0.036
102
41
61
85
34
51
13
19
0.026
0.038
110
45
65
90
37
53
14
20
0.029
0.04
119
49
70
97
41
56
12
22
0.026
0.044
43
119
76
98
36
62
14
23
0.029
0.045
126
48
78
104
41
63
15
23
0.032
0.046
132
52
80
110
45
65
14
23
0.03
0.047
129
49
80
108
42
66
16
25
0.033
0.05
139
54
85
116
46
70
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
T32*
8
8
0.015
0.014
52
26
26
41
21
20
12
13
0.026
0.026
89
43
46
73
36
37
12
18
0.023
0.036
103
40
63
83
32
51
13
18
0.036
0.027
108
46
62
88
38
50
15
19
0.029
0.036
116
50
66
92
41
51
13
21
0.026
0.041
118
45
73
95
37
58
13
22
0.027
0.043
122
46
76
98
38
60
15
23
0.03
0.044
50
129
79
104
42
62
15
23
0.031
0.046
130
52
78
107
43
64
16
24
0.033
0.046
138
55
83
110
46
64

T33
1.29
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
Wave nr. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.013
0.012
7
6
43
20
23
35
17
18
1
12
12
0.026
0.026
84
41
43
73
37
36
2
19
14
0.031
0.039
113
49
64
97
43
54
3
14
12
0.024
0.027
87
40
47
72
34
38
4
16
10
0.022
0.033
92
36
56
77
31
46
5
16
11
0.024
0.033
94
39
55
80
34
46
6
15
12
0.024
0.03
91
40
51
76
34
42
7
15
12
0.025
0.029
90
40
50
76
35
41
8
0.026
13
12
0.028
89
43
46
76
37
39
9
11
14
0.023
0.029
86
37
49
73
32
41
10
15
12
0.026
0.029
93
42
51
77
37
40
11
F(N)
F+
(N)
H(m)
T33*
T33*
6
5
0.011
40
0.011
18
22
30
15
15
1
10
12
0.022
0.024
77
36
41
64
31
33
2
19
15
0.03
0.038
115
50
65
95
42
53
3
14
11
0.023
0.026
87
39
48
69
32
37
4
16
11
0.021
0.031
92
37
55
74
30
44
5
16
11
0.024
0.031
93
39
54
77
33
44
6
14
12
0.024
0.027
89
41
48
72
34
38
7
13
11
0.023
0,026
84
38
46
69
32
37
8
12
12
0.024
0.025
83
40
43
68
33
35
9
12
11
0.022
0.026
81
38
43
67
31
36
10
13
12
0.025
0.026
85
40
45
71
35
36
11
T34

1.15
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
nr. H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.013
0.009
6
4
36
15
21
30
12
18
1
10
10
0.022
0.022
71
36
35
62
31
31
2
15
16
0.031
0.035
106
51
55
92
43
49
3
14
17
0.03
0.037
108
48
60
94
42
52
4
15
12
0.025
0.032
90
40
50
80
35
45
5
16
14
0.03
0.036
105
49
56
92
42
50
6
16
15
0.031
0.034
105
51
54
91
43
48
7
17
14
0.029
0.036
105
47
58
91
40
51
8
17
13
0.028
0.035
103
46
57
88
39
49
9
13
16
0.027
0.035
101
45
56
87
38
49
10
13
17
0.028
0.036
102
45
57
89
39
50
11
15
17
0.031
0.036
108
51
57
95
44
51
12
14
15
0.029
0.035
99
48
51
90
41
49
13
17
15
0.031
0.038
109
50
59
97
44
53
14
F- (N)
H(m)
F+
(N)
T34*
T34*
4
6
0.008
0.013
35
13
22
29
18
11
1
10
7
0.015
0.021
58
24
34
50
21
29
2
15
17
0.031
0.034
108
51
57
92
44
48
3
17
14
0.03
0.036
105
47
58
93
42
51
4
11
15
0.023
0.032
88
37
51
77
32
45
5
12
14
0.026
0.031
90
43
47
80
37
43
6
7
8
9

45
49
51

10

48

11
12
13
14

49
50
49
56

42
37

87
86

39
36
35
43
30
41

90

52
56
60

84
84
93
79
97

55
57
56
57
62

49
43
45
42
39
49
36
46

101
99
105
97
96
105
93
108

0.032
0.035
0.036
0.034
0.035
0.036
0.035
0.04

0.03
0.026
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.031
0.021
0.029

15
16
17
16

14
12
13
12

17
16
17
18

11
14
10
13

T35
1.08
Wave nr. H + plot (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t
16
9
1
25
27
24
51
2
3
44
39
83
4
54
51
105
5
57
42
99
6
51
50
101
7
58
43
101
8
56
53
109
56
48
9
104
10
56
47
103
54
44
98
11
12
56
44
100
57
50
13
107
14
59
39
98
15
59
36
95
T35*
20
13
33
1
2
29
35
64
3
45
37
82
4
55
51
106
5
57
43
100
6
57
52
109
7
58
44
102
8
56
49
105
56
48
9
104
10
56
48
104
56
48
11
104
12
57
44
101
13
59
52
111
14
58
43
101
15
60
43
103

T35
(mm F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
20
31
11
0.011
0.006
6
3
31
28
59
0.019
0.017
9
8
52
45
0.031
0.028
15
13
97
61
55
116
0.039
0.036
18
16
65
47
112
0.041
0.03
19
14
57
56
113
0.036
0.036
17
16
65
48
113
0.041
0.031
19
14
62
58
120
0.04
0.038
18
17
60
54
114
0.04
0.034
17
16
62
54
116
0.04
0.034
18
16
63
50
113
0.039
0.031
18
15
65
50
115
0.04
0.031
19
15
63
57
120
0.041
0.036
18
17
64
46
110
0.042
0.028
19
13
65
40
105
0.042
0.026
19
12
T35*
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
24
16
40
0.014
0.009
7
5
34
40
74
0.021
0.025
10
12
52
43
95
0.032
0.026
15
12
60
56
116
0.039
0.036
17
16
62
48
110
0.041
0.031
18
14
64
58
122
0.041
0.037
19
17
64
48
112
0.041
0.031
19
14
63
55
118
0.04
0.035
18
16
61
54
115
0.04
0.034
18
16
60
54
114
0.04
0.034
17
16
62
55
117
0.04
0.034
18
16
64
51
115
0.041
0.031
19
15
62
60
122
0.042
18
0.037
17
59
50
109
0.031
0.041
17
15
64
48
112
0.043
0.031
19
14

T36
1.02
T36
Wave nr. H + plot (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
16
8
24
1
20
9
29
0.011
0.006
6
3
2
24
17
41
29
19
48
0.017
0.012
8
6
3
40
30
70
48
34
82
0.029
0.021
14
10
4
50
53
103
56
57
113
0.036
0.038
16
17
5
64
57
121
71
62
133
0.046
0.041
21
18
6
60
47
66
107
52
118
0.043
0.034
19
15
50
7
57
107
62
53
115
0.041
0.036
18
15
8
58
48
106
63
52
115
0.041
0.034
18
15
9
59
55
65
114
58
123
0.042
0.039
19
17
10
61
54
115
63
57
120
0.044
0.039
18
17
61
51
112
65
54
119
11
0.044
0.036
19
16
12
59
49
108
66
50
116
0.042
0.035
19
15
13
62
54
116
69
55
124
0.044
0.039
20
16
14
62
59
121
67
62
129
0.044
0.042
19
18
15
69
49
118
71
52
123
0.049
0.035
21
15
16
76
40
116
74
43
117
0.054
0.029
21
12
T36*
T36*
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
20
12
32
25
1
14
39
0.014
0.009
7
4
2
27
33
60
32
38
70
0.019
0.024
9
11
3
41
35
76
48
40
88
0.029
0.025
14
12
4
52
53
105
57
58
115
0.037
0.038
17
17
5
61
54
115
65
59
124
0.044
0.039
19
17
6
61
47
108
66
50
116
0.044
0.034
19
15
7
61
54
115
64
58
122
0.044
0.039
19
17
8
61
48
109
64
52
116
0.044
0.034
19
15
60
55
9
115
64
57
121
0.043
0.039
19
17
10
62
51
113
65
53
118
0.044
0.036
19
15
61
53
61
11
114
55
116
0.044
0.038
18
16
12
62
53
115
63
55
118
0.044
0.038
18
16
13
65
48
113
67
50
117
0.046
0.034
19
15
14
65
62
127
64
65
129
O.046
0.044
19
19
15
71
51
122
64
54
118
0.051
0.036
19
16
16
70
40
110
65
42
107
0.05
0.029
19
12

T37
Wave nr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

0.94
H + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H +
6
25
20
19
5
15
24
13
37
31
20
11
24
63
53
39
33
20
50
92
83
42
38
45
66
129
60
117
63
57
133
65
68
122
60
62
58
53
111
102
55
47
58
117
104
59
53
51
117
60
57
101
52
49
121
60
61
109
57
52
55
117
62
48
103
55
123
63
60
52
107
55
123
64
59
51
110
59
60
55
61
61

19
0.036
17
0.039
20
0.035
18
0.034
F + (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
0.004
6
0.008
7

17
18
16
16

21
25

7
12

43
41
65

22
52
65

65
93
130

0.026
0.027
0.044

0.014
0.034
0.043

12
12
19

15
19

63
55
56
56

65
57
53

128
102
113
109

0.044
0.04
0.037
0.039

0.043
0.031
0.038

19
14
17
15

6
11
19
48
60

121

2
3
6

60
44
53
48

122
100
105

0.034

18
16
16
16

51
46
52

58
56
61

57
51
80

115
107
121

0.041
0.037
0.038

0.036
0.033
0.037

17
16
18

17
15
17

63
61
60
73

57
60
59
51

120
121
119

0.041
0.041
0.037

44

106

67

49

0.044
0.044

17
17
17
15

62

124
116

0.034
0.037
0.036
0.032

18
18
17

61

48
52
51
45

108
98
105
106
109
103
106

6
7
8

62
56
52

9
10

54

17

17
17

23
33
56
86

17
22
37
38

11
12
13
14
15
16

18
16

59
61
55

0.043
0.039
0.044
0.044
T37*
28
0.012
37
0.016

17
18
18
19

64
60
68
62

56

123
121
123
118

0.037
0.034
0.037
0.036

111
109
110
109

61

0.041
0.039
0.039
0.042

51
54
49
48

T37*

3
4
5

F- (N)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
6
2
0.004
7
4
0.008
0.014
11
7
0.024
12
15
0.027
0.032
18
19
0.041
0.043
19
20
0.043
0.044
17
15
0.039
0.034
17
17
0.038
0.036
17
17
0.037
0.035

(m)
0.011
0.014

57
52
53
58
57
52

102

47

21
19

0.031

14

T38
0.89
H- (m)
F + (N)
F- (N)
H + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
3
0.014
0.006
7
24
10
34
8
27
19
1
8
0.016
0.016
8
26
26
52
44
22
22
2
0.022
9
10
36
68
0.02
59
32
28
31
3
0.033
15
15
51
103
0.034
94
52
48
46
4
16
18
61
0.036
0.039
55
116
51
55
106
5
18
19
65
0.041
0.042
62
127
57
59
116
6
18
18
0.041
0.039
62
62
124
55
113
7
58
18
18
0.041
0.04
63
124
57
56
113
61
8
19
21
71
138
0.041
0.044
67
57
61
118
9
18
18
62
124
0.043
0.039
55
115
62
60
10
18
18
63
126
0.041
0.04
63
58
56
114
11
18
19
64
126
0.042
0.041
62
57
116
12
59
18
0.039
18
61
62
123
0.04
55
111
13
56
17
0.039
19
59
123
0.04
110
64
56
54
14

T38
Wave nr.

52
58

112
112

66
58

17

60
54
67

57

124

18

62

44

106

15
16

68

59
66
65

125
124
133

61

52

113

T38*
4
10

48
75
110

35
38
58

21
43
61

56
81

0.021
0.025

0.013
0.029

119

0.039

128
116
106
111

66
59
61
60

72
63
54
65

138
122
115
125

0.044
0.042
0.041
0.038

61
55

112
120
114

61
64

61
67
62

122
131
122

0.041
0.042
0.042

0.04
0.048
0.041
0.035
0.041
0.039

110
115
118
110

62
64
60
59

61
60

123
124
123

0.039
0.043

121

70
66

60
56

3
4
5

30
35

18
40
56

61
59
57
53

11
12

57
59
59

0.031
H- (m)
0.003

67
57
49
58
55

13
14
15
16

54
60
61
57

56
55
57
53

17
18

68
74

53
47

121

60

63
59

0.006

0.044
0.039

118

0.044
0.041

0.04
0.039
0.041
0.038

130
122

0.049
0.053

0.038
0.034

17

19
17
20

0.041

18
22

15
19

7
8
9
10

0.044
T38*
22
0.011
32
0.014

0.037
0.041

19
28

1
2

54

0.043
0.039
0.048

19
19
15

18
F+ (N)

F- (N)
5
6

1
3

10
11
17

12
18

19
17
18
17

21
18
16
19

18
19

18
19
18

17

18
19
17
17

18
17
18

20
19

17
16

17

T41

1.51
T41
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
H + p l o t (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F+plot (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
0.016
10
8
0.019
63
27
36
49
22
27
1
13
19
0.029
0.039
110
45
65
94
40
54
2
13
27
0.056
0.027
45
138
93
116
38
78
3
15
26
0.031
0.053
51
142
91
117
43
74
4
18
27
0.039
0.055
156
63
93
132
55
77
5
19
26
0.041
153
0.049
65
88
127
58
69
6
19
24
0.041
0.049
148
65
83
126
57
69
7
19
24
0.04
0.047
146
64
82
56
122
66
8
19
24
0.041
0.049
148
64
84
126
57
69
9

r,

T42
Wave nr.

1.41
H+plot (mm) H-plot (mm)

0.021
0.039

H- (m)
0.018
0.033

55

146

0.055

61
63

147
155

0.05

58
60
62
69

158
162
165
173

0.054
0.06
0.061
0.06
0.065

72

185

0.065

44
68
95

34
54
54

93

59

T42B
0.025
78
0.041
122
0.055
149
0.054
152

77
70
75

52
54

6
7
8
9
10

84
85
84
91

48
50
51
56

91

64

30
55

1
2
3
4

35
57

5
6

29
49
46

122
129
132
135
135
147
155
64
106

86
92
100
102
103
104
113

F+ (N)

F- (N)
10
18

8
15

0.034

26

16

0.037
0.039
0.034
0.036
0.036
0.04

25
27

18
18

29
30

17
17

30
30

18
20

0.046
0

33
0

21
0

0.021
0.035

13
20

10
16

0.033
0.037

28
27

16
17

52

123
127

80
86

54
48

134
134

101
105

62
56

163
161

0.057
0.061

0.039
0.034

29
30

18
16

7
8

84
85

51
54

135
139

108
107

57
64

165
171

0.06
0.061

0.036
0.039

31
31

17
19

91
95

55
63

146

108

0.065

0.039

31

19

117

65
73

173

158

190

0.068

0.045

34

21

10
T43

63
113

4
5

1
2

mm)

T42
Ftot (mm) H + (m)

27
50

Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-|

36
55
25
63
46
101
91
47
124

77
75

1.31
T43
F- (N)
F+ (N)
H- (m)
H + plot (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
10
6
0.012
0.02
20
55
35
45
17
28
1
10
16
0.023
91
0.034
35
56
80
32
48
2
20
27
0.044
161
0.057
68
93
62
142
80
3
13
22
0.026
120
0.046
45
75
37
101
64
4
16
23
0.033
0.048
54
132
78
113
46
67
5
17
0.038
22
0.048
60
137
77
120
53
67
6
18
20
0.039
132
0.042
63
69
114
55
59
7
17
20
0.036
0.044
58
128
70
51
113
62
8
20
17
0.036
125
0.043
57
68
110
50
60
9
15
21
0.033
0.046
53
125
72
110
46
10
64
17
21
0.038
0.046
131
73
58
53
118
65
11

Wave nr.

69

56

125

76

T44
F- (N)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
Ftot (mm) H + (m)
6
10
0.013
0.02
52
14
15
0.032
0.034
49
102
19
22
0.043
0.048
67
142
18
23
0.043
0.05
140
62
16
19
0.038
0.042
56
121
16
21
0.036
0.047
55
127
18
21
0.039
0.046
62
135
18
22
0.049
0.04
61
137

71
70
70

59

130

77

65

142

0.051

0.042

22

19

54
48

124
118

76
76

61
52

137
128

0.05
0.05

0.039
0.034

22
22

18
15

71
62

53
39

124
101

81
73

56
43

137
116

0.051
0.044

0.038
0.028

23
21

16
12

81

41

122

82

47

129

0.058

0.029

24

14

1.16
H + p l o t (mm) H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm)
33
46
18
28
1
53
92
45
47
2
75
127
60
67
3
78
60
130
70
4
65
112
53
59
5
72
116
50
66
6
73
120
55
65
7

T44
Wave nr.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

'mm)
19

T45
1.1
F + (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
H + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-|-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
4
10
0.009
0.019
47
14
33
38
12
26
1
11
14
0.024
87
0.029
38
49
75
34
41
2
17
21
0.038
0.046
132
59
73
117
53
64
3
21
24
0.049
0.055
155
72
83
145
68
77
4
17
24
0.04
0.056
143
60
83
135
56
79
5
21
23
0.047
0.052
151
71
80
139
66
73
6
18
24
0.041
0.054
144
62
82
132
57
75
7
20
24
0.046
0.053
152
70
82
139
65
74
8
20
23
0.045
0.053
149
69
80
137
63
74
9
20
0.046
23
0.055
149
69
80
141
64
77
10
19
23
0.041
0.054
146
65
81
133
58
75
11
17
24
0.039
0.054
141
58
83
130
55
75
12
19
25
0.046
0.051
153
67
86
137
65
72
13
16
24
0.035
0.052
139
56
83
122
49
73
14
11
26
0.024
0.059
128
39
89
116
33
83
15

T45
Wave nr.

1.04
T46
Wave nr. IH + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm)
33
38
11
27
1
44
59
21
38
2
69
97
38
59
3
78
140
69
71
4
87
153
70
83
5
82
140
61
79
6
79
138
61
77
7
78
150
70
80
8
78
140
64
76
9
80
150
71
79
10
78
150
68
82
11
80
150
65
85
12
13
14
15
16

88
89
82
83

168

80
65
68

154
150

64

147

82
82
81
91

T46
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
Ftot (mm) H + (m)
4
10
0.008
0.019
46
7
13
0.015
0.027
68
12
20
0.027
0.042
112
21
23
0.049
0.051
149
71
21
25
0.05
0.059
159
72
19
24
0.044
0.056
147
65
18
23
0.044
0.055
141
62
21
23
0.05
150
0.057
72
18
23
0.046
0.054
141
63
21
23
0.051
0.056
152
72
20
23
0.049
0.059
148
70
20
23
0.046
0.061
148
68
24
23
0.057
0.063
160
78
20
24
0.046
0.064
150
68
20
23
0.049
0.059
70
151

-plot (mm)
13
24
43

65

156

0.059

0.046

26

19

T47
0.94
F + (N)
F- (N)
H- ( m )
H + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
2
10
0.006
40
0.019
7
33
34
8
26
1
4
11
0.011
51
0.022
14
37
46
15
31
2
8
17
0.017
0.036
85
26
59
74
24
50
3
19
0.049
17
0,039
126
67
59
123
68
55
4
25
25
0.061
170
0.054
85
85
161
85
76
5
22
23
0.051
0.054
155
75
80
148
72
76
6
20
19
0.048
0.05
134
68
66
137
67
70
7
21
23
0.049
0.046
152
74
78
134
69
65
8
22
21
0.05
0.052
148
75
73
143
70
73
9
23
22
0.05
0.051
154
78
76
142
70
72
10
21
0.048
21
147
0.053
73
74
141
67
74
11
23
22
0.051
155
0.049
78
77
141
72
69
12
21
23
0.049
0.053
151
72
79
68
142
74
13
21
21
0.049
148
0.056
74
74
147
68
79
14
23
21
0.054
0.051
151
80
71
75
147
72
15
20
25
0.044
153
0.063
68
85
149
61
88
16
19
23
0.038
0.068
144
64
80
148
53
95
17

T47
Wave nr.

T48
0.9
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H- (m)
H + p l o t (mm H-plot (mm) Htot (mm) F + p l o t (mm) F-plot (mm) Ftot (mm) H + (m)
1
8
0.003
0.015
31
5
26
25
4
21
1
5
10
0.012
0.021
52
18
34
47
17
30
2
13
9
0.021
0.029
32
77
45
70
30
40
3
16
17
0.04
113
0.039
56
57
111
56
55
4
23
21
0.058
0.05
154
80
74
151
81
70
5
25
24
0.055
0.049
168
85
83
146
77
69
6
20
21
0.048
0.054
140
71
69
143
67
76
7
22
22
0.051
154
0.047
77
77
138
72
66
8
22
22
0.05
150
0.048
75
75
137
70
67
9
24
20
0.056
0.057
153
83
70
159
80
79
10
23
20
0.054
0.056
147
78
69
153
75
78
11
22
19
0.054
143
0.049
76
67
143
75
68
12
23
21
0.054
151
0.049
80
71
144
76
68
13
22
20
0.052
147
0.059
77
70
155
73
82
14
22
20
0.05
0.059
145
75
70
152
70
82
15
22
21
0.051
148
0.039
76
72
125
71
54
16
24
25
0.049
167
0.054
82
85
145
69
76
17
21
21
0.044
143
0.063
71
72
150
62
88
18

T48
Wave nr.

A P P E N D I X F.

R E S U L T S E X P E R I M E N T 1:
C A L C U L A T I O N W A V E F O R C E UNDER
W A V E C R E S T WITH LINEAR W A V E
T H E O R Y AND G O D A ' S F O R M U L A

Measurement T11 ..T18

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T 1 1 = 1.59 s

T12 = 1.46 s

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T13 = 1.37 s

T14 = 1.23 s

0.004

0.006

0.012

0.016

0.000

0.004

0.006
H

H in m

i n

0.012

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T15 = 1.17s

T16 = 1.09 s

Fwov+xp
Fw6V+lintai
FwBV+goda

0.000

0.004

0.006

0.012

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T17 = 0.99 s

T18 = 0.95 s

_c

jL

Z2L
2

0.000

0.004

0.006

0.012

0.004

"

0.000
H in m

0.012

0.016

Measurement T21 ..T28

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T21 = 1.64 s

T22 = 1.38 s

H in m

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T23 = 1.27 s

T24 = 1.13 s

Fweva+oxp
Fwove+Nnear |
Fwov+goda

0.020
H in m

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T25 = 1.07 s

T26 = 1.01 s

JOL

0.020
Hinm

0.0

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T27 = 0.92 s

T28 = 0.89 s

z.......

Fwavo+linuof

1Z

721
0.020
H in m

Measurement T31 ..T34*

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T31 = 1.49

T31 * = 1.49 s

Fwavi+xp
Fwavi+lintar |
Fwav+godo

0.020

0.040
Kinm

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T32* = 1.39 s

T32 = 1.39 s

Wave force under wave crest

T33 = 1.29 s

Wave force under wave crest

T33* = 1.29 S

Fwava+exp
Fwav+linar
**~
Fwav+goda

0.O20

0.040

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T34 = 1.15 s

T34* = 1.15 s

Measurement T35..T38*

Wave force under wave crest

T35 = 1,08

Wave force under wave crest

T35* = 1,08 S

30'
FWBV + Kp
23'
Fv.ovo + linoor

23t

20z

Fwav*+goda

r
3

0
0. X

_
0.020

0.040

0.0

0.020

0.040
H in m

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T36 = 1.02 s

T36* = 1.02 s

0.020

0.040
Hinm

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T37 = 0.94 s

T37* = 0.94 s

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T38 = 0.89 s

T38* = 0.89 s

Measurement T41 ..T48

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T41 = 1.51 s

T42 = 1.41 s

Fwnvt+lintnr
Fwav+god

0.020

0.040

0.040
H in m

H in m

ol
0.000

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T43 = 1.31 s

T44 = 1.16 s

1
0.020

1
0.040
H in m

1
0.060

OH

0.080

0.000

1
0.020

1
0.040
H in m

1
0.060

1
0.080

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T46 = 1.04

T45 = 1.1 s

7$

Fwv + linti
Fwnve+goda |

12

5 204
%

TP
0.040
Hinm

0.040
Hinm

Wave force under wave crest

Wave force under wave crest

T47 = 0.94 s

T48 = 0.9 s

Wave force Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

Wave forces Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

T11=1.59s

T18 = 0.95 s

0.000

Wave force Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

Wave force Fw1 and Fw2 for wave crest

T41 = 1.51 s

T48 = 0.9 s

H in m

h in m

H- (m)
F+ (N)
(m)
0.006
0.007
0.005
0.006
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009

F- (N)
3
3
5
5

0.009
0.009

0.006
0.007

5
4

0.009
0.009
0.009

0.008
0.008
0.008

5
5
5

p+1-f (N/m) p + 3 + (N/m) p + 4 + (N/m) Fw1+ (N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N)
17.66
15.06
0
2.8
0.1
2.9
14.72
12.55
0
2.3
0
2.3
26.49
22.59
0
0.1
4.1
4.2
26.49
22.59
0
0.1
4.1
4.2
3
26.49
22.59
0
4.1
0.1
4.2
3
26.49
22.59
0
4.1
0.1
4.2
4
26.49
22.59
0
4.1
0.1
4.2
4
26.49
22.59
0
0.1
4.1
4.2
4
26.49
22.59
0
4.1
0.1
4.2
3
3
4
3

T12
(m)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.009
0.01
0.01
0.011
0.009
0.012
0.011
0.013
0.011
0.014
0.011
0.013
0.011
0.012
0.01

F- (N)
3
3
5
6
6

3
4
5
4
6
6

7
7
6
6

5
5
5

p + 1+ (N/m) p + 3 + (N/m) p + 4 + (N/m) Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N)

14.72
12.17
0
2.3
0
2.3
20.6
17.03
0
3.2
0.1
3.3
29.43
24.33
0
4.5
0.1
4.6
32.37
26.76
0
5
0.2
5.2
35.32
29.2
0
5.4
0.2
5.6
38.26
31.63
0
5.9
0.2
6.1
41.2
34.06
0
6.3
0.3
6.6
38.26
31.63
0
5.9
0.2
6.1
35.32
29.2
0
5.4
0.2
5.6

T13
H- (m)
F+ (N)
(m)
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.01
0.01
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.01
0.01
0.011
0.009
0.011
0.01
0.012
0.011
0.011

0.011

F- (N)

p + 1+ (N/m) p + 3 + (N/m) p + 4 + (N/m) Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N)

14.72
11.83
0
2.2
0
2.2
20.6
16.56
0
3.1
0.1
3.2
29.43
23.66
0
4.4
0.1
4.5
26.49
21.29
0
4
0.1
4.1
5
29.43
23.66
0
4.4
0.1
4.5
5
32.37
26.03
0
4.9
0.2
5.1
5
32.37
26.03
0
4.9
0.2
5.1
4
35.32
28.39
0
5.3
0.2
5.5
6
32.37
26.03
0
4.9
0.2
5.1

3
5
5
4

2
3
5
5
6
6
6
6
6

T14
(m)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.007
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.006

F- (N)
1
3

0.007
0.005
0.005

0.007
0.006
0.005

6
4
4
3
3

0.006

0.006
0.006
0.006

3
3
3

0.007

0.006
0.006
0.006

p + 1+ (N/m) p + 3 + (N/m) p + 4 + (N/m) Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N)

2
5.89
4.47
0
0.9
0
0.9
3
17.66
13.41
0
2.6
0.1
2.7
5
32.37
24.59
0
4.7
0.2
4.9
3
26.49
20.12
0
3.9
0.1
4
3
20.6
15.65
0
3
0.1
3.1
3
14.72
11.18
0
2.1
0
2.1
3
14.72
11.18
0
2.1
0
2.1
3
17.66
13.41
0
2.6
0.1
2.7
3
17.66
13.41
0
2.6
0.1
2.7
3
17.66
13.41
0
2.6
0.1
2.7
3
17.66
13.41
0
2.6
0.1
2.7

T15
Fw2+ (N)

p + 1+ (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1+ (N)

8.66
0
1.7
11.77
2.5
12.99
0
3
17.66
23.82
0
4.6
5
32.37

0.008

32.37

23.82

0.007

26.49

19.49

0.009

0.008

26.49

19.49

0.009

0.009

26.49

0.01

0.009

0.011

0.009

0.011

0.009

0.011

H + (m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

F-(N)

0.004

0.003

0.006

0.005

0.011

0.01

0.011
0.009

Fw+lin (N)

1.7

0.1

2.6

0.2

4.8

4.6

0.2

4.8

3.8

0.1

3.9

3.8

0.1

3.9

19.49

3.8

0.1

3.9

29.43

21.65

4.2

0.1

4.3

32.37

23.82

4.6

0.2

4.8

32.37

23.82

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.009

32.37

23.82

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.01

0.009

29.43

21.65

4.2

0.1

4.3

0.01

0.006

29.43

21.65

4.2

0.1

4.3

0.011

0.008

32.37

23.82

4.6

0.2

4.8

p + 1+(N/m p + 3 + ( N / m p + 4 + ( N / m Fw1+(N)

Fw2+(N)

T16
H + (m)

H- (m)

F+(N)

F-(N)

Fw+lin (N)

0.003

0.003

8.83

6.17

1.2

0.005

0.005

14.72

10.28

0.01

0.009

29.43

20.55

4.1

0.1

4.2

0.011

0.011

32.37

22.61

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.012

0.011

35.32

24.66

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.011

0.012

32.37

22.61

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.013

0.012

38.26

26.72

5.3

0.2

5.5

0.012

0.012

35.32

24.66

4.9

0.2

5,1

0.012

0.011

35.32

24.66

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.011

0.011

32.37

22.61

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.012

0.011

35.32

24.66

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.012

0.011

35.32

24,66

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.011

0.012

32.37

22.61

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.012

0.009

35.32

24.66

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.011

0.009

32.37

22.61

4.5

0.2

4.7

1.2

T17
H + (m)

F + (N)

H-

F- (N)

p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1 + (N) FW2+ (N)

0
0
8.83
5.66
1.2

Fw+lin (N)
1.2

0.003

0.003

0.005

0.006

14.72

9.43

1.9

1.9

0.008

0.009

23.54

15.08

3.1

0.1

3.2

0.011

0.014

32.37

20.74

4.3

0.2

4.5

0.014

0.013

41.2

26.39

5.4

0.3

5.7

0.012

0.01

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

0.011

0.012

32.37

20.74

4.3

0.2

4.5

0.012

0.011

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

0.013

0.011

38.26

24.51

0.2

5.2

0.012

0.011

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

0.011

0.01

32.37

20.74

4.3

0.2

4.5

0.012

0.011

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

0.012

0.011

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

0.012

0.01

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

0.011

0.011

32.37

20.74

4.3

0.2

4.5

0.012

0.011

35.32

22.62

4.7

0.2

4.9

1.1

T18
H + (m)

H (m)

F + (N)

F- (N)

0.003

0.003

8.83

5.41

1.1

0.004

0.006

11.77

7.22

1.5

1.5

0.006

0.007

17.66

10.82

2.3

0.1

2.4

0.01

0.012

29.43

18.04

3.8

0.1

3.9

0.013

0.014

38.26

23.45

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.014

0.011

41.2

25.26

5.3

0.3

5.6

0.011

0.011

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

0.013

0,012

38.26

23.45

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.012

0.011

35.32

21.65

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.011

0.011

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

0.011

0.011

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

0.011

0.011

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

0.011

0.011

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

0.012

0.011

35.32

21.65

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.012

0.013

35.32

21.65

4.5

0.2

4.7

0.011

0.012

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

0.011

0.012

32.37

19.84

4.2

0.2

4.4

^cqooNoqi^ojojoqoq

Z . C O C O N C O N C O ' t C O C O ' t *
c - c o i ^ ^ o d o d c d c d i r i u i c D C D

- f f l i n w T - u j i O T - c q

+
5

+
Li.

d d d d

T-

tO (D U I

CO N

+
+

CL

Q.
r-

CO CM e
n CM
LO
LO d
d
d
CO CO CO

CO CO CD CD
CD O LO LO
d
CM cd d
CO CO "3-

CD CD CM
O
CO
d
CM
LO
"3- CO

co CO CM
CM
CM LO
d
LO
CO CO

LO CM
oo CM
CO
CO

z
+

s
d

"*

LO CD CM
CO LO CM
<Q oo
CD

LO
CO
LO
co

CL

CD
CM
co
oo

+
+

+
^ m l O N C D C O I O C O l f l

L O C D C O C D O O O O

^ C O l D S i O t O N C O N

* C O C M i - i - C 0 C 0 L O L O

_ o

_
O

d d d o ' d o ' d d

CM
CM

o' o'

IS

o o o o o o o o

co
d
LO

CD
N CD r-co
d
o'
* o' d
LO LO LO LO -3- 3-

co
d

CD co
co
d
CM
LO

CL
CD CM co
O CO
CM d
co
CO

co

ss

CD d

CM
LO
d
d

LO co_ CD CD CO
CD CD LO
CD
d
CD CD
co

1<

+
CL

C O ( O O i - O T - T - ( M f A l r - O i - ' - ' -

+
LL

co
CM

CM
CM

O
O

co
T - C M C M C M C M C M C M O
O
O O
O
-i
O

CD CO
r - CO co
sr LO
CM

CD co

o" o'

3- CD co t-~ CM LO CM co CD CM CM
LO o LO CD CD
CM CM
d
d
CM d
d
d
CM
LO LO
co co

CD
O

d d d d d d d d c o ' c o d d

co

LL

<- d

C D C M - * C M C O L O C O C D

"*

CO
CO CO CD CO co
co CD CD CO co
T' CM CM
CO CO
co

c o r ^ - ^ c o c o c D c o c o c o c o r ^

Ot-i-i-WCMNCMW
O

C O C O O C D C O - i - O O C D C O C D C O - i - O

T - O J C O O O T - I - I - I - ' *

co CD CD CD
CD CD CM
d
o' cd
LO 3co

CL

Q.

E d d d o ' o ' d d d d

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

*-

+
LL

CM co
CM
cd d
v co

+
d
(
CM LO

Q_

+
CL

co

CL

CD CO

*-

+
+
CD co
CO CD
CD
d
CM
LO

CM

o o o o o o o o o o o

+
CM CM CD LO CD CD
O
O
co CM
LO CO
co CO

CO

+
+

T-

LL

co

CO

T-

^ o o o o o o o o o

+
+

CL

LL
0

LL
L O C D C O C O C M L O - i - C D C D i - i C O ( D O N f f i ( d ( O U ) l f ) ( D ( d

LL
0

CM

T-CMCDCOCDCOCO-i-COh-CDCDCOa)

LL

CO N

laioi-r^aiaif-

L!

i - ^ m m u i c o n c M w n c o

T-

CM

r-

^ ^ C O N t O i - C M W t O

^ o ' d d d o d o '

Z n w r a N n N N o j N o o c o c o c q n

CM

3-

o o
d

o"

CD LO co
CM

CD LO

O
O

o
d

o o
d

co

o o o
d

-3- CM T CM CD CD CM
co
T
O
CM CM CM O T
CM CM
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
d
d
d
O
d
d
d
d
d

T
1
O

CD CD
O
O

C\! CM

o'

CM

O
O

co CO LO
"3" CD 3- CM
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM

o
d

co
O

o
o' o'

P i

o
o' o'

Fw+lin (N
p + 1+ (N/ p + 3 + (N7 p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F + (N)
F-(N)
H + (m)
H- (m)
2.9
0
2.8
0.1
20.6
14.18
0.006
3
3
0.007
0.2
4.6
0
4.4
32.37
22.28
5
7
0.011
0.014
0.6
8.7
40.5
0
8.1
8
58.86
0.018
9
0.02
0
0.9
11
73.58
50.63
10.1
11
0.025
0.026
11
12.9
0
1.2
10
85.35
58.73
11.7
0.024
13
0.029
10.5
1
11.5
76.52
52.65
0
11
0.026
0.025
11
0
1.2
12.9
10
85.35
58.73
11.7
13
0.029
0.024
0
10.5
1
11.5
76.52
52.65
0.025
11
11
0.026
12.5
0
82.4
56.7
11.3
1.2
12
10
0.028
0.024
1.2
12.9
85.35
58.73
0
11
11.7
0.025
12
0.029
1.2
12.9
0
85.35
58.73
11.7
0.025
12
11
0.029
0
12.9
85.35
58.73
1.2
11
11.7
0.029
0.024
12
12.9
0
11.7
85.35
58.73
1.2
12
11
0.029
0.024
12
54.68
0
10.9
1.1
79.46
0.024
12
11
0.027
12.5
0
1.2
82.4
56.7
11.3
0.026
13
11
0.028
T26
Fw+lin (N
p + 1+ (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F-(N)
H + (m)
2.8
0.1
2.9
13.46
0
3
20.6
0.006
4
0.007
0.2
4.5
0
4.3
32.37
21.15
0.015
5
7
0.011
0.4
7.1
32.69
0
6.7
50.03
0.018
8
8
0.017
0.8
10.2
0
9.4
70.63
46.15
11
12
0.024
0.027
12.2
0
11
1.2
82.4
53.84
0.026
13
12
0.028
51.92
0
10.6
1.1
11.7
10
79.46
0.021
12
0.027
1
11.2
50
0
10.2
11
76.52
0.026
12
0.026
11.7
51.92
0
10.6
1.1
10
79.46
0.023
12
0.027
0
10.2
1
76.52
50
11.2
12
11
0.026
0.026
10.6
1.1
11.7
79.46
51.92
0
12
11
0.024
0.027
0
1
11.2
76.52
50
10.2
12
10
0.026
0.024
11.2
0
10.2
1
50
12
10
76.52
0.026
0.025
10.6
11.7
79.46
51.92
0
1.1
12
10
0.027
0.024
11.7
0
10.6
1.1
79.46
51.92
0.026
12
11
0.027
0
10.2
1
11.2
76.52
50
12
10
0.026
0.024
0
10.2
1
11.2
76.52
50
12
10
0.026
0.026
T27
Fw+lin (N
F-(N)
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
H- (m)
F + (N)
H + (m)
0.1
2.3
0
2.2
17.66
10.43
0.004
3
2
0.006
0.1
3.8
17.38
0
3.7
4
29.43
0.009
5
0.01
5
4.8
0.2
38.26
22.59
0
6
7
0.015
0.013
9.4
0
8.6
0.8
67.69
39.97
10
1 1
0.024
0.023
0
10
79.46
46.93
1.1
11.1
12
13
0.029
0.027
0
10.8
1.2
12
85.35
50.4
13
12
0.029
0.027
0
9.7
1
10.7
76.52
45.19
12
11
0.026
0.023
0
10
79.46
46.93
1.1
11.1
0.026
12
12
0.027
11.6
48.66
0
10.4
12
82.4
1.2
0.025
13
0.028
0
1
10.7
45.19
9.7
12
76.52
0.026
0.026
12
0
10.4
1.2
11.6
82.4
48.66
13
12
0.026
0.028
1.2
48.66
0
10.4
11.6
12
12
82.4
0.028
0.027
48.66
0
10.4
1.2
11.6
12
82.4
0.028
0.026
12
11.6
48.66
10.4
1.2
12
82.4
0
0.026
13
0.028
0
12
85.35
50.4
10.8
1.2
0.026
13
12
0.029
11.6
48.66
0
10.4
1.2
12
82.4
0.026
12
0.028
0.031
T28
H + (m)
0.006
0.008

0.026

H (m)
F + (N)
0.003
3
4
0.004

12

F-(N)
1
2
4

91.23

p + 1+ (N/
17.66
23.54

53.88

41.2
38.26
70.63
82.4

13
11

14
11
12

82.4
85.35
76.52

46.65
46.65
48.31
43.32

13

0.027

13
13
13

13
13

85.35
85.35
85.35

48.31
48.31
48.31

0.027
0.026
0.026

12
13
12

0.025
0.025
0.023

12
14
13

0.008
0.016
0.024

0.029
0.029
0.029

0.028
0.028

0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028

0.03
0.03
0.025
0.026

6
6
11
13
13

12
12
13
12
12
10

85.35
85.35
82.4
82.4
94.18
88.29

11.5

1.4

p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/
10
0
0
13.33

7
11
14

0.014
0.013
0.024
0.028
0.028
0.029
0.026

0.032
0.03

13

23.32
21.66
39.98

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

2.2
0.1
2.9
0.1
0,3
0
5.1
0.2
0
4.7
8.7
0.8
0
0
10.2
1.2
1.2
0
10.2

12.9

Fw+lin (N
2.3
3
5.4
4.9
9.5
11.4
11.4
11.7
10.4

0
0

10.5
9.4

1.2
1

0
0

10.5
10.5

1.2
1.2

10.5

1.2

0
0
0
0

10.5
10.5
10.2
10,2

1.2

11.7

48.31
46.65
46.65

1.2
1.2
1.2

53.31
49.98

0
0

11.6
10.9

1.5
1.3

11.7
11.4
11.4
13.1
12.2

48.31

11.7
11.7
11.7

T31
H+ (m)

H- (m)

F- (N)

F+ (N)

p + 1 + (N/m) p + 3 + (N/

p + 4 + (N/

Fw1 + (N)

Fw+lin (N)

Fw2 (N)

0.013

0.014

38.26

31.88

5.9

0.2

6.1

0.026

0.022

13

10

76.52

63.75

11.8

12.8
19.3

0.036

0.02

18

10

105.95

88.27

16.3

1
1.9

0.038

19

12

111.83

93.18

17.2

2.1

0.039

0.024
0.029

19

14

114.78

95.63

17.6

2.2

19.8

0.036

0.032

19

15

105.95

88.27

16.3

1.9

18.2

0.036

0.031
0.03

18

15

16.3

1.9

18.2

17

14

105.95
100.06

88.27

0.034

83.37

15.4

1.7

17.1

0.033

0.03

17

14

97.12

80.92

14.9

1.6

T31B
0.017

H- (m)
0.019

0.027

F+ (N)

F- (N)

p + 1 + (N/m) p + 3 + (N/
50.03
41.68

p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N)

0
7.7

8.1

1.1

13.3

15.8

1.8

17.6

17.6

2.2

19.8

18.1

2.4

20.5

95.63

17.6

2.2

19.8

93.18

17.2

2.1

19.3

105.95

88.27

16.3

1.9

18.2

105.95

88.27

16.3

1.9

p + 1 + (N/m) p + 3 + (N/

p + 4 + (N/

Fw1 + (N)

0.024

13

11

79.46

66.2

12.2

0.035

0.026

17

13

103.01

0.026

19

12

114.78

85.82
95.63

0.039

0.04

0.031

20

15

117.72

98.08

0.039

0.032

21

15

114.78

0.038

0.031

19

15

111.83

0.036

0.031

19

15

0.036

0.028

18

13

T31*

F+ (N)

F- (N)

16.5
Fw+lin (N)

0.4

H- (m)

Fw2 (N)

18.2

18.2
Fw+lin (N)

Fw2 (N)

0.016

0.018

47.09

39.23

7.2

0.4

7.6

0.026

0.023

13

11.8

1
1

12.8

17

63.75
63.75

11.8

0.033

76.52
76.52

0.026

11
12

0.026

0.037

19

12

76.52

63.75

11.8

12.8

0.031

0.037

15

91.23

76.01

14

1.4

15.4

0.031

0.034

19
18

15

91.23

76.01

14

1.4

15.4

0.029

0.034

17

14

85.35

13.1

1.2

14.3

0.03

0.032

17

15

88.29

71.11
73.56

13.6

1.3

14.9

0.028

0.031

16

13

82.4

68.66

12.7

1.2

13.9

p + 1 + (N/m) p + 3 + (N/

p + 4 + (N/

Fw1 + (N)
7.5

0.4

12.4

1.2

7.9
13.6
17.9

T32
H + (m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

F- (N)

Fw2 (N)

12.8

Fw+lin (N)

0.017
0.028

0.017
0.026

50.03

40.49

13

12

82.4

66.7

0
0

0.036

0.024

18

12

105.95

85.75

16

1.9

0.038

0.026

19

13

111.83

90.52

16.9

2.1

19

0.04

0.029

20

14

117.72

95.28

17.8

2.4

20.2

0.044

0.026

22

12

129.49

104.81

19.5

2.8

22.3

0.045

0.029

23

14

132.44

107.19

20

23

0.046

0.032

23

15

135.38

109.57

20.4

3.1

23.5

0.047

0.03

23

14

138.32

111.95

20.9

3.3

24.2

0.05

0.033

25

16

147.15

119.1

22.2

3.7

25.9

p + 1 + (N/m) p + 3 + (N/

p + 4 + (N/

Fw1 + (N)

0.014

H- (m)
0.015

41.2

33.35

6.2

0.3

6.5

0.026

0.026

13

12

76.52

61.93

11.5

12.5

0.036

0.023

18

12

105.95

85.75

16

1.9

17.9

0.036

0.027

18

13

105.95

85.75

16

1.9

17.9

0.036

0.029
0.026

19
21

15

105.95

16

13

120.66

85.75
97.66

18.2

1.9
2.5

20.7

22

13

126.55

102.43

0.044

0.027
0.03

23

15

129.49

104.81

19.1
19.5

2.7
2.8

21.8
22.3

0.046

0.031

23

15

135.38

109.57

20.4

3.1

23.5

0.046

0.033

24

16

135.38

109.57

20.4

3.1

23.5

T32*

0.041
0.043

F+ (N)

F- (N)

Fw2 (N)

Fw+lin (N)

17.9

T33
Fw+lin (N)
p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
(m)
H- (m)
5.9
0.2
38.26
29.85
0
5.7
6
0.013
0.012
7
12.3
0
11.3
1
76.52
12
12
59.7
0.026
0.026
2.2
19.2
0
17
14
114.78
89.54
0.039
0.031
19
12.8
0
11.7
1.1
79.46
61.99
14
12
0.027
0.024
1.6
16
0
14.4
10
97.12
75.77
0.022
16
0.033
1.6
16
0
14.4
97.12
75.77
0.024
16
11
0.033
1.3
14.4
68.88
0
13.1
15
12
88.29
0.03
0.024
1.2
13.8
0
12.6
12
85.35
66.58
0.025
15
0.029
1.2
0
12.2
13.4
12
82.4
64.29
0.028
0.026
13
13.8
0
12.6
1.2
85.35
66.58
14
11
0.029
0.023
13.8
0
12.6
1.2
85.35
66.58
15
12
0.029
0.026
Fw+lin (N)
F- (N)
p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
0
4.8
0.2
5
5
32.37
25.26
6
0.011
0.011
0
10.4
0.8
11.2
10
70.63
55.1
0.022
12
0.024
18.6
111.83
87.25
0
16.5
2.1
19
15
0.038
0.03
0
11.3
1
12.3
76.52
0.023
14
11
59.7
0.026
1.4
91.23
0
13.5
14.9
16
71.18
0.031
0.021
11
1.4
14.9
91.23
0
13.5
16
71.18
0.031
0.024
11
12.8
79.46
61.99
0
11.7
1.1
14
12
0.027
0.024
0
11.3
1
12.3
76.52
13
11
59.7
0.026
0.023
11.8
0
10.9
0.9
12
73.58
57.4
0.025
12
0.024
12.3
0
11.3
1
12
76.52
59.7
0.026
0.022
11
0
11.3
1
12.3
13
12
76.52
59.7
0.026
0.025

F- (N)
(m)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
6
0.013
0.009
10
0.022
0.022
16
0.035
0.031
0.03
17
0.037
15
0.032
0.025
16
0.036
0.03
16
0.034
0.031
0.036
17
0.029
0.035
0.028
17
16
0.035
0.027
0.036
0.028
17
0.036
0.031
17
15
0.035
0.029
0.038
0.031
17
F- (N)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
\*
0.008
6
0.013
10
0.021
0.015
0.034
0.036
0.032
0.031
0.032
0.035
0.036
0.034
0.035
0.036
0.035
0.04

0.031
0.03
0.023
0.026
0.03
0.026
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.031
0.021
0.029

Fw+lin (N)
p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0.2
5.6
38.26
0
5.4
27.82
47.08
0
9.2
0.7
9.9
64.75
0
14.6
1.8
16.4
103.01
74.9
0
17.4
108.89
79.18
15.4
2
14.8
0
13.3
1.5
94.18
68.48
0
15
16.9
105.95
77.04
1.9
0
14.2
1.7
15.9
100.06
72.76
105.95
0
15
16.9
77.04
1.9
103.01
0
14.6
1.8
16.4
74.9
0
1.8
16.4
103.01
74.9
14.6
0
15
16.9
105.95
77.04
1.9
105.95
77.04
0
15
1.9
16.9
0
14.6
1.8
16.4
14
103.01
74.9
0
15.8
2.1
17.9
15
111.83
81.32
Fw+lin (N)
p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0.2
5.6
4
38.26
27.82
0
5.4
0
8.8
0.6
7
61.8
44.94
9.4

4
10
15
14
12
14
15
14
13
13
13
15

17
17
15
14
15
16
17
16

15
14

17
16
17
18

11
14
10

100.06
105.95
94.18
91.23
94.18
103.01
105.95
100.06
103.01
105.95
103.01

13

117.72

11
12
14
12
13
12

72.76
77.04
68.48
66.34
68.48
74.9
77.04
72.76
74.9
77.04
74.9
85.6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

14.2
15
13.3
12.9
13.3
14.6
15
14.2
14.6
15
14.6
16.7

1.7
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.7

15.9
16.9
14.8
14.3
14.8
16.4
16.9
15.9

1.8
1.9
1.8

16.4
16.9
16.4

2.4

19.1

T35
H + (m)

H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 +
22.44
3
32.37
0.006
6
0.011
38.76
9
8
55.92
0.017
0.019
63.24
13
91.23
0.028
15
0.031
79.56
16
114.78
0.036
18
0.039
120.66
83.64
14
0.03
19
0.041
16
105.95
73.44
17
0.036
0.036
14
120.66
83.64
0.031
19
0.041
81.6
18
17
117.72
0.038
0.04
81.6
16
117.72
0.034
17
0.04
81.6
18
16
117.72
0.034
0.04
114.78
79.56
18
15
0.031
0.039
15
117.72
81.6
19
0.04
0.031
17
120.66
83.64
0.036
18
0.041
13
123.61
85.68
19
0.042
0.028
123.61
85.68
19
12
0.042
0.026
F- (N)
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 +
H- (m)
F+ (N)
5*
41.2
28.56
0.009
7
5
0.014
12
61.8
42.84
10
0.021
0.025
65.28
12
94.18
0.026
15
0.032
79.56
17
16
114.78
0.036
0.039
120.66
83.64
18
14
0.031
0.041
120.66
83.64
19
17
0.041
0.037
14
120.66
83.64
0.031
19
0.041
81.6
18
16
117.72
0.035
0.04
81.6
18
16
117.72
0.04
0.034
81.6
17
16
117.72
0.04
0.034
81.6
18
16
117.72
0.034
0.04
19
15
120.66
83.64
0.031
0.041
17
123.61
85.68
18
0.042
0.037
15
120.66
83.64
0.031
17
0.041
87.72
19
14
126.55
0.043
0.031

(N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

Fw+lin (N
4.5
0.2
4.7
0
0.5
8.2
0
7.7
12.6
14
0
1.4
18
15.8
2.2
0
0
16.6
2.5
19.1
16.5
0
14.6
1.9
2.5
19.1
0
16.6
18.6
0
16.2
2.4
18.6
0
16.2
2.4
18.6
0
16.2
2.4
18
0
15.8
2.2
2.4
18.6
0
16.2
2.5
19.1
0
16.6
19.7
0
17.1
2.6
0
2.6
19.7
17.1
(N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N) Fw+lin (N
0.3
6
0
5.7
9.1
0
8.5
0.6
1.5
14.5
0
13
18
0
15.8
2.2
0
16.6
2.5
19.1
0
16.6
2.5
19.1
0
16.6
2.5
19.1
18.6
0
16.2
2.4
2.4
18.6
0
16.2
18.6
0
16.2
2.4
2.4
18.6
0
16.2
2.5
0
16.6
19.1
0
17.1
2.6
19.7
2.5
0
16.6
19.1
17.5
2.7
20.2
0

T36
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 +
H + (m)
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
3
21.35
0.006
6
32.37
0.011
6
50.03
33
0.012
8
0.017
10
85.35
56.29
0.021
14
0.029
69.88
16
17
105.95
0.036
0.038
89.29
21
18
135.38
0.046
0.041
83.46
19
15
126.55
0.043
0.034
18
15
120.66
79.58
0.036
0.041
15
120.66
79.58
0.034
18
0.041
17
123.61
81.52
0.042
0.039
19
85.4
18
17
129.49
0.044
0.039
19
16
129.49
85.4
0.044
0.036
81.52
19
15
123.61
0.042
0.035
16
129.49
85.4
0.039
20
0.044
18
129.49
85.4
0.042
19
0.044
15
95.11
21
144.21
0.049
0.035
158.92
104.81
0.029
21
12
0.054
F- (N)
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 +
T36*
H- (m)
F+ (N)
4
41.2
27.17
0.009
7
0.014
11
55.92
36.88
0.019
0.024
9
14
12
85.35
56.29
0.025
0.029
17
17
108.89
71.82
0.038
0.037
17
129.49
85.4
0.044
0.039
19
15
129.49
85.4
0.034
19
0.044
17
129.49
85.4
0.039
19
0.044
129.49
85.4
19
15
0.044
0.034
126.55
83.46
19
17
0.043
0.039
15
129.49
85.4
0.036
19
0.044
16
129.49
85.4
0.038
18
0.044
85.4
0.038
18
16
129.49
0.044
19
15
135.38
89.29
0.046
0.034
19
135.38
89.29
0.046
0.044
19
16
150.09
98.99
0.036
19
0.051
147.15
97.05
19
12
0.05
0.029

Fw+lin (N
(N/ Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
0
4.3
0.2
4.5
0
0.4
7.1
6.7
0
1.2
12.7
11.5
0
14.2
1.9
16.1
0
18.2
3.1
21.3
0
17
2.7
19.7
0
16.2
2.5
18.7
0
16.2
2.5
18.7
0
16.6
2.6
19.2
0
2.8
20.2
17.4
0
17.4
2.8
20.2
2.6
0
16.6
19.2
0
2.8
20.2
17.4
0
2.8
20.2
17.4
0
3.5
22.9
19.4
4.3
25.6
0
21.3
(N/ Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
Fw+lin (N
5.8
0
5.5
0.3
0
7.5
0.5
8
0
1.2
12.7
11.5
0
14.6
16.6
2
0
2.8
20.2
17.4
0
2.8
20.2
17.4
0
2.8
20.2
17.4
2.8
20.2
0
17.4
0
17
2.7
19.7
0
20.2
17.4
2.8
0
20.2
17.4
2.8
0
17.4
2.8
20.2
0
18.2
3.1
21.3
0
18.2
3.1
21.3
3.8
23.9
0
20.1
23.5
0
19.8
3.7

T37
Fw+lin (N
F + (N)
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ FW1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
(m)
H- (m)
F-(N)
0.2
4.3
19.61
0
4.1
0.004
6
2
32.37
0.011
0
5.3
0.3
5.6
7
4
41.2
24.96
0.008
0.014
0.8
0
9
9.8
7
70.63
42.79
0.024
0.014
11
0
10.2
15
79.46
48.14
1.1
11.3
0.027
0.032
12
18
0
15.5
2.5
18
19
120.66
73.1
0.041
0.043
2.7
18.9
76.67
0
16.2
0.044
19
20
126.55
0.043
0
2.2
16.9
15
69.54
14.7
0.034
17
114.78
0.039
0
14.3
2.1
16.4
17
17
111.83
67.75
0.038
0.036
15.9
0
13.9
2
0.035
17
17
108.89
65.97
0.037
18
0
15.5
2.5
17
18
120.66
73.1
0.037
0.041
0
2.2
16.9
18
16
114.78
69.54
14.7
0.039
0.034
0
2.2
16.9
18
17
114.78
69.54
14.7
0.039
0.037
0
15,8
2.6
18.4
19
17
123.61
74.89
0.042
0.036
0.036
0.039
0.035

0.043
0.039
0.044
0.044
r*
0.012
0.016
0.026
0.027
0.044

19
17
20

18
0.034
H- (m)
F + (N)
6
0.004
0.008
7

17
18
16
16
F-(N)
2
3
6
15
19

0.014
0.034
0.043

12
12
19

0.044
0.04
0.037
0.039

0.043
0.031
0.038
0.034

0.041
0.037
0.038

0.036
0.033
0.037

18
16
16
16
17
16
18

0.041
0.041
0.037
0.044

0.034
0.037
0.036
0.032

18
17
21

17
17
17
15

0.044

0.031

19

14

18

19
14
17
15
17
15
17

126.55
114.78
129.49

76.67
69.54
78.45

0
0
0

16.2
14.7
16.6

2.7
2.2
2.8

18.9
16.9
19.4

78.45
0
16.6
2.8
19.4
129.49
Fw+lin (N
p + 1+ (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ FW1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
0
4.5
0.2
4.7
35.32
21.4
0.4
6.4
28.53
0
6
47.09
0
9.8
1
10.8
76.52
46.36
0
10.2
79.46
48.14
1.1
11.3
78.45
0
16.6
2.8
19.4
129.49
78.45
0
16.6
2.8
19.4
129.49
0
15.1
2.4
17.5
117.72
71.32
108.89
65.97
0
13.9
2
15.9
69.54
0
14.7
2.2
16.9
114.78
0
2.5
18
120.66
73.1
15.5
0
15.9
108.89
65.97
13.9
2
2.1
111.83
67.75
0
14.3
16.4
18
120.66
0
15.5
2.5
73.1
120.66
108.89
129.49

0
0
0

15.5

2.5

65.97
78.45

73.1

13.9
16.6

2
2.8

18
15.9
19.4

129.49

78.45

16.6

2.8

19.4

i
Fw+lin (N
F + (N)
F-(N)
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
H- (m)
0
5.1
0.3
5.4
0.006
7
3
41.2
23.32
0
5.8
0.4
0.016
8
8
47.09
26.66
6.2
10
58.86
33.32
0
7.3
0.6
7.9
0.022
9
14
15
15
100.06
56.64
0
12.3
1.7
0.034
0.033
15
0.036
0.039
16
18
105.95
59.98
0
13.1
1.9
68.31
0
2.5
0.042
18
19
120.66
14.9
17.4
0.041
0
2.5
0.039
18
18
120.66
68.31
14.9
17.4
0.041
0
2.5
18
18
120.66
68.31
14.9
17.4
0.041
0.04
2.5
0.044
19
21
120.66
68.31
0
14.9
17.4
0.041
0
18.3
0.039
18
18
126.55
71.64
15.6
2.7
0.043
(m)
0.014
0.016
0.02

0.041
0.042
0.04
0.04
0.043
0.039
0.048

0.04
0.041
0.039

18

18

120.66

68.31

18
18

19
18

123.61

0.039

19

17

69.97
66.64
66.64

14.9
15.2

2.5
2.6

17.4
17.8

0
0

14.5
14.5

2.4
2.4

16.9
16.9

0
15.6
2.7
18.3
71.64
2.2
64.97
0
14.2
16.4
0
3.4
20.8
79.97
17.4
73.3
0
16
2.8
18.8
129.49
Fw+lin (N
F + (N)
F-(N)
p + 1+ (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
18.33
0
0.2
4.2
5
1
32.37
4
6
23.32
0
5.1
0.3
5.4
3
41.2
10
6
34.99
0
7.6
0.6
8.2
61.8
0
0.9
10
11
12
73.58
41.65
9.1
0
16.4
17
18
114.78
64.97
14.2
2.2
0
16
2.8
18.8
19
21
129.49
73.3
0
15.2
2.6
17.8
17
18
123.61
69.97
0
18
16
120.66
68.31
14.9
2.5
17.4
17
19
63.31
0
13.8
2.1
15.9
111.83
17
20
18

17
19
19
15

126.55
114.78
141.26

0.042
0.042

0.039
0.044
0.039

18
19
17

18
19
18

120.66
123.61
123.61

6B.31
69.97
69.97

0
0
0

14.9
15.2

0.039
0.043
0.044
0.041

0.04
0.039
0.041
0.038

18
19
17
17

18
17
18
17

114.78
126.55
129.49
120.66

64.97
71.64
73.3
68.31

0
0
0
0

0.049
0.053

0.038
0.034

20
19

17
16

144.21
155.98

81.63

0
0

0.044
3*
0.011
0.014
0,021
0.025
0.039
0.044
0.042
0.041
0.038
0.041

0.037

117.72
117.72

0
0

0.041
0.041

0.031
(m)
0.003
0.006
0.013
0.029
0.04
0.048
0.041
0.035
0.041

19

88.3

17.4
17.8

15.2

2.5
2.6
2.6

14.2
15.6
16
14.9

2.2
2.7
2.8
2.5

16.4
18.3
18.8
17.4

17.8
19.2

3.5
4.1

21.3
23.3

17.8

T41
H+ (m)
0.019
0.039
0.056
0.053
0.055
0.049
0.049
0.047
0.049
T42
H + (m)
0.021
0.039
0.055
0.05
0.054
0.06
0.061
0.06
0.065
0.065
T42B
0.025
0.041
0.055
0.054
0.057
0.061
0.06
0.061
0.065
0.068

;m)
0.016
0.029

F+ (N)

F- (N)

p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

0
8.6
0.5
46.84
55.92
0
17.7
2.2
114.78
96.14

10
19

8
13

0.027
0.031
0.039
0.041

27
26

13
15

164.81
155.98

27
26

18
19

0.041
0.04

24
24

0.041

24

(m)
0.018
0.033

10
18

9.1
19.9

161.87
144.21

138.04
130.65
135.58
120.79

0
0
0
0

25.4
24.1
25
22.2

4.6
4.1
4.5
3.5

30
28.2
29.5
25.7

19
19

144.21
138.32

120.79
115.86

0
0

144.21

120.79

3.5
3.3
3.5

25.7
24.6

19

22.2
21.3
22.2

F-(N)

F+ (N)

Fw+lin (N

8
15

p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

0
9.4
0.6
61.8
50.34
2.2
114.78
93.48
0
17.4

25.7

Fw+lin (N
10
19.6

0.034

26

16

161.87

131.84

24.5

4.5

29

0.037
0.039

25
27

18
18

147.15
158.92

119.85
129.44

26
28.4

29
30

22.3
24.1
26.8
27.2

3.7
4.3

0.034
0.036
0.036
0.04

0
0
0
0

32.1
32.7

0.046
0

33
0

0.021
0.035

13
20

0.033
0.037

28
27

5.3
143.82
5.5
146.22
5.3
143.82
0
26.8
18
29
6.2
20
155.81
11.77
155.81
11.77
29
6.2
21
191.3
0 p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)
10
73.58
59.93
0
11.2
0.9
98.28
0
18.3
2.5
16
120.66
4.5
16
131.84
0
24.5
161.87

0.039
0.034

17
17

30
30

0.036
0.039
0.039
0.045

176.58
179.52
176.58
191.3

32.1
35.2
35.2
Fw+lin (N
12.1
20.8

17

158.92

129.44

24.1

4.3

29
28.4

29
30
31
31

18
16

167.75
179.52

136.63
146.22

0
0

25.4
27.2

17
19

176.58
179.52

143.82
146.22

0
0

26.8
27.2

4.8
5.5
5.3

30.2
32.7
32.1

31

19

191.3
200.12

29
30.3

32.7
35.2

21

11.77
20.6

5.5
6.2

34

155.81
163

6.7

37

T43
H+ (m)
0.02
0.034
0.057
0.046
0.048
0.048
0.042
0.044
0.043
0.046
0.046

(m)
0.012
0.023

F+ (N)

0.044
0.026

p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

F- (N)
6
10

58.86
100.06

46.3
78.71

0
0

8.7
14.9

0.6
1.7

9.3
16.6

27

20
13

167.75
135.38

131.96
106.49

0
0

24.9
20.1

4.8
3.1

29.7
23.2

0
0

21

3.4
3.4

24.4

21

0
0

18.4
19.2

2.6
2.8

21
22

0
0

18.8
20.1

2.7
3.1

21.5
23.2

20.1

3.1

23.2

22
23

16

141.26

111.12

22

17

141.26

111.12

0.039
0.036

20

18

123.61

97.23

20

17

101.86

0.036
0.033

20
21

0.038

21

17
15
17

129.49
126.55

0.033
0.038

Fw+lin (N

10
16

135.38
135.38

99.55
106.49
106.49

24.4

T44
H + (m)
0.02
0.034
0.048
0.05
0.042
0.047
0.046
0.049
0.051
0.05
0.05
0.051
0.044
0.058

(m)
0.013
0.032
0.043

F+ (N)

F- (N)
10
15

p + 1 + (N/m p + 3 + (N/m p + 4 + (N/m Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)

58.86
43.04
0
8.4
0.6
100.06
141.26

73.17
103.3

0
0

14.2
20.1

1.7

Fw+lin (N
9
15.9
23.5

0.043
0.038

23
19

18
16

147.15
123.61

107.6
90.38

0
0

17.6

3.4
3.7
2.6

0.036
0.039

21
21

16
18

138.32
135.38

101.14
98.99

0.04
0.042

22
22

18
19

144.21
150.09

105.45
109.75

0
0
0
0

19.7
19.3
20.5
21.4

3.3
3.1
3.5
3.8

23
22.4
24
25.2

0.039

22
22

18
15

147.15
147.15

107.6
107.6

0
0

21

3.7

24.7

21

3.7

23
21

16
12

150.09
129.49
170.69

21.4
18.4
24.3

24.7
25.2
21.2

14

0
0
0

3.8
2.8

24

109.75
94.69
124.82

29.3

0.034
0.038
0.028
0.029

22

6
14
19

21

24.7
20.2

T45
H + (m)
0.019
0.029
0.046
0.055
0.056
0.052
0.054
0.053
0.053
0.055
0.054
0.054
0.051
0.052
0.059

(m)
F + (N)
0.009
10
14
0.024
21
0.038
24
0.049
24
0.04
23
0.047
0.041
0.046
0.045

24
24
23

0.046
0.041
0.039
0.046

23
23
24
25

0.035

24
26

0.024

F-(N)

Fw+lin (N
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
8.3
7.8
0.5
55.92
39.33
0
0
1.2
13.1
85.35
60.03
11.9
3.1
21.9
95.22
0
18.8
135.38
0
4.5
27
113.85
22.5
161.87
4.6
27.5
115.92
0
22.9
164.81
4
25.3
107.64
0
21.3
153.04
4.3
26.4
111.78
0
22.1
18
158.92
4.1
25.8
0
20
155.98
109.71
21.7
4.1
25.8
0
20
155.98
109.71
21.7
4.5
27
113.85
0
22.5
20
161.87
4.3
26.4
158.92
111.78
0
22.1
19
4.3
26.4
111.78
0
22.1
17
158.92
3.8
0
20.9
24.7
19
150.09
105.57
25.3
0
4
16
153.04
107.64
21.3
5.1
29.2
0
24.1
173.64
122.13
11

4
11
17
21
17
21

T46
H-(m)
F+(N)
F-(N)
p+
H + (m)
4
0,008
10
0.019
0.015
13
7
0.027
12
0.027
20
0.042
23
21
0.049
0.051
25
21
0.05
0.059
24
19
0.044
0.056
23
18
0.044
0.055
23
21
0.05
0.057
23
18
0.046
0.054
0.051
23
21
0.056
20
0.049
23
0.059
20
0.046
23
0.061
24
23
0.063
0.057
0.046
24
20
0.064
20
0.059
0.049
23
26
19
0.059
0.046
T47
H + (m)
0.019
0.022
0.036
0.039
0.054
0.054
0.05
0.046
0.052
0.051
0.053
0.049
0.053
0.056
0.051
0.063
0.068
T48
H + (m)
0.015
0.021
0.029
0.039
0.05
0.049
0.054
0.047
0.048
0.056
0.056
0.049
0.049
0.059
0.059
0.039
0.054
0.063

F + (N)
;m)
10
0.006
0.011
0.017
0.049
0.061
0.051
0.048
0.049
0.05
0.05
0.048
0.051
0.049
0.049
0.054
0.044
0.038

F-(N)

123.61
150.09
173.64

p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/
0
37.54
0
53.35
82.99
100.78
116.58

25
23
19
23
21
22
21
22
23
21
21
25
23

22.3
21.9
22.7
21.5

4.6
4.5
4.8
4.3

26.9
26.4
27.5
25.8

0
0
0

22.3
23.5
24.3

26.9
28.6
29.8

25.1
25.5
23.5

4.6
5.1
5.5
5.8

116.58
116.58

0
0

23.5

6
5.1
5.1

30.9
31.5
28.6
28.6

Fw+lin (N
p + 1 + (N/ p + 3 + (N/ p + 4 + (N/ Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0
7.2
0.5
7.7
55.92
33.88
0.7
39.23
0
8.3
9
4
64.75
15.5
8
105.95
64.19
0
13.6
1.9
16.9
114.78
0
2.2
19
69.54
14.7
4.3
158.92
96.28
0
20.4
24.7
25
4.3
24.7
158.92
96.28
0
20.4
22
22.6
20
89.15
0
18.9
3.7
147.15
3.1
20.4
135.38
82.02
0
17.3
21
19.6
4
23.6
22
153.04
92.72
0
3.8
150.09
90.93
0
19.2
23
23
155.98
94.5
0
20
24.1
21
4.1
23
21
21
23

144.21
155.98
164.81
150.09

87.37
94.5
99.85
90.93

0
0
0
0

18.5

3.5

22

20
21.1
19.2

4.1
4.6
3.8

24.1
25.7
23

20
19

185.41
200.12

11 2.33
121.24

5.89
20.6

23.8
25.6

5.8
6.7

29.6
32.3

F-(N)
1
5

p + 1 + (N/
44.15
61.8

p + 3 + (W p + 4 + (N/
0
25.37
35.51
0

21

23

147.15

49.04
65.95
84.55

0.055
0.048
0.051
0.05

24
20
22
22

25
21
22
22

144.21
158.92
138.32
141.26

82.86
91.31
79.48
81.17

0.057
0.054

20
20

24
23

164.81
164.81

19

22

21
20
20
21

23
22
22
22
24

144.21
144.21
1 73.64
173.64
114.78

99.77
99.77
65.95

158.92

21

185.41

91.31
106.53

25
21

0
0
0
0

5.89
8.83

85.35
114.78

0.044

19.4
24.1
28.6

124.49
126.46

9
16

0.049

2.6
3.8
5.1

185.41
188.35
173.64
173.64

13
17

0.052
0.05
0.051

11.9

16.8
20.3
23.5

110.66
108.68
112.63

0.021
0.04
0.058

0.054
0.054

Fw+lin (N
8.1

0
0
0

164.81
161.87
167.75
158.92
164.81
173.64
179.52

106.7
110.66
116.58
120.54

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

0.5
7.6
10.8
1.1

11
17
17

(m)
F + (N)
0.003
8
0.012
10

1+(N/
55.92
79.46

0
0

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

5.5
0.3
0.6
7.7
10.6

14.3
18.3

0
0

17.9
19.8

0
0

17.2
17.6

94.7
94.7
82.86

0
0
0

20.5
20.5
17.9

82.86

0
0
0
0
0

17.9
21.6
21.6
14.3
19.8

5.89

23.1

1.2
2.2

Fw+lin (N
5.8
8.3
11.8
16.5

3.7

22

3.5
4.3
3.3
3.4

21.4
24.1
20.5

4.6
4.6
3.5
3.5

21
25.1
25.1
21.4

5.1
5.1
2.2

21.4
26.7
26.7
16.5

4.3
5.8

24.1
28.9

T11

T11
(m)
0.006

H- (m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p + 1 +_g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

Fw1 +_g (N) F w 2 + _ g (N) F w + _ 9 ( N )

p+4+_g

0.007

0.92

16.25

0.87

14.14

2.6

0.5

0.005

0.006

0.92

13.54

0.87

11.78

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.009

0.009

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

0.009

0.009

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

0.009

0.006

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

0.009

0.007

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

0.009

0.008

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

0.009

0.008

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

0.009

0.008

0.92

24.37

0.87

21.2

3.9

0.7

4.6

T12

3.1

T12
(m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)
3

P+1 +_9 (N/m) alpha3

13.24
0.84

p+3+_g

p+4+_g

Fw1+_g (N) Fw2 + _g (N) Fw+._g (N)

2.5
2.1
0.4

11.12

0.84

15.57

2.9

0.6

0.84

22.25

4.2

0.8

29.14

0.84

24.48

4.6

0.9

5.5

0.9

31.78

0.84

26.7

0.9

34.43

0.84

28.92

5.4

1.1

6.5

0.9

37.08

0.84

31.15

5.9

1.1

0.9

34.43

0.84

28.92

5.4

1.1

6.5

0.9

31.78

0.84

26.7

0.9

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.009

0.9

18.54

0.01

0.01

0.9

26.49

0.011

0.009

0.9

0.012

0.011

0.013

0.011

0.014

0.011

0.013

0.011

0.012

0.01

T13

3.5

T13
(m)
0.005

H- (m)

F- (N)

F+ (N)

alphal

p + 1 +_g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

p+4+_g

Fw1 +_g (N) F w 2 + _ g (N) F w + _ g (N)

2
0.4
2.4

10.62

0.82

14.87

2.8

0.6

3.4

0.82

21.24

4.1

0.8

4.9

23.31

0.82

19.11

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.88

25.9

0.82

21.24

4.1

0.8

4.9

0.88

28.49

0.82

23.36

4.5

0.9

5.4

0.88

28.49

0.82

23.36

4.5

0.9

5.4

0.011

0.88

31.08

0.82

25.49

4.9

0.9

5.8

0.011

0.88

28.49

0.82

23.36

4.5

0.9

5.4

0.88

12.95

0.82

0.88

18.13

0.88

25.9

0.88

0.009

0.011

0.01

0.012
0.011

0.006

0.007

0.01

0.01

0.009

0.009

0.008

0.01

0.01

0.011

T14

T14
(m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

0.002

0.004

0.83

P+1 +_g (N/m) alpha3

4.89
0.78

p+3+_g

p+4+_g

3.81

Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_ g (N) F w + _ g (N)

0.1
0.8
0.7

0.006

0.007

0.83

14.66

0.78

11.43

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.011

0.011

0.83

26.87

0.78

20.96

4.1

0.8

4.9

0.009

0.006

0.83

21.98

0.78

17.14

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.007

0.007

0.83

17.1

0.78

13.34

2.6

0.5

3.1

0.005

0.006

0.83

12.21

0.78

9.52

1.9

0.4

2.3

0.005

0.005

0.83

12.21

0.78

9.52

1.9

0.4

2.3

0.006

0.006

0.83

14.66

0.78

11.43

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.006

0.006

0.83

14.66

0.78

11.43

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.006

0.006

0.83

14.66

0.78

11.43

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.006

0.007

0.83

14.66

0.78

11.43

2.2

0.4

2.6

T15
(m)

H- (m)

F-(N)

F + (N)

T15
p + 1 + _ g (N/m alpha3

alphal

p+3+_g

Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_-3 (N) F w + _ g (N)

p+4+_g

0.004

0.003

0.81

9.54

0.76

7.25

1.4

0.3

1.7

0.006

0.005

0.81

14.3

0.76

10.87

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.011

0.01

0.81

26.22

0.76

19.93

0.8

4.8

0.011

0.00B

0.81

26.22

0.76

19.93

0.8

4.8

0.009

0.007

0.81

21.45

0,76

16.3

3.2

0.7

3.9

0.009

0.008

0.81

21.45

0.76

16.3

3.2

0.7

3.9

0.009

0.009

0.81

21.45

0.76

16.3

3.2

0.7

3.9

0.01

0.009

0.81

23.84

0.76

18.12

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.011

0.009

0.81

26.22

0.76

19.93

0.8

4.8

0.011

0.009

0.81

26.22

0.76

19.93

0.8

4.8

0.011

0.009

0.81

26.22

0.76

19.93

0.8

4.8

0.01

0.009

0.81

23.84

0.76

18.12

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.01

0.006

0.81

23.84

0.76

18.12

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.011

0.008

0.81

26.22

0.76

19.93

0.8

4.8

T16
H+(m)

H-(m)

F+(N)

F-(N)

T16
p + 1 +_g (N/m alpha3

alphal

p+3+_g

P+4+_g

Fw1+_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) F w + _ g (N)

0.2
1.2
1

5.09

0.73

8.48

1.7

0.4

2.1

0.73

16.97

3.5

0.7

4.2

25.57

0.73

18.67

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.79

27.9

0.73

20.37

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.79

25.57

0.73

18.67

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.79

30.22

0.73

22.06

4.5

0.9

5.4

0.012

0.79

27.9

0.73

20.37

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.012

0.011

0.79

27.9

0.73

20.37

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

0.011

0.79

25.57

0.73

18.67

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

0.011

0.79

27.9

0.73

20.37

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.012

0.011

0.79

27.9

0.73

20.37

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

0.012

0.79

25.57

0.73

18.67

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

0.009

0.79

27.9

0.73

20.37

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

0.009

0.79

25.57

0.73

18.67

3.8

0.8

4.6

6.97

0.73

0.79

11.62

0.79

23.25

0.79

0.012

0.013

0.012

0.012

0.79

0.005

0.009

0.011

0.011

0.012

0.011

0.011

0.003

0.003

0.005
0.01

T17

T17
p + 1 + _ g (N/m alpha3

0.003

0.74

6.53

0.67

4.38

P + 4 + J3
0

0.9

0.2

1.1

0.005

0.006

0.74

10.89

0.67

7.3

1.6

0.3

1.9

0.008

0.009

0.74

17.42

0.67

11.67

2.5

0.5

0.011

0.014

0.74

23.96

0.67

16.05

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.014

0.013

0,74

30.49

0.67

20.43

4.4

0.9

5.3

0.012

0.01

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.011

0.012

0.74

23.96

0.67

16.05

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

0.011

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.013

0.011

0.74

28.31

0.67

18.97

4.1

0.9

0.012

0.011

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0,8

4.6

0.011

0.01

0.74

23.96

0.67

16.05

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

0.011

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

0.011

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

0.01

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.011

0.011

0.74

23.96

0.67

16.05

3.4

0,7

4.1

0.012

0.011

0.74

26.13

0.67

17.51

3.8

0,8

4.6

H- (m)

F + (N)

alphal

F- (N)

T18

p+3+_g

Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_-g (N) F w + _ g (N)

0.003

(m)

T18
(m)

H- (m)

alphal

F-(N)

F + (N)

p + 1 +_g (N/m alpha3

p+3+_g

F w 1 + _ g (N) Fw2+_i3 (N) F w + _ g ( N )

p+4+_g

0.003

0.003

0.73

6.45

0.65

4.19

0.9

0.2

0.004

0.006

0.73

8.59

0.65

5.58

1.2

0.3

LI
1.5

0.006

0.007

0.73

12.89

0.65

8.38

1.8

0.4

2.2

0.01

0.012

0.73

21.48

0.65

13.96

0.7

3.7

0.013

0.014

0.73

27.93

0.65

18.15

0.9

4.9

0.014

0.011

0.73

30.08

0.65

19.55

4.3

0.9

5.2

0.011

0.011

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.013

0.012

0.73

27.93

0.65

18.15

0.9

4.9

0.012

0.011

0.73

25.78

0.65

16.76

3.7

0.8

4.5

0.011

0.011

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

0.011

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

0.011

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

0.011

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

0.011

0.73

25.78

0.65

16.76

3.7

0.8

4.5

0.012

0.013

0.73

25,78

0.65

16.76

3.7

0.8

4.5

0.011

0.012

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

0.012

0.73

23.63

0.65

15.36

3.4

0.7

4.1

T21

T21
(m)

H- (m)

p+3+_g

p + 1 +_g (N/m) alpha3

alphal

F- (N)

F + (N)

Fw1+_g (N) F w 2 + _ g (N) F w + _ g (N)

p+4+_g

0.007

0.009

0.93

19.16

0.87

16.67

3.1

0.6

3.7

0.016

0.011

0.93

43.79

0.87

38.1

1.3

8.3

32.84

0.87

28.57

5.3

6.3

0.012

0.012

0.93

0.014

0.015

0.93

38.32

0.87

33.34

6.2

1.2

7.4

0.012

0.014

0.93

32.84

0.87

28.57

5.3

6.3

5.7

1.1

6.8

0.014

0.93

35.58

0.87

30.95

0.015

0.014

0.93

41.05

0.87

35.71

6.6

1.3

7.9

0.016

0.014

0.93

43.79

0.87

38.1

1.3

8.3

0.016

0.013

0.93

43.79

0.87

38.1

1.3

8.3

0.013

T22

T22
(m)

F + (N)

H- (m)

p+3+_g

p + 1 +_g (N/m) alpha3

alphal

F- (N)

p+4+_g

Fw1+_g (N) Fw2 + _g (N) Fw+ _g (N)

4.4
0.7
3.7

0.88

23.31

0.83

19.35

0.019

0.88

44.03

0.83

36.54

6.9

1.3

8.2

0.016

12

0.88

62.16

0.83

51.59

9.8

1.9

11.7

0.018

11

0.88

56.98

0.83

47.29

1.7

10.7

49.44

9.4

1.8

11.2

0.009

0.01

0.017
0.024
0.022
0.023

0.021

11

10

0.88

59.57

0.83

0.026

0.021

13

10

0.88

67.34

0.83

55.89

10.6

2.1

12.7

0.028

0.021

13

10

0.88

72.52

0.83

60.19

11.4

2.2

13.6

0.029

0.021

15

10

0.88

75.11

0.83

62.34

11.8

2.3

14.1

11

0.88

77.7

0.83

64.49

12.2

2.4

14.6

0.03

15

0.024

T23

T23
(m)

F+ (N)

H- (m)

alphal

F- (N)
3

p + 3+_g

P + 1 + _ g (N/m) alpha3

P + 4 + J ,3

0.85

20.01

0.8

16.01

Fw1+_g (N) F w 2 + _ g (N) Fw+._g (N)

3.7
0.6
3.1

0.008

0.009

0.016

0.018

0.85

40.02

0.8

32.02

6.2

1.2

7.4

0.025

0.022

11

10

0.85

62.54

0.8

50.03

9.7

1.9

11.6

0.018

0.014

0.85

45.03

0.8

36.02

1.4

8.4

0.019

0.014

0.85

47.53

0.8

38.02

7.4

1.4

8.8

0.015

0.014

0.85

37.52

0.8

30.02

5.8

1.1

6.9

0.014

0.014

0.85

35.02

0.8

28.02

5.4

1.1

6.5

0.013

0.012

0.85

32.52

0.8

26.02

0.013

0.011

0.85

32.52

0.8

26.02

0.014

0.011

0.85

35.02

0.8

28.02

5.4

1.1

6.5

0.014

0.014

0.85

35.02

0.8

28.02

5.4

1.1

6.5

T24

T24
(m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)
3

p + 1 +_g (N/m) alpha3

alphal

F- (N)
3

0.8

p+3+_g

p + 4 + _ i3

16.48

0.74

12.2

Fwl +_g (N) Fw2+ _g (N) Fw+._g (N)

3
0.5
2.5

0.007

0.006

0.012

0.016

0.8

28.25

0.74

20.91

4.2

0.9

0.021

0.021

10

10

0.8

49.44

0.74

36.59

7.4

1.5

8.9

0.024

0.021

11

0.8

56.51

0.74

41.82

8.5

1.7

10.2

0.021

0.017

10

0.8

49.44

0.74

36.59

7.4

1.5

8.9

0.024

0.024

11

11

0.8

56.51

0.74

41.82

8.5

1.7

10.2

0.024

0.022

11

10

0.8

56.51

0.74

41.82

8.5

1.7

10.2

45.3

9.2

1.9

11.1

5.1

0.026

0.021

12

10

0.8

61.21

0.74

0.024

0.02

12

0.8

56.51

0.74

41.82

8.5

1.7

10.2

0.022

0.019

11

0.8

51.8

0.74

38.33

7.8

1.6

9.4

0.021

0.019

10

0.8

49.44

0.74

36.59

7.4

1.5

8.9

54.15

0.74

40.07

8.1

1.7

9.8

0.023

0.02

11

0.8

0.023

0.024

11

11

0.8

54.15

0.74

40.07

8.1

1.7

9.8

0.025

0.023

11

10

0.8

58.86

0.74

43.56

8.8

1.8

10.6

T25

T2S
Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
p+3+_g p+4+_g
alphal
p + 1+_g (N/ alpha3
F-(N)
H- (m)
F + (N)
H + (m)
2.4
0.5
2.9
0
0.72
11.57
0.78
16.07
3
3
0.007
0.006
0.8
4.5
0
3.7
18.18
25.25
0.72
7
0.78
5
0.011
0.014
8.2
6.8
1.4
0
33.06
45.91
0.72
8
0.78
9
0.02
0.018
10.3
8.5
1.8
0
0.72
41.32
0.78
57.39
11
0.026
11
0.025
2
11.8
0
9.8
47.93
66.57
0.72
10
0.78
13
0.029
0.024
10.6
8.8
0
1.8
42.97
59.68
0.72
11
0.78
0.025
11
0.026
9.8
2
11.8
0
47.93
66.57
0.72
10
0.78
13
0.029
0.024
10.6
8.8
1.8
0
0.72
42.97
0.78
59.68
11
0.025
11
0.026
9.5
11.5
0
2
0.72
46.28
0.78
64.28
10
0.024
12
0.028
11.8
9.8
2
47.93
0
0.72
0.78
66.57
12
11
0.029
0.025
11.8
9.8
2
0
66.57
0.72
47.93
0.78
12
11
0.029
0.025
9.8
2
11.8
0
66.57
0.72
47.93
0.78
12
11
0.029
0.024
9.8
2
11.8
0
66.57
0.72
47.93
0.78
12
11
0.029
0.024
9.2
11.1
44.63
0
1.9
61.98
0.72
0.78
12
11
0.027
0.024
9.5
2
11.5
46.28
0
64.28
0.72
0.78
13
11
0.028
0.026
T26

T26
Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
p+3+_g p+4+_g
alphal
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
H- (m)
F + (N)
F-(N)
H + (m)
2.2
0.5
2.7
10.66
0
15.45
0.69
3
0.75
4
0.007
0.006
0,7
4.2
0
3.5
16,75
24,28
0.69
7
0.75
5
0.011
0.015
6.6
0
5.5
25,89
1.1
37.52
0.69
8
0.75
0.018
8
0.017
9.3
0
7.7
1.6
0,69
36.55
52.97
12
0.75
11
0.024
0.027
10.9
0
9
1.9
61.8
0.69
42.64
0.75
13
12
0.026
0.028
8.7
1.8
10.5
0
59.6
0.69
41.12
10
0.75
12
0.027
0.021
10.1
0
8.3
1.8
0.69
39.6
57.39
1 1
0.75
0.026
12
0.026
8.7
1.8
10.5
0
0.69
41.12
10
0.75
59.6
12
0.027
0.023
10.1
0
8.3
1.8
0.69
39.6
0,75
57.39
11
0.026
0.026
12
10.5
0
8.7
1.8
0.69
0.75
59.6
41.12
11
0.024
0.027
12
8.3
10.1
0.69
39.6
0
1.8
0.75
57.39
10
0.026
0.024
12
8,3
10.1
39.6
0
1.8
57.39
0.69
10
0.75
0.025
12
0.026
8.7
1.8
10.5
0
59.6
0.69
41.12
10
0.75
0.024
12
0.027
10.5
0
8.7
1.8
0.69
41.12
0.75
59.6
12
11
0.027
0.026
8.3
1.8
10.1
0
0.69
39.6
10
0.75
57.39
12
0.026
0.024
10,1
8.3
1.8
39.6
0
57.39
0.69
10
0.75
0.026
12
0.026
T27

12
12

T27
Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
p+3+_g p+4+_g
0.4
2.2
7.9
0
1.8
12.54
0.63
3.5
0
2.9
0.6
0.63
13.17
20.9
0.8
4,6
0
3.8
0.63
17.11
27.16
8.2
0
6.7
1.5
48.06
0.63
30.28
9.6
0
7.9
1.7
56.42
0.63
35.54
8.5
1.8
10.3
38.18
0
60.6
0.63
7.6
9.3
0
1.7
54.33
0.63
34.23
9.6
7.9
1.7
35.54
0
56.42
0.63
10
0
8.2
58.51
0.63
36.86
1.8
0.71
9.3
0
7.6
1.7
54.33
0.63
34.23
0.71
10
0
8.2
1.8
58.51
0.63
36.86
0.71
1.8
10
0
8.2
58.51
0.63
36.86
0.71
8.2
1.8
10
36.86
0
0.71
58.51
0.63
10
0
8.2
58.51
0.63
36.86
1.8
0.71

12

0.71

60.6

0.63

38.18

8.5

1.8

10.3

12
12

0.71

58.51
64.78

0.63
0.63

36.86
40.81

0
0

8.2
9.1

1.8
2

11.1

alphal
F + (N)
F-(N)
H- (m)
(m)
3
2
0.71
0.006
0.004
4
0.71
5
0.01
0.009
7
0.71
0.015
6
0.013
0.71
10
11
0.023
0.024
13
0.71
12
0.027
0.029
12
0.71
0.027
13
0.029
1 1
0.71
0.026
0.023
12
12
12
0.71
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.026
0.028

0.025
0.026
0.026

13
12
13

12
12
12

0.028
0.028

0.027

12
12

12

0.028
0.029
0.028
0.031

0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026

13
13
12
13

0.71

T28

10

0.024

0.024

11

11

0.028

0.03

0.028
0.029
0.026

0.03
0.025
0.026

13
13
13

14
14
11
12

T28
Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_ g (N F w + _g (N
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
p+3+_g p+4+_g
0
0.4
2.1
12.36
0.61
7.54
1.7
0.7
0.5
2.8
0
2.3
0.7
16.48
0.61
10.05
4
0.9
4.9
0.61
17.59
0
0.7
28.84
3.7
0.8
4.5
0.61
16.34
0
0.7
26.78
6.8
1.5
8.3
30.16
0
0.7
49.44
0.61
8
1.8
9.8
0
0.7
57,68
0.61
35.18
9.8
0
8
1.8
0.61
35.18
0.7
57.68
1.8
10.1
0
8.3
59.74
0.61
36.44
0.7
9
0
7.4
1.6
53.56
0.61
32.67
0.7

0.029
0.029
0.029

0.028
0.028

13
13
13

0.7
0.7
0.7

59.74
59.74
59.74

0.61
0.61
0.61

36.44
36.44
36.44

0
0
0

8.3
8.3
8.3

0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028

0.027
0.026
0.026
0.025

12
13

0.7

12
12

12
12
13
12

0.7
0.7
0.7

59.74
59.74
57.68
57.68

0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61

36.44
36.44
35.18
35.18

0
0
0
0

8.3
8.3
8
8

0.032
0.03

0.025
0.023

14
13

12
10

0.7
0.7

65.92
61.8

0.61
0.61

40.21
37.7

0
0

9.1
8.6

(m)
H- (m)
F + (N)
3
0.006
0.003
4
0.008
0.004
6
0.014
0.008
6
0.013
0.016

0.027

11
13
13
13

alphal

F-(N)
1
2
4
7

1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
1.9

10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
9.8
9.8
11.1
10.5

T31
H + (m)
0.013

H- (m)
0.014

0.026
0.036

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

T31
p+1 + g (N/m) alpha3
0.85
34.43

p+4+_g

Fwl +_ _g (N) Fw2+_ g (N) Fw+_ _g (N)

6.6
5.5
1.1

0.85

58.54

11

2.1

13.1

0.85

81.05

15.2

2.9

18.1

100.65

0.85

85.55

16

3.1

19.1

0.9

103.3

0.85

87.81

16.4

3.2

19.6

15

0.9

95.35

0.85

81.05

15.2

2.9

18.1

18

15

0.9

95.35

0.85

81.05

15.2

2.9

18.1

0.03

17

14

0.9

90.06

0.85

76.55

14.3

2.7

17

0.03

17

14

0.9

87.41

0.85

74.3

13.9

2.7

16.6

0.9

0.022

13

10

0.9

68.87

0.02

18

10

0.9

95.35

0.038

0.024

19

12

0.9

0.039

0.029

19

14

0.036

0.032

19

0.036

0.031

0.034
0.033

H- (m)

T31B

p+3+_g
29.27

F- (N)

F + (N)

p + 1 + g (N/m) alpha3

alphal

p+3+_g

p+4+_g

Fw1 +._g (N) Fw2+_ _g (N) Fw+._g (N)

8.6
1.4
7.2

0.017

0.019

0.9

45.03

0.85

38.28

0.027

0.024

13

11

0.9

71.51

0.85

60.78

11.4

2.2

13.6

0.035

0.026

17

13

0.9

92.7

0.85

78.8

14.7

2.8

17.5

0.039

0.026

19

12

0.9

103.3

0.85

87.81

16.4

3.2

19.6

0.04

0.031

20

15

0.9

105.95

0.85

90.06

16.9

3.2

20.1

0.039

0.032

21

15

0.9

103.3

0.85

87.81

16.4

3.2

19.6

0.038

0.031

19

15

0.9

100.65

0.85

85.55

16

3.1

19.1

0.036

0.031

19

15

0.9

95.35

0.85

81.05

15.2

2.9

18.1

0.036

0.028

18

13

0.9

95.35

0.85

81.05

15.2

2.9

18.1

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p + 1 + _g (N/m) alpha3
0.85
42.38

p+3+_g

p+4+_g

Fw1 + g (N) Fw2+._g (N) Fw+ _g(N)

1.3
8
6.7

0.016

H- (to)
0.018

0.9

36.02

0.026

0.023

13

11

0.9

68.87

0.85

58.54

11

2.1

13.1

0.026

0.033

17

12

0.9

68.87

0.85

58.54

11

2.1

13.1

0.026

0.037

19

12

0.9

68.87

0.85

58.54

11

2.1

13.1

0.031

0.037

19

15

0.9

82.11

0.85

69.79

13.1

2.5

15.6

0.031

0.034

18

15

0.9

82.11

0.85

69.79

13.1

2.5

15.6

0.029

0.034

17

14

0.9

76.81

0.85

65.29

12.2

2.3

14.5

0.03

0.032

17

15

0.9

79.46

0.85

67.54

12.6

2.4

15

0.028

0.031

16

13

0.9

74.16

0.85

63.04

11.8

2.3

14.1

T31*

T32

T32
H+ (m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p+1 + _9 (N/m) alpha3

44.03
0.83

p+4+_g

Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2 + _g (N) Fw+ _g (N)

1.3
8.2
6.9

0.83

60.19

11.4

2.2

13.6

0.83

77.38

14.7

2.8

17.5

98.41

0.83

81.68

15.5

18.5

0.88

103.59

0.83

85.98

16.3

3.2

19.5

12

0.88

113.95

0.83

94.58

8.63

17.9

3.7

21.6

23

14

0.88

116.54

0.83

96.73

11.22

18.3

3.9

22.2

23

15

0.88

119.13

0.83

98.88

13.81

18.7

4.1

22.8

0.03

23

14

0.88

121.72

0.83

101.03

16.4

19.2

4.2

23.4

0.033

25

16

0.88

129.49

0.83

107.48

24.17

20.4

4.7

25.1

0.017

0.88

0.028

0.026

13

12

0.88

72.52

0.036

0.024

18

12

0.88

93.23

0.038

0.026

19

13

0.88

0.04

0.029

20

14

0.044

0.026

22

0.045

0.029

0.046

0.032

0.047
0.05
T32*

p+3+_g
36.54

0.017

H- (m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p+1 + _g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

p+4+_g

Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2+ _g (N) Fw+ _g (N)

6.8
1.1
5.7

0.014

0.015

0.88

36.26

0.83

30.1

0.026

0.026

13

12

0.88

67.34

0.83

55.89

10.6

2.1

12.7

0.036

0.023

18

12

0.88

93.23

0.83

77.38

14.7

2.8

17.5

0.036

0.027

18

13

0.88

93.23

0.83

77.38

14.7

2.8

17.5

0.036

0.029

19

15

0.88

93.23

0.83

77.38

14.7

2.8

17.5

0.041

0.026

21

13

0.88

106.18

0.83

88.13

16.7

3.2

19.9

0.043

0.027

22

13

0.88

111.36

0.83

92.43

6.04

17.5

3.6

21.1

0.044

0.03

23

15

0.88

113.95

0.83

94.58

8.63

17.9

3.7

21.6

0.046

0.031

23

15

0.88

119.13

0.83

98.88

13.81

18.7

4.1

22.8

0.046

0.033

24

16

0.88

119.13

0.83

98.88

13.81

18.7

4.1

22.8

T33

T33
H + (m)

H-(m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p + 1 + ._g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

P + 4 + . .g

Fw1+. _g (N) Fw2+_ 9 (N) Fw+._g (N)

6
5
1

0,013

0.012

0.85

32.52

0.8

26.02

0.026

0.026

12

12

0.85

65.04

0.8

52.03

10.1

12.1

0.039

0.031

19

14

0.85

97.56

0.8

78.05

15.1

18.1

0.027

0.024

14

12

0.85

67.54

0.8

54.03

10.5

2.1

12.6

0.033

0.022

16

10

0.85

82.55

0.8

66.04

12.8

2.5

15.3

0.033

0.024

16

11

0.85

82.55

0.8

66.04

12.8

2.5

15.3

0.03

0.024

15

12

0.85

75.05

0.8

60.04

11.6

2.3

13.9

0.029

0.025

15

12

0.85

72.54

0.8

58.03

11.2

2.2

13.4

0.028

0.026

13

12

0.85

70.04

0.8

56.03

10.8

2.1

12.9

0.029

0.023

14

11

0.85

72.54

0.8

58.03

11.2

2.2

13.4

0.029

0.026

15

12

0.85

72.54

0.8

58.03

11.2

2.2

13.4

0.011

0.011

0.85

27.52

0.8

22.02

p + 4 + _g
0

0.024

0.022

12

10

0.85

60.04

0.8

48.03

9.3

1.8

11.1

0.038

0.03

19

15

0.85

95.06

0.8

76.05

14.7

2.9

17.6

0.026

0.023

14

11

0.85

65.04

0.8

52.03

10.1

12.1

0.031

0.021

16

11

0.85

77.55

0.8

62.04

12

2.4

14.4

0.031

0.024

16

11

0.85

77.55

0.8

62.04

12

2.4

14.4

0.027

0.024

14

12

0.85

67.54

0.8

54.03

10.5

2.1

12.6

0.026

0.023

13

11

0.85

65.04

0.8

52.03

10.1

12.1

0.025

0.024

12

12

0.85

62.54

0.8

50.03

9.7

1.9

11.6

0.026

0.022

12

11

0.85

65.04

0.8

52.03

10.1

12.1

0.026

0.025

13

12

0.85

65.04

0.8

52.03

10.1

12.1

H- (m)

T33*

F + (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p + 1 + g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2+_ g (N) F w + _g (N)

4.3
0.8
5.1

T34

T34
H + (m)

H- (m)

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

p+1 + _g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

p + 4 + . _g

Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2 + .g (N) Fw+ _g (N)

0.9
5.6
4.7

0.013

0.009

0.81

30.99

0.75

23.24

0.022

0.022

10

10

0.81

52.44

0.75

39.33

7.9

1.6

9.5

0.035

0.031

16

15

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.037

0.03

17

14

0.81

88.2

0.75

66.15

13.3

2.7

16

0.032

0.025

15

12

0.81

76.28

0.75

57.21

11.5

2.3

13.8

0.036

0.03

16

14

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.034

0.031

16

15

0.81

81.05

0.75

60.79

12.2

2.5

14.7

0.036

0.029

17

14

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.035

0.028

17

13

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.035

0.027

16

13

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.036

0.028

17

13

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.036

0.031

17

15

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.035

0.029

15

14

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.038

0.031

17

15

0.81

90.59

0.75

67.94

13.6

2.8

16.4

H- (m)

T34*

F+ (N)

alphal

F- (N)

P+1 + _g (N/m) alpha3

p+3+_g

p + 4 + _g

Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2+ _g (N) Fw+ _ g ( N )

0.013

0.008

0.81

30.99

0.75

23.24

4.7

0.9

0.021

0.015

10

0.81

50.06

0.75

37.55

7.5

1.5

0.034

0.031

17

15

0.81

81.05

0.75

60.79

12.2

2.5

14.7

0.036

0.03

17

14

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.032

0.023

15

11

0.81

76.28

0.75

57.21

11.5

2.3

13.8

0.031

0.026

14

12

0.81

73.9

0.75

55.43

11.1

2.3

13.4

0.032

0.03

15

14

0.81

76.28

0.75

57.21

11.5

2.3

13.8

0.035

0.026

16

12

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.036

0.028

17

13

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.034

0.026

16

12

0.81

81.05

0.75

60.79

12.2

2.5

14.7

0.035

0.025

17

11

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.036

0.031

16

14

0.81

85.82

0.75

64.37

12.9

2.6

15.5

0.035

0.021

17

10

0.81

83.43

0.75

62.57

12.6

2.5

15.1

0.04

0.029

18

13

0.81

95.35

0.75

71.51

14.3

2.9

17.2

5.6

T35
H + (m)
0.011
0.019
0.031
0.039
0.041
0.036
0.041
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.039
0.04
0.041
0.042
0.042
T35*
0.014
0.021
0.032
0.039
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.041
0.042
0.041
0.043

T35
p + 3 + _ g p + 4 + _ g Fw1 +_g ( Fw2+_g ( Fw+_g (N
alphal
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
F+ (N)
F- (N)
(m)
0.8
4.5
0
3.7
25,25
0.72
18.18
6
3
0.78
0.006
6.5
1.3
7.8
0
43.62
0.72
31.41
9
8
0.78
0.017
2.2
12.7
0
10.5
15
0.72
51.24
0.028
13
0.78
71.16
2.7
15.9
0
13.2
18
0.036
0.72
64.46
16
0.78
89.53
2.9
16.8
0
13.9
19
0.03
0.72
67.77
14
0.78
94.12
12.2
2.5
14.7
17
0.036
59.5
0
82.64
0.72
16
0.78
16.8
19
2.9
0.031
0
13.9
0.78
94.12
0.72
67.77
14
18
13.6
2.8
16.4
0.038
66.11
0
0.78
91.82
0.72
17
17
0.034
13.6
2.8
16.4
66.11
0
0.78
91.82
0.72
16
18
0.034
13.6
2.8
16.4
66.11
0
16
0.78
91.82
0.72
18
0.031
0
2.7
15.9
64.46
13.2
0.78
89.53
0.72
15
19
0.031
16.4
0
13.6
2.8
66.11
15
0.78
91.82
0.72
18
0.036
16.8
0
13.9
2.9
0.72
67.77
17
0.78
94.12
19
0.028
17.3
3.06
14.3
3
0.72
69.42
13
0.78
96.41
19
0.026
17.3
3.06
14.3
3
0.72
69.42
12
0.78
96.41
(m)
p + 3 + _ g p + 4 + _ g Fw1 +_g ( F w 2 + _ g ( Fw+_g (N
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
alphal
F+ (N)
F- (N)
0.009
5.8
0
4.8
1
0.72
23.14
5
0.78
32.14
7
0.025
1.5
8.6
0
7.1
48.21
0.72
34.71
12
0.78
10
0.026
0
10.9
2.2
13.1
52.89
12
0.78
73.46
0.72
15
0.036
15.9
0
13.2
2.7
0.72
64.46
16
0.78
89.53
17
0.031
0
13.9
2.9
16.8
0.72
67.77
14
0.78
94.12
18
0.037
0
2.9
16.8
67.77
13.9
19
17
0.78
94.12
0.72
0.031
0
2.9
16.8
67.77
13.9
19
14
0.78
94.12
0.72
0.035
2.8
16.4
18
66.11
0
13.6
16
0.78
91.82
0.72
0.034
18
13.6
2.8
16.4
66.11
0
16
0.78
91.82
0.72
0.034
17
2.8
16.4
66.11
0
13.6
16
0.78
91.82
0.72
0.034
18
2.8
16.4
66.11
0
13.6
16
0.78
91.82
0.72
0.031
19
16.8
0
13.9
2.9
15
0,78
94.12
0.72
67.77
0.037
18
17.3
3.06
14.3
3
0.78
96.41
0.72
69.42
17
0.031
17
16.8
0
13.9
2.9
15
0.78
94.12
0.72
67.77
0.031
19
14.6
3.2
17.8
71.07
5.36
14
0.78
98.71
0.72

T36
T36
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
p + 3 + _ g p + 4 + _ g Fwl +_g ( F w 2 + _ g ( Fw+_g (N
alphal
F+ (N)
F- (N)
H + (m)
H- (m)
4.4
0
3.6
0.8
3
0.76
24.6
0.69
16.97
0.011
0.006
6
5.5
1.2
6.7
0.69
26.23
0
6
0.76
38.02
0.017
0.012
8
2
11.4
0.69
44.75
0
9.4
10
0.76
64.86
0.029
0.021
14
14.2
55.56
0
2.5
0.036
0.038
16
17
0.76
80.52
0.69
11.7
3.5
18.5
0.046
0.041
21
11.93
15
18
0.76
102.89
0.69
70.99
0.043
0.034
19
14
3.1
17.1
0.76
96.18
0.69
66.36
5.22
15
0.041
0.036
18
2.8
16.1
0.69
63.27
0
13.3
15
0.76
91.7
0.041
0.034
18
0
13.3
2.8
16.1
15
0.76
91.7
0.69
63.27
0.042
0.039
19
2.98
3
16.7
17
0.76
93.94
0.69
64.82
13.7
0.044
0.039
18
3.2
17.5
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
7.46
14.3
17
0.044
0.036
19
3.2
17.5
98.41
0.69
67.9
7.46
14.3
16
0.76
0.042
0.035
19
64.82
2.98
13.7
3
16.7
15
0.76
93.94
0.69
0.044
0.039
20
17.5
7.46
14.3
3.2
16
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
0.044
0.042
19
17.5
7.46
14.3
3.2
18
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
0.049
0.035
21
3.9
19.8
0.69
75.62
18.64
15.9
15
0.76
109.6
0.054
0.029
21
29.82
17.6
4.6
22.2
0.76
120.78
0.69
83.34
12
p + 3 + _ g p + 4 + _ g Fw1 +_g ( F w 2 + _ g ( Fw+_g (N
alphal
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
T36*
H- (m)
F+ (N)
F- (N)
5.6
21.6
0
4.6
1
4
0.76
31.31
0.69
0.014
0.009
7
0
6.2
1.3
7.5
0.76
42.5
0.69
29.33
0.019
0.024
11
9
0.029
0.025
44.75
0
9.4
2
11.4
14
12
0.76
64.86
0.69
14.5
0.037
0.038
0
12
2.5
17
0.76
82.76
0.69
57.1
17
0.044
0.039
17.5
19
7.46
14.3
3.2
17
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
0.044
0.034
19
14.3
3.2
17.5
15
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
7.46
0.044
0.039
19
3.2
17.5
98.41
0.69
67.9
7.46
14.3
17
0.76
0.044
0.034
19
3.2
17.5
0.69
67.9
7.46
14.3
15
0.76
98.41
0.043
0.039
19
3.1
17.1
96.18
0.69
66.36
5.22
14
17
0.76
0.044
0.036
19
17.5
7.46
14.3
3.2
15
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
0.044
0.038
18
17.5
7.46
14.3
3.2
16
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
0.044
0.038
18
3.2
17.5
7.46
14.3
16
0.76
98.41
0.69
67.9
0.046
0.034
19
3.5
18.5
70.99
11.93
15
15
0.76
102.89
0.69
0.046
0.044
19
3.5
18.5
70.99
11.93
15
19
0.76
102.89
0.69
0.051
0.036
19
20.8
23.11
16.6
4.2
0.76
114.07
0.69
78.71
16
0.05
0.029
19
4
20.3
20.87
16.3
0.76
111.83
0.69
77.16
12

T37
H + (m)
0.011
0.014

F + (N)
F-(N)
H- (m)
6
0.004
0.008
7

2
4

0.024
0.027
0.041
0.043

0.014
0.032
0.043
0.044

11
12
18
19

7
15
19
20

0.039
0.038

0.034
0.036
0.035

17
17
17

0.037
0.034
0.037
0.036

17
18
18
19

15
17
17
18
16
17
17

0.036
0.039
0.035

19
17
20

0.037
0.041
0.039
0.039
0.042
0.043
0.039
0.044
0.044
T37*
0.012
0.016

17
18
16
16

T37
Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
alphal
p + 1 + _ .9 (N/ alpha3
P+3+-9 p+4+_g
0
3.3
0.7
4
0.64
14.92
23.31
0.72
0.9
5.1
0
4.2
0.64
18.99
29.67
0.72
1.6
8.8
7.2
32.55
0
50.86
0.64
0.72
1.7
9.8
0
8.1
0.64
36.61
57.21
0.72
2.6
14.9
0
12.3
0.64
55.6
86.88
0.72
2.9
15.8
12.9
0.64
58.32
4.94
91.12
0.72
2.5
14.2
11.7
0.64
52.89
0
82.64
0.72
2.5
13.9
51.53
0
11.4
80.52
0.64
0.72
2.4
13.5
0
0.64
50.18
11.1
78.4
0.72
2.6
14.9
0
12.3
86.88
55.6
0.64
0.72
2.5
14.2
0
82.64
0.64
52.89
11.7
0.72
2.5
14.2
0
11.7
0.64
52.89
82.64
0.72
12.6
2.8
15.4
89
0.64
56.96
2.83
0.72
2.9
15.8
58.32
4.94
12.9
91.12
0.64
0.72
2.5
14.2
52.89
0
82.64
0.64
11.7
0.72
16.2
3.1
59.67
7.06
13.1
93.23
0.64
0.72
16.2
13.1
3.1
0.64
59.67
7.06
93.23
0.72

18
0.034
Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N F w + _9 (N
p+3+_g p+4+_g
alphal
p + 1 + ..9 (W alpha3
F-(N)
H- (m)
F + (N)
0.8
4.4
16.28
0
3.6
25.43
0.64
6
2
0.72
0.004
5.8
4.8
1
0
33.9
0.64
21.7
7
3
0.72
0.008
9.5
0
7.8
0.64
35.26
1.7
6
0.72
55.09
0.014
12
0.026
8.1
1.7
9.8
36.61
0
57.21
0.64
12
15
0.72
0.034
0.027
3.1
16.2
59.67
7.06
13.1
93.23
0.64
19
19
0.72
0,044
0.043
3.1
16.2
59.67
7.06
13.1
93.23
0.64
18
19
0.72
0.044
0.043
12
2.6
14.6
54.25
0
84.76
0.64
16
14
0.72
0.04
0.031
2.4
13.5
50.18
0
11.1
78.4
0.64
16
17
0.72
0.038
0.037
2.5
0
11.7
14.2
82.64
0.64
52.89
16
15
0.72
0.034
0.039
0
2.6
14.9
86.88
0.64
55.6
12.3
17
0.72
0.036
17
0.041
2.4
13.5
50.18
0
11.1
78.4
0.64
16
15
0.72
0.037
0.033
2.5
13.9
0.64
51.53
0
11.4
17
80.52
18
0.72
0.038
0.037
0
12.3
2.6
14.9
86.88
0.64
55.6
18
17
0.72
0.034
0.041
2.6
0
12.3
14.9
86.88
0.64
55.6
18
17
0.72
0.037
0.041
0
2.4
13.5
0.64
50.18
11.1
17
0.72
78.4
0.036
17
0.037
7.06
3.1
16.2
0.64
59.67
13.1
15
0.72
93.23
0.032
21
0.044
0.044

T38

0.031

19

14

0.72

93.23

0.64

59.67

7.06

13.1

3.1

16.2

T38
p+3+_g p+4+_g
FW1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
alphal
p + 1+_g (N/ alpha3
F + (N)
H- (m)
F-(N)
0
4
0.9
4.9
28.84
0.61
17.59
3
0.7
0.006
7
0.014
5.6
0
4.6
1
0.7
32.96
0.61
20.11
8
8
0.016
0.016
7
0
5.7
0.7
0.61
25.13
1.3
9
10
41.2
0.02
0.022
11.8
0
9.7
2.1
70.04
0.61
42.72
15
15
0.7
0.034
0.033
12.6
0
10.3
2.3
0.7
74.16
0.61
45.24
16
18
0.036
0.039
2.6
14.3
51.52
0
0.7
84.46
0.61
11.7
18
19
0.041
0.042
2.6
14.3
0
18
84.46
0.61
51.52
11.7
0.039
18
0.7
0.041
2.6
14.3
0
18
0.7
84.46
0.61
51.52
11.7
18
0.041
0.04
0
11.7
2.6
14.3
0.7
84.46
0.61
51.52
19
21
0.041
0.044
12.3
2.8
15.1
88.58
0.61
54.03
4.81
18
18
0.7
0,043
0.039
2.6
0.61
51.52
0
11.7
14.3
18
18
0.7
84.46
0.04
0.041
2.7
52.78
2.75
12
14.7
0.7
86.52
0.61
18
19
0.042
0.041
2.5
50.26
0
11.4
13,9
18
0.7
82,4
0.61
18
0.04
0.039
0
2.5
13.9
0.7
82.4
0.61
50.26
11.4
0.039
19
17
0.04
15.1
54.03
4.81
12.3
2.8
0.7
88.58
0.61
19
17
0.043
0.037
13.6
49.01
0
2.5
0.7
80.34
0.61
17
19
11.1
0.039
0.041
(m)

3.5
17.2
98.88
0.61
60.32
15.11
13.7
20
19
0.7
3
15.5
0.61
55.29
6.87
12.5
15
90.64
0,031
18
0.7
p+3+_g p+4+_g
Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_g (N F w + _ 9 (N
alphal
p + 1 + _ g (N/ alpha3
H- (m)
F + (N)
F-(N)
1*
0.7
3.8
22.66
0.61
13.82
0
3.1
0.7
0.003
5
1
0.011
4
0.9
4.9
0.61
17.59
0
6
3
0.7
28.84
0.006
0.014
1.3
7.3
0.61
26.39
0
6
10
6
0.7
43.26
0.013
0.021
0
7.1
1.6
8.7
0,7
51.5
0.61
31.42
0.029
11
12
0.025
2.5
13.6
80.34
0.61
49.01
0
17
18
0.7
11.1
0.039
0.04
3
15.5
0.61
55.29
6.87
12.5
19
21
0.7
90.64
0.048
0.044
0.61
52.78
2.75
12
2.7
14.7
18
0.7
86.52
0.041
17
0.042
2.6
14.3
84.46
0.61
51.52
0
18
16
0.7
11.7
0.035
0.041
0
10.8
2.4
13.2
78.28
0.61
47.75
17
19
0.7
0.038
0.041
0
2.6
14.3
84.46
0.61
51.52
11.7
18
18
0.7
0.041
0.039
2.7
0.61
52.78
2.75
12
14.7
19
0.7
86.52
0.042
0.044
19
0.61
52.78
2.75
12
2.7
14.7
17
18
0.7
86.52
0.039
0.042
2.5
13.6
0.61
49.01
0
11.1
18
18
0.7
80.34
0.04
0.039
0.048

0.041

0.044

0.043
0.044
0.041

0.039
0.041
0.038

19
17
17

17
18
17

0.7
0.7
0.7

88.58
90.64
84.46

0.61
0.61
0.61

54.03
55.29
51.52

4.81
6.87
0

12.3
12.5
11.7

0.049
0.053

0.038

20
19

17
16

0.7
0.7

100.94
109.19

0.61
0.61

61.57
66.61

17.17
25.41

14
15.1

0.034

2.8
3
2.6
3.6

15.1
15.5
14.3
17.6

4.1

19.2

CN
d

CM

co

CO
ro CM

in
OJ

T-

i-

CO

co

ro CO
roo

CO

OJ

CO
CO

CO

CO

CM

CM

i^

oi

d
CM

d
CM

CM

CO

CD

i-

roCO

co

CM

CO

o>

CO

CO

d
CO

d
CO

O ) CJ)
I

OJ

T-

OJ

OJ

CO

d
OJ

oi
OJ

d
OJ

d
OJ

0)
1

co

co co

d
OI

-T-

T-

1^

oj
OJ

c\i
OI

CO

CO
rocoO roro
oi
oi

co

co
oi
OJ

CM

co

OJ

ro

co

co

d
OI

OJ

co

roCO d
ro O l

CM

OJ

OJ

oi
OJ

oi
Ol

OJ

CO

CO

in

o t-

in

<

CO

CO

CO

in

CO

CM

C^

CO

CO

in

roi n
in

in

CO

in

CO

i^

fc

QJ

OJ

CM

CM

II)

IO

r-

CM

in
OJ

* * ( ) '

co

3-

co

in

CO

01

CO

CO
T-

d
CM

oi
CM

O)
d
CM

d
CN

O
ro
c i CM
OJ

0)

CO

CO

l>

T-

CM
Ol

d
CM

CM
CM

CM

d
CM

od d

d
CM

i
CM

CO

00

d
CM

d
CM

CO

0)

CM
OJ

CO

in

oi
OJ

d
oi

d
OJ

*
OJ

1-

CO

in

d
OJ

d
OJ

d adtf>< N

ho

CO
o

d
CO

_l_

ro
CO

OJ
CO

CM
CO

d
CO

oi
OJ

oi
OJ

CO

CO
T

CM
CO

<3in

ro
d
oi

OJ

CM

in

CO
CM

CD

in

CO
in

O
in

ro O

*r
CM

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO
1^

CO
CD

OJ

o
in

CO
CD

CO

ro o i

co

T
co

co
OJ

to

co
OJ

co
i^-

d
in

d
in

d
in

d
CD

ro

in

1^

ut

in

o_
in
CM

CO

CO
T

in
CO

d
CO

r-^
CM

d
OJ

CO

,_

in
in

OJ

ro mi n
ro

in
in
T-

d
OJ

o>

in

co

O)

T-

OI

T-

co

CO

co
~

oi

OJ

co

co

ro ro

CO
~

d
OJ

in
CM

in
CM

CO
co

OJ
CO

oi
OJ

oi
OJ

OJ

J-^

co

co
CD

roOJ

in
CD

CO
in

d
T

d
o

ro

CO

d
o
-T

OJ
CO

d
CO

oi
CO

O
CO

in
co

CO

d
CO
*"

co

T
1^

r i n

ro r
roT

co

in

OJ

OJ
CD

roo i

d
O!

co

^*
^*

d
CO

OJ
CD

co
m

co
in

1^
CO

in

CD

CO
CO

CO
? ro
co d

oi
co

in

rodT

CO

in
OJ

co

oi
OJ

d
oi

ro

*"

-j-

o)

3
O

T-

OJ
c

*
d

d
co

m
c

ro

ro roro

d
co

OJ

d
co

ro ro

co
"
CD

CD co ro i n
LO o
ro
d
d
d
O
co
co
ro

co
co

oi
m

d
co

d
co

co
in

CO
in

roro

OI
oi

roro

C0
O
d
o
1

CL

CO
CO
.c
a

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

in
CO

CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

co
co

co
CO

CO
CO

CO
CO

co
co

co
CO

co
oo

co
co

co
CO

CO
CO

CO

CO

co

co

co

co

co

co

co

co

00

co

OI
co

in
o

r-~
CM

co

roro co

co
co

co
co

co

CO

d
in

d
co

d
o

SI

a.

z
Ui

in
-3;

d
in

*t
o

CO

CO

roro
t
ro*t i

CO
OJ

CO
OJ

rCO

CO
d
CM

CO

CO
CM

LO

z ">

CO

UI

co
1^

CD

co

co

co

CD

co

CD

co

CD
i^

CD
i^

CD

co
1^

m
r;
oi
o

co co
O
o>
<f
O
t
n

T - c o o o c
^
r
S
T-*
oi
^> I O 14) I O

o m m o c o r o

<tf CO
d
d
d
N
N
CD O

E^

( D ^ n t O t O t O l O r

O ' - r ^ t ^ T - i v o j i 0) I ro
U> I O 1 0
s

d
o

co
CD

in
O

CD
IO

OJ

OJ

OJ

CO

roiCM
ro do
t~

oi

ro

co
in

yZ
OI

roT
co
ro icon coroCM
d
ro'
ro
CM o
co
~
~
T

+
+
CL

+
+

+
+

roro ro ro

roro ro0 )
CO
SZ
CL

CD
i^d

to

to
CO
CO

to
Q.

rororororororororororororororororororororo
cocococococooooooooooooocococo

CO

CO CO CO CC

CO

a.
CO

CO

in

CO

roro ro

Q.
t

CO
CO

c o c o c o c o c o c o c o c o o o o o c o c o c o c o
o

ro

o o c o c o N - c o c o r ^ r o o r -

tO

IO

c o - ^ r o o o c o c o c o o o r o c o m c o o j T a -

z
+

z
+

z
+

+
Li_

coai^-t-oii-i-^t-ti - o i n n " o *
0
E

0
d

co
m
o

co
in
o

in
m
o

,
d

CO
co
o

CO
O

co
O

co
o

ro Oco

CD
CO
O

CD
co
O

CO

O
d

co
co
O

co
O

CD
co
O

ro cooro i*J-On

CO
O

CO
Ol
O

co
Ol
O

co
co
O

CO
CO
O

roOCD
CO

co
o

CO
CO
O

co
co
o

00
CO
o

CM
co
O

co
T
O

co

CO
O

^*
roCO
O

co

OJ
O

in
co
O

Ol

co
co
o

co
co
O

ro
co o
o

OJ
3O

co
o

rocoo

00
co
o

co
OJ
O

OJ
o

in
co
O

in
oj
O

1 -

in
in
O

Ol
o

t
CO
O

co

CO

Ol

CO

CD

co

m
o

co
^io

OJ
O

CO

CO I O
O

Ol
^

.
O

rin
9

.
O

m
o
d

9
O

in
o
d

CO

ro
ro
co
o
o
d

+
I

ro
ro O oro
O
o
d

T - O J I O n ^ C D ^ C D I O
O j c o w o m o c o o c o
0
0
0
o
q
q
o

00
oi

O
d

in
O
d

IO

Ol

* 5
O
o

UI
O

ro

T45
T45
alphal
p + 3 + _ g p + 4 + _ g Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_ g (N Fw+_g (N
H + (m)
H- (m)
F + (N)
F- (N)
p + 1 + _ g (N7 alpha3
7.9
0
6.6
1.3
4
0.79
44.17
0.73
32.24
0.019
0.009
10
0
10
2.1
12.1
11
0.79
67.42
0.73
49.22
0.029
0.024
14
3.6
19.5
17
106.95
78.07
12.4
15.9
0.046
0.038
21
0.79
0.73
19
4.9
23.9
21
0.79
127.87
0.73
93.35
33.32
0.055
0.049
24
5.1
24.5
17
0.79
130.2
0.73
95.05
35.65
19.4
0.056
0.04
24
88.26
26.35
18
4.5
22.5
21
0.79
120.9
0.73
0.052
0.047
23
4.8
23.5
91.65
31
18.7
0.054
0.041
24
18
0.79
125.55
0.73
4.6
22.9
20
123.22
0.73
89.95
28.67
18.3
0.053
0.046
24
0.79
18.3
4.6
22.9
20
0.79
123.22
0.73
89.95
28.67
0.053
0.045
23
93.35
33.32
19
4.9
23.9
0.055
0.046
23
20
0.79
127.87
0.73
4.8
23.5
125.55
91.65
31
18.7
0.054
0,041
23
19
0.79
0.73
125.55
91.65
31
4.8
23.5
0.054
0.039
24
17
0.79
0.73
18.7
86.56
17.6
4.3
21.9
0.051
0.046
25
19
0.79
118.57
0.73
24.02
0.052
0.035
24
4.5
22.5
16
0.79
120.9
0.73
88.26
26.35
18
0.059
0.024
26
5.5
25.9
0.79
137.17
0.73
100.13
42.62
20.4
11
T46

T46
alphal
p + 1+_g (N/ alpha3
p + 3 + _ g p + 4 + _ g Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
H- (m)
F + (N)
F- (N)
H + (m)
6.3
7.6
4
0.77
43.06
0.7
30.14
0
1.3
0.008
10
0.019
0.7
42.83
0
8.9
1.9
10.8
7
0.77
61.18
0,015
13
0.027
95.18
0.7
66.63
3.02
13.9
3
16.9
0.027
20
12
0.77
0.042
0.7
80.9
16.9
4.2
21.1
21
0.77
115.57
23.42
0.049
23
0.051
21
133.7
0.7
93.59
41.55
19.5
5.3
24.8
0.77
0.05
25
0.059
19
126.9
0.7
88.83
34.75
18.6
4.9
23.5
0.044
24
0.77
0.056
18
124.64
0.7
87.25
32.48
18.2
4.8
23
0.044
23
0.77
0.055
21
129.17
0.7
90.42
37.01
18.9
5.1
24
0.05
23
0.77
0.057
18
0.7
85.66
30.21
4.7
22.6
0.046
23
0.77
122.37
17.9
0.054
126.9
34.75
4.9
0.056
0.051
23
21
0.77
0,7
88.83
18.6
23.5
20
0.7
41.55
19.5
5.3
24.8
0.059
0.049
23
0.77
133.7
93.59
20
138.23
0.7
96.76
46.08
20.2
5.6
25.8
0.061
0.046
23
0.77
0.063
23
142.76
0.7
99.93
50.61
20.9
5.9
26.8
0.057
24
0.77
0.064
20
145.03
0.7
101.52
52.88
0.046
24
0.77
21.2
6
27.2
0.059
0.049
23
20
0.77
133.7
0.7
93.59
41.55
19.5
5.3
24.8
0.059
0.046
26
19
0.77
133.7
0.7
93.59
41.55
19.5
5.3
24.8
T47
T47
alphal
p+3+_g p+4+_g
Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+ _ 9 ( N
H + (m)
H- (m)
F + (N)
F- (N)
p + i + . g (W alpha3
40.26
6.9
2
0.72
0.64
25.77
0
5.7
1.2
0.019
0.006
10
1.4
0.022
0.011
11
4
0.72
46.62
0.64
29.84
0
6.6
8
76.28
0.036
0.017
17
8
0.72
0.64
48.82
0
10.8
2.3
13.1
0.039
19
82.64
0.64
52.89
0
11.7
2.5
0.049
17
0.72
14.2
0.054
25
0.72
114.42
0.64
73.23
28.25
16.1
4.4
20.5
0.061
25
0.054
22
0.72
114.42
0.64
28.25
16.1
4.4
20.5
0.051
23
73.23
0.05
20
0.72
105.95
0.64
67.81
19.78
14.9
3.8
18.7
0.048
19
0.046
21
0.72
97.47
0.64
62.38
13.7
3.3
17
0.049
23
11.3
0.052
22
110.19
0.05
21
0.72
0.64
70.52
24.02
15.5
4.1
19.6
0.051
0.05
22
23
0.72
108.07
0.64
69.16
21.9
15.2
4
19.2
0.053
0.048
21
21
0.72
112.3
0.64
71.87
26.13
15.8
4.2
20
0.049
0.051
22
23
0.72
103.83
0.64
66.45
17.66
14.6
3.7
18.3
0.053
21
0.72
0.049
23
112.3
0.64
71.87
26.13
15.8
4.2
20
0.056
21
118.66
0.049
21
0.72
0.64
75.94
32.49
16.7
4.6
21.3
0.051
23
108.07
0.054
21
0.72
0.64
69.16
21.9
15.2
4
19.2
0.063
20
0.044
25
0.72
133.49
0.64
85.43
47.32
18.8
5.5
24.3
0.068
0.038
23
19
0.72
144.09
0.64
92.22
57.92
20.3
6.2
26.5
T48
H + (m)
H- (m)
F + (N)
0.015
0.003
8
0.021
0.012
10
0.029
0.021
13
0.039
0.04
17
0.05
0.058
21
0.049
0.055
24
0.054
0.048
20
0.047
0.051
22
0.048
22
0.05
0.056
20
0.057
0.056
20
0.054
0.049
19
0.054
0.049
21
0.054
0.059
20
0.052
0.059
20
0.05
0.039
21
0.051
0.054
25
0.049
0.063
21
0.044

F- (N)

alphal
1
0.71
5
0.71
g
0.71
16
23

0.71
0.71

25
21
22
22

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71

24
23
22

0.71
0.71
0.71

23
22
22
22
24
21

T48
p + 1+_g (HI alpha3
p + s + . g p + 4 + _ g Fw1 +_g (N F w 2 + ..g (N Fw+_g (N
31.34
0.62
19.43
0
4.4
1
5.4
43.88
0.62
27.21
0
6.1
1.3
7.4
60.6
8.4
0.62
37.57
0
1.8
10.2
81.49
0.62
50.52
0
2.5
13.9
11.4
104.48
0.62
64.78
19.5
14.6
3.8
18.4
102.39
11 2.83
98.21

0.62

63.48

100.3

0.62
0.62
0.62

69.95
60.89
62.19

117.01
117.01
102.39

0.62
0.62
0.62

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71

102.39
123.28
123.28
81.49

0.71
0.71

112.83
131.64

3.7

17.41
27.86
13.23
15.32

14.3
15.7
13.7
14

4.3
3.4
3.5

18
20
17.1
17.5

72.55
72.55
63.48

32.04
32.04
17.41

16.3
16.3
14.3

4.5
4.5
3.7

20.8
20.8
18

0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62

63.48
76.43
76.43
50.52

17.41
38.31
38.31
0

14.3
17.2
17.2
11.4

3.7
4.9
4.9
2.5

22.1
22.1
13.9

0.62
0.62

69.95

27.86

20

46.67

15.7
18.3

4.3

81.62

5.4

23.7

18

APPENDIX G.

R E S U L T S E X P E R I M E N T 1:
C A L C U L A T I O N W A V E F O R C E UNDER
W A V E T R O U G H WITH LINEAR W A V E
THEORY AND G O D A ' S FORMULA

T11
1.59
H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N Fmin_g (N)
0.006
3
2.8
2.9
0.006
3
2.8
2.9
0.007
3
3.3
3.4
0.007
3
3.3
3.4
0.008
4
3.9
3.7
0.008
4
3.9
3.7
0.008
4
3.7
3.9
0.009
3
4.1
4.4
0.009
4
4.1
4.4
T18
0.95
H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N Fmin_g (N)
0.003
1
1.1
1.3
0.006
3
2.3
2.6
3
0.007
2.7
3
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.012
6
4.5
5
0.012
6
4.5
5
0.012
6
4.5
5
0.012
5
4.5
5
0.013
6
4.9
5.4
0.014
6
5.2
5.7

Wave force under wave trough

T11 = 1.59 s
7
6

Fmin experiments

_c

u_

2
1
0
0

0.0020.0040.0060.008 0.01

0.0120.0140.016

Hmin in m

Wave force under wave trough

T18 = 0.95 s
7Fmin experiments

65-

! *
c
E
u.

3210-

0.0020.004 0.0060.008 0.01 0.0120.014 0.016

Hmin in m

T41
1.51
H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N Fmin_g (N)
0.016
8
7.1
7.1
11
13
11.5
0.027
11.8
12.4
0.029
13
12.6
13.1
0.031
15
14.8
18
16.1
0.039
16.4
15.1
0.04
19
15.5
19
16.7
0.041
15.5
16.7
0.041
19
15.5
16.7
0.041
19
T48
0.9
H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N Fmin_g (N)
0.003
1
1.1
1.2
4.3
4.6
5
0.012
7.9
9
7.3
0.021
16
13.1
14.4
0.04
15.6
14.2
0.044
21
16.8
21
15.4
0.048
15.6
17.1
0.049
24
17.5
15.9
0.05
22
15.9
17.5
0.05
22
17.8
22
16.1
0.051
17.8
16.1
0.051
22
16.5
17.9
22
0.052
18.5
23
17
0.054
18.5
17
22
0.054
18.5
23
17
0.054
17.3
18.9
25
0.055
17.8
19.2
24
0.057
18
19.6
0.058
23

Wave force under wave trough

T41 = 1.51 s

Fmin experiments
Fmin linear
Fmin Goda

0.01

0,02

0.03
0.04
Hmin In m

0.05

0.06

Wave force under wave trough

T48 = 0.9 s

Fmin experiments
Fmin linear
Fmin Goda

0.01

0.02

0.03
0.04
Hmin in m

0.05

0.06

1.59
1
h/L
(m)
F- (N)
3
0.007
3
0.006
4
0.009
3
0.009
3
0.006
3
0.007
4
0.008
0.008

0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09

4
4

0.008

H/L

0.09

k(h-H)
C2Jin
Fw3-lin (N FhydrF m i n j i n (N
GlJSn
rho*g*h* Fmin_ .8
Table
3.3
0.1
3.2
0.531
0.5614
3.4
850.455
4.07
0.84
0.003
2.8
0.1
2.7
0.534
0.5644
2.9
850.455
3.49
0.84
0.003
4.1
0.1
4
0.524
0.5553
850.455
4.4
5.24
0.84
0.004
4.1
0.1
4
0.524
0.5553
850.455
4.4
5.24
0.84
0.004
2.8
0.1
2.7
0.534
0.5644
850.455
2.9
3.49
0.84
0.003
3.3
0.1
3.2
0.531
0.5614
850.455
3.4
4.07
0.84
0.003
3.7
0.1
3.6
0.527
0.5584
850.455
3.9
4.66
0.84
0.004
3.7
0.1
3.6
0.527
0.5584
850.455
3.9
4.66
0.84
0.004
3.7
0.1
3.6
0.527
0.5584
850.455
3.9
4.66
0.84
0.004

0.95

Cm)

rho*g*h*

Table

H/L

h/L

F- (N)

0.17
0.17

0.01
0.01

0.71
0.71

0.012
0.011

0.17
0.17

0.011
0.01

0.71
0.71

6.98
6.4

0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011

5
5
5
5

0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17

0.01
0.01
0.01

0.011
0.013

5
6

0.17
0.17

0.01
0.012

328.411
328.411

6.4
6.4

328.411
328.411
328.411
328.411

1.0177

4.5
4.5
4.5

1.0177
1.0177
1.0177

6.4
7.57

4.5
5.4

328.411
328.411

1.0177
1.0065

1.09
1.073

3.9
4.6

0.2
0.3

4.1

6.98
6.98

5
5

328.411
328.411

1.0121
1.0121

1.081
1.081

4.3
4.3

0.2
0.2

4.5
4.5

6.4
6.4

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71

I T T CO^W

4.5

W^

sVr\ WW ( k H ) -

4.3

1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09

0.71
0.71

0.71
0.71

5
5.7

4.1
4.1
4.1

3.9
3.9

5
5

\-

4.5

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.011
0.011

6.4
6.4

0.2

3.9
3.9
3.9

cl _ WV

5.2
4.1
4.1

1.081
1.09

0.73
0.72

c \ - W^ ~

0.3
0.2
0.2

1.0121
1.0177

0.006

0.014

0.17
0.17
0.17

0.011

4.9
3.9
3.9
4.3

328.411
328.411

3
6

0.011

2.7
4.5

5
4.5

0.007
0.012

0.17
0.17

0.1
0.2

1.09
1.09

0.75
0.74

6
5

1.1
2.3

1.0177
1.0177

0.003
0.005

0.012
0.012

0
0.1

1.1
2.2
2.6

328.411
328.411

0.17
0.17

0.01

F m i n j i n (N

Fw3-lin (N Fhydr-

4.5
4.5

1
3

C2_lin
k(h-H)
1.162
1.0627
1.134
1.0458
1.126
1.0402
1.081
1.0121
1.064
1.0008

0.7

0.003
0.006

0.011
0.013

C1_lin
Fmin _g
1.3
328.411
328.411
2.6
328.411
3

1.75
3.49
4.07
6.98
8.15

5 \W Lc ( VA

4.1
4.1
4.9

.3 1
T41
h/L
F- (N)
H- (m)
8
0.016
13
0.029
13
0.027
15
0.031
18
0.039
19
0.041
19
0.041
19
0.04
19
0.041

0.9
T48
h/L
F- (N)
H- (m)
1
0.003
5
0.012
9
0.021
16
0.04
23
0.058
25
0.055
21
0.048
22
0.051
22
0.05
24
0.057
23
0.054
0.054
0.054
0.052
0.05
0.051
0.049
0.044

H/L

F m i n j i n (N
FhydrFw3-lin
C2_lin
k(h-H)
rho*g*h* Fmin_g (N C1_lin
Table
6.7
0.4
7.1
0.532
0.566
788.195
7.1
9.31
0.76
1.3
12.4
11.1
0.484
0.524
788.195
11.8
16.88
0.7
10.4
1.1
11.5
0.491
0.53
788.195
11
15.71
0.7
0.014
11.6
1.5
13.1
0.476
0.517
788.195
12.6
18.04
0.7
0.016
13.8
2.3
16.1
0.448
0.492
788.195
14.8
22.7
0.65
0.02
2.5
16.7
14.2
0.44
0.485
788.195
15.5
23.86
0.65
0.021
14.2
2.5
16.7
0.44
0.485
788.195
15.5
23.86
0.65
0.021
14
2.4
16.4
0.444
0.489
788.195
15.1
23.28
0.65
0.02
2.5
16.7
14.2
0.44
0.485
788.195
15.5
23.86
0.65
0.021

0.008
0.015

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

H/L
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18

0.003
0.012

0.18
0.18

0.056

0.18

0.02
0.039
0.053
0.046

0.18
0.18
0.18

0.049
0.048

0.18

0.052

22
23

0.18
0.18

0.052
0.052

22
22
22
24

0.18
0.18

0.05
0.048

0.18
0.18

0.049
0.047

21

0.18

0.042

0.055

F m i n j i n (N
FhydrFw3-lin
C2_lin
k(h-H)
rho*g*h* Fmin_g (N C1_lin
Table
1.1
0
1.1
1.287
1.143
285.822
1.2
1.75
0.68
1.196
4.1
0.2
4.3
1.089
285.822
4.6
6.98
0.66
6.6
0.7
7.3
1.107
1.034
285.822
7.9
12.22
0.65
10.7
2.4
13.1
0.933
0.919
285.822
14.4
23.28
0.62
0.78
12.9
5.1
18
0.81
285.822
19.6
33.76
0.58
12.7
4.6
17.3
0.806
0.829
285.822
18.9
32.01
0.59
11.9
3.5
15.4
0.864
0.871
285.822
16.8
27.94
0.6
12.2
3.9
16.1
0.839
0.853
285.822
17.8
29.68
0.6
12.1
3.8
15.9
0.847
0.859
285.822
17.5
29.1
0.6
12.9
4.9
17.8
0.79
0.817
285.822
19.2
33.17
0.58
12.6
4.4
17
0.814
0.835
285.822
18.5
31.43
0.59
12.6
4.4
17
0.814
0.835
285.822
18.5
31.43
0.59
12.6
4.4
17
0.814
0.835
285.822
18.5
31.43
0.59
12.4
4.1
16.5
0.831
0.847
285.822
17.9
30.26
0.59
12.1
3.8
15.9
0.847
0.859
285.822
17.5
29.1
0.6
12.2
3.9
16.1
0.839
0.853
285.822
17.8
29.68
0.6
0.856
12
3.6
15.6
0.865
285.822
17.1
28.52
0.6
0.61

25.61

15.6

285.822

0.895

0.898

11.3

2.9

14.2

A P P E N D I X H.

R E S U L T S E X P E R I M E N T 1:
CALCULATION TOTAL WAVE FORCE
WITH LINEAR W A V E T H E O R Y A N D
GODA'S FORMULA

T11
1.59
H+(m)
F+(N)
Fw1+(N)
0.006
3
2.8
0.005
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
T12

T13

Fw2+(N) Fw+lin (N) Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)
3.1
0.5
2.6
2.9
0.1
2.6
0.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
0
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1
4.6
0.7
3.9
4.2
4.1
0.1

3
5
5
5
4
5
5
5

1.46
Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N) Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)
(m)
F+ (N)
2.5
0.4
2.1
2.3
0
2.3
3
0.005
3.5
0.6
2.9
3.3
0.1
3.2
3
0.007
5
0.8
4.2
4.6
0.1
4.5
5
0.01
5.5
0.9
4.6
5.2
0.2
5
6
0.011
6
1
5
5.6
0.2
5.4
6
0.012
6.5
1.1
5.4
6.1
0.2
5.9
7
0.013
7
1.1
5.9
6.6
0.3
6.3
7
0.014
6.5
1.1
5.4
6.1
0.2
5.9
6
0.013
6
1
5
5.6
0.2
5.4
6
0.012

1.37
Fw1 +
F+ (N)
(m)
2
0.005
3
0.007
5
0.01
5
0.009
6
0.01
6
0.011
6

0.011
0.012
0.011

6
6

(N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N) Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)
0.4
2.4
2
2.2
0
2.2
0.6
3.4
2.8
3.2
0.1
3.1
0.8
4.9
4.1
4.5
0.1
4.4
4.3
0.7
3.6
4.1
0.1
4
0.8
4.9
4.1
4.5
0.1
4.4
5.4
0.9
4.5
5.1
0.2
4.9
0.9
5.4
4.5
5.1
0.2
4.9
5.8
0.9
4.9
5.5
0.2
5.3
0.9
5.4
4.5
5.1
0.2
4.9

1.23
F+(N)
(m)
0.002
0.006
0.011
0.009

1
3
6

0.007
0.005
0.005

4
4
3
3

0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006

3
3
3
3

Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N) Fw+lin (N) Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)
0.1
0.8
0.7
0.9
0
0.9
0.4
2.6
2.2
2.7
0.1
2.6
0.8
4.9
4.1
4.9
0.2
4.7
0.7
4.1
3.4
4
0.1
3.9
0.5
3.1
2.6
3.1
0.1
3
2.3
0.4
1.9
2.1
0
2.1
2.3
0.4
1.9
2.1
0
2.1
2.6
0.4
2.2
2.7
0.1
2.6
0.4
2.6
2.2
2.7
0.1
2.6
0.4
2.6
2.2
2.7
0.1
2.6
0.4
2.6
2.2
2.7
0.1
2.6

T1S

1.17

Fw+lin (N) Fw1 + jg (N) Fw2+_<g (N) F w + j3 ( N )

0.3
1.7
1.4
1.7

Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N)

0
1.7

F + (N)

0.004

0.006

2.5

0.1

2.6

2.2

0.4

2.6

0.011

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.8

4.8

0.011

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.8

4.8

0.009

3.8

0.1

3.9

3.2

0.7

3.9

0.009

3.8

0.1

3.9

3.2

0.7

3.9

0.009

3.8

0.1

3.9

3.2

0.7

3.9

0.01

4.2

0.1

4.3

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.011

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.8

4.8

0.011

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.8

4.8

0.011

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.8

4.8

0.01

4,2

0.1

4.3

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.01

4.2

0.1

4.3

3.6

0.7

4.3

0.011

4.6

0.2

4.8

0.8

4.8

T16

1.09
(m)

Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)

Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N)

F + (N)

0.003

1.2

1.2

0.2

1.2

0.005

1.7

0.4

2.1

0.01

4.1

0.1

4.2

3.5

0.7

4.2

0.011

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

4.9

0.2

5.1

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.013

5.3

0.2

5.5

4.5

0.9

5.4

0.012

4.9

0.2

5.1

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.012

4.9

0.2

5.1

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

4.9

0.2

5.1

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.012

4.9

0.2

5.1

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

4.5

0,2

4.7

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

4.9

0.2

5.1

4.2

0.9

5.1

0.011

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.8

0.8

4.6

T17

0.99
(m)

Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N)

F + (N)

Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g (N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)

0.2
1.1
0.9
1.2

0.005

1.9

1.9

1.6

0.3

0.008

3.1

0.1

3.2

2.5

0.5

0.011

4.3

0.2

4.5

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.014

5.4

0.3

5.7

4.4

0.9

5.3

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.011

4.3

0.2

4.5

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.013

0.2

5.2

4.1

0.9

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.011

4.3

0.2

4.5

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

0.011

4.3

0.2

4.5

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

4.7

0.2

4.9

3.8

0.8

4.6

T18

1.2

0.003

1.9

0.95
(m)

Fw1 + (N) Fw2+ (N)

F + (N)

Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g (N) Fw2+_ g (N) F w + j3 ( N )

0.003

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.2

0.004

1.5

1.5

1.2

0.3

1.5

0.006

2.3

0.1

2.4

1.8

0.4

2.2

1.1

0.01

3.8

0.1

3.9

0.7

3.7

0.013

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.9

4.9

0.014

5.3

0.3

5.6

4.3

0,9

5.2

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.013

4.9

0.2

5.1

0.9

4.9

0.012

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.7

0.8

4.5

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.012

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.7

0.8

4.5

0.012

4.5

0.2

4.7

3.7

0.8

4.5

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

0.011

4.2

0.2

4.4

3.4

0.7

4.1

T21
1.64
Fw+lin (N Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
H+ (m)
0.6
3.7
3.1
3.3
0.1
3.2
4
0.007
8.3
1.3
7
7.8
0.4
7.4
8
0.016
6.3
1
5.3
5.7
0.2
5.5
6
0.012
7.4
1.2
6.2
6.8
0.3
6.5
7
0.014
6.3
1
5.3
5.7
0.2
5.5
6
0.012
6.8
1.1
5.7
6.2
0.2
6
6
0.013
1.3
7.9
6.6
7.2
0.3
6.9
7
0.015
8.3
1.3
7
7.8
0.4
7.4
8
0.016
8.3
1.3
7
7.8
0.4
7.4
7
0.016
1.38
T22
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F + (N)
H+ (m)
4.4
0.7
3.7
4.1
0.1
4
4
0.009
1.3
8.2
6.9
7.9
0.4
7.5
8
0.017
11.7
9.8
1.9
0.8
11.5
10.7
12
0.024
10.7
1.7
9
10.5
0.7
9.8
11
0.022
11.2
1.8
9.4
11
0.8
10.2
0.023
11
12.7
10.6
2.1
12.5
11.5
1
13
0.026
13.6
2.2
11.4
13.6
1.2
12.4
13
0.028
2.3
14.1
11.8
1.2
14.1
12.9
15
0.029
14.6
2.4
12.2
14.6
1.3
13.3
15
0.03
T23
H + (m)

0.008
0.016
0.025
0.018
0.019
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.014

1.27
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
3.7
0.6
3.1
3.6
0.1
3
3.5
7.4
1.2
7.3
6.2
6.9
0.4
7
11.6
1.9
9.7
11.7
0.9
10.8
11
8.4
1.4
7
8.3
7.8
0.5
8
8.8
1.4
7.4
0.5
8.7
9
8.2
6.9
1.1
5.8
0.3
6.8
6.5
6
6.5
1.1
6.4
5.4
0.3
6.1
6
6
5.8
5
1
0.2
5.6
6
6
5
1
5.8
0.2
5.6
6
6.5
1.1
5.4
0.3
6.4
6.1
6
6.5
1.1
5.4
0.3
6.4
6.1
7

1.13
T24
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
H + (m)
F+(N)
3
0.5
3
2.5
0.1
3
2.9
0.007
5.1
0.9
4.2
5.2
5
0.2
6
0.012
8.9
1.5
9.3
7.4
0.6
10
8.7
0.021
10.2
8.5
1.7
10.7
0.8
9.9
11
0.024
8.9
1.5
7.4
0.6
9.3
10
8.7
0.021
10.2
8.5
1.7
0.8
10.7
9.9
11
0.024
10.2
8.5
1.7
0.8
10.7
9.9
11
0.024
11.1
1.9
11.8
9.2
1
10.8
12
0.026
1.7
10.2
8.5
0.8
10.7
12
9.9
0.024
9.4
1.6
9.8
7.8
0.7
9.1
0.022
11
8.9
1.5
7.4
0.6
9.3
10
8.7
0.021
9.8
1.7
10.3
8.1
0.8
9.5
0.023
11
9.8
1.7
10.3
8.1
0.8
9.5
11
0.023
10.6
8.8
1.8
11.3
0.9
10.4
0.025
11

T25
F + (N)
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_ g (N Fw+ _9 (N
(m)
0.1
2.9
2.4
0.5
2.9
0.007
3
2.8
5
4.4
0.2
4.6
3.7
0.8
4.5
0.011
0.6
8.7
6.8
1.4
8.2
0.02
9
8.1
10.1
0.9
11
8.5
1.8
10.3
0.025
11
9.8
2
11.8
0.029
13
1.2
12.9
11.7
10.5
8.8
1.8
10,6
0.026
11
1
11.5
13
11,7
1.2
12.9
9.8
2
11.8
0.029
8.8
1.8
0.026
11
10.5
1
11.5
10.6
0.028
12
11.3
1.2
12.5
9.5
2
11.5
9.8
0.029
12
11.7
1.2
12.9
2
11.8
9.8
0.029
12
11.7
1.2
12.9
2
11.8
9.8
0.029
12
11.7
1.2
12.9
2
11.8
9.8
0.029
12
11.7
1.2
12.9
2
11.8
0.027
0.028

12
13

10.9
11.3

1.01
F + (N)
Fw1 +
H + (m)
4
0.007
5
0.011
0.017
8
0.024
11
0.028
13

1.1
1.2

12
12.5

9.2
9.5

1.9
2

11.1
11.5

T26

(N) Fw2 (N)

2.8
0.1
4.3
0.2
6.7
9.4

11
10.6
10.2
10.6

0.4
0.8
1.2

7.1
10.2
12.2

5.5
7.7
9

1.1
1.6
1.9

6.6
9.3
10.9

1.1
1
1.1

11.7
11.2
11.7
11.2

8.7
8.3
8.7
8.3

1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8

10.5
10.1
10.5
10.1

11.7
11.2

8.7
8.3

10.5
10.1

11.2

8.3

1.8
1.8
1.8

11.7
11.7
11.2
11.2

8.7
8.7
8.3
8.3

1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8

10.5
10.5
10.1
10.1

0.027
0.026
0.027
0.026

12
12
12
12

0.027
0.026
0.026

12
12
12

10.2
10.2

1.1
1
1

0.027
0.027
0.026
0.026

12
12
12
12

10.6
10.6
10.2
10.2

1.1
1.1
1
1

T27
H + (m)
0.006

0.92
F + (N)
3

10.2
10.6

0.01
0.013
0.023

Fw1+ (N) Fw2 (N)

0.1
2.2
5
3.7
0.1
6
4.8
0.2
10
8.6
0.8

0.027
0.029
0.026
0.027

12
13
12
12

10
10.8
9.7
10

0.028
0.026
0.028

13
12
13

10.4
9.7

0.028
0.028

12
12
13

10.4

0.028
0.029
0.028
0.031
T28
H + (m)
0.006
0.008

10.4

11.6
10.7
11.6

8.2
7.6
8.2

1.8
1.7
1.8

10
9.3
10

1.2
1.2

8.2
8.2
8.2
8.5

1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8

10
10

8.2
9.1

1.8

13

1.2
1.2

12
13

10.4
11.5

1.2
1.4

11.6
12.9

10
10.3
10
11.1

0.89
F + (N)
3
4
6
6

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

2.2
0.1
2.9
0.1
5.1
0.3
4.7
0.2
8.7
0.8

0.028
0.028
0.029
0.026

13
13
13
11

10.2
10.2
10.5
9.4

0.029
0.029

13
13
13
12
13
12
12
14

11.6
10.9

0.032
0.03

1.2
1
1.2

11.6
11.6
11.6
12

11

0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028

10.1

Fw+lin (N Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N

2.3
1.8
0.4
2.2
3.8
2.9
0.6
3.5
5
3.8
0.8
4,6
6.7
9.4
1.5
8.2
1.1
7.9
11.1
1.7
9,6
1.2
8.5
12
1.8
10.3
7.6
1
10.7
1.7
9.3
1.1
11.1
7.9
1.7
9.6

10.4
10.4
10.8

0.014
0.013
0.024

0.029

Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N

2.9
2.2
0.5
2.7
4.5
3.5
0.7
4.2

13

Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N

2.3
1.7
0.4
2.1
3
2.3
0.5
2.8
5.4
4.9
9.5

4
3.7
6.8

0.9
0.8
1.5

4.9

1.2
1.2
1.2
1

11.4
11.4
11.7
10.4

8
8
8.3
7.4

1.8

9.8
9.8
10.1
9

10.5
10.5

1.2
1.2

8.3
8.3

1.2

8.3

1.8
1.8
1.8

10.1
10.1

10.5

11.7
11.7
11.7

10.5
10.5
10.2
10.2

1.2
1.2

8.3

1.8

1.2
1.2

11.7
11.7
11.4
11.4

8.3
8
8

1.8
1.8
1.8

10.1
10.1
9.8
9.8

1.5
1.3

13.1
12.2

9.1
8.6

2
1.9

11.1
10.5

1.8
1.8
1.6

4.5
8.3

10.1

T31
H + (m)

1.49
Fw1 + (N)

F+ (N)

Fw2 (N)
0.2

Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g(N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)

6.6
1.1
5.5
6.1

0.013

5.9

0.026
0.036

13

11.8

12.8

13.1

16.3

18.2

11
15.2

2.1

1.9

2.9

18.1

2.1
2.2

19.3

16

3.1

19.1

19.8

16.4

3.2

19.6
18.1

18
19

0.038

19

0.039

17.2
17.6

0.036

19

16.3

1.9

18.2

15.2

2.9

0.036

18

16.3

1.9

18.2

15.2

2.9

18.1

0.034

17

15.4

1.7

17.1

14.3

2.7

17

0.033

17

14.9

1.6

Fw1 + (N)

F + (N)

T31B

Fw2 (N)

16.6
2.7
13.9
16.5
Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g(N) Fw2+_g (N) Fw+_g (N)
8.6
1.4
7.2
8.1

0.017

7.7

0.4

0.027

13

12.2

1.1

13.3

11.4

2.2

13.6

0.035
0.039

17
19

15.8

1.8

14.7

17.6

2.2

17.6
19.8

16.4

2.8
3.2

17.5
19.6

0.04

20

18.1

2.4

20.5

16.9

3.2

20.1
19.6

0.039

21

17.6

2.2

19.8

16.4

3.2

0.038

19

17.2

2.1

19.3

16

3.1

19.1

0.036

19

16.3

1.9

18.2

15.2

2.9

18.1

0.036

18

16.3

1.9

18.2

15.2

2.9

18.1

Fw1 + (N)

F+ (N)

T31*

Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g (N) Fw2 + _g(N) Fw+_g (N)

8
1.3
6.7
7.6
0.4
13.1
2.1
11
12.8
1
13.1
2.1
11
12.8
1

Fw2 (N)

0.016

7.2

0.026

13

0.026

17

11.8
11.8

0.026

19

11.8

12.8

11

2.1

13.1

14

1.4

15.4

13.1

2.5

15.6

15.4

13.1

2.5

15.6
14.5

19

0.031

18

0.031

14

1.4

0.029

17

13.1

1.2

14.3

12.2

2.3

0.03

17

13.6

1.3

14.9

12.6

2.4

15

0.028

16

12.7

1.2

13.9

11.8

2.3

14.1

1.39

T32
(m)

Fw1 + (N)

F + (N)

0.017
0.028
0.036

Fw2 (N)

7.5

0.4

13

12.4

1.2

18

16

1.9
2.1

Fw+lin (N) Fw1 +_g (N) Fw2 + .9 (N) Fw+_g (N)

8.2
1.3
6.9
7.9
13.6
2.2
11.4
13.6
17.9

14.7

2.8

17.5

19

15.5

18.5
19.5

16.9

0.04

19
20

17.8

2.4

20.2

16.3

3.2

0.044

22

19.5

2.8

22.3

17.9

3.7

21.6

0.045
0.046

23

20

18.3

23

20.4

3.1

23
23.5

18.7

3.9
4.1

22.2
22.8

0.047

23

20.9

3.3

24.2

19.2

4.2

23.4

0.05

25

22.2

3.7

25.9

20.4

4.7

25.1

0.038

T32<*

F+ (N)

Fw1 + (N)

Fw+lin (N) Fw1+_g (N) Fw2 + _9(N) Fw+_g (N)

6.8
1.1
5.7
6.5
0.3
12.7
2.1
10.6
12.5
1
17.5
2.8
14.7
17.9
1.9
17.5
2.8
14.7
17.9
1.9

Fw2 (N)

0,014

6.2

0.026

13

11.5

0.036

18

16

0.036

18

16

0.036

19

16
18.2

17.9
20.7

2.8

21

1.9
2.5

14.7

0.041

16.7

3.2

19.9

0.043

22

17.5

3.6

21.1

23

2.7
2.8

21.8

0.044

19.1
19.5

22.3

17.9

3.7

21.6

0.046

23

20.4

3.1

23.5

18.7

4.1

22.8

20.4

3.1

23.5

18.7

4.1

22.8

0.046

24

17.5

1.29
T33
g (N) Fw2+. g (N) Fw+_g (N)
Fw+lin (N) Fw1
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
H+ (m)
6
1
5
5.9
0.2
5.7
7
0.013
12.1
2
10.1
12.3
1
11.3
12
0.026
18.1
3
15.1
19.2
17
2.2
19
0.039
12.6
2.1
10.5
12.8
11.7
1.1
14
0.027
15.3
2.5
12.8
14.4
16
1.6
16
0.033
15.3
2.5
12.8
14.4
1.6
16
0.033
16
13.9
2.3
11.6
13.1
1.3
15
0.03
14.4
13.4
2.2
11.2
12.6
1.2
15
0.029
13.8
12.9
2.1
10.8
12.2
1.2
13
0.028
13.4
13.4
2.2
11.2
12.6
1.2
14
0.029
13.8
13.4
2.2
11.2
12.6
1.2
15
0.029
13.8
Fw+_g
(N)
Fw+lin (N) Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2+ .g(N)
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
T33*
5.1
0.2
0.8
4.3
5
4.8
6
0.011
11.1
0.8
1.8
9.3
11.2
10.4
12
0.024
17.6
2.1
2.9
14.7
18.6
16.5
19
0.038
12.1
1
10.1
12.3
11.3
14
0.026
2
14.4
14.9
13.5
16
0.031
2.4
12
1.4
14.4
14.9
13.5
16
0.031
2.4
12
1.4
12.6
12.8
11.7
14
0.027
2.1
10.5
1.1
12.1
12.3
11.3
13
0.026
10.1
2
1
11.6
11.8
10.9
12
0.025
1.9
9.7
0.9
12.1
12.3
11.3
12
0.026
2
10.1
1
12.1
12.3
11.3
13
0.026
2
10.1
1
T34

H+ (m)
0.013
0.022
0.035
0.037
0.032
0.036
0.034
0.036
0.035
0.035
0.036
0.036
0.035
0.038
T34*
0.013
0.021
0.034
0.036
0.032
0.031
0.032
0.035
0.036
0.034
0.035
0.036
0.035
0.04

1.15
Fw+lin (N) Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2+_ g (N) Fw+ _g(N)
F + (N)
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0.9
5.6
4.7
5.6
0.2
6
5.4
1.6
9.5
7.9
9.9
0.7
10
9.2
2.5
15.1
12.6
16.4
1.8
16
14.6
2.7
16
13.3
17.4
2
17
15.4
2.3
13.8
11.5
14.8
1.5
15
13.3
2.6
15.5
12.9
16.9
1.9
16
15
2.5
14.7
12.2
15.9
1.7
16
14.2
2.6
15.5
12.9
16.9
1.9
17
15
2.5
15.1
12.6
16.4
1.8
17
14.6
2.5
15.1
12.6
16.4
1.8
16
14.6
2.6
15.5
12.9
16.9
1.9
17
15
2.6
15.5
12.9
16.9
1.9
17
15
2.5
15.1
12.6
16.4
1.8
15
14.6
2.8
16.4
13.6
17.9
2.1
17
15.8
Fw1
+
(N)
g
(N)
Fw+
Fw+lin (N) Fw1 + _g (N) Fw2+
Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
_g (N)
5.4
0.9
0.2
4.7
5.6
6
5.6
8.8
1.5
0.6
7.5
9.4
10
9
14.2
2.5
1.7
12.2
15.9
14.7
17
2.6
1.9
12.9
16.9
15.5
15
17
2.3
1.5
11.5
14.8
13.8
13.3
15
2.3
1.4
11.1
14.3
13.4
12.9
14
2.3
1.5
11.5
14.8
13.8
13.3
15
2.5
1.8
12.6
16.4
15.1
14.6
16
2.6
1.9
12.9
16.9
15.5
15
17
2.5
1.7
12.2
15.9
14.7
14.2
16
2.5
1.8
12.6
16.4
15.1
14.6
17
2.6
1.9
12.9
16.9
15.5
15
16
2.5
1.8
12.6
16.4
15.1
14.6
17
2.9
2.4
14.3
19.1
17.2
16.7
18

T35

1.08
I W + l i n (N Fw1 + _g ( Fw2+_g ( Fw+_g (N
IFw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
H + (m)
I- + (N)
0.8
4.5
3.7
4.7
0.2
4.5
6
0.011
7.8
1.3
6.5
8.2
0.5
7.7
9
0.019
12.7
2.2
10.5
14
1.4
12.6
15
0.031
15.9
2.7
13.2
18
2.2
15.8
18
0.039
16.8
2.9
13.9
2.5
19.1
16.6
19
0.041
14.7
2.5
12.2
16.5
1.9
14.6
17
0.036
16.8
13.9
2.9
2.5
19.1
16.6
19
0.041
16.4
2.8
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
18
0.04
16.4
2.8
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
17
0.04
16.4
2.8
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
18
0.04
15.9
2.7
13.2
18
2.2
15.8
18
0.039
2.8
16.4
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
19
0.04
16.8
2.9
13.9
2.5
19.1
16.6
18
0.041
17.3
3
14.3
2.6
19.7
17.1
19
0.042
17.3
3
14.3
19.7
2.6
19
17.1
0.042
F w + l i n (N Fw1+_g ( F w 2 + _ g ( F w + _ g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
T35*
1
5.8
4.8
6
0.3
5.7
7
0.014
8.6
1.5
7.1
9.1
0.6
8.5
10
0.021
13.1
2.2
10.9
14.5
1.5
13
15
0.032
15.9
2.7
13.2
18
2.2
15.8
17
0.039
16.8
2.9
13.9
19.1
2.5
16.6
18
0.041
16.8
2.9
13.9
19.1
2.5
16.6
19
0.041
16.8
2.9
13.9
2.5
19.1
16.6
19
0.041
16.4
2.8
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
18
0.04
16.4
2.8
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
18
0.04
16.4
2.8
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
17
0.04
2.8
16.4
13.6
18.6
2.4
16.2
18
0.04
16.8
2.9
13.9
19.1
2.5
16.6
19
0.041
17.3
3
14.3
2.6
19.7
17.1
18
0.042
16.8
2.9
13.9
2.5
19.1
16.6
17
0.041
17.8
3.2
14.6
20.2
2.7
17.5
19
0.043
r

1.02
T36
F w + l i n (N Fw1 +_g ( F w 2 + _ g ( F w + _ g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
H + (m)
4.4
0.8
3.6
4.5
0.2
4.3
6
0.011
6.7
1.2
5.5
7.1
0.4
6.7
8
0.017
11.4
2
9.4
12.7
1.2
11.5
14
0.029
2.5
14.2
11.7
16.1
1.9
14.2
16
0.036
18.5
3.5
15
21.3
3.1
18.2
21
0.046
17.1
3.1
14
19.7
2.7
17
19
0.043
16.1
2.8
13.3
18.7
2.5
16.2
18
0.041
16.1
2.8
13.3
18.7
2.5
16.2
18
0.041
16.7
3
13.7
19.2
2.6
16.6
19
0.042
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
18
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
19
0.044
3
16.7
13.7
19.2
2.6
16.6
19
0.042
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
20
17.4
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
19
0.044
19.8
3.9
15.9
22.9
3.5
19.4
21
0.049
22.2
4.6
17.6
25.6
4.3
21.3
21
0.054
F w + l i n (N Fw1 +_g ( Fw2+_g ( Fw+_g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
T36*
F+ (N)
5.6
1
4.6
5.8
0.3
5.5
7
0.014
7.5
1.3
6.2
8
0.5
7.5
9
0.019
11.4
2
9.4
12.7
1.2
11.5
14
0.029
14.5
2.5
12
2
16.6
14.6
17
0.037
3.2
17.5
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
19
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
19
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
19
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
19
0.044
17.1
3.1
14
19.7
2.7
17
19
0.043
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
19
17.4
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
18
0.044
17.5
3.2
14.3
20.2
2.8
17.4
18
0.044
18.5
3.5
15
21.3
3.1
18.2
19
0.046
18.5
3.5
15
21.3
3.1
18.2
19
0.046
20.8
4.2
16.6
23.9
3.8
20.1
19
0.051
20.3
4
16.3
23.5
3.7
19.8
19
0.05

T37

0.94
(m)
0.011
0.014

Fw1 +

F + (N)

(N)

Fw2

(N)

4.1
5.3

0.024
0.027
0.041
0.043

11
12
18
19

9
10.2
15.5
16.2

0.8

0.039
0.038
0.037
0.041
0.039
0.039
0.042

17
17
17
17
18
18
19

14.7
14.3
13.9
15.5
14.7
14.7
15.8

2.2
2.1
2
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.6

0.043
0.039
0.044

19
17
20

16.2

2.7

14.7
16.6

2.2
2.8

0.044
F*

18

16.6

2.8

T38

Fw1 +

F + (N)

0.012
0.016

0.026
0.027
0.044

12
12
19

0.044
0.04
0.037
0.039

18
16
16
16

0.041
0.037
0.038

17
16
18

0.041
0.041
0.037
0.044

18
18
17
21

0.044

19

(N)

0.2
0.3
1.1
2.5
2.7

FW2

(N)

Fw+lin ( N Fw1 + _g ( N Fw2+_ g ( N F w + _g ( N

4
3.3
0.7
4.3
0.9
5.1
5.6
4.2
8.8
1.6
9.8
7.2
9.8
1.7
8.1
11.3
2.6
14.9
18
12.3
15.8
2.9
18.9
12.9
2.5
14.2
16.9
11.7
2.5
13.9
11.4
16.4
2.4
13.5
11.1
15.9
14.9
2.6
18
12.3
14.2
2.5
16.9
11.7
2.5
14.2
16.9
11.7
2.8
15.4
12.6
18.4
18.9
16.9
19.4
19.4

12.9
11.7
13.1

2.9
2.5

15.8
14.2

3.1

16.2

3.1
16.2
13.1
Fw+lin ( N Fw1 + _g ( N Fw2+_ .g ( N Fw+_g ( N
4.4
0.8
3.6
4.7
5.8
6.4
4.8
1
9.5
7.8
1.7
10.8
1.7
9.8
8.1
11.3
13.1
3.1
16.2
19.4
3.1
16.2
13.1
19.4
2.6
14.6
12
17.5
2.4
13.5
15.9
11.1
2.5
14.2
11.7
16.9

4.5
6

0.2
0.4

9.8
10.2
16.6
16.6
15.1
13.9
14.7

1
1.1
2.8
2.8
2.4
2
2.2

15.5

2.5

13.9
14.3
15.5
15.5

2
2.1
2.5
2.5

16.4
18
18

13.9
16.6

2
2.8

15.9
19.4

16.6

2.8

19.4

18
15.9

12.3

2.6

11.1
11.4

2.4
2.5

12.3
12.3

2.6
2.6
2.4

11.1
13.1
13.1

14.9
13.5
13.9
14.9

3.1

14.9
13.5
16.2

3.1

16.2

0.89
Fw+lin (N Fw1 + _g (N Fw2+_ g (N Fw+_g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F + (N)
4.9
4
0.9
0.3
5.4
7
5.1
0.014
4.6
5.6
6.2
1
5.8
0.4
8
0.016
7
1.3
7.9
5.7
7.3
0.6
9
0.02
9.7
2.1
11.8
1.7
14
15
12.3
0.034
12.6
2.3
15
10.3
1.9
0.036
16
13.1
14.3
2.6
2.5
17.4
11.7
18
14.9
0.041
2.6
14.3
11.7
2.5
17.4
18
14.9
0.041
2.6
14.3
2.5
17.4
11.7
18
14.9
0.041
2.6
14.3
2.5
17.4
11.7
19
14.9
0.041
2.8
15.1
18.3
12.3
2.7
18
15.6
0.043
(m)

0.041
0.042

18
18

0.04
0.04

18
19

0.043
0.039
0.048

19
17
20

0.044
1*
0.011
0.014
0.021
0.025
0.039
0.044
0.042
0.041
0.038

14.9

2.5

15.2
14.5
14.5
15.6

2.6
2.4
2.4
2.7

16.9
18.3

14.2

2.2
3.4

16.4
20.8

17.4

2.8
16
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
4
0.2
5
0.3
6
5.1
0.6
10
7.6

18
F + (N)

11
17

9.1
14.2

0.9
2.2

19
17
18

16

2.8
2.6
2.5

15.2
14.9
13.8
14.9
15.2
15.2

2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6

17.4
17.8
16.9

16.4

11.1
13.7

17.8
17.4
15.9
17.4
17.8
17.8

11.7
12
12

0.039
0.043
0.044
0.041

18
19
17
17

14.2
15.6
16
14.9

2.2
2.7
2.8
2.5

16.4
18.3

0.049
0.053

20

17.8
19.2

3.5

21.3
23.3

4.1

12.3

11.1
12.5
12
11.7
10.8

18.8

0.042

19

11.4
11.4

2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5

14.3
14.7
13.9
13.9

2.8
2.5

15.1

3.5

13.6
17.2

15.5
12.5
3
18.8
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_ g (N F w + _9 (N
3.1
0.7
3.8
4.2
0.9
4.9
5.4
4
7.3
6
1.3
8.2
8.7
7.1
1.6
10

17
18
19
17

0.041
0.042

11.7
12

18.8
17.4

2.5
3
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.6

13.6
15.5
14.7
14.3
13.2
14.3

2.7
2.7

14.7
14.7

11.1
12.3
12.5
11.7

2.5
2.8
3
2.6

13.6
15.1
15.5

14

3.6
4.1

15.1

14.3
17.6
19.2

T41
H + (m)
0.019
0.039
0.056
0.053
0.055
0.049
0.049
0.047
0.049
T42
H + (m)
0.021
0.039
0.055

1.51
Fw+lin (N Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_ g (N Fw+ _g (N
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
F+ (N)
1.6
9.7
9.1
8.1
8.6
0.5
10
3.2
19.8
19.9
16.6
2.2
19
17.7
5.8
29.7
30
23.9
4.6
27
25.4
5.3
27.9
28.2
22.6
4.1
26
24.1
29.1
23.4
5.7
4.5
29.5
25
27
25.6
20.9
4.7
3.5
25.7
26
22.2
4.7
25.6
3.5
20.9
22.2
25.7
24
24.4
20
4.4
3.3
24.6
24
21.3
25.6
20.9
4.7
3.5
25.7
24
22.2
1.41
F+ (N)
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0.6
10
9.4
2.2
18
17.4
4.5
26
24.5

Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_ g (N Fw+ _ 9 ( N

10.4
8.7
1.7
10
19.2
16.1
3.1
19.6
28.2
5.5
29
22.7

0.05
0.054

25
27

22.3
24.1

3.7
4.3

26
28.4

20.6
22.3

0.06
0.061

29
30

26.8
27.2

5.3
5.5

32.1
32.7

24.7
25.1

0.06
0.065
0.065

30
30

26.8
29

5.3
6.2

32.1
35.2

24.7
26.8

0.055
0.054

6.2
29
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0.9
13
11.2
2.5
20
18.3
4.5
28
24.5
4.3
24.1
27

0.057
0.061

29
30

25.4
27.2

4.8
5.5

0.06
0.061

31
31

26.8
27.2

0.065

31

0.068

34

T42B
0.025
0.041

T43
H + (m)
0.02
0.034

33
F+ (N)

1.31
F+ (N)
10
16
27
22

4.7
5.4
6.3

25.3

6.5

27.7
31
31.6

6.3
7.1

31
33.9

33.9
26.8
7.1
35.2
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+ g (N Fw+ _g (N
12.3
10.3
2
12.1
16.9
3.3
20.2
20.8
5.5
5.4

28.2
27.7

30.2
32.7

22.7
22.3
23.5
25.1

5.9
6.5

29.4
31.6

5.3
5.5

32.1
32.7

24.7
25.1

6.3
6.5

31
31.6

29

6.2

35.2

26.8

7.1

33.9

30.3

6.7

37

28

7.6

35.6

29
28.4

Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2 + _g (N Fw+ _g (N

9.4
9.3
7.9
1.5
2.6
16
16.6
13.4
28.2
29.7
22.5
5.7
4.8
4
22.1
3.1
23.2
18.1
18.9
4.3
23.2
24.4
3.4
4.3
23.2
24.4
18.9
3.4

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

8.7
0.6
14.9
1.7
24.9
20.1
21

0.057
0.046
0.048
0.048

23
22

0.042
0.044

20
20

18.4
19.2

2.6
2.8

21
22

16.5
17.3

3.3
3.7

19.8
21

0.043
0.046

20

18.8
20.1

2.7
3.1

21.5
23.2

16.9

21

18.1

3.5
4

20.4
22.1

0.046

21

20.1

3.1

23.2

18.1

22.1

21

1.16

T44

0.047
0.046

Fw+lin (N Fw1+_g (N Fw2+ _g (N Fw+_g (N

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
1.5
8.7
0.6
9
7.2
8.4
14.8
1.7
15.9
12.3
2.5
15
14.2
21.3
20.1
3.4
23.5
17.3
4
22
22.3
18
4.3
21
3.7
24.7
23
18.4
2.6
20.2
15.2
3.2
19
17.6
3.9
20.9
3.3
23
17
21
19.7
20.3
3.1
22.4
16.6
3.7
21
19.3

0.049
0.051

22
22

20.5
21.4

3.5
3.8

24
25.2

17.7
18.4

4.2
4.5

21.9
22.9

0.05

22

24.7

3.7

24.7

18
18

4.3

22

21
21

3.7

0.05

4.3

22.3
22.3

0.051

23

21.4

3.8

25.2

18.4

4.5

22.9

0.044

21

18.4

2.8

21.2

0.058

24

24.3

29.3

15.9
20.9

3.4
5.5

19.3
26.4

H + (m)
0.02
0.034
0.048
0.05
0.042

F+ (N)

10

1.1
(m)
F + (N)
FW1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
0.019
10
7.8
0.5
0.029
14
11.9
1.2

Fw+lin (N Fw1 + _g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N

8.3
6.6
1.3
7.9
13.1
10
2.1
12.1

0.046
0.055
0.056
0.052

21
24
24
23

18.8
22.5
22.9
21.3

3.1
4.5
4.6
4

21.9
27
27.5

0.054
0.053
0.053
0.055
0.054
0.054
0.051

24
24
23
23
23
24
25

22.1
21.7
21.7
22.5
22.1
22.1
20.9

4.3
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.3
4.3
3.8

0.052
0.059

24
26

21.3
24.1

4
5.1

T46

15.9
19
19.4
18

3.6
4.9
5.1
4.5

19.5
23.9
24.5
22.5

26.4
25.8
25.8
27
26.4
26.4
24.7

18.7
18.3

4.8
4.6

18.3
19
18.7
18.7
17.6

4.6
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.3

23.5
22.9
22.9
23.9
23.5
23.5
21.9

25.3
29.2

18
20.4

4.5
5.5

22.5
25.9

25.3

H + (m)
0.019
0.027
0.042
0.051
0.059
0.056
0.055
0.057
0.054
0.056
0.059
0.061
0.063
0.064
0.059
0.059

1.04
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+._g (N Fw+_g (N
(N)
7.6
0.5
7.6
10
8.1
6.3
1.3
10.8
1.1
10.8
13
11.9
8.9
1.9
16.8
16.9
2.6
20
19.4
13.9
3
20.3
21.1
3.8
23
24.1
16.9
4.2
23.5
24.8
5.1
25
28.6
19.5
5.3
22.3
23.5
4.6
24
26.9
18.6
4.9
21.9
23
4.5
23
26.4
18.2
4.8
22.7
24
4.8
23
27.5
18.9
5.1
21.5
22.6
4.3
23
25.8
17.9
4.7
22.3
23.5
4.6
23
26.9
18.6
4.9
23.5
24.8
5.1
23
28.6
19.5
5.3
24.3
25.8
5.5
23
29.8
20.2
5.6
25.1
26.8
5.8
24
30.9
20.9
5.9
25.5
27.2
6
24
31.5
21.2
6
23.5
24.8
5.1
23
28.6
19.5
5.3
23.5
24.8
5.1
26
28.6
19.5
5.3

T47
H + (m)
0.019

0.94
(N)
Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)
10
7.2
0.5

0.022
0.036
0.039

11
17
17

8.3
13,6

0.7
1.9

14.7

0.054
0.054
0.05
0.046

25
23
19
23

2.2
4.3

0.052
0.051
0.053

21
22
21

20.4
20.4
18.9
17.3
19.6
19.2
20

0.049
0.053
0.056
0.051

22
23
21
21

0.063
0.068

25
23

T481
(m)
0.015
0.021
0.029
0.039

18.5
20
21.1
19.2
23.8
25.6

Fw+lin (N Fw1 +_g (N Fw2+_g (N Fw+_g (N

7.7
5.7
1.2
6.9
9
15.5

6.6

1.4

16.9

10.8
11.7

2.3
2.5

13.1
14.2

4.3
3.7
3.1

24.7
24.7
22.6
20.4

16.1
16.1
14.9
13.7

4.4
4.4
3.8
3.3

20.5
20.5
18.7
17

4
3.8
4.1

23.6
23
24.1

15.5
15.2
15.8

4.1
4
4.2

19.6
19.2
20

3.5
4.1
4.6
3.8

22
24.1
25.7
23

14.6
15.8
16.7
15.2

3.7
4.2
4.6
4

18.3
20
21.3
19.2

5.8
6.7

29.6
32.3

18.8
20.3

5.5
6.2

24.3
26.5

0.9
F + (N)
8
10

Fw1 + (N) Fw2 (N)

5.5
0.3
7.7
0.6

Fw+lin (N Fw1+_g (N Fw2+_ g (N Fw+_g (N

5.8
4.4
1
5.4
8.3
6.1
1.3
7.4

13

10.6

1.2

0.05
0.049
0.054
0.047
0.048

17
21

14.3
18.3

2.2
3.7

11.8
16.5
22

8.4
11.4
14.6

1.8
2.5
3.8

24
20
22
22

17.9
19.8

3.5
4.3
3.3
3.4

21.4
24.1
20.5
21

14.3
15.7
13.7
14

3.7
4.3
3.4
3.5

0.056
0.056

20
20

20.5
20.5

4.6

25.1

16.3

4.5

4.6
3.5

25.1
21.4

16.3
14.3

4.5
3.7

20.8
20.8
18

3.5
5.1
5.1
2.2

21.4
26.7
26.7
16.5

14.3
17.2
17.2
11.4

3.7
4.9
4.9
2.5

22.1
22.1
13.9

4.3

24.1
28.9

15.7
18.3

4.3

17.2
17.6

0.049

19

17.9

0.049
0.059
0.059
0.039

21
20
20
21

17.9
21.6
21.6

0.054
0.063

25

19.8
23.1

21

14.3

5.8

5.4

10.2
13.9
18.4
18
20
17.1
17.5

18

20
23.7

A P P E N D I X I.

R E S U L T S E X P E R I M E N T 1:
RATIO W A V E H E I G H T O F W A V E
C R E S T AND W A V E T R O U G H

1.59
T11
1.59
F+ (N)
(m)
Fw+lin (N) Fw+_g (N) H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N) Fmin_g (N)
0.006
3
2.9
3.1
0.007
3
3.3
3.4
0.005
3
2.3
2.6
0.006
3
2.8
2.9
0.009
5
4.6
4.2
0.009
4
4.1
4.4
0.009
5
4.2
4.6
0.009
3
4.1
4.4
0.009
5
4.2
4.6
0.006
3
2.8
2.9
0.009
4
4.2
4.6
0.007
3
3.3
3.4
0.009
5
4.2
4.6
0.008
4
3.7
3.9
0.009
5
4.2
4.6
0.008
4
3.7
3.9
0.009
5
4.2
4.6
0.008
4
3.7
3.9
0.95
T18
0.95
(m)
F+ (N)
Fw+lin (N) Fw+_g (N) H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N) Fmin_g (N)
0.003
2
1.1
1.1
0.003
1
1.1
1.3
0.004
2
1.5
1.5
0.006
3
2.3
2.6
0.006
3
2.4
2.2
0.007
3
2.7
3
0.01
4
3.9
3.7
0.012
6
4.5
5
0.013
6
5.1
4.9
0.014
6
5.2
5.7
0.014
6
5.6
5.2
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.4
4.1
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.013
6
5.1
4.9
0.012
6
4.5
5
0.012
6
4.7
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.4
4.1
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
6
4.4
4.1
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
6
4.4
4.1
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.011
5
4.4
4.1
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.012
6
4.7
4.5
0.011
5
4.1
4.5
0.012
6
4.7
4.5
0.013
6
4.9
5.4
0.011
6
4.4
4.1
0.012
6
4.5
5
0.011
5
4.4
4.1
0.012
5
4.5
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Wave crest H + versus wave trough H-

Wave crest H + versus wave trough H-

Measurement M11: T11 =1.59 s

Measurement M18: T18=0.95 s

0.014

0.01-f

0.009

0.012

0.008
0.007

0.01

Wave crest H +

0.006 j "
Wave trough H-

0.005-|
0.004
0.003

0.008

0.006

Wave crest H +
Wave trough H-

0.004

0.002
0.002

0.001 03

5
Wave nr.

0
1

7 9 11 13 15
Wave nr.

17

1.51
T41
1.51
(m)
F+ (N)
Fw+lin (N) Fw+_g (N) H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N) Fmin_g (N)
0.019
10
9.1
9.7
0.016
8
7.1
7.1
0.039
19
19.9
19.8
0.029
13
12.4
11.8
0.056
27
30
29.7
0.027
13
11.5
11
0.053
26
28.2
27.9
0.031
15
13.1
12.6
0.055
27
29.5
29.1
0.039
18
16.1
14.8
0.049
26
25.7
25.6
0.041
19
16.7
15.5
0.049
24
25.7
25.6
0.041
19
16.7
15.5
0.047
24
24.6
24.4
0.04
19
16.4
15.1
0.049
24
25.7
25.6
0.041
19
16.7
15.5
0.9
T48
0.9
(m)
F+ (N)
Fw+lin (N) Fw+_g (N) H- (m)
F- (N)
Fminjin (N) Fmin_g (N)
0.015
8
5.8
5.4
0.003
1
1.1
1.2
0.021
10
8.3
7.4
0.012
5
4.3
4.6
0.029
13
11.8
10.2
0.021
9
7.3
7.9
0.039
17
16.5
13.9
0.04
16
13.1
14.4
0.05
21
22
18.4
0.058
23
18
19.6
0.049
24
21.4
18
0.055
25
17.3
18.9
0.054
20
24.1
20
0.048
21
15.4
16.8
0.047
22
20.5
17.1
0.051
22
16.1
17.8
0.048
22
21
17.5
0.05
22
15.9
17.5
0.056
20
25.1
20.8
0.057
24
17.8
19.2
0.056
20
25.1
20.8
0.054
23
17
18.5
0.049
19
21.4
18
0.054
22
17
18.5
0.049
21
21.4
18
0.054
23
17
18.5
0.059
20
26.7
22.1
0.052
22
16.5
17.9
0.059
20
26.7
22.1
0.05
22
15.9
17.5
0.039
21
16.5
13.9
0.051
22
16.1
17.8
0.054
25
24.1
20
0.049
24
15.6
17.1
0.063
21
28.9
23.7
0.044
21
14.2
15.6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Wave crest H + versus wave trough H-

Wave crest H + versus wave trough H-

Measurement M41:T41=1.51 s

Measurement M48: T48=0.9 s

0.06

0.07-r

0.05

0.06
0.05

Wave crest H +

0.04

Wave crest H +

E
.E
I

Wave trough H-

0.03

0.02
0.01-|
0

0.04Wave trough H-

c
X

0.03
0.02
0.01

5
Wave nr.

0--

7 9 11 13 15 17
Wave nr.

APPENDIX J .

D R A W I N G S E X P E R I M E N T A L S E T UP

30

30*30*8

,30

tt:

> r a i l g530

L * .7.

A
4
3oo

PLAN VIEW

30x 30 x8

i_

- r a i l .

^30

top of ooASion

9-53

top <rj |oiATvdcvl\0rv

win

2.0

5- rww p e A . grosveL

WAVE CHANNEL
CROSS SECTiON A-A
SCALE

1:5

jfj

j
i

:
!

j
i

[""]

/
V
_v

IJ. ' _ L L T J . "LZTLI

i
. .'.
-

MQL.S

1/

10

+ 1

i
i

I" f

5 0

I
50x50

i'

4-

4 - 4 - 1
I

_onglti

iiul.

i-

fcoJ"

30x^0

. ... f.

..

30O

X-

i-

C H A N N E L . !'
-SCALE

PLAWJ. V \ E W

1:2.