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    Breakwater

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    ganggangs
    1. The document discusses preliminary design phases for coastal structures including evaluating geometry, construction techniques, materials, and refining the design. 2. Key geometric design aspects are discussed such as crest elevation and width, armor layer thickness, toe berm, and underlayers. 3. Stability equations and parameters are presented for evaluating armor layer stability against wave forces.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Breakwater

    Uploaded by

    ganggangs
    836 views56 pages
    1. The document discusses preliminary design phases for coastal structures including evaluating geometry, construction techniques, materials, and refining the design. 2. Key geometric design aspects are discussed such as crest elevation and width, armor layer thickness, toe berm, and underlayers. 3. Stability equations and parameters are presented for evaluating armor layer stability against wave forces.

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    1. The document discusses preliminary design phases for coastal structures including evaluating geometry, construction techniques, materials, and refining the design. 2. Key geometric design aspects are discussed such as crest elevation and width, armor layer thickness, toe berm, and underlayers. 3. Stability equations and parameters are presented for evaluating armor layer stability against wave forces.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    836 views56 pages

    Breakwater

    Uploaded by

    ganggangs
    1. The document discusses preliminary design phases for coastal structures including evaluating geometry, construction techniques, materials, and refining the design. 2. Key geometric design aspects are discussed such as crest elevation and width, armor layer thickness, toe berm, and underlayers. 3. Stability equations and parameters are presented for evaluating armor layer stability against wave forces.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 56

    One Side Exposed to Waves

    Both Sides Exposed to Waves


    Preliminary Geometry Evaluation of
    Construction Techniques
    Refined Geometry Selected Construction Technique

    Evaluation of Materials

    Redesign?

    Preliminary Choice
    of Armor Units
    Evaluation of Preliminary Design

    Functional Evaluation

    Economic Evaluation

    Environmental/Aesthetic
    Evaluation

    Modify Designs
    Or Abandon Project Final Design
    Geometric Design Aspects
    Preliminary Design Phases • Crest elevation and width
    • Concrete cap
    1. Structure geometry • Armor layer thickness
    2. Evaluate construction • Primary layer bottom elevation
    technique • Toe berm
    3. Evaluate design materials
    • Structure head
    • Lee-side armor
    • Underlayers
    • Bedding/filter layer
    • Scour protection
    • Crest Elevation
    – Prevent excessive overtopping rates
    • Depends on height of runup
    – Excessive overtopping causes
    • Lee-side choppiness
    • Serious top-bank erosion (e.g. behind revetments)
    • Excessive waves in navigation channels
    Smooth Impermeable Slopes
    Additional Factors

    γr - Influence of surface roughness


    γb - Influence of fronting berm
    γh - Influence of shallow water
    γβ - Influence of approaching wave angle
    Impermeable Rock Slopes

    Coefficients

    Permeable Rock Slopes


    Generally expressed in the form...
    Typical CEM Table
    (one of six)
    Critical Average
    Overtopping
    Discharges
    Crest width:

    • Depends on overtopping
    • Best evaluated with model studies
    • Little guidance available
    • Minimum is 3 armor stones wide
    • Consider use of crest
    • Vehicles
    • Equipment
    • Concrete Caps (Superstructures)
    – Strengthens the crest
    – Deflects overtopping away from leeward slope
    – Increases crest height
    – Provides roadway access for vehicles and equipment
    Failure Related to Superstructures
    • Concrete Caps (Superstructures)
    – Requires cap & structure stability studies
    – Economic evaluation of cap versus higher rock
    structure
    Armor layer thickness:

    Riprap layer thickness:

    (whichever is greatest)
    Bottom Elevation of Primary Cover Layer:
    Extend downslope to
    elevation below SWL equal
    to the design wave height
    H when the structure is in a
    Depth > 1.5 H.

    Extend to the bottom if


    Depth < 1.5 H.
    Bottom Elevation of Primary Cover Layer:
    To prevent underlayer
    rock from being pulled
    through the armor layer,

    D15 (cover) < 5 D85 (under)


    Failure Due to Toe Berm Erosion and Scour
    Toe Berm for Cover Layer Stability

    Minimum Height of Toe

    Minimum Width of Toe


    W
    (where W in these equations
    is 1/10 the size
    of armor layer stone)
    Failure Due to Overtopping and Toe Erosion
    Failure Due to Other Toe Problems
    Backside Slope Failure Due to Overtopping
    • Lee-side Cover Layer
    – Based on
    • OVERTOPPING
    • LEE-SIDE WAVES
    • POROSITY
    • HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
    • Lee-side Cover Layer
    – If minor overtopping present,
    • Lee-side armor should be the same as seaward side
    • Extending down to SWL or -0.5H (preliminary)
    • Model tests recommended.

    – If significant overtopping present,


    • Extend to bottom
    • Secondary Layer
    One
    • As Side
    thick Exposed
    or thicker to Waves
    than primary
    • Example:
    • Primary: 2 stones thick
    • Secondary:
    • n = 2.5 (between –1.5 &–2H)
    • n = 5 (below –2H)
    •Interface slope as shown

    Secondary Layer
    • UNDERLAYERS
    • FILTER LAYERS

    One Side Exposed to Waves


    • STRUCTURE HEADS
    •At the head and up to15m to 45m on the leeward
    side, the seaward side armor stone should be used.
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Movement of armor units


    • Rocking
    • Displacement from layer
    • Sliding of layer
    • Settlement of layer

    Not armor unit breakage


    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Parameter Stability Equation


    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Sea State Variables Structure Variables


    • Wave height • Armor layer slope
    • Wave length • Freeboard
    • Wave steepness • Armor density
    • Wave angle • Armor gradation
    • Wave Asymmetry • Armor weight
    • Spectrum shape • Armor shape
    • Water depth • Packing density
    • Water density • Layer thickness
    • Porosity of layers
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Classified by:
    • Type of armor unit
    • Water depth
    • Superstructure
    • Dynamic
    • Crest elevation
    • Non-overtopped Model Testing
    • Low-crested • Based on small-scale physical models
    • Submerged • Testing of designs is recommended
    • Always test unusual designs
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Design Guidance for These Situations


    Hudson’s Equation
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    where
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    with

    Gradation Range:
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Toe berms…
    • Support main armor layer
    • Prevent damage by scour

    Design guidance for:


    • Sloping trunk and head
    • Vertical trunk and head
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    One Side Exposed to Waves


    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Both Sides Exposed to Waves


    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Geometric Design Aspects


    Preliminary Design Phases • Crest elevation and width
    • Concrete cap
    1. Structure geometry • Armor layer thickness
    2. Evaluate construction • Primary layer bottom elevation
    technique • Toe berm
    3. Evaluate design materials
    • Structure head
    • Lee-side armor
    • Underlayers
    • Bedding/filter layer
    • Scour protection
    Coastal Engineering Practice Committee
    CEM Preview

    Crest width:

    Armor layer thickness:

    Riprap layer thickness:

    (whichever is greatest)
    SUMMARY: ARMOR-LAYER STABILITY
    1. Hudson (1974) SPM (1984)
    • Limited applicability
    - ONLY permeable structures
    - ONLY non-overtopping wave conditions
    • Factors not considered
    - Wave period, Tp
    - Variable structure permeability, P
    - Damage level, S
    - Storm duration (number of waves), td
    SUMMARY: ARMOR-LAYER STABILITY
    2. CEM (2000)
    • No limitations
    - Includes wave overtopping and
    submerged condtions
    - Includes Tp, P, S and td factors
    • Methods easy for EXCEL
    • Includes partial safety factors for design

    Use CEM (2000) methods to estimate armor-


    layer stability.

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