Sustainable materials

with both eyes open

Dr Julian Allwood
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Domestic Disaster 3: Planet Earth
by the artist duo HeHe recreates a
miniaturised polluted atmosphere
placed on a world map
THE FUTURE IN PRACTICE
THE STATE OF SUSTAINABILITY LEADERSHIP
Sustainable materials
with both eyes open
Dr Julian Allwood
Dr Julian Allwood is a University Reader
in the Department of Engineering,
and leader of the Low Carbon Materials
Processing Group. He is co-author of
Sustainable Materials With Both Eyes
Open (2011). Interview by Wayne Visser.
Allwood believes that we need to face the facts
and nd scalable solutions, rather than token
gestures that make very little impact. In the
opening chapter of his new book, Sustainable
Materials, Allwood cites plastic grocery bags in
the UK as a case in point. He notes that plastic
accounts for about 1 per cent of the UKs CO
2

emissions, and plastic carrier bags make up
1 per cent of plastic use. Hence, even if all
plastic bags were scrapped and assuming
their substitute were carbon neutral, which
is unlikely we would only be addressing
0.01 per cent of the UKs carbon footprint.
By contrast, says Allwood, our aim is to look
for solutions, and our number-one guiding
principle is about scale we want to make
sure that we identify options for change that
are big enough to make a big dierence.
Allwoods research team starts by quantifying
which economic activities generate the most
emissions. It turns out that 64 per cent of
global CO
2
emissions are energy- or process-
related (the rest are from deforestation,
agriculture or decay); and 35 per cent of these
emissions are from industry, 31 per cent from
buildings and 27 per cent from transport.
In terms of buildings and transport, Allwood
believes that there are still signicant gains
to be made from improved designs and
The Future in Practice: The State of Sustainability Leadership
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) estimates that global greenhouse gas
reductions of 5085 per cent will be needed
by 2050 to avoid dangerous climate change,
representing a radical shift away from todays
fossil-fuel-derived economy.
1
This begs the
question: is such a reduction achievable, and if
so, how? This is one of the key challenges tackled
through the research of Dr Julian Allwood and his
Low Carbon Materials Processing Group (LCMPG)
at the University of Cambridge.
1
Keeping the concentration of CO
2
equivalents in the atmosphere between 445490 parts per million with a corresponding average global
temperature increase of between 2.0C and 2.4C
technologies perhaps as much as 75 per
cent in energy savings. This is especially true
for passive systems which provide more nal
services for each unit of useful energy. He
concludes that technical solutions for energy-
ecient cars and houses are known, and
their implementation depends on political
will and public motivation. The same is
not true, however, for industrial emissions,
where many systems are already highly
optimised, and where demand for materials
is anticipated to double in the next 40 years.
For most materials used to provide buildings,
infrastructure, equipment and products, global
stocks are still sucient to meet anticipated
demand; but the environmental impacts
of materials production and processing,
particularly those related to energy, are
rapidly becoming critical. In this case, it is
not energy eciency, but rather material
eciency that represents the biggest
opportunity. Material eciency which
essentially means delivering the same
required services with less primary production
could allow greater cuts, at lower cost.
Here, too, it is important to focus on the
biggest sources of impact, namely the ve
materials that contribute 55 per cent of global
CO
2
emissions from industry and 20 per cent
of global CO
2
emissions from energy use and
industrial processes. Allwoods LCMP Group
has predicted emissions scenarios to 2050
for ve materials: steel, cement, paper, plastic
and aluminium. Specically, in their Reference
scenario which includes implementing
all known and emerging best available
technologies globally, raising recycling to
the maximum possible, and securing 20 per
cent decarbonisation of all energy industry
still fails to deliver the minimum 50 per
cent emission cuts required by the IPCC.
Based on an analysis of strategies to improve
material eciency in these ve key materials,
Allwoods LCMP Group have created a
Material Manifesto, which includes the
following six actions to make the future
of materials use more sustainable.
1. Use less metal by design
We could make big savings by optimising the
design of metal components. The materials
used by industry are often designed in a
regular shape to make production easier and
more ecient. But this means that they often
use more material than they have to. The
researchers calculate that if we can optimise
beam designs, for example, to suit their use,
we could make weight savings of up to 30 per
cent with a similar reduction in the emissions
caused by production. Similar techniques could
be applied to the production of components
for cars, the rebar used to reinforce
concrete, and steel cans for food storage.
Figure 1: Sources of global CO
2
emissions. from Sustainable Materials With Both Eyes Open.
Figure 2: Normalised global demand for the ve key materials since 1960,
from Allwood et al, Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44, 18881894.
Continued... > Back to Investigating the Future > Back to Contents
2. Reduce yield losses
At least 25 per cent of liquid steel and 40
per cent of liquid aluminium never makes it
into products. Instead, it is cut o as scrap in
manufacturing. One extreme example is the
aluminium wing skin used for aeroplanes:
90 per cent of the metal produced in this
process ends up as swarf, or aluminium scrap.
The researchers found that this is often the
result of habit, rather than necessity. Clothing
manufacturers have, for example, actually
derived the algorithms needed to make sure
that rolls of fabric are used to maximum eect.
Manufacturers could do the same thing with
the metal they receive. The team calculated
that reducing yield losses through this and
other techniques would cut CO
2
emissions
by about 16 per cent in the steel industry
and 7 per cent in the aluminium industry.
3. Divert manufacturing scrap
Scrap metal is usually sent for recycling,
which means melting it (an energy-intensive
process). In fact, it could just be used
elsewhere. For example, most steel scrap
comes from blanking skeletons the remains
of sheets of steel after shapes have been cut
out of them. About 60 megatons of steel are
scrapped on this basis every year. We could
eectively reduce scrap steel by half if these
skeletons went to the manufacturers of smaller
components instead, who can use whats left.
4. Re-use old components
before recycling at all
Old components are often recycled when
they could be re-used directly instead.
Car dismantlers are an example of good
practice, breaking up damaged or old
vehicles and re-using the components. But
steel in construction remains the biggest
potential asset, and although the beams from
dismantled buildings are usually recycled,
they could often be used again straight away
instead. When you take a building down,
the steel girder is totally reusable, Allwood
says. All you need to do is unbolt it and clean
it, because steel doesnt degrade with use.
Re-use means we can avoid all the energy of
melting, casting and re-rolling old steel.
5. Extend the lives of products
Most demand for products in developed
economies isnt to expand the overall stock, but
to replace existing items. Fridges are a good
example we still need them but in the UK we
destroy 33 per cent more fridges every year
than we make cars. The researchers advocate
Figure 3: Predicted 2050 emissions for the ve key materials under various future strategies. The blue bar
shows how extensively the strategy must be implemented to reach the IPCC target. If 100 per cent implementation is
insucient, the red bar shows the excess emissions relative to the target.
Strategies Steel Cement Plastic Paper Aluminium
Reference: all known and emerging best available technologies
implemented globally, raise recycling to maximum possible and
20% decarbonisation of all energy
As Reference, but with carbon sequestration applied to primary
production
As Reference, but with non-destructive recycling
As Reference, but with demand reduced through light-weighting,
substitution and extending product lives
As Reference with novel process technologies using less
energy and creating less scrap
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
When you take a building down, the steel girder is
totally reusable. All you need to do is unbolt it and
clean it, because steel doesnt degrade with use.
Allwood, JM and Cullen, J, 2012. Sustainable
Materials With Both Eyes Open. Cambridge:
UIT Cambridge. Free download from www.
withbotheyesopen.com
Allwood, JM, Ashby, MF, Gutowski, TG and Worrel, E,
2011. Material eciency: a white paper. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling 55 (2011) pp.362381
Allwood, JM, Cullen, JM and Milford, RL, 2010.
Options for Achieving a 50% Cut in Industrial
Carbon Emissions by 2050. Environmental Science
and Technology 44, (2010) pp.18881894
Cambridge Research News, 2011. Six steps to a
better material world. 30 November. http://www.
cam.ac.uk/research/news/six-steps-to-a-better-
material-world/
The artist duo HeHe, formed by Helen Evens and Heiko Hansen, create with Domestic Disaster 3: Planet Earth (2012)
an unsettling installation, full of beauty and menace. Colourful and articial, animated by a slow movement and
accompanied by a sound choreography, this atmosphere echoes the research on uid dynamics led by Jean-Marc
Chomaz (CNRS, Laboratoire LadHyX, France). The work was commissioned for the Cape Farewell exhibition Carbon
12: Art and Climate Change. CPSL is proud to be collaborating with Cape Farewell, which works with artists and
scientists on a cultural response to climate change. www.capefarewell.com
modifying products rather than replacing
them wholesale, and urging manufacturers
to develop adaptable designs that would
help this process. This requires a change in
thinking and an end to planned obsolescence.
6. Reduce nal demand
The fall-back option that no policymaker
would ever condone, except in times of war, is
to reduce nal demand. Yet it remains the case
that we could be living with less stu overall. In
the UK, for example, we each spend 225 hours
per year in the car. We have 28 million licensed
cars with, on average, four seats in each. There
are 60 million people. So each car seat is, on
average, in use for 2 per cent of the year. We
could reduce our overall stock to 7 million
cars with ease. This is, of course, scuppered by
the convenience factor of having a car when
we need it. We may not want to make these
changes to our convenient lifestyles, but that is
not to say that we couldnt do it if we needed to.
In industrialised nations, material eciency
strategies have had little attention, mainly
because of economic, regulatory and social
barriers. However, evidence from waste
management and the pursuit of energy
eciency suggests that these barriers
might be overcome. Critically, however,
dierent strategies are not equally eective
for dierent materials. For instance, non-
destructive recycling may have the most
potential for steel and paper, while novel
process technologies may be more appropriate
for plastics. In general, reducing demand
through light-weighting, substitution and
extending product life appears to be a strong
strategic option across the ve materials.
Reecting on his groups ambitious research
programme, which resulted in the publication
of Sustainable Materials, Allwood concludes:
We wanted to consider whether we could
cut emissions by reducing the amount of stu
produced in the rst place. Every aspect of our
lives today depends on materials like steel and
aluminium. If we want a sustainable future,
we need to reduce the impact of producing
them, and our biggest option for achieving
this is to reduce our thirst for new material.
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