Fe Cdiagram

Metallurgy &
Material Science
Dr.S.Jose
Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engg.,
TKM College of Engineering, Kollam
2
Diffusion in crystals
Theory of Alloys
Equilibrium Diagrams
Iron Carbon Phase diagram
TTT Diagram
Heat Treatment
Recovery, Recrystallisation & Grain
Growth
Module II
Allotropes of Iron
Fe Fe
3
C
Phase Diagram
Five individual phases
aferrite (BCC) Fe-C solid solution
g-austenite (FCC) Fe-C solid solution
d-ferrite (BCC) Fe-C solid solution
Fe
3
C (Iron Carbide) or cementite
an inter-metallic compound
Liquid Fe-C solution
Three invariant reactions
A horizontal line always indicates an invariant
reaction in binary phase diagrams
Peritectic reaction at 1495C and 0.18%C,
d-ferrite + L g-iron (austenite)
Eutectic reaction at 1147C and 4.3 %C,
L g-iron + Fe
3
C (cementite) [ledeburite]
Eutectoid reaction at 727C and 0.77%C,
g-iron aferrite+Fe
3
C (cementite) [pearlite]

Peritectic Reaction
Metals
Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals
Steels Cast Irons
Plain carbon steels
Low alloy steels
High alloy steels
Stainless & Tool steels
Grey Iron
White Iron
Malleable & Ductile Irons
Low carbon steels
Medium carbon steels
High carbon steels
Fe-C alloy classification
Fe-C alloy classification
Fe-C alloys are classified according to wt.% C
present in the alloys
Commercial pure irons % C < 0.008
Low-carbon steels 0.008 - %C - 0.3
Medium carbon steels 0.3 - %C - 0.8
High-carbon steels 0.8- %C - 2.14
Cast irons 2.14 < %C
Cast irons
Cast irons that were slowly cooled to room
temperature consists of cementite, look whitish
white cast iron.
If it contains graphite, look grayish gray cast
iron.
It is heat treated to have graphite in form of
nodules malleable cast iron.
If inoculants are used in liquid state to have
graphite nodules spheroidal graphite (SG)
cast iron.

Eutectoid Reaction
727
3
o
C
Fe C g a +
0.77
0.022 6.67
cool
Pearlite
Eutectoid steel
Hypoeutectoid steel
Proeutectoid
Ferrite
Pearlite
Microstructure of 0.38 wt% C
hypoeutectoid steel
Hypereutectoid steel
Pearlite
Proeutectoid
cementite
Microstructure of 1.4 wt% C
hypereutectoid steel
Eutectoid
steel
a+Fe
3
C
Pearlite

Hypoeutectoid
steel
a+Fe
3
C
Pearlite +
proeutectoid ferrite
Hypereutectoid
steel
a+Fe
3
C
Pearlite +
proeutectoid
cementite
Phase vs. Microconstituents
A phase or a mixture of phases which has a
distinct identity in a microstructure is called a
microconstituent
Pearlite is not a phase.
It is a microconstituent and is a mixture of two
phases a- Ferrite and Fe
3
C.

a-Ferrite
Known as a -iron
Pure iron at room temperature
Body-centered cubic structure
Soft & ductile and imparts these
properties to the steel.
Less than 0.01% carbon will dissolve in
ferrite at room temperature
High temperature form is d ferrite, but
the two forms are identical.
Pure ferritic steels are rare

Austenite
Known as g -iron
Face-centered cubic
Much softer than ferrite
Not present at room temperatures.
More easily hot worked

Cementite
Iron Carbide - an intermetallic compound
Hard, brittle, white
melts at 1837C , density of 7.4 g/cc
On the phase diagram, cementite corresponds
to a vertical line at 6.7% C
Engineers care only about compounds with less
carbon
Its presence in steels causes an increase in
hardness and a reduction in ductility and
toughness
Pearlite
A laminated structure formed of alternate
layers of ferrite and cementite with average
composition 0.83% carbon
Pearly lustre in the microscope
Interference of light in its regular layers
Most common constituent of steel
It combines the hardness and strength of
cementite with the ductility of ferrite and is the
key to the wide range of the properties of
steels.
The laminar structure also acts as a barrier to
crack movement as in composites. This gives
it toughness

Phase Transformations
Involve some alteration of microstructure
1. No change in number or composition of the
phases present, diffusion- dependent.
Solidification of pure metals, allotropic
transformation.
2. Some alteration in composition and no of
phases, diffusion dependent. Eutectoid
reaction
3. A metastable phase is produced,
diffusionless. Martensitic transformation.
At least one new phase is formed
Do not occur instantaneously
Begin by the formation of small particles
of new phase nucleation
Homogenous occurs uniformly throughout
the parent phase.
Hetrogenous preferentially at grain
boundaries, impurities, dislocations
Size of these particles increase in size
until completion - growth
Dependent on
Temperature
Time
Composition
Require some finite time for completion
Equilibrium is rarely achieved in solids
Metastable intermediate between
initial and equilibrium states.


Time-Temperature
Transformation Diagram

Time-Temperature
Complete
Time-Temperature
Time-Temperature
T T T
Diagram
Pearlite 727 - 540C
Bainite 540 - 210C
Martensite below 210C

Transformation of Austenite in
Eutectoid steel
Transformations involving
austenite

CCT diagram
Usually materials are cooled continuously, thus
Continuous Cooling Transformation diagrams
are appropriate than TTT diagrams
For continuous cooling, the time required for a
reaction to begin and end is delayed, thus the
isothermal curves are shifted to longer times
and lower temperatures.
Main difference between TTT and CCT
diagrams: no space for bainite in CCT diagram
as continuous cooling always results in
formation of pearlite.

CCT diagram
CCT diagram

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