Question Bank

1) Define Software Engineering.

Software Engineering :
The Application of systematic, disciplined, quantifier approach
To the development, operations, and maintenance of software

2) What is a Process Framework?
Process Framework :
Establishes foundation for a complete software process
By identifying a small number of framework activities that are applicable for all software
projects regardless of their size and complexity

3) What are the Generic Framework Activities?
Generic Framework Activities :
Communication
Planning
Modeling
Construction
Deployment

4) Define Stakeholder.
Stakeholder :
Anyone who has stake in successful outcome of Project
Business Managers, end-users, software engineer, support people

5)How the Process Model differ from one another?
Based on flow of activities
Interdependencies between activities
Manner of Quality Assurance
Manner of Project Tracking Team Organization and Roles
Work Products identify an requirement identifier

6) Write out the reasons for the Failure of Water Fall Model?
Reasons For The Failure Of Water Fall Model :
Real Project rarely follow Sequential Flow. Iterations are made in indirect manner
Difficult for customer to state all requirements explicitly
Customer needs more patients as working product reach only at Deployment phase

7) What are the Drawbacks of RAD Model?
Drawbacks of RAD Model :
Require sufficient number of Human Resources to create enough number of teams
Developers and Customers are not committed, system result in failure
Not Properly Modularized building component may Problematic
Not applicable when there is more possibility for Technical Risk

8) Why Formal Methods are not widely used?
Quite Time Consuming and Expensive
Extensive expertise is needed for developers to apply formal methods
Difficult to use as they are technically sophisticated maintenance may become risk

9) What is Cross Cutting Concerns?
Cross Cutting Concerns :
When concerns cut across multiple functions, features and information

10) What are the different Phases of Unified Process?
Different Phases of Unified Process :
Inception Phase
Elaboration Phase
Construction Phase
Transition Phase
Production Phase

11) Define the terms : a) Agility b) Agile Team
a) Agility :-
Dynamic, Content Specific, Aggressively Change Embracing and Growth Oriented
b) Agile Team :-
Fast Team
Able to Respond to Changes

12) Define the terms:
a) Agile Methods
b) Agile Process
a)Agile Methods :-
Methods to overcome perceive and actual weakness in conventional software engineering
To accommodate changes in environment, requirements and use cases
b)Agile Process :-
Focus on Team Structures, Team Communications, Rapid Delivery of software and it de-emphasis
importance of intermediate product

13) What is the Use of Process Technology Tools?
Use of Process Technology Tools :
Help Software Organizations
1. Analyze their current process
2. Organize work task
3. Control And Monitor Progress
4. Manage Technical Quality

14) Define the term Scripts.
Scripts :
Specific Process Activities and other detailed work functions that are part of team process



15) What is the Objective of the Project Planning Process?
Objective of the Project Planning Process :
To provide framework that enables manager to make reasonable estimates of resources, cost and
schedule

16) What are the Decomposition Techniques?
Decomposition Techniques :
Software Sizing
Problem Based Estimation
Process Based Estimation
Estimation With Use Cases
Reconciling Estimates 17) How do we compute the Expected Value for Software Size?
Expected value for estimation variable(size), S, can be compute as Weighted Average of
Optimistic(Sopt),most likely(Sm),and Pessimistic(Spess) estimates
S = (Sopt+4Sm+Spess)/6

18) What is an Object Point?
Object Point :
Count is determined by multiplying original number of object instances by weighting factor and
summing to obtain total object point count

19) What is the difference between the Known Risks and Predictable Risks ?
Known Risks :-
That can be uncovered after careful evaluation of the project plan, the business, and technical
environment in which the product is being developed
Example : Unrealistic delivery rate
Predictable Risks :-
Extrapolated from past project experience
Example : Staff turnover

20) List out the basic principles of software project scheduling ?
Basic Principles Of Software Project Scheduling :-
Compartmentalization
Interdependency
Time Allocation
Effort Validation
Defined Responsibilities
Defined Outcomes
Defined Milestones






UNIT 2
21) What are the Classifications of System Engineering?
Classifications of System Engineering :
Business Process Engineering*BPE+
Product Engineering

22) List out the Elements in Computer-Based System?
Elements in Computer-Based System :
Software Hardware
People
Database
Documentation
Procedures

23) What are the Factors to be considered in the System Model Construction?
Assumption
Simplification
Limitation
Constraints
Preferences

24) What does a System Engineering Model accomplish?
Define Processes that serve needs of view
Represent behavior of process and assumption
Explicitly define Exogenous and Endogenous Input
Represent all Linkages that enable engineer to better understand view

25) What Architectures are defined and developed as part of BPE?
Data Architecture
Applications Architecture
Technology Architecture

26) What is meant by Cardinality and Modality ?
Cardinality :-
The number of occurrence of one object related to the number of occurrence of another object
One to One *1 :1+
One to Many *1 : N+
Many to Many *M : N+
Modality :-
Whether or not a particular Data Object must participate in the relationship

27) What are the Objectives of Requirement Analysis ?
Objectives of Requirement Analysis :
Describe what customer requires
Establish a basis for creation of software design
Define a set of requirements that can be validated once the software design is built

28) What are the two additional feature of Hayley Pirbhai Model?
User Interface Processing
Maintenance and Self test Processing

29) Define System Context Diagram[SCD]?
System Context Diagram[SCD] :
Establish information boundary between System being implemented and Environment which system
operate
Defines all external producers, external consumers and entities that communicate through User
Interface

30) Define System Flow Diagram[SFD]?
System Flow Diagram[SFD] :
Indicates Information flow across SCD region
Used to guide system engineer in developing system

31) What are the Requirements Engineering Process Functions?
Inception
Elicitation
Elaboration
Negotiation
Specification
Validation
Management

32) What are the Difficulties in Elicitation?
Difficulties in Elicitation :
Problem Of Scope
Problem Of Understanding
Problem Of Volatility

33) List out the Types of Traceability Table?
Types of Traceability Table :
Features Traceability Table
Source Traceability Table
Dependency Traceability Table
Subsystem Traceability Table
Interface Traceability Table

34) Define Quality Function Deployment[QFD]?
Quality Function Deployment[QFD] :
Technique translates needs of customer into technical requirements
Concentrates on maximizing customer satisfaction from the software engineering process

35) What are the Benefits of Analysis Pattern?
Benefits of Analysis Pattern :
Seedup development of Analysis model
Transformation of Analysis into Design model

36) What is System Modeling?
System Modeling :-
Important Element in System Engineering Process
Define Process in each view to be constructed
Represent Behavior of the Process
Explicitly define exogenous and endogenous inputs

37) Define CRC Modeling ?
CRC Modeling :-
Class Responsibility Collaborator Modeling
Collection of Standard Index Card .Divided into 3 sections
1. Name of class at Top
2.List of class Responsibilities at Left
3. Collaborators at Right
Classes that Cover the Information to complete its responsibilities

38) List out the Factors of Data Modeling?
Factors of Data Modeling :
Data Objects
Data Attributes
Relationship
Cardinality and Modality

39) Define Swim Lane Diagram?
Swim Lane Diagram :
Variation of activity diagram
Allows Modular to represent floe of activities
Actor responsible for activity

40) What are the Selection Characteristic for Classes?
Selection Characteristic for Classes :
Retained Information
Needed Services
Multiple Attribute
Common Attribute
Common operations
Essential Requirements
41) Define Steps in Behavioral Model.
Steps in Behavioral Model :
Evaluate all Use Cases
Identify Events
Create Sequence for each use Cases
Build a State Diagram
Review Model for Accuracy and Consistency



UNIT 3
41) Define the terms in Software Designing : (a) Abstraction (b) Modularity
(a) Abstraction :
1. Highest Level : Solution is stated in broad term using language of problem environment
2. Lower Level : More detailed description of solution is provided
(b) Modularity :
Software is divided into separately named and addressable components, called Modules that are
integrated to satisfy problem requirements

42) How the Architecture Design can be represented?
Architectural Design can be represented by one or more different models. They are,
1. Structural Models
2.Framework Models
3.Dynamic Models
4. Process Models

43) What is the Advantage of Information Hiding?
Advantage of Information Hiding :
During testing and maintenance phase if changes require that is done in particular module without
affecting other module

44) What types of Classes does the designer create?
User interface Classes
Business Domain Classes
Process Classes
Persistent Classes
System Classes

45) What is Coupling? Coupling :-
Quantitative measure of degree to which classes are connected to one another
Keep coupling as low as possible

46) What is Cohesion?
Cohesion :
Indication of relative functional strength of a module
Natural extension of Information Hiding
Performs a single task, requiring little integration with other components

47) Define Refactoring.
Refactoring :
Changing software system in the way that does not alter external behavior of code

48) What are the Five Types of Design classes?
Five Types of Design classes :
User Interface Classes
Business domain Classes
Process Classes
Persistent Classes
System Classes

49) What are the Different types of Design Model? Explain.
Different types of Design Model :
Process Dimension : Indicate evolution of Design model as design tasks executed as part of software
process
Abstraction Dimension : Represent level of detail as each element of analysis model is transformed
into design equivalent

50) List out the Different elements of Design Model?
Different Elements of Design Model :
Data Design Elements
Architectural Design Elements
Interface Design Elements
Component Level Design Elements
Deployment Level Design Elements

51) What are the Types of Interface Design Elements?
Types of Interface Design Elements :
User Interfaces
External Interfaces
Internal Interfaces
52) What Types of Design Patterns are available for the software Engineer?
Types of Design Patterns :
Architectural patterns
Design Patterns
Idioms

53) Define Framework.
Framework :
Code Skeleton that can fleshed out with specific classes or functionality
Designed to address specifies problem at hand

54) What is the Objective of Architectural Design?
Objective of Architectural Design :
Model overall software structure by representing component interfaces, dependencies and
relationships and interactions

55) What are the important roles of Conventional component within the Software Architecture?
Control Component : that coordinates invocation of all other problem domain
Problem Domain Component : that implement Complete or Partial function required by customer
Infrastructure Component : that responsible for functions that support processing required in problem
domain

56) What are the Basic Design principles of Class-Based Components?
Basic Design principles of Class-Based Components :
Open-Closed Principle[OCP]
Liskov Substitution Principle*LSP+
Dependency Inversion Principle*DIP+
Interface Segregation Principle*ISP+
Release Reuse Equivalency Principle*REP+
Common Closure Principle*CCP+
Common Reuse Principle*CRP+

57)What should we consider when we name components?
Components
Interface
Dependencies and Inheritance

58) What are the Different Types of Cohesion?
Different Types of Cohesion : Functional
Layer
Communicational
Sequential
Procedural
Temporal
Utility

59) What are the Different Types of Coupling?
Different Types of Coupling :
Content Coupling
Common Coupling
Control Coupling
Stamp Coupling
Data Coupling
Routine Call Coupling
Type Use Coupling
Inclusion or Import Coupling
External Coupling

60) What is Program Design Language [PDL]?
Program Design Language [PDL] :
Also called Structured English or Pseudocode
Pidgin Language in that it uses the vocabulary of one language and overall syntax of another







UNIT 4
61) What are the Basic Principles of Software Testing?
Basic Principles of Software Testing :
Traceable to Customer Requirements
Planned long before Testing begins
Pareto Principles applied to Software testing
Begin small and progress towards testing
Exhaustive testing is not possible
Conducted by independent third party

62) List out the Characteristics of Testability of Software?
Characteristics of Testability of Software :
Operability
Observability
Controllability
Decomposability
Simplicity
Stability Understandability

63) List out various Methods for finding Cyclomatic Complexity ?
Number of Regions
Cyclomatic Complexity V(G) , for Flow Graph: V(G) = E N + 2
Cyclomatic Complexity V(G) : V(G) = P +1

64) Define Smoke Testing ?
Smoke Testing :
Integration testing
Commonly used when software products are being developed

65)What are the Attributes of Good Test?
Attributes of Good Test :
High probability of finding errors
Not Redundant
Best of Breed
Neither too Simple nor too complex

65) Define White Box Testing.
White Box Testing :
Also called Glass Box Testing
Test case design uses Control Structure of Procedural Design to derive test cases

66) Define Basic Path Testing.
Basic Path Testing :
White Box Testing
Enable test case designer to derive a logical complexity measure of a procedural design
Use this measure as a Guide for defining a basis set of execution paths

67) Define the terms :
a) Graph Matrices
b) Connection Matrices
Graph Matrices :-
To develop software tool the data structure used is Graph Matrix
Square Matrix
Size equals number of nodes on the Flow graph
Connection Matrices :-
If Link Weight =1 => Connection Exists
If Link Weight =1 => Connection Does not Exists 68) What is Behavioral Testing?
Behavioral Testing :
Also Known as Black Box Testing
Focuses on Functional Requirement of software
Enables Software engineer to derive set of input condition that fully exercise all functional
requirements of a software

69) What are the Benefits of conducting Smoke Testing?
Benefits of conducting Smoke Testing :
Integration Risk is Minimized
Quality of end-product is improved
Error diagnosis and Correction are simplified
Progress is easy to assess

70) What errors are commonly found during Unit Testing?
Misunderstood or incorrect arithmetic precedence
Mixed Mode Operations
Incorrect Initializations
Precision Accuracy
Incorrect Symbolic representation of expression

71) What problems may be encountered when Top-Down Integration is chosen?
Delay are test until stubs replace with actual modules
Develop stubs that perform limited functions that simulate the actual module
Integrate the software from the bottom of the hierarchy upward

72) What are the Steps in Bottom-Up Integration?
Steps in Bottom-Up Integration :
Low level components are combined into clusters perform specific software sub function
Driver is written to coordinate test case input and output
Cluster is tested
Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving inward in program structure

73) What is Regression Testing?
Regression Testing :
Re-execution of some subset of tests that have already been conducted
To ensure changes have not propagated unintended side effects


74) What are the Characteristics of Critical Module? Characteristics of Critical Module :
Addresses several software requirements
Has High Level Of Control
Complex or error prone
Has Definite Performance Requirements

75) What are the Properties of Connection Matrices?
Properties of Connection Matrices :
Probability that link will execute
Processing time expended during traversal of link
Memory required during traversal of link
Resource required during traversal of link

76) What is Flow Graph Notation?
Flow Graph Notation :-
Simple notation for representing Control Flow
Draw only when Logical Structure of component is complex

77) Define Cyclomatic Complexity?
CyclomaticComplexity :-
Software Metric
Quantitative measure of Logical Complexity
Number of Independent Paths in the basis set of program

78)What is Equivalence Partition?
Equivalence Partitions :-
Derives a input domain of a program into classes of data from which test cases are derived
Set Of Objects have link by relationships as Symmetric, Transitive and Reflexive an equivalence class is
present

79) List out the possible errors of Black Box Testing?
Errors of Black Box Testing :
Incorrect or Missing Functions
Interface Errors
Errors in Data Structures or external databases
Behavioral or Performance errors
Initialization or Termination errors

80) Define Data Objects.
Data Objects :
Represent Composite Information
External entity, thin, occurrence or event, role, organizational unit, place or structure
Encapsulates Data only




UNIT 5
81)What are the Components of the Cost of Quality?
Components of the Cost of Quality :
Quality Costs
Prevention Costs
Appraisal Costs

82) What is Software Quality Control?
Software Quality Control :
Involves series of inspections, reviews and tests
Used throughout software process to ensure each work product meets requirements placed upon it

83)What is Software Quality Assurance?
Software Quality Assurance :
Set of auditing and reporting functions
Assess effectiveness and completeness of quality control activities

84)What are the Objective of Formal Technical Reviews?
Objective of Formal Technical Reviews :
Uncover errors in function, logic and implementation for representation of software
Software represented according to predefined standard
Verify software under review meets requirements
Achieve software developed in Uniform Manner
Make projects more manageable

85)What Steps are required to perform Statistical SQA?
Information about software defects is collected and categorized
Attempt is made trace each defect
Using Pareto principle, isolate 20%
Once vital causes are identified, correct problems that cause defects

86) Define SQA Plan.
SQA Plan :
Provides roadmap for instituting SQA
Plan serves as template for SQA activities that instituted for each software project

87) What is Baseline criteria in SCM ?
Help to control Change
Specification or product that has been formally Reviewed and agreed upon serves as basis for future
development
That can be change only through formal change control procedures

88) Define Status Reporting ?
Also called Configuration Status Reporting
Is a SCM task that answers
1. What Happened ?
2. Who did it ?
3. When did it happen ?
4. What else will be affected ?

89) What is the Origin of changes that are requested for software?
Origin Of Change :-
New Business or Market Condition
New Customer Needs
Reorganization or business growth/downsizing
Budgetary or Scheduling constraints

90) List out the Elements of SCM?
Elements of SCM :-
Component Elements
Process Elements
Construction Elements
Human Elements

91) What are the Features supported by SCM?
Features supported by SCM :
Versioning
Dependency tracking and change Management
Requirements tracking
Configuration Management
Audit trails

92) What are the Objectives of SCM Process?
Objectives of SCM Process :
Identify all items, collectively define software configuration
Manage changes to one or more these items
Facilitate construction of different version of an application
Ensure that the software quality is maintained

93) What are the issues to be considered for developing tactics for WebApp Configuration
Management?
Context
People
Scalability

94) Define CASE Tools.
CASE Tools :
Computer Aided Software Engineering
It is a System software
Provide Automated support for software process activities
Includes program used to support software process activities
Such as Requirement Analysis, System Modeling, Debugging and Testing

95) How do we define Software Quality?
Software Quality :
Conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly documented
development standards
Implicit characteristics, expected for professional developed software

96) Define the terms :
a) Quality of Design
b) Quality of Conformance
Quality of Design :
Characteristics, designer specify fro an item
Quality of Conformance :
Degree to which design specifications are followed during manufacturing

97) What are the Type of CASE Tools?
Types of CASE Tools :-
Upper CASE Tools
Lower CASE Tools

98) Define Software Reliability?
Software Reliability :
Probability of failure-free operation of computer program in a specified environment for a specified
time

99) How the Registration process of ISO 9000 certification is done?
Registration process of ISO 9000 certification has the following stages
1. application
2. Pre-assessment 3. Document Review and Adequacy of audit
4. Compliance Audit
5.Registration
6. Continued Surveillance

100) What are the Factors of Software Quality?
Factors of Software Quality :
Portability
Usability
Reusability
Correctness
Maintainability