Part 2 - Earthwork

KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
November 1998
PART TWO
EARTHWORK
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 2.01 - CLEARING AND GRUBBING............................................... 1
2.01.1 Description.................................................................................... 1
2.01.2 Construction ................................................................................. 1
2.01.3 Disposal of Removed Material ..................................................... 2
2.01.4 Method of Measurement .............................................................. 2
2.01.5 Payment ....................................................................................... 2
SECTION 2.02 - REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS....... 4
2.02.1 Description.................................................................................... 4
2.02.2 Preservation of Property............................................................... 5
2.02.3 Construction ................................................................................. 5
2.02.3.1 Miscellaneous Structures and Obstructions.............................. 5
2.02.3.2 Existing Bituminous and Cement Concrete Pavement.... 7
2.02.3.3 Wells................................................................................ 7
2.02.3.4 Bridge Structures............................................................. 7
2.02.3.5 Guardrails and Concrete Barriers.................................... 8
2.02.3.6 Impact Attenuators .......................................................... 8
2.02.3.7 Traffic Marking................................................................. 8
2.02.3.8 Pavement Markers .......................................................... 9
2.02.3.9 Rumble Strips or Speed Bumps...................................... 9
2.02.3.10 Sign Post Bases............................................................ 9
2.02.3.11 Signs.............................................................................. 9
2.02.3.12 Breakaway Sign Posts and Kilometer Posts............... 11
2.02.3.13 Overhead Sign Supports............................................. 11
2.02.3.14 Delineators .................................................................. 11
2.02.4 Disposal of Removed Material ................................................... 11
2.02.5 Method of Measurement ............................................................ 11
2.02.6 Payment ..................................................................................... 14
SECTION 2.03 - EXCAVATION...................................................................... 16
2.03.1 Description.................................................................................. 16
2.03.2 Classification of Excavation........................................................ 16
2.03.2.1 Roadway Excavation..................................................... 16
2.03.2.2 Roadway Excavation - Unsuitable Material................... 17
2.03.2.3 Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch.................... 17
2.03.2.4 Tunnel Excavation......................................................... 17
2.03.3 Construction ............................................................................... 18
2.03.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials in Rural Areas.......... 18
2.03.3.2 Utilization of Excavated Materials in Municipalities (Urban
Areas) ............................................................................ 18
2.03.3.4 Roadway Excavation - Unsuitable Material................... 19
2.03.3.5 Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch.................... 19
2.03.3.6 Designated Materials Selected from Roadway Excavation......... 19
Table of Contents Table of Contents
2.03.3.7 Roadway Excavation in Cut Sections 20
2.03.3.8 Tunnel Excavation - General......................................... 20
2.03.4 Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials........................... 21
2.03.5 Quality Assurance Procedures.................................................. 21
2.03.6.2 Tunnel Excavation......................................................... 24
2.03.7 Payment ..................................................................................... 25
SECTION 2.04 - CONTROLLED AND PRODUCTION BLASTING............... 26
2.04.1 Description................................................................................. 26
2.04.2 Use of Explosives....................................................................... 26
2.04.3 Product Specifications............................................................... 26
2.04.4 Blasting Plan.............................................................................. 27
2.04.5 Traffic Interruption Notification .................................................. 27
2.04.6 Safety Procedures..................................................................... 27
2.04.6.1 Type of Explosive Materials ........................................ 28
2.04.6.2 Blaster-in-Charge ........................................................ 28
2.04.6.3 Initial Safety Procedures Submittal ............................. 28
2.04.6.3.1 Blaster-In-Charge Qualifications .28
2.04.6.4 Check for Misfires........................................................ 29
2.04.6.5 Misfire Handling Procedures ....................................... 30
2.04.6.6 Lightning Protection..................................................... 30
2.04.7 Execution.................................................................................... 31
2.04.7.1 Time Restrictions......................................................... 31
2.04.7.2 Pre-Blast Report.......................................................... 31
2.04.7.3 Test Blasts................................................................... 32
2.04.7.4 Production Blasting...................................................... 32
2.04.7.5 Presplitting................................................................... 33
2.04.7.6 Cushion (Trim) Blasting............................................... 35
2.04.7.7 Scaling and Stabilization ............................................. 35
2.04.8 Special Requirements ................................................................ 36
2.04.8.1 Blasting Consultant........................................................ 36
2.04.8.2 Pre-Blast Condition Survey ........................................... 36
2.04.8.3 Vibration Control Monitoring........................................ 36
2.04.8.4 Flyrock Control ............................................................ 39
2.04.8.5 Public Meetings........................................................... 39
2.04.9 Recordkeeping ........................................................................... 40
2.04.9.1 Daily Explosive Material Consumption.......................... 40
2.04.9.2 Report of Loss............................................................... 40
2.04.9.3 Daily Blasting Logs...................................................... 40
2.04.9.4 Video Recording of Blasts........................................... 40
2.04.1 0 Method of Measurement ......................................................... 40
2.04.11 Payment ................................................................................... 41
SECTION 2.05 - EMBANKMENT................................................................... 42
2.05.1 Description.................................................................................. 42
2.05.2 Materials..................................................................................... 42
2.05.2.1 Embankment Materials.................................................. 42
2.05.3 Construction ............................................................................... 42
2.05.3.1 Equipment ..................................................................... 42
2.05.3.2 Foundation Preparation................................................. 43
2.05.3.3 Imported Borrow Material.. ................................................. 44
2.05.3.4 Placement of Materials ........................................................... 45
2.05.3.5 Embankment Drainage and Slope Stability ............................ 47
2.05.3.6 Dune Sand Embankment ....................................................... 48
2.05.3.7 Fugitive Dust and Soil Erosion Control Plan...........................48
2.05.3.7.1 General .................................................................48
2.05.3.7.2 Erosion Check Dams ........................................... 50
2.05.3.7.3 Sediment Containment Structures.. .................. 50
2.05.3.7.4 Diversion Channels .............................................. 50
2.05.3.7.5 Earth Berms.......................................................... 50
2.05.3.7.6 Slope Drains ......................................................... 50
2.05.3.7.7 Turf Establishment........................................ 50
2.05.3.7.8 Cleanup ........................................................ 50
2.05.3.7.9 Method of Measurement............................... 51
2.05.3.7.10 Basis of Payment.. .......................................... 51
2.05.4 Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirements ..................................... 52
2.05.4.1 Description ............................................................................. 52
2.05.4.2 Testing Methods..................................................................... 52
2.05.4.3 Earth Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction ............... 53
2.05.4.4 Rock Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction ............... 55
2.05.5 Moisture Content Control Requirements .............................................. 58
2.05.6 Compaction Test Sections ................................................................... 59
2.05.7 Quality Assurance Procedures............................................................. 59
2.05.7.1 Lift Thickness ......................................................................... 59
2.05.7.2 Compaction ............................................................................ 60
2.05.7.3 Classification .......................................................................... 60
2.05.7.4 Embankment Finishing Tolerances and Requirements .......... 61
2.05.7.5 Acceptance ............................................................................ 61
2.05.8 Method of Measurement ...................................................................... 62
2.05.9 Payment. .............................................................................................. 63
SECTION 2.06 - UNTREATED SUBGRADE................................................. 64
2.06.1 Description.................................................................................. 64
2.06.2 Materials..................................................................................... 64
2.06.3 Construction ............................................................................... 65
2.06.3.1 Equipment .................................................................... 65
2.06.3.2 Imported Borrow Material ............................................. 65
2.06.3.3 Placement of Materials................................................. 66
2.06.3.4 Subgrade Drainage and Slope Stability ....................... 66
2.06.3.5 Subgrade on Existing Road Surfaces .......................... 66
2.06.3.6 Subgrade in Earth Cuts................................................ 67
2.06.3.7 Subgrade in Rock Cuts ................................................ 67
2.06.3.8 Subgrade on Embankments (Including Sand Dune Areas).........68
2.06.3.9 Preparation of Existing Subgrade.................................. 68
2.06.4 Quality Assurance Procedures................................................... 68
2.06.4.1 Thickness ...................................................................... 68
2.06.4.2 Compaction ................................................................... 69
2.06.4.3 Classification, Maximum Particle Size and CBR........... 69
2.06.4.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements....................... 70
2.06.4.5 Acceptance.................................................................... 70
2.06.5 Maintenance and Protection....................................................... 71
2.06.7 Payment ..................................................................................... 72
SECTION 2.07 - LIME TREATED SUBGRADE............................................. 73
2.07.1 Description.................................................................................. 73
2.07.2 Equipment .................................................................................. 73
2.07.3 Materials..................................................................................... 74
2.07.3.1 Lime............................................................................... 74
2.07.3.2 Water ..............................................................................74
2.07.3.3 Bituminous Curing Seal..................................................74
2.07.4 Construction Requirements.........................................................74
2.07.4.1 Preparation of Roadbed ................................................74
2.07.4.2 Application of Lime........................................................75
2.07.4.3 Mixing............................................................................75
2.07.4.4 Compaction and Finishing.............................................76
2.07.4.5 Curing............................................................................76
2.07.4.6 Safety Requirements.....................................................76
2.07.5 Quality Assurance Procedures....................................................77
2.07.5.1 Thickness ......................................................................77
2.07.5.2 Compaction ...................................................................78
2.07.5.3 Classification, Maximum Particle Size and CBR...........78
2.07.5.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements.......................79
2.07.5.5 Lime...............................................................................79
2.07.5.6 Acceptance....................................................................79
2.07.6 Method of Measurement .............................................................80
2.07.7 Payment ......................................................................................80
SECTION 2.08 - CEMENT TREATED SUBGRADE...................................... 81
2.08.1 Description.................................................................................. 81
2.08.2 Materials..................................................................................... 81
2.08.2.1 In-Place Material............................................................ 81
2.08.2.2 Portland Cement............................................................ 81
2.08.2.3 Water ............................................................................. 81
2.08.2.4 Bituminous Cure Seal.................................................... 81
2.08.2.5 Chemical Admixtures..................................................... 81
2.08.3 Mix Design.................................................................................. 81
2.08.4 Weather Limitations.................................................................... 82
2.08.5 Traffic Control ............................................................................. 82
2.08.6 Equipment .................................................................................. 82
2.08.7 Construction ............................................................................... 82
2.08.7.1 Preparation of Roadbed ............................................... 82
2.08.7.2 Application of the Cement ............................................ 83
2.08.7.3 Mixing........................................................................... 83
2.08.7.4 Compacting and Finishing............................................ 83
2.08.7.5 Operation Time Requirement ....................................... 84
2.08.8 Curing......................................................................................... 84
2.08.9 Quality Assurance Procedures................................................... 84
2.08.9.1 Thickness ..................................................................... 85
2.08.9.2 Compaction .................................................................. 85
2.08.9.3 Classification, Maximum Particle Size and CBR.......... 86
2.08.9.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements...................... 86
2.08.9.5 Cement ......................................................................... 87
2.08.9.6 Acceptance................................................................... 87
2.08.1 0 Method of Measurement ......................................................... 87
2.08.11 Payment ................................................................................... 88
SECTION 2.09 - STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL.................89
2.09.1 Description...................................................................................89
2.09.2 Construction ................................................................................89
2.09.2.1 General.........................................................................89
2.09.2.2 Structural Excavation for Bridges.................................90
2.09.2.3 Structural Excavation for Culverts and Miscellaneous..91
2.09.2.4 Foundation Pits.............................................................92
2.09.2.5 Pile Foundations...........................................................93
2.09.2.6 Cofferdams...................................................................93
2.09.2.7 Scheduling Excavation for Structures ..........................94
2.09.3 Materials..................................................................................... 94
2.09.3.1 General......................................................................... 94
2.09.3.2 Foundation Material...................................................... 94
2.09.3.3 Structural Backfill Material............................................ 95
2.09.4 Backfilling Structures................................................................. 96
2.09.5 Compaction of Structural Backfill .............................................. 97
2.09.6 Quality Assurance Procedures.................................................. 98
2.09.7 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Excavation........................ 98
2.09.8 Method of Measurement ........................................................... 98
2.09.9 Payment .................................................................................. 100
SECTION 2. 1 0 - TRENCH EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL...................... 101
2.1 0.1 Description............................................................................... 101
2.10.2 Construction ............................................................................. 101
2.10.2.1 General....................................................................... 101
2.10.2.2 Scheduling.................................................................. 102
2.10.2.3 Trench Excavation...................................................... 103
2.10.2.4 Unsuitable Foundation Material.................................. 103
2.10.2.5 Precast Concrete Pipe Culverts ................................. 104
2.10.2.6 Metal Pipe Culverts .................................................... 104
2.10.2.7 Cast in Place Concrete Pipe ...................................... 105
2.10.3 Bedding Materials..................................................................... 105
2.10.3.1 Sand Bedding.............................................................. 105
2.10.3.2 Soil Cement Bedding................................................... 105
2.10.4 Trench Backfill Materials .......................................................... 106
2.10.5 Quality Assurance Procedures................................................. 106
2.10.6 Method of Measurement .......................................................... 107
2.10.7 Payment ................................................................................... 107
MOC General Specifications Novemb er 1998
1
PART TWO: EARTHWORK
SECTION 2.01 - CLEARING AND GRUBBING
2.01.1 Description. This work shall consist of removing all objectionable material
from within the right of way, embankment and touch grade areas, easement areas
for bridge construction, road approaches, channels and ditches, and such other
areas as may be shown on the plans or specified in the special specifications, except
objects designated to remain. It shall also include the recompaction of the cleared
and grubbed areas as specified in Paragraph 2.05.3.2, "Foundation Preparation," in
these General Specifications. Objects designated to remain or to be removed in
accordance with other sections of the specifications, adjacent public and private
property, utilities and non-highway facilities shall be protected from injury or damage
resulting from the Contractors operations. Clearing and grubbing shall be performed
in advance of grading operations and in accordance with these specifications.
ITEMS IN BILL OF QUANTITIES
Clearing and Grubbing
Individual Tree Removal
2.01.2 Construction. The Contractor, as soon as the site or part thereof has been
handed over, before commencing the clearing and grubbing shall resurvey together
with the Engineer the whole centerline of the alignment, locating the centerline at the
ground and taking cross sections along the alignment at a maximum longitudinal
spacing of twenty five (25) meters.
In case it clarifies that levels for the natural ground in a certain area differ
remarkably from what is established on the plans, the Contractor shall notify the
Engineer thereof and obtain his approval to commence with the work prior to causing
a change in the natural ground levels.
Within sixty (60) days of the date of field staking the Contractor shall submit to
the Engineer for his approval plots of the original and staked survey cross sections
together with the corresponding plots as detailed in Paragraph 1.07.13 "Earthwork"
in these General Specifications.
Unless otherwise shown on the plans or specified in the special specifications,
the Contractor shall clear the entire length of fill and touch grade sections of the
project to the following staked widths:
1. Highway construction embankment and touch grade areas, including
structures, frontage roads, ramps, interchange loops, approaches, channels, ditches,
and other accessory roads and connections that are to be constructed. Such areas
are to extend to a width two (2) meters outside of structures and excavation and
embankment slope lines, including slope rounding.
2. Borrow sites within the right of way, or as shown on the plans, specified in the
Special Specifications and approved by the Engineer.
2
Within the limits specified, the area above the natural ground surface shall be
cleared of vegetation growth, such as trees, stumps, plants, brush, and all other
objectionable material, except items marked by the Engineer to remain. Within the
limits of clearing, the areas below the natural ground shall be grubbed to a minimum
depth of twenty (20) centimeters, or as may be necessary, to remove tree stumps,
roots and other objectionable material.
2.01.3 Disposal of Removed Material. Cleared and grubbed material shall not be
left in or under embankments or other constructed facility. All removed materials
shall be disposed of at locations outside the right-of-way and not visible from the
roadway.
Burning shall be done in accordance with applicable laws and safety
practices, under the constant care of competent watchmen and at such times and in
a manner that anything designated to remain and adjacent property will not be
jeopardized. Residue and the effects from burning shall also be removed outside the
right-of-way and view from the roadway.
Disposal of removed materials at public and private sites away from the right
of way shall be done at the Contractors sole expense, in accordance with all laws
and regulations, after an agreement with the property owner or public agency has
been fully executed. The Engineer shall be given fifteen (I5) days prior notice and a
written release from the property owner or public agency on whose property the
materials are to be placed.
All sellable timber in the clearing area which has not been removed from the
right of way prior to the beginning of construction, shall become the property of the
Ministry, unless otherwise provided.
2.01.4 Method of Measurement. Clearing and Grubbing will be measured for
payment on a unit price basis by the square meter for the work within the limits
specified or approved by the Engineer. Measurement shall be to the nearest tenth of
a square meter along a horizontal plane and include all clearing and grubbing of
vegetation up to a tree diameter of one hundred fifty (1 50) millimeters.
Individual tree removal will be measured by the unit based upon the number
of individual trees removed. Trees less than one hundred fifty (150) millimeters in
average diameter at the cutoff will not be measured.
No measurement will be made when there is no item for Clearing and
Grubbing or Individual Tree Removal listed in the Bill of Quantities.
2.01.5 Payment. When the Bill of Quantities includes items for Clearing and
Grubbing and/or Individual Tree Removal with payment on a contract unit price
basis, payment will be made at the contract unit price per square meter and unit for
work actually completed as specified. Such payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing labor, equipment, tools and incidentals and performing all work as
specified for clearing and grubbing, disposing of removed materials and
recompacting the disturbed areas and all other elements necessary for the proper
3
completion of the Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in
these General Specifications.
When the Bill of Quantities does not include items for Clearing and Grubbing
or Individual Tree Removal, such work shall be considered as subsidiary to other
items of work and all costs shall be included in the contract unit price(s) for other
items of work.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER THE FOLLOWING:
ITEM NO, PAY ITEM PAY UNIT
20101 Clearing and Grubbing Square Meter
20102 Individual Tree Removal Unit
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SECTION 2.02 - REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
2.02.1 Description. This work shall consist of the removal and salvage or disposal,
wholly or in part, of all buildings and foundations, structures, all types of walls,
fences, gates, wells, septic tanks, abandoned utility lines, manholes, catch basins,
poles, pylons, pipe culverts, bridges, bridge components, bridge parapets and
railings, existing roadways, sidewalks, curbs, gutters, guard rails, impact attenuators,
signs, sign supports, traffic signals, slope protection, traffic paint lines, raised and
ceramic pavement markers, glare screens, rumble strips, delineators, sign post
bases, scrap yards, rubbish dumps and any other obstructions which are not
designated or permitted to remain, except for the obstructions to be removed and/or
disposed of under any other items specified in the Bill of Quantities. It shall also
include the backfilling the resulting trenches, holes, depressions and pits.
Removal of Existing Building
Removal of Boundary Wall, including Gate
Removal of Bridge Structure
Removal of Bridge Component
Removal of Box Culvert & Pipe Culvert End Section
Removal of Metal Bearing Device
Removal of Elastomeric Bearing Device
Removal of Expansion Joint
Removal of Aluminum Bridge Railing
Removal of Steel Bridge Railing
Removal of Concrete Bridge Parapet
Removal of Structural Steel or Precast Concrete Member
Removal of Underground Utility Lines
Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles
Removal of Curb
Removal of Combined Curb & Gutter
Removal of Gutter
Removal of Septic Tank
Removal of Catch Basin, Manhole and Inlet
Removal of Well
Removal of Riprap, Wire-Enclosed Riprap & Gabion Slope Protection
Removal of Concrete, Paving Tile & Shotcrete Slope Protection
Removal of Pipe Culvert
Removal of Fence, including Gate
Removal of Dumped Rubbish
Removal of Sidewalk & Median Paving
Removal of Guardrail, Complete
Removal of Guardrail Terminal
Removal of New Jersey Concrete Barrier
Removal of Impact Attenuator
Removal of Steel Safety Railing
Removal of Bituminous and Cement Concrete Pavement
Removal of Traffic Paint Line & Control Marking
Removal of Ceramic & Retroreflective Raised Pavement Marker
5
Removal of Traffic Signal & Controller
Removal of Rumble Strip or Speed Bump
Removal of Sign Post Base
Removal of Sign (Any Type)
Removal of Breakaway Sign Post
Removal of Overhead Sign Support
Removal of Glare Screen
Removal of Delineator
Removal of Telephone Cabinet
2.02.2 Preservation of Property. Existing facilities which are designated or
allowed to remain shall be protected from damage. Facilities which are damaged or
destroyed as a result of the Contractors operations shall be repaired or replaced by
the Contractor at his own expense.
Trenches, holes, depressions and pits caused by the removal of structures
and obstructions, which remain after completion of roadway excavation, shall be
backfilled with embankment material as specified in Section 2.05, "Embankment
Construction," in these General Specifications. When trenches, holes, depressions
and pits are in surfaced areas which are designated to remain undisturbed, they
shall initially be backfilled with embankment materials up to the elevation of the
bottom of the surfacing materials. The removed surfacing materials shall be
replaced with equal or better quality surfacing materials of the same layer thickness
and degree of compaction.
2.02.3 Construction.
2.02.3.1 Miscellaneous Structures and Obstructions. These facilities include
but are not limited to, buildings and foundations, gates walls, fences, septic tanks,
manholes, catch basins, utility lines, poles, rubbish dumps, drainage pipe and box
culverts, bridge railings and parapets, pipe for water supply and sewer services,
signs, signals, traffic control devices, detour roads and other facilities shown on the
plans, except bituminous and cement concrete pavements, wells and bridges which
are provided for in following Paragraphs 2.02.3.2, 2.02.3.3, 2.02.3.4 in these General
Specifications.
Miscellaneous structures and obstructions within the area to be cleared and
grubbed, or as may be designated on the plans, except utilities and facilities which
are specified elsewhere to be removed or reconstructed, shall be removed to a depth
not less than sixty (60) cm bellow the bottom of subgrade.
Immediately after receiving the site, and within the time frame specified
hereinafter, the Contractor shall identify any obstacles within the site, above- or
underground, which may interfere with the progress of the Work. These obstacles,
whether shown on the plans or not, shall be land-surveyed and described in detail in
a report. This report shall be entitled "Report on Existing Obstructions" and, along
with the survey diagrams, shall be submitted in triplicate to the Engineer for the
project records.
6
Survey work, preparation of the report and submission thereof, removal in
whole or in part as required, and salvaging or disposal of these obstacles in an
approved location, together with any temporary work required, shall be completed
during the mobilization period of the work. This requirement may be waived by the
Engineer for specific portions of the work.
Material designated to be removed shall be removed, transported, salvaged
and stored or disposed of at places shown on the plans, as specified, or as approved
by the Engineer.
In the process of the removal work, the Contractor shall transport, clean,
package, and store the removed reusable, as identified by the Engineer, elements in
an approved storage yard. All reusable materials shall be cleaned of dirt, asphalt or
other deleterious coatings, using detergents, mineral spirits or other approved
cleaning materials. Packages shall be clearly labeled as to their contents' types,
sizes and numbers, and shall be accompanied by inventory lists approved by the
Engineer.
The elements so salvaged shall become the property of the Ministry.
Elements damaged due to the Contractor's negligence, as determined by the
Engineer, shall be declared damaged elements. All elements to be salvaged which
are damaged in removal to impair their future use, will, unless otherwise specifically
provided in Subsection 2.02.5, "Method of Measurement" below, be charged to the
Contractor at sixty (60) percent of the current prices quoted under the respective pay
items for new work, as applicable, and for an equal quantity. This amount of money
shall be deducted from any money due or to become due to the Contractor.
Alternatively, when practical and when approved by the Engineer, the Contractor
may choose to substitute the damaged elements with an equal quantity of new
elements of the same or better quality. In such a case, no deduction will be made for
those damaged elements that were successfully substituted as specified and as
approved by the Engineer.
To minimize the environmental impact of the work by controlling dust, noise or
vibration, or to minimize disturbance to people or livestock, the plans may indicate
that concrete be removed using high-pressure water as a demolition tool. This work
shall be carried out using equipment specifically designed for the intended purpose,
consisting of a high-pressure water pump, water tank, filter, feed pump, fuel tank,
remote-controlled, tire-mounted, high-pressure nozzle, and all necessary piping and
accessories.
When shown on the plans or approved by the Engineer, other methods may
be used, such chemical splitting, diamond disc saw cutting or wire cutting, or thermit
lance, provided that the work will be carried out by specialized crews with
demonstrable experience in the applicable methods. Microwave demolition methods
shall not be used.
Salvaged pipe culverts and other material shall be handled with care and
protected from damage until stored as specified. Salvaged materials and equipment
belonging to other agencies shall be handed over to their owners via a Process-
Verbal before payment for removal is made to the Contractor.
7
Culverts and drainage facilities at locations used by traffic shall not be
removed, or their operation interrupted, before satisfactory arrangements have been
made to accommodate public traffic.
Fences enclosing farm land, or providing security to any property, shall
remain in place until the Contractor has given reasonable advance notification to
property owners of the intent to remove the fence. Temporary fencing required to
separate construction operations from public use shall be identified in the Special
Specifications. Temporary fencing shall be removed after permanent fencing is
complete.
2.02.3.2 Existing Bituminous and Cement Concrete Pavement. Unless
otherwise specified in the Special Specifications, the Contractor, at his option, may
remove, pulverize, crush, blend and process existing bituminous and cement
concrete pavement (including sidewalks, curbs, gutters and stairs) which are
specified to be removed, and use such materials in the new construction, or dispose
of the materials as specified in Subsection 2.02.4, 'Disposal of Removed Material," in
these General Specifications. All such salvaged pavement, proposed for use in new
construction, shall be processed to conform to all specified gradation and quality
requirements for the material to be placed in the new construction.
Unless bituminous surface courses are specifically designated for milling or
recycling, full-depth removal and disposal of all bituminous surface courses
irrespective of thickness, including treated base courses and bituminous plant mix
materials, shall be as specified herein.
2.02.3.3 Wells. Existing whether active or inactive, and abandoned wells within
the area to be cleared and grubbed, shall be dismantled, sealed and backfilled as
specified, required by law or as approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall
remove, transport and store all salvaged materials and equipment as specified in
Paragraph 2.02.3.1 "Miscellaneous Structures and Obstructions" in these General
Specifications.
Wells shall be backfilled as specified in Paragraph 2.05.3.2 'Preparation of
Original Ground" in these General Specifications.
2.02.3.4 Bridge Structures. Steel and timber bridges shall be removed, members
marked with identification numbers and letters and salvaged as specified in
Paragraph 2.02.3.1 "Miscellaneous Structures and Obstructions" in these General
Specifications.
Reinforced concrete and masonry bridge structures shall be removed and the
removed materials salvaged at the Contractor's option or disposed of as specified in
Subsection 2.02.4, "Disposal of Removed Material," in these General Specifications.
Substructures shall be removed to a depth one and half (1 -1 /2) meters below
the bottom of subgrade and thirty (30) centimeters below the streambed elevation,
unless otherwise specified. When portions of substructure interfere with construction
8
of a new structure, they shall be removed as may be necessary to permit satisfactory
construction of the new structures.
Blasting or other operations necessary for the removal of structures and
obstructions, which may damage new construction, shall be performed before new
construction commences.
Bridge structures in use by traffic, shall not be removed, or their operation
interrupted, until satisfactory arrangements have been made to accommodate traffic.
2.02.3.5 Guardrails and Concrete Barriers. This Work shall consist of removal
of beams, cables, posts, anchor terminal sections or concrete barriers of any size,
shape or type; salvaging or disposal as directed; and backfilling of the resulting
holes. Removal of concrete base shall be excluded and when required shall be
carried out and paid for separately under Pay Item No. 20237 - Removal of Sign
Post Base.
2.02.3.6 Impact Altenuators. This Work shall consist of removal of impact
attenuators of any size or type with minimum damage and salvaging or disposal as
directed. Removal of concrete base shall be excluded and when required shall be
carried out and paid for separately under Pay Item No. 20237 - Removal of Sign
Post Base.
Removal of all other elements listed herein shall be carried out in accordance
with the requirements of this section and as detailed on the plans and approved by
the Engineer.
2.02.3.7 Traffic Marking. This Work shall consist of removal of existing traffic
paint lines and traffic control markings, which are not designated or permitted to
remain.
Equipment for removal of traffic paint lines and traffic control marking shall
consist of pickup trucks, wet sandblasting machine, air compressor, and all
necessary hand tools, such as chisels, hand hammers, and brooms. When suitably
qualified crews are available as determined by the Engineer, equipment may include
commercially available excess-oxygen-system gear as specified in the HMM, Part 5-
Highway and Bridge Maintenance, Section B-Traffic Control and Safety Devices,
Paragraph 8.03. E Pavement Marking, Stripe Removal.
All striping and other traffic marking designated or directed, shall be removed
to the fullest extent possible using an approved method, as specified below, that
does not damage the surface or texture of the pavement. Over-painting no longer
appropriate markings with black paint and/or bituminous solutions will not be
permitted. The removal pattern shall be in an irregular shape that does not
perpetuate the outline of the removed marking. Any damage to the pavement
surface in connection with such removal work shall be repaired by the Contractor at
his own expense to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
When wet sandblasting is used, removal of pavement markings will result to a
barely noticeable scar, as determined by the Engineer. Sand and debris deposited
9
on the pavement shall be removed as the work progresses, to prevent
accumulations which might interfere with drainage or constitute a traffic hazard.
When the excess oxygen method is used, traffic marking removal shall be
carried out in more than one passes to ensure rapid progression and to permit less
heat to be transferred to the pavement. After the first passage of the burner, the hot
flame melts the existing paint, which shall be removed with a straight hoe.
Subsequently, the residual marking shall be re-burned in multiple passes as directed
and the burned ash residue shall be brushed away each time it appears across the
marking area, until only a slight indication is left of where the marking had been.
This indication shall be as slight as possible so as to ensure that it will disappear with
traffic wear, as approved by the Engineer.
2.02.3.8 Pavement Markers. This Work shall consist of removal of reflective
raised pavement markers (cat-eyes) and/or of ceramic pavement markers, of any
size, including disposal or cleaning and salvaging of reusable markers, and
restoration of the pavement surface. Equipment for removal of pavement markers
shall consist of pickup trucks, grinding power tools, and all necessary hand tools.
When approved by the Engineer, compressor with an air hammer and chipping blade
may be used. The markers shall be removed carefully with hammer and chisel and
any residual adhesive on the road surface shall be ground smooth. All marker
surfaces shall be cleaned with suitable mineral spirits or with kerosene. Light
abrasives may be used on the exposed surfaces of markers only as approved by the
Engineer. The bottom surface of the markers shall be ground to remove any
adhesive and shall then be sanded off to a rough texture, free of gloss.
2.02.3.9 Rumble Strips or Speed Bumps. This Work shall consist of removal of
bituminous rumble strips or speed bumps and restoration of the pavement to a flat,
smooth surface. Materials shall conform to the requirements of Section 4.05,
'Bituminous Concrete Pavement' in these General Specification for Bituminous
Concrete Wearing Course, Class C. Equipment shall consist of pickup truck, dump
truck, air compressor, jack hammer with cuffing tool and tamper, and all necessary
hand tools.
Rumble strip or speed bump materials delineated for removal by the Engineer
shall be removed to full depth using a jack hammer with a spade bit, and all failed
and loose material shall be disposed of. The cut out area shall then be restored as
described in Subsection 4.05.9, "Minor Bituminous Concrete" in these General
Specifications.
2.02.3.10 Sign Post Bases. This Work shall consist of removal of sign post bases
of any size or type, along with anchor bolts and plates, disposal thereof, and
backfilling and compacting of the resulting holes to the level of the surrounding
ground using the same type of materials which are adjacent to the holes as directed.
2.02.3.11 Signs. This Work shall consist of removal of highway signs of any size,
shape or type. Signs shall be carefully detached with minimum damage and
salvaged or disposed of as directed.
10
2.02.3.12 Breakaway Sign Posts and Kilometer Posts. This Work shall consist
of removal of breakaway single sign posts of any size or type or of kilometer posts of
any size or type, including posts, sheet metal and reflectorized sheeting. Posts shall
be removed by dismantling the bolts at the breakaway connection to the concrete
base with minimum damage and salvaged or disposed of as directed.
2.02.3.13 Overhead Sign Supports. This Work shall consist of removal of
overhead sign supports in whole or in part, and of any size or type. Sign supports
shall be removed by dismantling the various members without unnecessary damage.
Members shall be match marked, unless such match marking is waived by the
Engineer. Materials so removed shall be salvaged or disposed of as directed.
2.02.3.14 Delineators. This Work shall consist of removal of delineator; salvaging
or disposal, as directed; and backfilling of the resulting holes. Removal of concrete
base shall be excluded and when required shall be carried out and paid for
separately under Pay Item No. 20237 - Removal of Sign Post Base.
2.02.4 Disposal of Removed Material. All materials removed shall be disposed of
at locations not visible from the roadway. Removed materials shall not be left in or
under embankments or other constructed facility. Burning shall be done in
accordance with applicable laws and safe practices, under the constant care of
competent watchmen and at such times and in a manner that anything designated to
remain or adjacent property is not jeopardized. Residue and other effects from
burning shall be removed and disposed of outside the view from the roadway.
Burying removed materials within the right of way shall be done in such a
manner that the removed materials are covered by at least one (1) meter of cover.
The cover material shall not erode by wind or water. The contours of the finished
area shall blend with the adjacent terrain.
Disposal of material at public and private sites away from the right of way
shall be done at the Contractor's expense in accordance with all laws and
regulations, after an agreement with the property owner has been fully executed.
The Engineer shall be given fifteen (15) days prior notice and a written release from
the property owner on whose property the materials are to be placed.
2.02.5 Method of Measurement. The quantities of the various removal items, as
accepted, shall be measured for payment according to the plans and specifications
for the several pay items appearing in the Bill of Quantities, and in terms of the
prescribed units provided for the several pay items. Only accepted Work shall be
included and the dimensions shall be those shown on the plans, measured on site or
ordered in writing by the Engineer.
Removal of existing buildings shall be measured by the square meter, based
on external ground floor dimensions, multiplied by the number of storeys, regardless
of type of the building.
Removal of boundary walls or gates shall be measured by the linear meter,
based on centerline plan dimensions, irrespective of type, height or thickness.
11
Removal of entire bridge structures shall be measured by the square meter,
based on measured plan dimensions as authorized by the Engineer, regardless of
height of the structure. No separate measurement shall be made of reinforcement
and/or of embedded steel items.
Removal of major bridge components, such as decks, superstructure or
substructure; concrete approach slabs; and associated wingwalls; shall be measured
by the cubic meter, based on measured dimensions as authorized by the Engineer,
regardless of height of the structure. No separate measurement shall be made of
reinforcement and/or of embedded steel items.
Removal of box culverts; pipe culvert end sections; loose or grouted stone
riprap; wire-enclosed riprap; gabions; shall be measured by the cubic meter of each
respective pay item as authorized by the Engineer, regardless of height or depth. No
separate measurement shall be made of reinforcement and/or of embedded steel
items.
Removal of bearing devices shall be measured by the number of units of the
various types removed as specified.
Removal of expansion joints, aluminum and steel railing for bridges,
underground and aerial utility lines and poles, and concrete bridge parapet shall be
measured by the linear meter.
Removal of structural steel shall be measured by the metric ton, to the
nearest kilogram, as determined from the Engineers computed weights made in
accordance with Section 5.05, "Steel Structures and Miscellaneous Metalwork" in
these General Specifications, or from accurate scaled measurements witnessed by
the Engineer. For purpose of payment, all metal parts removed from a structure in
connection with this Work, such as railings, anchor bolts and nuts, expansion dams,
plates and shapes for pier protection, and similar metal items, shall, unless otherwise
specified, be measured for payment under this item.
Removal of precast concrete members shall be measured by the metric ton,
to the nearest kilogram, as determined from the Engineers computed weights
(volumetric computation times two and forty five hundredths (2.45) tons per cubic
meter) or from accurate scaled measurements witnessed by the Engineer.
Removal of glare screens; steel safety railings; curbs, gutters or combination
curband-gutter; pipe culvert barrels; and fences; shall be measured by the linear
meter of each respective pay item as authorized by the Engineer.
Removal of guardrail shall be measured by the linear meter of accepted work.
Removal of guardrail terminal sections shall be measured by the number of units
removed as shown or directed. The pay limits for guardrail removal and anchor
terminal sections removal shall be as specified in the Ministry's Standard Drawings,
Series TB-4 and TB-5. Damaged metal beams or cables shall be charged to the
Contractor at sixty (60) percent of the prices quoted under the respective pay items
for new work.
12
Removal of New Jersey concrete barrier shall be measured by the linear
meter along the front face, including the terminal tapered segments, which shall not
be measured separately.
Removal of impact attenuators shall be measured by the number of units
authorized by the Engineer, regardless of type, height or depth.
Removal of concrete, paving tile or shotcrete slope protection; and sidewalk
and median paving; shall be measured by the square meter of each respective pay
item as authorized by the Engineer, regardless of thickness, height or depth.
Removal of traffic paint lines or traffic marking shall be measured by the
square meter of theoretical area of successfully removed traffic marking, accepted
as specified.
Removal of reflective raised or of ceramic pavement markers shall be
measured by the number of units of the various types removed as specified above
irrespective of size or color.
Removal of rumble strips and speed bumps shall be measured by the square
meter of removed material as accepted. This item shall include. the removal of
existing rumble strips/speed bumps and the restoration of the pavement with hot
plant bituminous mix material. No separate measurement shall be made of the
restoration materials or work.
Removal of sign post base shall be measured by the cubic meter of concrete
removed and accepted, which shall include all excavation and backfilling, concrete,
reinforcement, anchor bolts, embedded metal items, anchor plates, and all
incidentals in connection with these items.
Removal of signs shall be measured by the face area to the nearest one-one
hundredth (1/100) square meter for each sign and to the nearest one-tenth (1/10)
square meter for the total as specified in the Bill of Quantities. The area of each sign
shall be that of the smallest rectangular, circular, triangular, trapezoidal, or other
standard Ministry sign shape that will encompass the sign panel. No measurement
shall be made of stiffeners, that is, those needed to support smaller signs on to
larger ones, as they are considered subsidiary to the pay item of signs removal
appearing in the Bill of Quantities.
Removal of single breakaway sign post, regardless of type, shall be measured
by the number of units removed and accepted, which shall include the sign post,
hinged as required, brackets, coupling bolts, breakaway couplings, nuts, etc., or the
threaded reducer when a threaded collar detail is applicable. Removal of kilometer
posts shall be measured under the same item as single breakaway sign post, by the
number of units removed and accepted, which shall include the sign plate(s)
regardless of size, the post, the threaded reducer and all incidentals in connection
with these items.
Removal of overhead sign supports shall be measured by the metric ton as
specified in the Bill of Quantities, as determined by weighing in the presence of the
13
Engineer on an approved, accurate set of scales, including all steel items in
connection with walkways on overhead signs, rails, brackets and fasteners onto the
tubular support, gratings and all incidentals thereof.
Removal of delineators shall be measured by the number of units removed
and accepted, irrespective of type or color.
Removal of traffic signals (head and controller) and telephone cabinets as
specified, shall be measured on unit basis.
Bituminous and cement concrete pavements, sidewalks, stairways, and other
bituminous and cement concrete surfaces which are shown on the plans or identified
in the Special Specifications and actually removed, shall be measured in square
meters within the lines delineated on the plans or ordered by the Engineer.
Wells, septic tanks, manholes, catch basins, and inlets which are removed
and backfilled or sealed as specified shall be measured on a unit basis.
Incidental excavation in connection with the foregoing items, as specified
herein, shown on the plans or authorized by the Engineer, shall be measured for
payment under Pay Item No. 20301 - Roadway Excavation.
When the bill of Quantities does not contain separate items for the removal of
structures and obstructions, no measurements will be made. Damaged elements
shall be measured for deduction as specified and deduction(s) may be applied at any
time after such damage is discovered.
2.02.6 Payment. When the Bill of Quantities lists items specified for removal, such
items which are actually removed and measured as specified in Subsection 2.02.5,
"Method of Measurement," in these General Specifications will be paid for at the
Contract price per unit of measurement.
Such payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor, equipment,
tools and incidentals necessary for removing, handling, salvaging, transporting,
storing and disposing of structures and obstructions and filling trenches, holes,
depressions and pits and all other -items necessary for proper completion of the
Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, 'Scope of Payment,' in these General
Specifications.
When the Bill of Quantities does not list items specified in this section, no
payment will be allowed for the removal of various structures and obstructions. All
costs for removal, handling, transporting, storing and disposing of structures and
obstructions shall be subsidiary to the work and all costs shall be included in contract
unit prices for other items listed in the Bill of Quantities.
14
ITEM No. PAY ITEM PAY UNIT
20201 Removal of Existing Building Square Meter
20202 Removal of Boundary Wall, including Gate Linear Meter
20203 Removal of Bridge Structure Square Meter
20204 Removal of Bridge Component Cubic Meter
20205 Removal of Box Culvert & Pipe Culvert End Section Cubic Meter
20206 Removal of Metal Bearing Device Unit
20207 Removal of Elastomeric Bearing Device Unit
20208 Removal of Expansion Joint Linear Meter
20209 Removal of Aluminum Bridge Railing Linear Meter
20210 Removal of Steel Bridge Railing Linear Meter
20211 Removal of Concrete Bridge Parapet Linear Meter
20212 Removal of Structural Steel or Precast Concrete Ton
Member
20213 Removal of Underground Utility Lines Linear Meter
2021301 Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Water Linear Meter
2021302 Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Electrical Linear Meter
2021303 Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Storm Drain Linear Meter
2021304 Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Sanitary Sewer Linear Meter
2021305 Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Telephone Linear Meter
20214 Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles Linear Meter
2021401 Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles, Electrical Linear Meter
2021402 Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles, Telephone Linear Meter
20215 Removal of Curb Linear Meter
20216 Removal of Combined Curb & Gutter Linear Meter
20217 Removal of Gutter Linear Meter
20218 Removal of Septic Tank Unit
20219 Removal of Catch Basin, Manhole and Inlet Unit
20220 Removal of Well Unit
20221 Removal of Riprap, Wire-Enclosed Riprap & Gabion Cubic Meter
Slope Protection
20222 Removal of Concrete, Paving Tile & Shotcrete Slope Square Meter
Protection
20223 Removal of Pipe Culvert Linear Meter
20224 Removal of Fence, including Gate Linear Meter
20225 Removal of Dumped Rubbish Cubic Meter
20226 Removal of Sidewalk & Median Paving Square Meter
20227 Removal of Guardrail, Complete Linear Meter
20228 Removal of Guardrail Terminal Unit
20229 Removal of New Jersey Concrete Barrier Linear Meter
20230 Removal of Impact Attenuator Unit
20231 Removal of Steel Safety Railing Linear Meter
20232 Removal of Bituminous and Cement Concrete Square Meter
Pavement
20233 Removal of Traffic Paint Line & Control Marking Square Meter
20234 Removal of Ceramic & Retroreflective Raised Pavement Unit
Marker
20235 Removal of Traffic Signal & Controller Unit
15
20236 Removal of Rumble Strip or Speed Bump Square Meter
20237 Removal of Sign Post Base Cubic Meter
20238 Removal of Sign (Any Type) Square Meter
20239 Removal of Breakaway Sign Post Unit
20240 Removal of Overhead Sign Support Ton
20241 Removal of Glare Screen Linear Meter
20242 Removal of Delineator Unit
20243 Removal of Telephone Cabinet Unit
16
SECTION 2.03 - EXCAVATION
2.03.1 Description. Excavation, regardless of the nature or characteristics of the
materials encountered, shall consist of all excavation necessary for the construction
of roadways, tunnels, intersections, approaches, slope rounding, benching, channels
and ditches and finishing the excavation slopes in accordance with the lines, grades
and cross sections shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer and as
specified in the Special Specifications. The work also includes the removal or
disposal of unsuitable or otherwise surplus materials taken from within the limits of
work. All excavation shall be treated as a separate item for measurement and
payment purposes. Embankments and subgrades shall be constructed as specified
in Section 2.05, "Embankment," and Section 2.06, "Untreated Subgrade," in these
General Specifications and shall be treated as separate items for measurement and
payment purposes.
The Contractor shall visit the site prior to making his tender and shall
determine the nature of the earth and rock, its quantity, location and suitability to
meet the specified embankment and subgrade requirements. He shall base his bid
prices solely on his own determination of soil. conditions. After Award of Contract,
no claim for revision of contract unit prices based on alleged misrepresentation of
subsurface information will be entertained.
Any information concerning properties of the soils and other subsurface
conditions which may be shown on the plans, or obtained through discussion with
the Engineer or others, shall be considered gratis and shall not be a basis for the
Contractors determination of his prices. Engineering geological information,
including the anticipated shrink or swell of materials after compaction, from which the
quantities are estimated, is based on studies made in the field for purposes of
design, and represents the best information available to the Ministry. However, it is
recognized that in highway construction, there is often substantial variation in the
character and quantities of subsurface materials.
2.03.2 Classification of Excavation. Excavation will be classified by the Engineer
in one (1) or more of the following categories:
ITEMS IN THE BILL OF QUANTITIES:
Roadway Excavation
Tunnel Excavation
Tunnel Excavation - Main Line
Tunnel Excavation - Cross Passage
The Engineer will identify and determine the quantities of the different
classifications of excavation as are listed in the Bill of Quantities while the Work is in
progress and upon completion of the total Work.
2.03.2.1 Roadway Excavation. Roadway excavation shall include all materials
excavated from within the staked construction limits except as covered in Section
2.08, "Structural Excavation and Backfill," in these General Specifications. Roadway
Excavation - includes all material encountered regardless of its nature or
characteristics.
17
2.03.2.2 Roadway Excavation - Unsuitable Material. Unsuitable material
shall include:
1. Material classified as A-7 or A-6 according to MRDTM 21 0.
2. Unstable materials incapable of being compacted to the specified density
at optimum moisture content using ordinary compaction methods for the
equipment being used for compaction. Such materials may include, but
not be limited to, cohesionless sand, silt, organic and highly compressible
soil and sod.
3. Material too wet to be compacted and circumstances prevent suitable in-
place drying prior to incorporation into the Work. Such materials may
include muck from tide flats and coastal marshes.
4. Materials which are otherwise unsuitable for use in or under the planned
embankment. Such materials may best be characterized as having CBR
values less than three (3) as described in Paragraph 2.05.3.2, "Foundation
Preparation," in these General Specifications.
5. Dune sand shall be considered as unsuitable material for subgrade,
plating and capping.
Material specified or directed by the Engineer as unsuitable shall be
classified as Roadway Excavation.
2.03.2.3 Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch. Channel and ditch
excavation shall include the excavation of all natural and man-made materials
necessary for the construction of drainage facilities, including riprap and slope
protection, stream widening or relocation and all other channels within the limits and
cross sections shown on the plans, specified in the Special Specifications, or as
directed by the Engineer. Materials removed during channel and ditch excavation
shall be classified by the Engineer as Roadway Excavation.
2.03.2.4 Tunnel Excavation. Tunnel excavation shall consist of the excavation
and removal of rock, weathered or decomposed rock and/or soil within the limits of
the tunnel cross section. This work shall be done in conformity with the tunnel
grades, lines and stations shown on the Plans as established by the Engineer.
Materials removed during tunnel excavation shall be classified by the Engineer as
Tunnel Excavation.
18
2.03.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials In Rural Areas. All suitable
materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of the
embankment, subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding and backfill for structures and
for other purposes shown on the Plans or disposed of in a manner complying with
these General Specifications. However, the Contractor is not required to use all of
the suitable excavated materials in the construction of embankments provided the
materials which are not used in the construction of embankments are disposed of as
specified and the Contractor replaces the wasted excavation materials with borrow
material of equal or better quality at his own expense. Excavated materials which
the Contractor elects to waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the
requirements specified in Subsection 2.03.4, "Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable
Materials," in these General Specifications. It is the Contractors responsibility to
determine if sufficient material is available for the completion of the embankments
before wasting any of the excavated materials.
2.03.3.2 Utilization of Excavated Materials in Municipalities (Urban Areas).
All suitable materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of
the embankments, subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding and backfill for structures
and for other purposes shown on the Plans. If it is found there is excess quantities
of excavated materials, the Contractor shall dispose of the excess materials at
suitable locations subject to the approval of the Engineer and competent
governmental authorizes such as the Municipality. The disposal of such materials
shall not cause damage to any of the public or private properties, valleys and
tributaries and in accordance with the requirements specified in Subsection 2.03.4
"Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials" in these General Specifications. The
cost of transporting to and disposal of the excess excavated materials at approved
waste locations shall be considered subsidiary to the Roadway Excavation pay item
and no separate payment and measurement will be made for this Work.
2.03.3.3 Roadway Excavation. This work shall consist of excavating materials
identified and defined by the Engineer as Roadway Excavation - or the lines and
grades shown on the plans or staked by the Engineer. It shall also include
excavating below grade, removing slide material, trimming slopes, slope rounding,
stockpiling designated materials for future use and removing and disposing of
surplus and unsuitable materials.
Material outside the planned excavation limits, which is determined by the
Engineer, to be a potential slide and material which has come into the planned
excavation limits shall be excavated to lines and slopes directed by the Engineer.
Such excavated materials which are not declared by the Engineer to be unsuitable
may be used in embankment construction.
All areas of roadway excavation, during the entire period of construction
operations, shall be thoroughly drained. The excavated surfaces shall be kept
smooth and sloped to side ditches until the subgrade is finished. Side ditches
emptying from excavation to embankment shall be kept clean at all times and
constructed to protect excavation and embankment from erosion. Damage to the
19
work attributable to wetting through failure of the Contractor to provide adequate
drainage shall be immediately
repaired by the Contractor at his expense.
Excavation slopes shall be constructed in accordance with the lines and
grades shown on the plans and as staked by the Engineer. All loose or overhanging
material along the slopes, considered to be hazardous, shall be removed as directed
by the Engineer. The plans may designate certain materials, such as specific
quantities and/or ledges of rock or quantities of existing surfacing or other materials
to be excavated and stockpiled for a specific purpose of future use. Such materials
shall be carefully excavated and handled to exclude contamination. The stockpiles
shall be neatly and compactly constructed in an approved manner.
The Contractor shall take care not to break down, loosen or damage rock
below the grade shown on the plans and specified. The Contractor shall be
responsible for his methods and any damage his rock excavation methods and
operations may cause. All blasting shall be performed in accordance with the
requirements specified in Section 2.04, "Controlled and Production Blasting," in
2.03.3.4 Roadway Excavation - Unsuitable Material. When unsuitable
material, as identified and the limits defined by the Engineer, is encountered it shall
be excavated to the lines, grades and depths directed by the Engineer and disposed
of as specified in Subsection 2.03.4, "Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials,"
in these General Specifications. The excavated areas below or outside planned
grades shall be backfilled as specified in Section 2.05, "Embankment," in these
General Specifications.
2.03.3.5 Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch. Before beginning
excavation, the Contractor shall establish the lines, grades and cross sections
required to determine how much material will be excavated, present the information
to the Engineer and receive approval from the Engineer to proceed.
The Contractor shall utilize equipment, tools and methods necessary to
complete the work in accordance with the plans and specifications or as approved by
the Engineer.
2.03.3.6 Designated Materials Selected From Roadway Excavation. When
the plans or specifications designate that materials from excavation are to be
stockpiled for specific future use, such materials shall be handled in a manner that
precludes contamination with undesirable material. The location of stockpiles shall
be identified in the Special Specifications or on the Plans.
When practical, and processing is not specified, such designated materials
shall be taken directly from excavation to the specified point of use.
20
2.03.3.7 Roadway Excavation in Cut Sections. In all areas of roadway excavation
in cut areas, rock and other materials in the planned subgrade layer (bottom thirty
(30) centimeters of the completed excavation) that do not conform to the
requirements specified in the Subsection 2.05.2, "Materials," in these General
Specifications, shall be excavated to a depth of thirty (30) centimeters or as may be
specified. The excavated materials shall be defined as Roadway Excavation and
shall be incorporated into the Embankment or disposed of as specified in Subsection
2.03.4, "Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials," in these General
Specifications.
In case of earth cut in sand dunes, requiring confinement for stabilization
purpose, the roadway foreslope and backslope steeper than six horizontal to one
vertical (6 H to 1 V) shall be constructed using soils of AASHTO Class A-1 -a, A-1 -b,
A-2-4 having Plasticity Index of four (4) minimum, as specified in AASHTO M145
(MRDTM 21 0) to the size and dimensions shown in the plans, or as directed by the
Engineer. Obtaining, handling, transporting and placing of these materials shall be
considered subsidiary to roadway Excavation" so that no measurement or payment
will be made for them on a separate basis.
2.03.3.8 Tunnel Excavation - General. The Contractor shall use excavation
methods that minimize excavation outside the limits of the excavation lines as
defined on the Plans. Excavation outside the excavation lines (overbreak) is the
responsibility of the Contractor. Enlargements of any underground opening for the
convenience of the Contractor will not be allowed without prior written approval of the
Engineer.
As the excavation proceeds, the Contractor shall check the crown and walls
over the unsupported lengths of tunnel after each advance, and scale all loose and
shattered material. He shall also carry out similar checks on previously excavated
sections that have not been covered with shotcrete at the end of each shift until
stability can reasonably be assumed in the opinion of the Engineer. He shall provide
the Engineer with access to crown and sidewalls in these areas at least once per
shift.
The Contractor shall maintain neat working conditions at all times inside the
tunnels and remove all muck, unusable materials and any other material not required
for the work.
Explosive excavation (blasting) shall be done in a manner to minimize air
overpressure and ground vibrations at nearby structures in accordance with Section
2.04, "Controlled and Production Blasting," in these General Specifications. The
Contractor shall use blasting procedures and curtains to provide effective
suppression of vibrations and employ other abatement measures necessary for
protection of both employees and the public. Compliance with this section will not
relieve the Contractor from responsibility for compliance with local ordinances,
regulations and other Sections.
Overbreak areas will need backfilling with shotcrete and/or cast-in-place
concrete as indicated herein and/or indicated in the plans. This extra support is
21
considered corrective and backfilling overbreak areas with shotcrete and/or cast-in
place concrete shall be at the Contractors expense.
Permits and Licenses. The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining all
applicable blasting permits and licenses required by the Ministry of Interior/Public
Security officials.
The Contractor is responsible for control of water in the tunnel during
construction and shall take any means necessary for such control. Control of water
shall include, but not limited to, furnishing, installing, operating, and maintaining
pumps and other equipment; constructing temporary drains and keeping ditches free
to carry all water quickly to sediment basins or other disposal areas; and disposal of
all water draining or pumped from the tunnel.
Tunnel drainage water shall be treated in conformance with the Kingdom and
local jurisdiction's water quality criteria before discharging water into the natural
drainage channel or stream. Petroleum residues shall be removed by oil soaks to
the satisfaction of the Engineer.
All products and materials used for rock excavation, either explosive or
nonexplosive, are subject to approval by the Engineer. Only explosives, explosive
components, and detonators commercially manufactured within the previous two (2)
years or the shelf life of the product, whichever is less, shall be used.
At all times, the Contractor shall keep sufficient materials (rock bolts, shotcrete,
etc.) near the tunnel excavation heading to provide a secure tunnel face.
The Contractor shall install and maintain twenty (20) meter station intervals in
each tunnel with a sign with numerals at least fifty (50) millimeters tall.
Work shall be performed in a manner to minimize hazards to construction
personnel. Safety in excavating shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.
2.03.4 Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials. Excavated materials which
are designated by the Engineer to be surplus or unsuitable for use in the
embankment and excavated materials wasted by the Contractor for his own
convenience shall be disposed of in borrow pits, trenches, natural depressions or at
other locations outside any town approved by the Engineer. Materials disposed of at
locations outside the right of way may be compacted to the degree desired by the
Contractor or as required by the public agency or private individual who owns the
property and shall not cause any damage to abutting property. Excess rock and
other excavated materials may be placed in waste banks or spread and leveled to
present a neat appearance only with the approval of the property owner and the
Engineer and outside the view of the highway traveler. All disposal areas shall be
finished with a neat appearance with lines, grades and contours that conform to and
blend with adjacent terrain and all edges shall be trimmed to a slope no steeper than
one vertical to four horizontal (1 V to 4 H).
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2.03.5 Quality Assurance Procedures. The total quantity of roadway excavation
shall be evaluated and accepted in accordance with Subsection 1.08.4, "Measured
or Tested Conformance," in these General Specifications. The Engineer shall
perform or supervise the performance of all quality assurance measuring and testing.
Quality assurance measuring or testing shall involve verification that the roadway
excavation conforms to the lines, grades and typical cross sections shown on the
plans or established by the Engineer within the following tolerances.
1. Slopes. Slopes shall be uniformly finished and no point on the slope
shall deviate from the staked slope by more than fifteen (15) centimeters when
measured at right angles except in rock excavation where no point shall deviate
more than thirty (30) centimeters measured along any line perpendicular to the
staked slope.
2. Width. The total width between the ditch lines shall not be deficient by
more than thirty (30) centimeters from the deviations shown on the plans at any
location.
3. Bottom of Excavation. The bottom of excavation shall be completed to
within plus one (1) centimeter of the designated grade except that in rock, the
tolerance shall be plus two (2) centimeters.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the payment of any claims from
property owners for excavation quantities removed from beyond the staked slope
and right-of-way (R.O.W.) lines.
2.03.6 Method of Measurement. When roadway and tunnel excavation pay items
are shown in the Bill of Quantities, all survey data, staking notes and computations of
the quantities of the various classes of excavation shall be checked and attested to
by the Engineer.
2.03.6.1 Roadway Excavation. - When the Bill of Quantities lists payment for
Roadway Excavation, specific Measurements will be made as follows:
1. Slope Stake Basis. Unless otherwise provided, the slope stake basis of
measurement will be used to determine the roadway excavation quantities as
follows:
Original cross-sections shall be taken before completion of clearing and
grubbing. Slope stake notes developed from the typical sections in the plans set by
the Contractor prior to construction will be used provided the Engineer has
determined that the work has been acceptably completed in conformity to the staked
lines and slopes.
If the Engineer determines that any portion of the work is acceptable but has
not been completed in conformity to the staked lines and slopes, the quantities will
be measured in accordance with method (2) below.
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2. Remeasurement Basis. When the remeasurement basis of
measurement is used, quantities actually excavated and accepted will be determined
in accordance with the following:
Original ground cross sections supplemented by field measurements shall be
taken of the ground surface after clearing and grubbing. Final cross sections or
comparable measurements will be taken of the completed and accepted work. No
payment will be made for unauthorized excavation or overbreakage outside the
slope lines as staked.
3. Alternative Methods of Measurement. Where it is impractical to
measure material by the cross section method due to the erratic location of isolated
deposits, acceptable methods involving three (3) dimensional measurements,
including hauling vehicle measurements, may be used.
Any materials excavated before the original cross sections are taken and
approved by the Engineer shall not be measured for payment.
The total volume of unclassified roadway excavation shall be computed from
the bottom of the staked roadway cut and ditch invert elevations as follows:
(1) The excavation of rut sections containing rock within the subgrade
zone shall be staked and measured to the bottom of the subgrade zone.
(2) The excavation of cut sections containing unsuitable materials
(i.e. Dune Sand, A-7 and A-6 material) within the subgrade zone shall be staked and
measured to a minimum of thirty (30) centimeters below the bottom of the subgrade
zone. It may be increased in additional increments of thirty (30) centimeters at the
direction of the Engineer.
(3) The excavation of cut sections containing material that is not rock
or not unsuitable shall be staked and measured to the top of the subgrade zone.
4. Computation of Roadway Excavation Volumes.
Roadway excavation will include the following volumes:
(1) Roadway prism excavation as defined in the above paragraphs
(1), (2) and (3) and shall include the following:
1) Rock material excavated and disposed of down to the bottom
of subgrade.
2) Unsuitable earth material excavated and disposed of from
within and below the bottom of subgrade as specified above.
3) Excavation material, which is neither rock nor unsuitable
shall be measured up to the top of subgrade.
(2) Unsuitable material from beneath embankment areas, if top thirty
(30) cm of the original ground does not meet the requirements for
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"Embankment Materials' in Paragraph 2.05.2.1 in these General
Specifications or if there is excessive moisture present.
(3) Channels and ditches.
(4) Loose scattered rocks removed and placed as required within the
roadway.
(5) Slide slipout material not attributable to the Contractors method of
operation.
(6) Embankment benching greater than two (2) meters wide when
ordered by the Engineer.
Roadway excavation will not include the following:
1 ) Material from borrow sources.
2) Overbreakage from the backslope in rock excavation.
3) Roadbed material scarified in place and not removed.
4) Material excavated when rounding cut slopes.
5) Preparing foundations for embankment construction.
6) Embankment benches up to two (2) meters in width.
7) Slide or slipout material attributable to the Contractors method of
operation.
8) Material temporarily stockpiled at the option of the Contractor.
9) Material excavated outside the established slope limits.
The original ground and the volumes of staked excavation and unsuitable
materials removed as directed by the Engineer shall be computed from modified
original ground, cross sections and staking data using the Average End Area
Method. The volume of unsuitable material shall be listed separately for excavation
and embankment.
2.03.6.2 Tunnel Excavation. When the Bill of Quantities lists payment for
Tunnel Excavation in Cubic Meters, the volumetric measurements shall be taken as
follows:
The volume will be computed to the theoretical excavation lines including
shotcrete leveling, concrete lining, road pavement and subgrade layers and drainage
channels. Utility duct excavation below the bottom of the subgrade zone will not be
included in the tunnel excavation quantity. It will be considered part of the utility Bill
of Quantities item. Excavation beyond the theoretical excavation lines (over break)
is the responsibility of the Contractor. Partial payments of the Tunnel Excavation will
be based upon actual cross sections of acceptably completed excavation.
25
2.03.7 Payment. When Roadway Excavation is listed in the Bill of Quantities, the
pay quantity shall be measured as specified in Paragraph 2.03.6.1, "Roadway
Embankment" in these General Specifications and payment made at the contract
unit price for accepted quantities of Roadway Excavation on a cubic meter basis.
When Tunnel Excavation is listed in the Bill of Quantities, the pay quantity shall
be measured as specified above in Paragraph 2.03.6.2, "Tunnel Excavation" in these
General Specifications, and payment made at the contract unit price for accepted
quantities of Tunnel Excavation on a cubic meter basis.
Payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials,
equipment, tools and incidentals used to perform all work involved in completing
roadway and tunnel excavation as shown on the plans, specified in these General
Specifications and the Special Specifications and as directed by the Engineer.
Payment shall also include compensation for all materials, labor, equipment and
incidentals used in the disposal of surplus and unsuitable materials and the
stockpiling of specified materials for future use, cleaning up the site and performing
all surveys and computations and all other items necessary for the proper completion
of the work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General
Specifications.
ITEM NO. PAY ITEM PAY UNIT
20301 Roadway Excavation Cubic Meter
20302 Tunnel Excavation Cubic Meter
2030201 Tunnel Excavation - Main Line Cubic Meter
2030302 Tunnel Excavation, Cross Passage Cubic Meter
26
SECTION 2.04 - CONTROLLED AND PRODUCTION BLASTING
2.04.1 Description. This work shall consist of all blasting operations in quarries,
roadway excavation, demolition of structures and obstructions and all other work
associated with construction.
All rock excavation where excavation slopes are one horizontal to two vertical
(1 H to 2 V) or steeper shall incorporate controlled blasting unless otherwise ordered
by the Engineer. Controlled blasting shall be defined as the controlled use of
explosives in carefully located and aligned drill holes to establish a free surface or
shear plane in the rock at the specified excavation backslope. Production blasting
refers to rock fragmentation blasts resulting from more widely spaced production
holes throughout the main excavation area next to the controlled blast line.
Controlled blasting techniques include presplitting and cushion (trim) blasting. These
techniques @are required to minimize blast damage to the designated rock
backslope and to improve the longterm stability of the slope. The Contractor shall
carefully design and control all blasting operations using criteria and methods that
are acceptable to the Engineer and in keeping moth good blasting practice to
preserve the rock beyond the excavation limits in the soundest possible condition
and to complete the rock excavation work to the lines, grades, slopes and cross
section shown on the plans or staked by the Engineer.
2.04.2 Use of Explosives. All blasting operations, including the storage and
handling of explosives and blasting agents, shall be performed in accordance with
the applicable provisions of these General Specifications and all Kingdom Ministry of
Interior regulations.
Explosives, blasting agents and detonators shall be stored on Ministry of
Interior/Public Security or approved local property, conforming to all Ministry of
Interior laws governing explosives storage. The Contractor is required to obtain and
use copies of all Ministry of Interior/Public Security requirements applicable to
explosive storage, and will familiarize himself with their requirements.
2.04.3 Product Specifications. The delay elements in blasting caps are known to
deteriorate with age. For this reason, it is required that all blasting caps shall be
used before the expiry dates coded on the caps.
Explosives are also known to age and deliver much less than the rated energy.
For this reason, it is required that all explosives be used before their expiry date
coded on the explosives. No blasting product will be brought to the job site if the
date codes are missing.
Bulk explosives, such as ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, may not contain the
proper amount of diesel oil, due to evaporation or improper mixing. Low diesel oil
drastically reduces the energy content of the explosive and commonly produces
reddish brown or yellow fumes upon detonation even in dry blastholes. Products
that do not meet manufacturers specifications will not be used on the project.
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All explosive manufacturers shall have a quality control system in effect as
required by the Ministry of Interior. This system shall include inspection, sampling
and testing. If product performance or composition deviates by more than ten
percent (10%) in any manner from the manufacturers data sheet, that lot number will
be rejected.
2.04.4 Blasting Plan. Not less than thirty (30) days before beginning any drilling or
blasting operations, or at any time that substantial changes are made to the drilling
or blasting methods, the Contractor shall submit a Blasting Plan to the Engineer for
review. This Blasting Plan shall contain full details of the drilling and blasting
procedures and controls the Contractor proposes to use for both the controlled and
production blasting. This Blasting Plan shall contain, at the least, the following
information:
1. Maximum dimensions for width, length, and depth of any shot.
2. A typical drill pattern diagram for controlled blasting and fragmentation
holes showing hole diameters, depths, spacings, and inclinations,
including tolerances on hole alignment.
3. Loading pattern diagram showing the location and amount of each type of
explosive in each hole, including primers, initiators, initiation methods,
delay methods, delay times, and overall powder factor.
4. Location, type, and depth of stemming and depth of subdrilling, if any.
5. Manufacturers data sheets for all explosives, primers, initiators, and other
blasting devices to be employed.
6. Operational procedures and safety precautions for storing, transporting,
and handling explosives and for executing a blast in accordance with
Subsection 2.04.6 "Safety" in these General Specifications.
7. Proposed Blasting Schedule. The drilling and blasting plan will be
reviewed by the Engineer for completeness and acceptability.
2.04.5 Traffic Interruption Notification. When blasting operations will require
traffic to be interrupted on adjacent roads, the Contractor shall secure the approval
from local authorities for the interruption. Before commencing blasting operations,
the Contractor shall notify the Engineer that approval of the proper authorities has
been obtained.
2.04.6 Safety Procedures. The Contractor shall take all reasonable and necessary
steps to insure the protection of persons, property and the Work. Such protection
shall be provided for adjacent or left in place trees, shrubbery, pole lines and all
objects of an aesthetic, historic or archaeological value. The purpose of all
protection is to prevent damage rather than to control damage. The following safety
procedures shall be addressed in the Blasting Plan and adhered to throughout the
length of the project.
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2.04.6.1 Type of Explosive Materials. Explosive materials include, but are not
necessarily limited to, dynamite and other high explosives, slurries, water gels,
emulsions, blasting agents, initiating explosives, detonators and detonating cord.
The Contractor shall comply with all Kingdom Ministry of Interior regulations that
pertain to the purchase, transportation, storage and use of explosive materials.
2.04.6.2 Blaster-in-Charge. A person with the necessary experience and
qualifications shall be designated in writing by the Contractor as Blaster-in-Charge.
The Blaster-in-Charge shall have the authority and responsibility for the
transportation, security, safety, and use of all explosive materials - including the
obtaining, storing, distributing, loading, finding, disposing, and any other related
activity. The Blaster-in-Charge shall prepare and/or approve all the safety provisions
within the Contractors Blasting Plan and ensure they are strictly followed for any
blasting crew used to assist with explosive activities, including transportation and
security.
2.04.6.3 Initial Safety Procedures Submittal. At least thirty (30) days prior to
delivery or use of any explosive materials, the Contractor shall submit the following:
2.04.6.3.1 Blaster-in-Charge Qualifications:
1. Proof of a valid Blasters license issued by Public Security officials.
2. Resume with current references showing not less than three (3)
years of active involvement as Blaster-in-Charge on projects with
blasting work similar in scope to this contract.
3. Blasting Crew Qualifications. Knowledge and reliability in the safe
use of explosive materials acceptable to the Blaster-in-Charge and
Ministry of Interior/Public Security officials.
4. Permits and Licenses. Copies or other proof of all applicable
permits and licenses.
5. Blasting Plan. The Blaster-in-Charge shall sign the plan to signify
his full agreement with all its safety provisions. As a minimum, the
safety aspects of the Plan shall address:
(1) Transportation. All applicable Ministry of Interior/Public
Security regulations including proposed methods for
compliance.
(2) Storage and Magazines. All applicable Ministry of
Interior/Public Security regulations including proposed
methods for compliance.
(3) Blast Site Preparations. All applicable Ministry of
Interior/Public Security regulations including proposed
methods for compliance such as: description of explosive
29
materials and quantities kept at blast sites; drilling and
initiating systems and equipment; methods to prevent
drilling in bootlegs or within fifteen (15) meters of any
loaded hole; loading plan with details of stemming and
tamping; firing plan; pre-blast and post-blast inspections;
handling misfires; removal and disposal of excess
explosive materials, etc.
(4) Area Security. All applicable Ministry of Interior/Public
Security regulations including proposed methods for
compliance.
Protection. Personnel safety shall be the controlling consideration in decisions
involving the use of explosive materials. The Contractor shall exercise the utmost
care not to endanger life and property. Blasting mats and other protective devices
shall be used where necessary to prevent damage to all landscape features and
historical or archaeological structures, including those under construction. Should
any damage occur, the Contractor shall make restoration as required by the
Engineer at no additional cost to the Kingdom.
Explosive System. The Contractor shall use explosive materials that
components commercially manufactured within the past year or the shelf-life of the
product, whichever is less. All explosive material shall be properly identified in
accordance with applicable requirements. The date of manufacture shall be clearly
stamped on the product container or made available from the manufacturer's
dateshift code or shipping paper.
The principal explosive shall not be a nitroglycerin based product-unless the
type of work requires otherwise, and is fully detailed in the Blasting Plan.
The use of "safety" fuse and fuse type blasting cap initiation is prohibited.
All-electric initiation systems are permissible only when the protection against
extraneous electricity (power lines, radio-transmissions, electrical storms, etc.) is
shown in the Blasting Plan. Series blasting circuits shall be used for all-electric
initiation unless the use of parallel-series circuits are described in the Blasting Plan.
Electricity from light, power circuits or batteries shall not be used for initiation
except internal batteries for capacitor discharge blasting machines.
2.04.6.4 Check for Misfires. The Contractor and Public Security officer shall
observe the entire blast area for a minimum of five (5) minutes following a blast to
guard against rock fall before commencing work in the cut. The five minute delay
between blasting and allowing anyone but the blaster and Public Security officer to
enter the area is needed to make sure that no misfires have occurred.
During the delay period, all holes should be checked to make sure that they
have detonated. If any holes have not fired, these misfires will be handled before
others enter the work area.
30
The Engineer shall, at all times, have the authority to prohibit or halt the
Contractors blasting operations if it is apparent that, through the methods being
employed, the required slopes are not being obtained in a stable condition or the
safety and convenience of the traveling public is being jeopardized.
2.04.6.5 Misfire Handling Procedures. Should a visual inspection indicate that
complete detonation of all charges did not take place, the following procedures will
be followed:
1. If the system was energized and no charges fired for electrical systems,
the lead wire will be tested for continuity prior to inspection of the
remainder of the blast. For nonelectric systems, the lead in or tube will be
checked to make sure that detonation has entered the blast area.
2. Should an inspection of the electrical leadline or lead in tubing-line indicate
that there is a break in the line or if the tubing did not fire, then the system
will be repaired and the blast refired. If the inspection indicates that the
leadline has fired and misfired charges remain, the blaster will do the
following:
(1) The blaster will exclude all employees except those necessary
to rectify the problem.
(2) Traffic will be closed if a premature explosion could be a hazard
to traffic on nearby roads.
(3) The blaster will correct the misfire in a safe manner. If the
misfire poses problems that cannot be safely corrected by the
blaster, a consultant or an explosive company representative
skilled in the art of correcting misfires, will be called to rectify the
problem.
2.04.6.6 Lightning Protection. The Contractor shall furnish, maintain and
operate lightning detection equipment during the entire period of blasting operations
and/or during the periods that explosives are at the site. Equipment shall be similar
or equal to the Thomas Instruments S250 Storm Alert as manufactured by D.L.
Thomas Equipment, Keene, New Hampshire, U.S.A or the VS1 12 Lightning
Forecast System manufactured by NITRO NOBEL of Sweden. When the lightning
detection device indicates a blasting hazard potential, personnel shall be evacuated
from all areas where explosives are present. When a lightning detector indicates a
blasting hazard, the following shall be performed:
1 . Clear the blasting area of all personnel.
2. Notify the Project Engineer of the potential hazards and precautions to be
taken.
3. Terminate the loading of holes and return the unused explosives to the
day storage area.
31
4. If blastholes are loaded and would pose a hazard to traffic if detonated,
roads will be closed until the lightning hazard has passed.
5. When the hazard dissipates, inform the Project Engineer that production
blasting will continue.
2.04.7 Execution.
2.04.7.1 Time Restrictions. Blasting shall be restricted to the times permitted
by local authorities or the Engineer.
2.04.7.2 Pre-Blast Report. In addition to the Blasting Plan, a pre-blast report
shall be prepared for each specific blast. This pre-blast report shall be presented to
the Engineer prior to the commencement of drilling of holes for that blast and will
describe the location and geometry of the blast, and all specific loading and firing
details required in items one (1) through four (4) of the Blasting Plan. This pre-blast
report shall also include the surveyed location and elevation of the collar of each
presplit or cushion blast hole. Any modifications made during the actual drilling,
loading, and filing of the blast shall be reported to the Engineer prior to firing the
shot. As soon as sufficient material has been removed from the cut face, a visual
inspection and an assessment of the success of the blast shall be carried out prior to
the loading of the next blast and prior to the drilling of any other future blasts. If, in
the judgement of the Engineer, changes appear necessary, drilling and blasting
operations shall be suspended and revised blasting procedures shall be developed.
All necessary changes shall be incorporated in the next pre-blast report. If the
changes are significant, a revised Blasting Plan shall be submitted.
Submittal of the Blasting Plan and pre-blast reports are for quality assurance
and recordkeeping purposes. The Contractor shall adopt rational blast design and
observation and documentation methods which will refine and optimize
fragmentation and controlled blasting procedures. The Contractor shall also adapt
these procedures to the changing rock conditions. Review of the Blasting Plan and
the blast reports by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility
for the accuracy and adequacy of the plan when implemented in the field, nor for the
safety and damage to personnel and property caused by toxic substances, flyrock,
noise, or vibration associated with the blasts.
The Engineer shall, at all times, have the authority to prohibit or halt the
Contractors blasting operations, if smooth and stable slopes Within the required
dimensional tolerances and a minimum of backslope damage are not achieved, or
the safety and convenience of the public is being jeopardized or property or natural
features are being endangered.
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2.04.7.3 Test Blasts. Prior to commencing full-scale blasting operations, the
Contractor shall demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed blast plan by drilling,
blasting and excavating short test sections, up to thirty (30) meters in length, to
determine which combination of method, hole spacing and charge works best.
When field conditions warrant, as determined by the Engineer, the Contractor may
be ordered to use test section lengths less than thirty (30) meters.
Unless otherwise allowed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall begin the
controlled blasting tests with the presplit blastholes spaced between eight hundred
(800) millimeters and one (1) meter apart, then adjust if needed until the Engineer
approves the spacing to be used for full-scale blasting operations.
Requirements for controlled and production blasting operations covered
elsewhere in this specification shall also apply to the blasting carried out in
conjunction with the test shots.
The Contractor will not be allowed to drill ahead of the test shot area until the
test section has been excavated and the results evaluated by the Engineer. If the
results of the test shot(s), in the opinion of the Engineer, are unsatisfactory, then
notwithstanding the Engineer's prior review of such methods, the Contractor shall
adopt such methods as are necessary to achieve the required results.
Unsatisfactory test shot results include an excessive amount of fragmentation
beyond the indicated lines and grade, excessive flyrock, or violation of other
requirements within these specifications. All costs incurred by the Contractor in
adopting revised blasting methods necessary to produce an acceptable test shot
shall be considered incidental to the contract unit prices for roadway excavation and
controlled blasting.
2.04.7.4 Production Blasting. All production blasting, including that carried out
in conjunction with the blasting test section requirements of Paragraph 2.04.3.5 'Test
Blasts" in these General Specifications, shall be performed in accordance with the
following general requirements:
Production blastholes shall be drilled on the patterns submitted by the
Contractor and approved by the Engineer. The production blastholes shall be drilled
within two (2) blasthole diameters of the staked collar location. If more than five
percent (5%) of the holes are drilled outside of this tolerance, at the option of the
Engineer, the Contractor may be required to refill these holes with crushed stone and
redrill them at the proper location.
If the blastholes are plugged or unable to be fully loaded, at the option of the
Engineer, the Contractor may be required to deepen or clean-out these holes. The
blastholes should all be checked and measured before any explosives are loaded
into any of the holes to eliminate any safety hazard resulting from drilling near loaded
holes.
All blastholes should reach their desired depth. If more than five percent (5%)
of the holes are short before loading, the Contractor may be required by the
Engineer to redrill the short holes to proper grade at the Contractors expense.
33
Blastholes will be covered to keep overburden from falling into the holes after
drilling.
The row of production blastholes immediately adjacent to the controlled blast
line shall be drilled on a plane approximately parallel to the controlled blast line.
Production blastholes shall not be drilled closer than two (2) meters to the controlled
blast line, unless approved by the Engineer. The bottom of the production holes
shall not be lower than the bottom of the controlled blastholes. By approval of the
Engineer, the bottom of the production hole may be lower than the controlled
blastholes by the amount of subdrilling used on the production holes. Detonation of
production holes shall be on a delay sequence toward a free face. Stemming
material used in production holes shall be sand or other dry angular granular
material, all of which passes a 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) sieve.
It is the Contractors responsibility to take all necessary precautions in the
production blasting so as to minimize blast damage to the rock backslope.
Payment for the production blasting shall be incidental to the contract unit
price for roadway excavation.
Production blasting shall break up the rock to dimensions of approximately
two thirds (2/3) the lift thickness specified for rock lifts in the embankment. Any
material outside the authorized cross sections which becomes shattered or loosened
by the production blasting shall be removed during excavation at the Contractors
expense. If controlled blasting is not used, slopes shall be drilled and blasted to
create a neat and uniform surface, free from hollows or protrusions or loose or
overhanging rocks. Undercut slopes are not to be created by the drilling and
blasting.
2.04.7.5 Presplitting. The Contractor shall completely remove all overburden
soil and weathered rock longitudinally along the slope lines for a distance of at least
ten (1 0) meters beyond the drilling limits, or to the end of the excavation, whichever
is less, before drilling the presplitting holes. Particular care and attention shall be
directed to the beginning and the end of excavations to ensure complete removal of
all overburden soil and weathered rock and to expose rock to an elevation equal to
the bottom of the adjacent lift of the presplitting holes being drilled. This will allow
observation of the rock profile and permit proper design of the drilling and charging
configuration for holes located at the extremity of the blast.
Presplitting holes not less than twenty-five (25) millimeters nor greater than
seventy-five (75) millimeters in diameter shall be drilled along the proposed
excavation line at the spacing shown in the Blasting Plan. For the initial test blast,
this spacing shall not exceed one (1) meter. The spacing of presplit holes shall be
maximum that will ensure a general continuity of stress relief fractures between
adjacent holes, so as to expose the half-barrels. The Contractor shall stake the
location of presplitting holes for review by the Engineer prior to drilling.
34
The Contractor shall control his drilling operations by use of proper equipment
and experienced personnel so that no presplit hole shall deviate from the plane of
the staked slope by more than three hundred (300) millimeters either parallel or
normal to the slope. If more than ten percent (10%) of the presplit holes are outside
this tolerance, drilling length and lift height shall be reduced on subsequent blasts to
the point where the drilling meets this tolerance.
Maximum lift heights greater than ten (1 0) meters or less than four (4) meters
will not be allowed unless the Contractor can demonstrate he can stay within the
above tolerances and still produce a uniform and stable slope. The presplitting holes
on subsequent lifts shall be drilled as close to the final face as possible, but in no
case more than six hundred (600) millimeters from the face of the previous lift.
Drilling direction on subsequent lifts shall be adjusted to compensate for the actual
number of lifts and offset distances so that the toe of the final slope occurs within
three hundred (300) millimeters of the planned location.
Presplit faces shall be drilled and blasted prior to production blasting designed
to expose these faces. Presplitting shall not extend more than ten (1 0) meters
ahead of the zone of production blasting at any time. If a presplit line ahead of a
production blast is shot with that production blast, all production holes shall be
delayed at least one hundred (100) milliseconds more than the last presplit
detonation.
Only standard cartridge explosives prepared and packaged by explosive
manufacturing firms will be permitted for use in presplit holes. These may consist of
fractional portions of standard cartridges to be attached to detonating cord in the field
or continuous column explosives joined and attached to detonating cord or as
recommended by the manufacturer.
The maximum diameter of standard explosives used in presplit holes shall be
approximately one-half (1/2) the diameter of the presplit hole.
If fractional portions of standard explosive cartridges are used, the cartridges
shall be firmly attached to a length of detonating cord equal to the depth of the drill
hole so that the cartridges will not slip down the detonating cord nor cock across the
hole and bridge the flow of stemming material. Spacing of cartridges shall not
exceed two-hundred fifty (250) millimeters and shall be adjusted to give the desired
result.
If a continuous column type of explosive is used, the column shall be
assembled and affixed to the detonating cord in accordance with the explosive
manufacturer's instructions, a copy of which shall be included with the submitted
Blasting Plan.
The bottom charge of a presplit hole may be larger than the line charges but
shall not be large enough to cause overt>reak. The top charge of the presplitting
hole shall be placed far enough below the collar to avoid overbreaking the surface,
flyrock, or premature venting.
35
Only standard explosives manufactured especially for presplitting shall be used
in presplit holes, unless approved in writing by the Engineer.
Before placing the charge, the Contractor shall determine that the hole is free
of obstructions for its entire depth. All necessary precautions shall be exercised so
that the placing of the charge will not cause caving of material from the walls of the
hole.
If the Blasting Plan so indicates, unloaded and unstemmed relief holes may
be drilled between loaded controlled blasting holes.
2.04.7.6 Cushion (Trim) Blasting. Where the horizontal distance from the cut
face to the existing rock face is less than five (5) meters, the Contractor may cushion
blast in lieu of presplitting. Cushion blasting is similar to presplitting except that the
detonation along the cut face shall be performed after the detonation of all
production holes.
Difference in delay time between the trim line and the nearest production row
shall not be greater than seventy (75) milliseconds nor less than twenty-five (25)
milliseconds. With the exception of this timing criterion, all requirements for
presplitting shall also apply to cushion blasting.
2.04.7.7 Scaling and Stabilization. All rock on the cut face that is loose,
hanging, or creating a dangerous situation shall be removed or stabilized, to the
Engineer's satisfaction, during or upon completion of the excavation in each lift.
Drilling of the next lift will not be allowed until this work has been completed. Scaling
shall be performed by approved methods, including handscaling with a suitable steel
mine scaling rod, barring, wedging, and light blasting, as necessary. Localized and
minor irregularities or surface variations which do not impair the facility or create a
hazard will be permitted to remain in place.
The slopes shall be scaled throughout the span of the contract and at such
frequency as required to remove all hazardous loose rock or overhangs. Payment
for scaling shall be incidental to the contract unit price for roadway excavation.
Any damage to the face which results from the Contractors blasting operations
shall be repaired or stabilized at the Contractors expense. This corrective work may
take the form of removal or rock bolting the unstable material or with shotcrete,
structural concrete, rockbolts, or other techniques ordered by the Engineer. A plan
for this stabilization shall be submitted to and approved by the Engineer before
beginning the corrective work.
All rockbolts, dowels, shotcrete, and other mechanical stabilization necessary
to assure the stability of each life shall be installed before blasting or removing
subsequent lifts. Shotcrete and grout shall be allowed to gain sufficient strength to
assure that these items will not be damaged by subsequent excavation.
36
2.04.8 Special Requirements.
2.04.8.1 Blasting Consultant. When called for in the contract special
provisions, the Contractor shall retain a recognized blasting consultant to assist in
the blast design. The blast design shall include both the controlled and production
blasting. The consultant shall be an expert in the field of drilling and blasting who
derives his primary source of income from providing specialized blasting and/or
blasting consulting services. The consultant shall not be an employee of the
Contractor, explosives manufacturer, or explosives distributor.
Not later than the preconstruction conference, the Contractor shall submit a
resume of the credentials of the proposed blasting consultant. The resume shall
include a list of at least 5 highway rock excavation projects on which the blasting
consultant has worked. The list shall contain a description of the projects, details of
the blast plans, and modifications made during the project. The list shall also contain
the names and telephone numbers of project owners with sufficient knowledge of the
projects to verify the submitted information. The blasting consultant must be
approved by the Engineer prior to the beginning of any drilling and blasting work.
2.04.8.2 Pro-Blast Condition Survey. When blasting near buildings, structures
or utilities, the Contractor shall arrange for a pre-blast survey of any nearby
buildings, structures, or utilities which may potentially be at risk from blasting
damage. The survey method used shall be acceptable to the Contractors insurance
company. The Contractor shall be responsible for any damage resulting from
blasting. The preblast survey records shall be made available to the Engineer for
review. Occupants of local buildings shall be notified by the Contractor prior to the
commencement of blasting.
2.04.8.3 Vibration Control Monitoring. When blasting near buildings,
structures or utilities which may be subject to damage from blast induced ground
vibrations, the ground vibrations shall be controlled by the use of properly designed
delay sequences and allowable charge weights per delay. Allowable charge weights
per delay shall be based on vibration levels which will not cause damage. The
allowable charge weights per delay shall be established by carrying out trial blasts
and measuring vibration levels.
When blasting is closer than three hundred (300) meters from bridges or
buildings, a risk assessment is to be done prior to actual blasting operation.
Structures and buildings are to be inspected and existing cracks and damage
recorded. The radius inside which blast vibration monitoring will be done will be
determined and a detailed vibration monitoring program will be designed and
submitted to the Engineer for approval. After blasting works, a second inspection is
to be done and the damage caused by blasting to be reviewed and the injured
parties compensated by the Contractor.
The trial blasts shall be carried out in conformance with the blasting test section
requirements of Paragraph 2.04.7.4, "Production Blasting," in these General
Specifications, modified as required to limit ground vibrations to a level which will not
cause damage. Whenever vibration damage to adjacent structures is possible, the
37
Contractor shall monitor each blast with an approved seismograph located, as
approved, between the blast area and the closest structure subject to blast damage.
The seismograph used shall be capable of recording particle velocity for three
mutually perpendicular components of vibration in the range generally found with
controlled blasting.
The Contractors vibration monitoring program is to be formulated assuring the
peak particle velocity of each component not exceeding the safe limits contained in
Table 2.04-1 and Table 2.04-2. The Contractor shall employ a qualified vibration
specialist to measure the vibration velocities and also interpret the seismograph
records to insure that the seismograph data shall be effectively utilized in the control
of the blasting operations with respect to the existing structures. The vibration
specialist used shall be subject to the Engineer's approval.
Data recorded for each shot shall be furnished to the Engineer prior to the
next blast and shall include the following:
1. Identification of instrument used.
2. Name of qualified observer and interpreter.
3. Distance and direction of recording station from blast area.
4. Type of ground at receiving station and material on which the instrument
is sifting.
5. Maximum particle velocity in each component.
6. A dated and signed copy of seismograph readings record.
Specifics of vibration monitoring plan for the blast monitoring zones specified
below shall be submitted prior to the start of any blasting and shall include the
proposed device(s) and manufacturers' literature for each device to be used.
Blast Monitoring Equipment. Equipment for seismic and air overpressure
monitoring shall be equal to the four (4) channel (one (1) overpressure and three
(3) seismic channels) equipment shall be capable of providing a permanent
photographic record of the particle velocity and overpressure traces. The
equipment shall also have frequency response of four (4) to two hundred (200)
Hz and two (2) and two hundred (200) Hz for particle velocity and air
overpressure, respectively.
Blast Monitoring. Mandatory blast monitoring of every test blast will be required
within the distances of all structures shown in Table 2.04-2 for the type of
foundation materials involved to establish the decay of air overpressure and
ground vibrations with distance from the blast, for various explosive weights per
delay. The decay function will be established as the scaled range. If the test
blast vibrations produce peak particles greater than seventy-five percent (75%) of
those contained in Table 2.04-1, then all blasts shall be monitored.
38
The Contractor shall propose specific monitoring points for each structure for
the Engineer's review.
Blast Vibrations. Blasting patterns shall be maintained so peak particle velocity
does not exceed those contained in Table 2.04-2 and also in Table 2.04-1 at
frequencies greater than forty (40) Hz or one-half (1/2 ) of the peak particle
velocities in Table 2.04-1 at frequencies less than forty (40) Hz at the subject
structures.
The Engineer will review measurements to determine if the Contractors
operations are exceeding the peak particle velocity contained in Table 2.04-1 or
Table 2.04-2.
If the data indicates that the peak particle velocity limitations are not being
met, measures shall be taken to reduce particle velocity or overpressure to the
specified . levels, including such measures as reducing the size of charge,
increasing the number of delay intervals.
TABLE 2.04-1
STRUCTURE TYPE MAXIMUM PPF
(MILLIMETERS PER SECOND)
Frame Construction Timber, Frame,
Brick and Concrete Buildings
50
Reinforced Concrete Structures 100
Steel Structures 100
Buried Utilities 50
Wells & Aquifers 50
Green Concrete (less than 7 days) 25
Older residential structures or utilities and structures housing computers or
other sensitive equipment and founded on different materials may require lower peak
particle velocity limits, as shown below in Table 2.04-2. Also, buried pipelines owned
by private utility companies or bridge structures owned by other agencies are
sometimes subject to lower limiting values imposed by the owner.
39
TABLE 2.04-2
Table 2.04-2. Permitted peak particle velocity (vertical component) as a function
of distance for structures and buildings founded on different materials. (The
structural coefficient is based on residential homes.)
Distance
Meters (m)
Soft moraine
Sand Clay
Moraine
Slate
Soft limestone
Soft sandstone
Granite
Gneiss
Quartz
Hard sandstone
Hard limestone
Wave velocities c.
1000-1 500 m/s 2000-3000 m/s 4500-6000 m/s
PERMITTED PEAK PARTICLE VELOCITY V
1
(mm/s)
1 18 35 140
5 18 35 85
10 18 35 70
20 15 28 55
30 14 25 45
50 12 21 38
100 10 17 28
200 9 14 22
500 7 11 15
1000 6 9 12
2000 5 7 9
2.04.8.4 Flyrock Control. Before the firing of any blast in areas where flying
rock may result in personal injury or unacceptable damage to property or the work,
the rock to be blasted shall be covered with approved blasting mats, soil, or other
equally serviceable material, to prevent flyrock.
If flyrock leaves the construction site and lands on private property all blasting
operations will cease until a qualified blasting consultant, hired by the Contractor,
reviews the site and determines the cause and solution to the flyrock problem.
Before blasting proceeds, a written report will be submitted to the Engineer for his
approval.
2.04.8.5 Public Meetings. The Contractor shall make his qualified vibration
specialist and blasting consultant available for one (1) day if requested by the
Engineer to prepare for and participate in a public meeting conducted by the
Engineer to better inform the public about anticipated drilling and blasting operations.
The specialists shall be prepared to answer any questions dealing with the
magnitude of seismic motion, and flyrock expected to impact on the public.
40
2.04.9 Recordkeeping.
2.04.9.1 Daily Explosive Material Consumption. The Contractor shall keep a
daily record of transactions to be maintained at each storage magazine. Inventory
records shall be updated at the close of every business day. The records shall show
the class and quantities received and issued and total remaining on hand at the end
of each day. Remaining explosive inventory shall be checked each day and any
discrepancies that would indicate a theft or loss of explosive material would be
immediately reported.
2.04.9.2 Report of Loss. Should a loss or theft of explosives occur, all
circumstances and details of the loss or theft will be immediately reported to the
nearest Department of the Interior office as well as to the local law enforcement
authorities and Contractors offices representative.
2.04.9.3 Daily Blasting Logs. The Contractor shall provide the contracting
officer, on a weekly basis, a daily log of blasting operations. The log shall be
updated at the close of each business day. The log shall include the number of
blasts, times and dates of blasts. The blasting locations and patterns and all
information shown below:
1. Station limits of the shot.
2. Plan and section views of drill pattern including free face, burden,
blasthole spacing, blasthole diameters, blasthole angles, lift height, and
subdrill depth.
3. Loading diagram showing type and amount of explosive, primers,
initiators and location and depth of stemming.
4. Initiators sequence of blastholes including delay times and delay system
in each blasthole.
5. Trade names and sizes of all explosives, primers and initiators to be
employed.
6. Signature of the blaster-in-charge.
The blasting logs are for quality control and recordkeeping purposes. Review
of the blast log by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility
for the accuracy and adequacy of the blasting log.
2.04.9.4 Video Recording of Blasts. If blasting problems develop and Public
Security officials' permission is obtained, video tape recordings will be taken of
several blasts. The tapes or sections of tapes will be indexed in a manner to
properly identify each blast. Copies of the video tapes of blast shall be furnished to
the Engineer.
2.04.10 Method of Measurement. When controlled blastholes is specified as a pay
item in the bid schedule, measurement shall be per linear meter of controlled
blasthole. The lineal meters of controlled blastholes to be paid for shall be the plan
length computed from hole collar elevations to a depth of six hundred (600)
millimeters below finished ditch grade. Holes whose alignment is in excess of three
hundred (300) millimeters shall not be measured for payment.
41
2.04.11 Payment. The contract unit price per linear meter for controlled blasting
shall be full pay for all materials, explosives, labor, tools, equipment, and all other
items necessary for proper completion of the Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2,
"Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications. Quantities shown in the plans
are based on eight hundred (800) millimeter hole spacing. Actual accepted
quantities will depend on field conditions, the results from test sections and the
Contractors drill control. All production blasting costs are subsidiary to the Roadway
Excavation Pay Item.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING:
20401 Controlled Blastholes Linear Meter
42
SECTION 2.05 - EMBANKMENT
2.05.1 Description. This work shall consist of preparing ft original ground on which
embankment is to be constructed; loading, handling, transporting and placing
acceptable materials excavated from the roadway or imported from borrow sites in
horizontal layers of uniform thickness for the full width of the embankment;
compacting each layer, and finishing the top of the embankment in accordance with
specified tolerances. It shall also cc>nsist of maintaining and draining the
embankment layers, trimming embankment slopes, all as shown on the plans,
specified in these specifications and the special specifications or established by the
Engineer. It shall also include the placing and compacting of embankment materials
in natural depressions within the roadway area and where unsuitable material has
been excavated. R shall also include the construction of working platforms, plating
layers, edge berms and capping of embankment made of dune sand, all in
accordance with these Specifications. All embankment shall be constructed as
specified herein and shall be treated as a separate item for measurement and
payment purposes. Excavation shall be completed as specified in Section 2.03,
"Excavation," in these General Specifications, and shall be treated as a separate
item for measurement and payment purposes.
Embankment
2.05.2 Materials. Materials from roadway excavation, tunnel excavation or
imported borrow meeting the appropriate specification requirements shall be used to
construct embankments in accordance with the typical sections contained in the
plans or as staked by the Engineer.
2.05.2.1 Embankment Materials. Embankment materials shall meet the
following requirements:
1. Material classified by MRDTM 21 0 as A-5 or better.
2. In areas subject to flood and prolonged inundation of the embankment,
such as at bridge sites, the material used in the embankment, unless rock,
shall be classified by MRDTM 21 0 as A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O) or A-2-4(0).
No material described in Paragraph 2.03.2.2, "Roadway Excavation Unsuitable
Material" in these General Specifications, shall be used in any embankment.
2.05.3.1 Equipment. The Contractor shall provide all types, sizes and numbers
of equipment which are necessary for loading, hauling, spreading, mixing, watering,
compacting and finishing material to form the embankment in accordance with the
plans, the special specifications, this specification and as directed by- the Engineer.
Compacting operations shall include adequate blading with motor graders to insure
uniformity of the layers of embankments being compacted. The number of blades
and rollers in use shall be sufficient to blade and compact adequately all materials
being delivered to the embankment. The Engineer shall have full authority to
43
suspend the delivery of materials to the embankment until previously delivered
materials are properly placed and satisfactorily compacted. When construction of
rock embankment is required, one (1) or more of the following additional items of
equipment shall be furnished:
1. Vibratory Rollers. Minimum eighteen thousand (18,000) kilogram impact
per vibration and minimum one thousand (1 000) vibrations per minute.
2. For Dune Sand Embankment construction, the additional equipment
furnished by the Contractor shall include vibratory rollers with minimum fourteen
thousand (14,000) kilogram impact per vibration and minimum one hundred (100)
vibrations per minute.
3. The Contractor shall limit the speed of compression rollers to a maximum
of six and one-half (6.5) kilometers per hour and shall limit the speed of vibratory
rollers to a maximum of two and one-half (2.5) kilometers per hour (kph).
2.05.3.2 Foundation Preparation. The foundation shall have been cleared and
grubbed and recompacted as specified in Section 2.01, "Clearing and Grubbing," in
these General Specifications, before the foundation is prepared to receive the
embankment. The surface upon which the embankment is to be placed shall be
scarified to a minimum depth of twenty (20) centimeters, brought to a uniform
moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to the density specified
for the overlying embankment.
Up to a depth of twenty (20) centimeters, the sod and vegetation removal is
considered subsidiary to other items. Sod and vegetable matter removal in excess
of the twenty (20) centimeter depth, as well as the removal of other noncompactible
material, will be measured for payment as roadway excavation only when ordered in
writing by the Engineer. The underlying soil shall be scarified, brought to a uniform
moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to the density specified
for the overlying embankment.
When the embankment height is less than sixty (60) centimeters, the original
ground shall be scarified to a depth of twenty (20) centimeters, watered or dried to
obtain uniform moisture content and compacted to Type 95 density if the top thirty
(30) centimeters of original ground meets the requirements for "Embankment
Materials" in Paragraph 2.05.2.1, in these General Specifications. If the top thirty (30)
centimeters of original ground does not meet these requirements or there is
excessive moisture present, the top thirty (30) centimeters shall be removed and
replaced with material meeting these requirements. This material shall be
compacted to Type 95 density after the top twenty (20) centimeters of the underlying
material is scarified, watered and compacted to Type 90 density.
When embankment is to be placed and compacted on hillsides or where new
embankment is to be compacted against existing embankments, or where
embankment is built part width at a time, the slopes that are steeper than one
horizontal to three vertical (1 H to 3 V) when measured at right angles to the
roadway shall be continuously benched over those areas where it is required as the
Work is brought up in layers. Benching shall be of sufficient width to permit
44
operations of placing and compacting equipment and/or as directed by the Engineer.
Each horizontal cut shall begin at the intersection of the original ground and the
vertical sides of the previous cuts. Material thus cut out shall be recompacted along
with the new embankment material at the Contractors expense, unless the width of
the excavation required and ordered by the Engineer exceeds two (2) meters, in
which .case the excavated material for bench widths in excess of two (2) meters will
be measured and paid for as roadway excavation. Payment will include full
compensation for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals used to bench hillsides
using greater than two (2) meter bench widths.
If the original surface upon which embankment is to be placed is an old
roadbed, the surface shall be plowed, scarified, or broken up to a depth of twenty
(20) centimeters and recompacted to the density specified for the overlying
embankment. No separate payment will be made for this work as it is considered
subsidiary to the various items in the Bill of Quantities.
2.05.3.3 Imported Borrow Material. Imported Borrow Material shall be utilized
to supplement roadway excavation as may be required to complete the layers of
embankment to the lines, grades and cross sections shown on the plans, specified in
the Special Specifications and as staked by the Engineer.
Imported borrow material includes material taken from borrow sites, whether
or not shown on the plans or described in the Special Specifications and from the
widening of cuts when said widening is approved by the Engineer in writing.
Borrow sites shall not be located so that any edge is closer than three hundred
(300) meters from embankment toe of slope unless otherwise shown on the plans,
specified in the Special Specifications or approved by the Engineer.
Imported borrow material shall not be taken from any area within five hundred
(500) meters downstream of a drainage structure unless approved by the Engineer
in writing. Such borrow sites shall be backfilled and compacted, as directed by the
Engineer, at the Contractors expense.
Imported borrow material shall not be taken from flat or depressed areas or
areas that would become pits or depressions as a result of the borrow excavation,
regardless of the areas' location. All imported borrow material shall be cut from the
hills or areas with elevations higher than the surrounding existing ground level. After
the removal of the borrow material the areas excavated shall still have elevations
higher than the surrounding ground level. The excavation shall be done in a neat
and workman-like manner and the competed excavation shall be finished and
restored to a naturally appearing elevation and cross section condition acceptable to
the Engineer and the owners of the lands in accordance with the approved Site
Excavation, Regrading and Restoration Plan.
If the Contractor desires to borrow from locations within the right of way, he
shall submit a request to the Engineer with the locations and the quantity of borrow
to be removed along with a Site Excavation, Regrading and Restoration Plan for
each site. The Engineer shall review each site and site Excavation, Regarding and
Restoration Plan and when satisfied with the Plan forward the request to the
45
concerned municipality. The Municipality shall select the acceptable borrow
excavation sites within the right of way, determine the quantity of materials to be
removed and approve each Site Excavation, Regrading and Restoration Plan. If the
Contractor desires to import borrow materials from sites away from the right of way,
he shall submit a similar request and Site Excavation, Regrading and Restoration
Plan to the Engineer and obtain similar approvals for such imported borrow from the
Engineer and the owners of the lands at his sole and exclusive cost.
The Contractor shall obtain prior approval, in writing, from the Engineer and the
owners of the lands or the concerned Municipality for each borrow site, quantity to be
removed, and each Site Excavation, Regrading and Restoration Plan. Should the
Contractor fail to comply with this requirement he shall be solely responsible for
complete backfilling and reestablishing these excavations including native
vegetation.
The Contractor shall perform preliminary testing of all proposed sources of
imported material for embankment. The preliminary testing shall consist of test pits
and/or borings and testing of samples. This testing shall include, at the minimum,
the following tests for each soil or rock strata in each proposed source:
1. Classification - MRDTM 210 (All Required Tests)
2. Proctor - MRDTM 212 or MRDTM 214 if appropriate
3. California Bearing Ration (CBR) - MRDTM 213
The Contractor shall furnish all test data to the Engineer at least two (2) weeks
prior to taking material from the site and request preliminary approval from the
Engineer to use the borrow, site. The Engineer shall review the test information and
accept or reject the Contractors request in writing. Final approval of the material
shall be based on acceptance samples taken from each layer of embankment.
Before abandoning any borrow site located on public or private property, the
Contractor shall, at his sole expense, clean and trim the borrow site, haul roads and
all areas occupied during the work, in accordance with the approved Site Excavation,
Regrading and Restoration Plan, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer and property
owner.
2.05.3.4 Placement of Materials. Logs, trees, stumps, seeds, heavy grass,
frozen soil, or other undesirable materials, shall not be placed in the layers of
embankment.
When an embankment surface is to be constructed over an area previously
occupied by a building basement, cellar, irrigation canal, well, any previous
excavation, or other such construction that will not permit the use of normal
compaction equipment, the embankment construction shall conform to the backfilling
requirements specified in Subsection 2.09.4.5, "Backfilling Structures," in these
General Specifications, until the normal compaction equipment can be used. The
material shall be compacted to the density specified for the adjacent embankments.
46
The Contractor shall have in operation a sufficient number of motor graders to
properly smooth and maintain the surface of each layer of freshly placed
embankment prior to and during rolling and compacting operations.
When it is feasible, trucks, scrapers, tractors, or other heavy hauling equipment
shall be routed over the fill in such a manner as to take advantage of the compaction
afforded thereby. The Engineer shall have full authority to require at any time, the
suspension of delivery of material to the embankment until previously delivered
materials have been satisfactorily spread and uniformly compacted to the specified
density.
Embankments shall not be constructed by means of a dragline except with the
special permission of the Engineer and when special provisions are made to keep
the layers uniform and the embankment level well-drained at all times.
Materials of widely divergent characteristics shall not be mixed within the
embankment limits to produce a mixture meeting the requirements of Paragraph
2.05.2.1, "Embankment Materials" in these General Specifications. Such widely
divergent materials may be mixed, sampled and tested outside the embankment
limits and the mixture may be used as a proposed source of imported material for
embankment as outlined in Paragraph 2.05.3.3, "Imported Borrow Material" in these
General Specifications. Obtaining, handling, mixing, transporting, placing and
compacting of these materials shall not be a basis for additional payment except as
provided in the Section 2.05, "Embankment," in these General Specifications.
Where embankments are constructed across marshlands, tidal flats, or wet
ground which is soft and compressible and will not support the weight and forces of
hauling and compacting equipment, the lower part of the embankment may be
constructed by dumping successive loads in a uniformly distributed layer (bridging
lift) of a thickness not greater than necessary to support equipment hauling, and the
placing and compacting of subsequent layers. Such supporting layers shall not be
subjected to the compaction requirements specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift
Thickness and Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications. The
remainder of the embankment shall be constructed in layers as specified in this
specification.
When the roadway profile is so low that the construction of the lower part of
the embankment using a "bridging lift" will not permit the placement and compaction
of sixty (60) centimeters of acceptable embankment material, the following
procedure shall be followed:
1. The Contractor will excavate the soft and compressible material to the
minimum depth required to permit the placement of one (1) or more bridging lifts and
sixty (60) centimeters of embankment material placed and compacted in accordance
with Paragraph 2.05.4.3, "Earth Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction
Requirements," in these General Specifications.
2. The Contractor will construct the bridging and regular embankment lifts
and complete the embankment to the specified density and finishing tolerances.
47
Boulders and rock fragments larger than twenty (20) centimeters in maximum
dimension shall not be placed in the embankment any closer than sixty (60)
centimeters from the staked top of the embankment.
Rocks, broken concrete and other solid material having a diameter greater
than ten (1 0) centimeters shall not be placed in embankment where piling is to be
installed by driving or drilling.
When an embankment settlement period is specified in the special
specifications, the embankment shall remain in place for the required settlement
period before placing the 30 cm thick subgrade layer, excavating for abutments, wing
walls or retaining wall foundations or installing foundation piles at each location.
When embankment surcharge is to be placed as specified in the special
specifications, it shall be placed in layers of uniform thickness, using tractor
equipment compaction and shall remain in place for the full settlement period
specified. The surcharge shall be removed and disposed of at the toe of slope along
both sides of the embankment, used to construct embankment elsewhere or at
locations approved by the Engineer. When surcharge material is placed at the toe of
slope it shall be placed alternately along both sides of the embankment, to equal
elevations and compacted as specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Compaction
Settlement platforms and heave stakes shall be furnished, installed and
monitored as provided in the special specifications.
2.05.3.5 Embankment Drainage and Slope Stability. When constructed next
to a hillside, the embankment surface shall slope away from or parallel to the hillside
in one (1) or more directions until such time as the subgrade is finished. At the end
of each day's operations, the Contractor shall shape and compact the embankment
surface to a uniform enough cross section that will allow water to drain and eliminate
all ruts and spots that could hold water. Dikes and slope drains shall be constructed
and maintained along the embankment edges to prevent water from spilling over the
edge and eroding the side slopes.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all embankments and
surcharges and shall replace all sections of same which, in the opinion of the
Engineer, have been damaged or displaced (slumped or slid) due to carelessness or
neglect on the part of the Contractor, or due to normally occurring natural causes,
such as erosion caused by wind or water, and not due to the unavoidable movement
of the natural ground upon which the embankment is made. When unacceptable
material has been placed in the embankment, its removal shall be at the expense of
the Contractor.
48
2.05.3.6 Dune Sand Embankment. Construction of embankments with dune
sand shall be accomplished as shown on the plans, specified in the special
specifications and this specification and as directed by the Engineer. Construction of
embankment with dune sand shall be accomplished in a series of operations as
follows:
1. Edge berms shall first be constructed along both sides of the staked
embankment, except where the embankment is to be constructed against hillsides or
existing embankment, using Class A-1 or A-2 soils from roadway excavation or
borrow which resist erosion by wind and water and are approved by the Engineer.
Edge berms shall be constructed with an external side slope as shown on the plans
or specified in the special specifications, but not steeper than one (1) vertical to six
(6) horizontal. Edge berms shall be constructed not more than forty (40) centimeters
in height and not less than two (2) meters wide at the top. The materials shall be
placed and spread in layers as specified in this specification and compacted as
required by Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirements," in
When the embankment is constructed against hillsides other than sand dunes
or existing embankment, the hillside and existing embankment shall be benched as
specified in Paragraph 2.05.3.2, "Foundation Preparation" in these General
Specifications.
2. Dune sand shall be excavated, hauled, deposited and spread within
the edge berms to the full height of the edge berms using any means other than
hydraulic sluicing.
The above series of operations shall be repeated until the embankment is
completed to an elevation thirty (30) centimeters below the staked top of
embankment. Material equal to that used to construct edge berms shall be placed
and compacted to finish the embankment. The thirty (30) centimeters thick subgrade
on top of the embankment shall be completed as specified in Section 2.06,
"Untreated Subgrade," in these General Specifications.
The dune sand at all points along the side slopes of the embankment shall be
covered with a minimum two (2) meter thickness of compacted Class A-1 or A-2 soils
which will resist erosion caused by wind and water.
2.05.3.7 Fugitive Dust and Soil Erosion Control Plan.
2.05.3.7.1 General. Prior to start of work the Contractor shall furnish the
Engineer a fugitive dust and soil erosion control plan. The plan shall detail the
proposed coordination for minimizing fugitive dust and accomplishing the temporary
and permanent erosion control work in a timely and appropriate manner. No work
shall be started until the plan has been approved and the necessary controls
installed as required for the particular operation to be in progress.
The Contractor will be directed to provide immediate fugitive dust and
permanent or temporary erosion control measures to prevent fugitive dust and soil
erosion that will adversely affect public traffic, damage adjacent properties, or cause
49
contamination of adjacent watercourses, ponds or other areas of water
impoundment. Such work may involve the construction of temporary berms, dikes,
dams, sediment basins, slope drains and use of temporary mulches, mats, seeding
or other control devices or methods as necessary to control erosion. Such work may
also involve water mist over dusty construction operations, tarps over hauling
trailers, chemical suppressants, wheel washing, flushing and mechanical sweeping
of paved surfaces, and installation of gravel buffer zones to minimize fugitive dust.
The Contractor shall incorporate all permanent erosion control features into
the project at the earliest practicable time as outlined in the accepted schedule to
minimize the need for temporary erosion control measures. If the Engineer
determines that the Contractor is not in compliance with the approved fugitive dust
and erosion control plan or field conditions warrant changes in the plan, the
Contractor shall submit a revised schedule for performing fugitive dust and erosion
control work and no work contingent upon the revised schedule shall be continued or
started until the revised plan has been approved.
Grubbing operations shall be so scheduled and performed that grading
operations and permanent erosion control features can follow immediately thereafter
if the project conditions permit; otherwise, temporary erosion control measures may
be required between successive construction stages.
Excavation, borrow, and embankment operations shall also be scheduled
and performed to permit permanent erosion control features to follow immediately
thereafter if project conditions permit; otherwise, temporary erosion control measures
may be required. Under no conditions shall the surface area of erodible earth
material exposed at one time by excavation, borrow, or fill exceed 70,000 square
meters without the written approval of the Engineer.
The Engineer will limit the area of grubbing, excavation, borrow and
embankment operations in progress commensurate with the Contractors capability
and progress in keeping the finish grading, surface ditching mulching, seeding and
other such permanent erosion and pollution control measures current in accordance
with the accepted schedule.
In the event that temporary erosion and fugitive dust control measures are
required due to the Contractors negligence, carelessness or failure to install
permanent controls as a part of the work as scheduled or as ordered by the
Engineer, such work shall be performed by the Contractor at no cost to the Ministry.
Temporary erosion and fugitive dust control may include construction work
outside the right-of-way where such work is necessary as a result of road
construction such as borrow pit operations, haul road construction and maintenance
and equipment storage sites.
The erosion control features installed by the Contractor shall be operated
and maintained by the Contractor in an acceptable functional condition.
50
2.05.3.7.2 Erosion Check Dams. Erosion checks, constructed with
riprap or sand bags shall be staked in place as shown on the plans or where ordered
installed by the Engineer to act as erosion filters and barriers at the toe of fills, in
ditches, at pipe inlets and outlets, or for other uses as directed.
2.05.3.7.3 Sediment Containment Structures. Settling ponds, basins,
dikes, dams or other such containment structures shall be constructed in accordance
with the details specified in the contract or designated by the Engineer.
2.05.3.7.4 Diversion Channels. Temporary diversion channels for
diverting water around an area where a culvert is to be installed shall be lined with
plastic film sheeting. The diversion channel shall be excavated to a depth and width
adequate to accommodate stream flow during the period of culvert installation. The
channel shall be reasonably smooth and free of sharp rocks, stones, roots or other
projections that may puncture the plastic liner. No longitudinal seams will be
permitted. Transverse seams shall be lapped a minimum of 1 meter in the direction
of flow. The liner shall be anchored in place using clean rock, gravel, or other
methods approved by the Engineer.
2.05.3.7.5 Earth Berms. Temporary earth berms shall be used for
diverting or channeling runoff waters to slope drains, waterways, diversion ditches,
sediment traps, or other uses as directed. Earth berms shall be constructed to the
dimensions shown on the plans and at the locations established by the Engineer.
Material shall be reasonably nonporous and shall contain no frozen material, roots,
sod or other deleterious materials.
2.05.3.7.6 Slope Drains. Temporary slope drains shall be constructed at
the intervals and locations designated by the Engineer for channeling runoff waters
down embankment slopes.
Temporary slope drains shall be adequately anchored to the slopes
and their outlets constructed or anchored to prevent erosion.
2.05.3.7.7 Turf Establishment. When it is not practical or not permitted to
perform permanent turf establishment work temporary seeding, fertilizing, liming, and
mulching shall be applied. The applicable rates and types of materials for temporary
turf establishment shall be as specified in the Special Specifications and established
by the Engineer.
2.05.3.7.8 Cleanup. After the temporary erosion and fugitive dust control
installations are no longer required, the Contractor shall remove and dispose of all
materials and restore the areas to their original appearance in a manner acceptable
to the Engineer.
51
2.05.3.7.9 Method of Measurement. When the Special Specifications and
Bill of Quantities contain pay items including estimated quantities for soil erosion and
pollution control items of work on a unit price basis, the applicable measurements
will be made as follows:
(1) Quantities to be measured on an each basis will be the actual
number and kind of units ordered installed and accepted.
(2) Linear meter quantities will be measured along the line and
grade
of the installation end-to-end as ordered installed and accepted.
(3) Square meter quantities will be measured on the ground
surface of the installation as ordered installed and accepted.
(4) Area quantities based on acres and fractions thereof will be
determined with horizontal measurements.
(5) Quantities to be measured on a weight basis will be measured
by the kilogram or ton, as applicable.
Commercially furnished products may be accepted based on the
weight as packaged by the manufacturer.
(6) Station or kilometer quantities will be measured horizontally
along the centerline of the roadbed.
(7) Quantities measured on a cubic meter basis will be measured in
the hauling vehicle at point of delivery.
2.05.3.7.10 Basis of Payment. The accepted quantities, determined as
provided above, will be paid for at the contract price per unit of measurement,
respectively, for each of the particular pay items that are shown in the Bill of
Quantities, which prices and payments will be full contract compensation for the work
prescribed in this Section.
No additional payments will be made for any adjustments, cleanout and
disposal of accumulated sediments or other such maintenance work on previously
installed erosion and pollution control facilities.
No direct payment will be made for furnishing, installing, and
subsequently removing and disposing of temporary drainage structures, such as
culvert pipe or polyethylene sheeting, used for diverting of live streams around or
through work areas, but such work will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of
the Contractor.
When the Special Specifications and Bill of Quantities do not contain
estimated quantities for soil erosion and pollution control work, the work will not be
paid for directly but will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor
under other contract items.
52
2.05.4 Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirements.
2.05.4.1 Description. This Work shall consist of the placement and
compaction of embankment by rolling or tamping or any combination of these
methods in accordance with the requirements specified for the Moisture Content
Range and Type of compaction designated on the plans, in the Special
Specifications or. ordered by the Engineer.
2.05.4.2 Testing Methods.
1. Moisture Density Test. A Moisture Density Test (MRDTM 212) and
preliminary study will be made of each type of soil to be used in the construction of
the Work to determine the Maximum Density, the Optimum Moisture content and the
Moisture Content Range required of the soil for satisfactory compaction. The Field
Density and actual Moisture Content of the compacted embankment shall be
determined by field tests according to MRDTM 215. The Maximum Dry Density as
determined by MRDTM 212 shall be adjusted by AASHTO T 244 to compensate for
differing percentages of coarse particles on the 4.75 millimeter (No. 4) Sieve in the
Field Density Test Sample.
(1) Maximum Density. The Maximum Dry Density as determined by
the Moisture-Density Test shall be the density to which the Field Density is referred
for comparison or percentage for each type of soil used in the Work.
(2) Optimum Moisture. The Optimum Moisture shall be the
moisture content corresponding to the Maximum Density on the Moisture-Density
curve.
(3) Moisture Content Range. The Moisture Content Range shall be
limits of moisture content of each 4" of soil with the Optimum as a reference.
(4) Field Density. The Field Density shall be the density of the
compacted embankment determined by the Field Density test.
(5) Moisture Content. The Moisture Content shall be the actual
content of the soil in the compacted embankment at the time of compaction.
2. Relative Density Test. For cohesionless free-draining soils for which
impact compaction will not produce a well-defined moisture density relationship
curve and the maximum density, the Test for the Relative Density of Cohesionless
Soils (MRDTM 214) shall be used to determine the relative density.
Relative density is defined as the state of compactness of a soil with respect
to the loosest and densest state at which it can be placed by the laboratory
procedures described in the MTDTM 214. The Field Density and actual Moisture
Content of the compacted embankment shall be determined by field tests according
to MRDTM 215 and 216, or by the nuclear method MRDTM 218.
53
(1) Relative Density. The Relative Density as determined by the
Relative Density Test shall be the standard to which the Field Density is referred for
comparison for each type of cohesionless soil used in the Work.
(2) Field Density. The Field Density shall be the density of the
compacted embankment determined by the Field Density test.
(3) Moisture Content. The Moisture Content shall be the actual
content of the soil in the compacted embankment at the time of compaction.
3. Borderline Materials. In cases where borderline materials are
encountered, both methods will be utilized and the method which results in the
higher laboratory maximum density shall be used as the standard to which the field
density is compacted.
4. Plate Load Test. In addition to the Moisture-Density Test and the
Relative Density Test, the compaction of earthwork may also be checked by a Plate
Load Test (German Method for Roads). This method is described in MRDTM 237A.
The Test shall be applicable for all soils but not rockfill. Use of the Plate Load Test
for the Dune Sand, A-3(0), shall be encouraged.
2.05.4.3 Earth Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirement.
The top sixty (60) centimeters of all embankments and all embankment layers not
meeting the Paragraph 2.05.4.4, "Rock Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction
Requirements," for rock fill shall be constructed, controlled and compacted as earth
embankment. Earth embankment layers shall be placed in horizontal lifts not
exceeding twenty (20) centimeters (loose measurement) and shall be compacted as
specified and accepted by the Engineer before the next layer is placed. Horizontal
layers in excess of twenty (20) centimeters (loose measurement) and up to the
depths shown below may be approved by the Engineer if compaction trial sections
verify that the required density can be uniformly attained. Effective spreading
equipment shall be used on each layer to obtain uniform thickness prior to
compacting. As the compaction of each layer progresses, continuous leveling and
manipulating will be required to assure uniform density. Proper moisture content
shall be established in order to obtain and maintain the required density.
Construction equipment shall be routed uniformly over the entire surface of each
layer. A motor grader shall be used on the embankment at all times during the
placing and compacting of the earth material.
The compaction requirements as controlled by the methods of testing specified
in Paragraph 2.05.4.2, 'Testing Methods," in these General Specifications are as
follows:
1. Type 98. Compacted density of the soil shall be equal or greater than
ninety eight percent (98%) of Maximum Density or seventy-six percent (76%) of
Relative Density.
ninety-five percent (95%) of Maximum Density or seventy-four percent (74%) of
Relative Density.
54
ninety percent (90%) of Maximum Density or seventy percent (70%) of Relative
Density.
4. Special Compaction. Where specified on the plans or in the Special
Specifications, the embankment shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of a
specified type of compaction, be formed of a material and compacted to meet a
specified CBR (California Bearing Ratio) requirement. The material and methods of
compaction shall be as determined from tests in accordance with AASHTO T 193.
5. Specific Compaction Requirements are as follows:
Subgrade-Expressways and
Major Link Roads Type 98
Subgrade-Agricultural Roads and Links Type 95
Top 60 cm of Embankment Type 95
Bottom Portion of Embankment Type 90
Agricultural Roads and Links Embankment Type 90
Natural Ground Same type compaction requirement
as embankment layer above the
Natural Ground.
Natural Ground-Touch Grade Compaction Requirement type 5%
less than the compaction
requirement type for subgrade.
6. Special Loose Lift Thickness Maximums subject to Verified Uniform
Density during test sections and special quality requirements:
For the top sixty (60) cm of the Embankment thirty (30) cm Lifts may be
attempted subject to verified uniform density throughout the full depth of the lift.
However, A-3, A-6, and A-7 material are not permitted.
For the remaining portion of the Embankment:
MATERIAL LIFT
TYPE PERMITTED . THICKNESS
A-1 -a, A-1 -b, and A-2-4 30 cm.
A-4 and A-5 20 cm.
A-3 (0) 50 cm.
55
2.05.4.4 Rock Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirements.
The following criteria should also be followed in the acceptance of rockfill:
1. Material.
(1) The material used for rockfill embankments shall consist
predominantly of rock fragments of such size that the material can be placed in
layers of the thickness prescribed, conforming to the following requirements:
Table 2,05-1
Maximum particle size.. 2/3 loose layer thickness
Passing 0.6 mm (No. 30 Sieve).25% maximum
Uniformity coefficient, Cu 5 minimum, where
Cu = D60/D10
D60 = the particle size at which 60% passes
D10 = the particle size at which 1 0% passes
(2) Rockfill material shall be obtained from roadway, underground
structures excavation or quarry and shall be sound, dense, hard and durable rock
capable of being placed and compacted as specified. Individual pieces are to be
clean and angular. It shall be the Contractors responsibility to excavate material
from rock cuts whether by blasting or other manner, so that all excavated materials
are of suitable size; large size materials will not be paid for as waste, but shall be
disposed of in an approved manner without additional compensation.
(3) The maximum permitted layer thickness shall be related to the
unit weight of the vibratory roller used for compaction as given in Table 2.05-2 below,
and shall not exceed one hundred (1 00) centimeters loose measurement.
Table 2,05-2
Maximum Thickness of Layer Minimum Roller Mass on Drum
(Loose Measurement) (kilogram/unit width,)
Centimeters
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
40 2300-2900
60 2900-3600
80 3600-4300
100 4300-5000
** For multiple roller, this shall be assessed on the high axle load.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Rockfill materials shall be placed in such a manner that the
larger rocks are well distributed and the voids are filled to the maximum practical
extent by smaller particles, each layer shall be bladed into a neat and homogenous
mass prior to compaction. Any rocks found protruding from the leveled surface shall
be removed and replaced in by smaller particles. Initial breakdown compaction shall
56
be performed with heavy bulldozers. After compaction each layer must be approved
by the Engineer before the next layer is placed.
(5) Depending on the type of rockfill material, water may be added
as required and approved by the Engineer to achieve a maximum compaction.
(6) Rockfill shall not be used in the top sixty (60) centimeters of the
embankment (below the bottom of the subgrade), nor shall it be used to within five
(5) meters of a structural element (next to bridge abutments, footings, etc.). The side
slopes of rockfill embankments shall be thoroughly blanketed with A-2-4 or better
material placed perpendicular to the slope in twenty (20) centimeters thickness and
compacted to "Type 95" to seal the surface.
(7) Rockfill shall not be used for sixty (60) centimeters on top and
bottom of Box and Pipe Culverts. Subgrade or trench backfill material compacted to
"Type 95" requirements shall be used in these areas up to the width excavated for
structures.
2. Compaction
(1) To ensure proper compaction of rockfill embankments, the
Contractor shall be required to conduct compaction tests using equipment and
materials available in the presence of the Engineer to develop compaction control
criteria. To conduct compaction control test the following steps shall be followed:
1) A rockfill test section shall be placed on a firm surface
approved by the Engineer, the material and layer thickness conforming @o the
requirements of Tables 2.05-1 and 2.05-2.
2) The test section shall be of sufficient dimensions to
permit the establishment of at least twenty (20) leveling points on a five (5) meters
square (5 sq.m.) grid, and no fewer than three (3) points on any line and no point
less than three (3) meters from the edge of the layer.
3) Compaction shall then commence with a minimum of
three passes of a vibratory roller conforming to the requirements of Table 2.05-2,
leveling points are then established. Short lengths of painted steel bars hammered
flush with the surface of the rockfill have been found suitable for this purpose. A
level reading is taken at each leveling point on top of a moveable thirty (30)
centimeters square flat steel plate. A hole drilled in the center of the plate will enable
a visual check to be made that the plate is located centrally over the bar each time.
4) Further readings are then taken at the leveling points.
After two (2) additional passes with the roller, if the average settlement is less than
one percent (1 %) of the average compacted layer thickness, or as determined by
the Engineer, the rockfill compaction test is completed.
5) If the average settlement is more than one percent (1 %),
two (2) additional passes of the roller are required and the leveling procedure is
57
repeated. If the average settlement is now less than one percent (1 %), the test is
completed. If not, this step is then repeated.
6) The total number of passes of the rolling equipment
necessary to obtain the required result will establish the minimum number of passes
to be used on the rock embankments. The Contractor shall then use this verified
procedure, that is, the equipment, rolling pattern, and number of passes, during the
construction of rock embankments. However, in no case shall the number of passes
be less than five (5).
(2) This verification procedure shall be conducted for each change
of material and at least once each week during the initial stages of construction until
reliable rolling pattern is established. The frequency then can be reduced as
approved by the Engineer.
(3) Documentation of the rockfill compaction test shall be
maintained in the project records.
3. Preparation of Natural Ground. All surfaces to receive rockfill are to be
prepared as specified in Paragraph 2.05.3.2, "Foundation Preparation" in these
General Specifications. Soil surfaces are to be scarified and recompacted to at least
ninety percent (90%) of maximum dry density as determined by AASHTO T180
(Method D.) Compaction is to be to a depth of at least twenty (20) centimeters below
ground surface. Hard or smooth surfaces are to be roughened before filling is
placed. Existing road surfaces and the like are to be broken up and removed.
4. Approval of Material for Rockfill. Individual pieces are to be neither
elongated nor flat, the longest dimension not exceeding twice the shortest
dimension. At least seventy-five percent (75%) of the material shall be greater than
twenty (20) centimeters.
5. Monitoring Settlement. On completion of the embankment, the
Contractor shall carry out precise leveling of the crest of the embankment. This shall
consist of leveling transverse sections (a minimum of five (5) points) at a maximum
spacing of thirty (30) meters along the embankment. These shall be referenced to a
stable approved datum. Leveling shall be carried out at suitable time intervals until
the average rate of settlement over a period of one (1) month does not exceed 0.05
mm per day. No permanent pavement construction will be permitted until the
specific criteria is achieved.
6. Tamping. Whenever embankments are placed adjacent to structures
or at locations where it is not practicable to use a roller, the embankment materials
shall be tamped by the use of mechanical rammers or tampers. Each layer shall be
compacted to a density to or greater than obtained under the above rolling procedure
for the type of compaction designated. Each successive layer shall contain only that
amount of material which will insure proper compaction but in no instance shall any
layer be greater than twenty (20) centimeters (loose measurement) in depth. Each
layer must be approved by the Engineer before the next layer is placed. When the
quantity of Work is small, a hand tamper may be used with the permission of the
Engineer.
58
7. Special Provisions for Other Rollers. When special heavy rollers are
used, the loose thickness of the layer may be increased when approved by the
Engineer as long as ninety percent (90%) Maximum Density or seventy percent
(70%) of Relative Density is achieved. Satisfactory compaction is defined as
compaction which results in a uniform density throughout the entire depth of the
layer equal to or in excess of the specified density. The maximum compacted
thickness of the layer shall be established by the Engineer for each type of heavy
roller used and for the various types of soil encountered. The Engineer reserves the
right to vary the compacted thickness of the layer as the Work progresses to insure
adequate compaction or to rescind approval of the heavy rollers.
2.05.5 Moisture Content Control Requirements. The moisture content of the soil
at the time of compaction shall be such that the soil can be compacted to the
requirements of the type of compaction designated on the plans or ordered by the
Engineer. The Moisture Content Range shall be determined by the Engineer during
the Compaction Trials.
The Moisture Content Requirements required when the compaction is under
the methods of testing specified in Paragraph 2.06.2.2, "Relative Density Test," in
these General Specifications shall be the Moisture Content Range directed by the
Engineer as determined during the Compaction Trials.
When the moisture content of the soil does not fall within the required
moisture range, water shall be added and thoroughly mixed into the soil, by
approved methods or the material shall be aerated, whichever is needed to adjust
the soil to the proper moisture content.
The amount of water to be added shall be only that amount that will, as
determined by the Engineer by field tests, provide a moisture content in the soil
within the required range plus a reasonable amount to compensate for evaporation
and other unavoidable losses. Water added in excess of this amount shall be
considered as excess water and must be removed by aeration or other suitable
means as directed by the Engineer. Satisfactory methods and sufficient equipment
shall be used for the furnishing and handling of the water so that there will be no
undue loss due to evaporating or waste. If water is added to cut areas or borrow
pits, the surfaces of the areas or pits shall be maintained in such a manner that will
prevent undue loss of moisture.
From other than the results of the Moisture Content test, the moisture content
of the soil being compacted shall be considered as being too high to insure
compaction when, after repeated rollings with the sheepsfoot roller, the roller
continues to pick up excessive amounts of soil and refuses to "build up" so that the
tamping foot eventually ride the compacted surface.
When other types of rollers are used, the moisture content of the soil shall be
considered as excessive when "bridging" or "building up" of the soil occurs in front of,
or behind the rear wheels of such rollers, and/or when earth hauling equipment
produces excessive ruts in the rolled surfaces.
59
2.05.6 Compaction Test Sections. Prior to the commencement of embankment
construction, the Contractor shall make compaction test sections as directed by the
Engineer. The compaction equipment to be used shall be the one (1) specified in
the Contractors detailed program of work and approved by the Engineer. The object
of these trials is to determine the relationship between the layer thickness, field
molding moisture content of the material, field density, and the number of
compaction passes.
The Engineer may order additional compaction test sections when he deems
them necessary.
2.05.7 Quality Assurance Procedures. Embankment shall be accepted by lot
unless otherwise stated in the Special Specifications. The lot size will be each
embankment lift or portion of lift up to a maximum of ten thousand (1 0,000) cubic
meters in accordance with the lift thickness requirements specified in Subsection
2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirements," in these General
Specifications. The embankment shall be sampled, tested and evaluated in
accordance with Section 1.08, "Acceptance," in these General Specifications. The
Engineer may, during the beginning of placement of embankment, at times when test
results indicate erratic characteristics and at any other time, reduce the lot size to
sections of embankment with similar quality characteristics. This should facilitate the
isolation and modification or replacement of low-quality materials with materials of
acceptable quality to maintain the overall strength of the embankment.
The Engineer shall perform or supervise the performance of all quality
assurance sampling and testing. The location of all samples and tests shall be
recorded by roadway, embankment height, centerline station (kilometer) and offset.
Quality assurance testing for each lot shall include:
1. Lift thickness
2. Compaction
3. Classification
4. Embankment Finishing Tolerances and Requirement
5. Acceptance
2.05.7.1 Lift Thickness. The thickness of each lift of embankment shall be
measured at the beginning and periodically during the construction of the lift.
A lot will be accepted when all lift thickness measurements are no greater
than those specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and Compaction
Requirements," in accordance with these General Specifications.
60
2.05.7.2 Compaction. The compacted density for each layer of embankment
shall be determined by the sand cone method, MRDTM 215, or by nuclear method,
MRDTM 218 using full depth penetration, at the option of the Engineer.
When the sand cone method is used, unless otherwise stated in the Special
Specifications, the tests shall be made at five (5) randomly selected locations in each
lot.
When the nuclear method is used, unless otherwise stated in the Special
Specifications, the tests shall be made at eight (8) randomly selected locations in
each lot. Three (3) nuclear gauge readings shall be made at each test location
within a radius of two (2) meters. The three (3) readings shall be averaged and the
average considered to be the density for that test location.
Percent relative compaction shall be computed by comparing the average
actual in-place compacted density from the eight (8) nuclear gauge or five (5) sand
cone test results with the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212. For
example, MRDTM 212 maximum density shall be determined from samples of
embankment at a sampling frequency of one (1) test per three (3) lots. The
maximum density used for determining percent compaction shall be the running
average for three (3) consecutive tests.
Any lot of embankment that has a percent relative compaction below the
minimum percent compaction specified in Subsection 2.05.4, Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications, resulting in a reduced
pay factor of 0.75 or higher determined in accordance with Subsection 1.08.5,
"Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance and Determination of Pay Factor
(Value of Work)," in these General Specifications may be accepted on the basis of a
reduced payment if requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise the said lot
shall be removed and replaced by the Contractor at his expense. Lots that have
percent relative compaction resulting in a reduced pay factor less than 0.75 shall be
removed and replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
2.05.7.3 Classification. Classification including gradation, plastic limit and liquid
limit will be tested, and evaluated on the results of a minimum of one (1) sample per
lot for the first three (3) lots and then one (1) sample for every fifth lot when changes
in material properties is suspected by the Contractor or Engineer.
A lot will be accepted when all the classification tests representing that lot are as
specified in Subsection 2.05.2, "Materials," in these General Specifications.
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2.05.7.4 Embankment Finishing Tolerances and Requirements.
Embankment Quality Assurance measuring or testing shall involve verification that
the embankments are constructed, timely finished and trimmed in a neat,
workmanlike manner to the lines, grades and typical cross sections shown on the
plans or staked by the Engineer within the following tolerances and deadlines:
1. Embankment slopes shall be constructed in conformance with the lines
and grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes within one (1) meter
of top of embankment grade shall not vary by more than fifteen (1 5) centimeters
from the staked slope measured at right angles to the slope. Slopes below one (1)
meter shall not vary more than thirty (30) centimeters from the staked slope,
measured at right angles to the slope.
2. Median and side slopes which are on a one (1) vertical to six (6)
horizontal (6:1) or flatter slope in excavation as well as embankment shall be finished
in accordance with the lines and grades established by the Engineer. The
completed slopes shall not vary more than one (1) centimeter from the designated
slope, measured at right angles to the slope. Flowlines within medians shall be
carefully graded to drain and shall not vary more than five (5) centimeters) from the
grade line established by the Engineer.
3. Finished Grade of Top of Embankment. The elevation of the finished
top of embankment shall be checked under the supervision of the Engineer. Each
cross section shall be checked at each change in cross slope and intermediate
points as directed. Cross sections shall be established at maximum intervals of
twenty-five(25) meters with additional sections as directed by the Engineer. The
allowable tolerance of the finished embankment above the staked elevation shall be
two (2) centimeters.
4. Variations above the design elevation shall not result in the diminished
thickness of any subsequent layer. The allowable tolerance of the finished
embankment below the staked elevation shall be forty (40) millimeters. Isolated
variations below the staked elevation shall be compensated by additional thickness
of the following subgrade layer.
5. Embankment slopes shall be finished in a timely manner preferably
immediately following the finishing of the roadbed. In no case, however, shall any
bituminous prime coat or bituminous concrete pavement be placed before the
embankment slopes are finished and accepted.
2.05.7.5 Acceptance. Embankment construction including lift thickness
classification and surface tolerances shall be accepted under Subsection 1.08.4,
"Measured or Tested Conformance," in these General Specifications.
Compaction will be accepted under Subsection 1.08.5, "Statistical Evaluation of work
for Acceptance and Determination of Pay Factor (Value of Work)."
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2.05.8 Method of Measurement. When payment is specified on a volume basis in
the Bill of Quantities, quantities of "Embankment" shall be computed by the
Contractor and checked by the Engineer. Quantity computations shall be based on
the original ground cross sections taken by the Contractor which were observed by
and attested to by the Engineer and staked elevations developed from the typical
sections in the plans and based on the Contractors staking notes which were
checked and attested to by the Engineer using the Average End Area Method.
These shall include zero area stations at inflection points between cut and all areas.
Any materials excavated or placed before these measurements have been taken
and approved by the Engineer will not be paid for.
Measurements will be made for embankment materials actually used to
replace unsuitable materials removed to obtain proper compaction in foundations to
fillsections.
Where it is impractical to measure material by the cross section method due
to the erratic location of isolated deposits, acceptable methods involving three
dimensional measurements may be used, when approved by the Engineer.
Payment for preparation of foundations for embankments shall not include the
removal of the top twenty (20) centimeters of sod and vegetable matter and
compaction of the twenty (20) centimeters thickness which is paid for under Clearing
and Grubbing, Pay Item No. 20101. Embankment bridging lifts as described in
Paragraph 2.05.3.4, "Placement of Materials" in these General Specifications, will be
measured for payment under Embankment, Pay Item No. 20501.
When material paid for as "Roadway Excavation" otherwise conforms to the
applicable specification requirements, it may be used in the "Embankment," or any
other Item of Work and also be paid under that item as provided in the specifications.
The total volume of Embankment shall be computed from the approved cross
sections based on original ground elevations after the authorized excavation of one
(1) unsuitable material in embankment areas, two (2) unsuitable material below
subgrade in cuts, three (3) authorized undercut areas in rock cuts, and four (4) other
materials ordered removed from their original position by the Engineer for
replacement or compaction of underlying layers, except those materials specifically
excluded from payment by the specifications. The approved cross sections shall not
include the volume of embankments widened solely to accommodate the disposal of
surplus materials. Embankment shall not include the volume of "Subgrade" since
separate payment is provided in the Bill of Quantities for that item.
In computing the pay quantity of Embankment, the volume occupied by
multiple barrel reinforced concrete box culverts shall be deducted from the total
volume of embankment. No deduction shall be made for the volume occupied by
pipe culverts or single barrel reinforced box culverts. No adjustments in pay
quantities based on the natural expansion or contraction of earthwork volumes as
they are excavated and compacted in embankments will be made. Estimates shown
in the plans based on assumed expansion or contraction are for information only.
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There will be no adjustment in contract unit prices nor will claims for additional
payment be considered based on erroneous assumptions or representations to the
contraction of excavated or imported materials, or the suitability of those materials
for use in the embankment, regardless whether the assumptions or representations
were made by the Ministry, its representatives, or any other responsible persons.
There will be no separate payment for foundation treatment or compaction of
materials in their original position or for Work specifically included for payment under
other items of Work.
2.05.9 Payment. The amount of authorized, completed and accepted Work,
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit price per cubic
meter for Embankment, as shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price(s) shall be full
compensation for all materials, labor, equipment, tools, and all other items necessary
for the proper completion of the Work including all surveying and quantity
computations as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these
General Specifications. A ten percent (10%) retent will be held by the Engineer on
each section of Embankment until the roadbed and slopes have been finished,
trimmed and compacted.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER:
20501 Embankment Cubic Meter
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SECTION 2.06 - UNTREATED SUBGRADE
2.06.1 Description. This work shall consist of blending, mixing, loading,
transporting and placing acceptable materials excavated from the roadway or
imported from borrow sites in horizontal lifts of uniform thickness for the full width of
the subgrade; compacting each layer, and finishing the top of the untreated
subgrade layer to specified tolerances. This work shall also consist of preparation of
existing subgrade layers, consisting of removal and replacement of the top layer of
the existing material, scarification, moisture adjustment, and compaction, and
finishing the top of the untreated subgrade layer to the specified tolerances. It shall
also consist of maintaining and draining the untreated subgrade layers, trimming the
untreated subgrade slopes, all as shown on the plans, specified in these
specifications and the special specifications or established by the Engineer.
Untreated subgrade layers shall be constructed as specified herein and shall be
treated as a separate item for measurement and payment purposes. Excavation
shall be completed as specified in Section 2.03, "Excavation," in these General
Specifications, and shall be treated as a separate item for measurement and
payment purposes. Embankment shall be completed as specified in Section 2.05
"Embankment" in these General Specifications, and shall be treated as a separate
item for measurement and payment purposes. For the remainder of the Section and
for simplification purposes, Untreated Subgrade will be referred to as Subgrade.
Subgrade
Subgrade Preparation
2.06.2 Materials. Materials from roadway excavation, tunnel excavation or imported
borrow meeting the appropriate quality requirements shall be used to construct
subgrade in accordance with the typical sections contained in the plans or as staked
by the Engineer.
Subgrade layer materials shall be a minimum of thirty (30) centimeter thick
after compaction in both embankment and cut areas using materials meeting the
following requirements:
1. Material classified by MRDTM 21 0 as A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O) and A-2-4(0)
having
no rock fragments larger than ten (1 0) centimeters.
2. Material having a minimum soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of twenty
five (25) (MRDTM 213) at maximum specified density.
3. Material being reasonably well-graded with sufficient fines to permit
compaction and compaction testing.
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2.06.3.1 Equipment. The Contractor shall provide all types, sizes and numbers of
equipment which are necessary for handling, mixing, loading, hauling, spreading,
watering, compacting and finishing material to form the subgrade layer in
accordance with the plans, the special specifications, this specification and as
directed by the Engineer.
2.06.3.2 Imported Borrow Material. The Contractor may use imported borrow
material to complete the subgrade layer to the lines, grades and cross sections
shown on the plans, specified in the Special Specifications and as staked by the
Engineer.
Imported borrow material includes material taken from borrow sites, whether or not
shown on the plans or described in the Special Specifications and from the widening
of cuts when said widening is approved by the Engineer in writing.
Borrow sites shall not be located so that any edge is closer than three
hundred (300) meters from embankment toe of slope unless otherwise shown on the
plans, specified in the Special Specifications or approved by the Engineer.
Borrow material shall not be taken from any site within five hundred (500)
meters downstream of a drainage structure unless approved by the Engineer in
writing. Such borrow sites shall be backfilled and compacted, as directed by the
Engineer, at the Contractors expense.
The Contractor may only import borrow materials from sites outside the right
of way. All such imported borrow shall be arranged by the Contractor at his sole and
exclusive cost. When the Contractor proposes to import borrow material from public
or private property he shall obtain the consent of the public agency or private owners
and present said consent agreement to the Engineer prior to beginning removal.
The Contractor shall perform preliminary testing of all proposed sources of
imported material for subgrade. The preliminary testing shall consist of test pits
and/or borings and testing of samples. This testing shall include, at the minimum,
the following tests for each soil or rock strata in each proposed source:
1. Classification - MRDTM 21 0 (All Required Tests)
2. Proctor - MRDTM 212 or MRDTM 214 if appropriate
3. California Bearing Ration (CBR) - MRDTM 213
The Contractor shall furnish all test data to the Engineer at least two (2)
weeks prior to taking material from the site and request preliminary approval from the
Engineer to use the borrow site. The Engineer shall review the test information and
accept or reject the Contractors request in writing. Final approval of the material
shall be based on acceptance samples taken from each layer of
subgrade.
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Before abandoning any borrow site located on public or private property, the
Contractor shall, at his sole expense, clean and trim the borrow site, haul roads and
all areas occupied during the work, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer and
property owner. Borrow sites shall present a neat and workmanlike natural
appearance and all edges shall be trimmed to slope no steeper than one vertical to
four horizontal (1 V to 4 H).
2.06.3.3 Placement of Materials. The Contractor shall have in operation a
sufficient number of motor graders or tractors to properly smooth and maintain the
surface of each layer of freshly placed subgrade prior to and during rolling and
compacting operations.
When it is feasible, trucks, scrapers, tractors or other heavy hauling
equipment shall be routed over the subgrade in such a manner to take advantage of
the compaction afforded thereby. The Engineer shall have full authority to require at
any time, the suspension of delivery of subgrade material until previously delivered
materials are properly placed and preceding layers are satisfactorily smooth,
uniformly compacted, and tested.
2.06.3.4 Subgrade Drainage and Slope Stability. At the end of each day's
operation, the Contractor will shape and compact to a uniform enough cross section
that will allow the surface of the subgrade allow water to drain. Dikes and slope
drains shall be constructed and maintained along the subgrade edges to prevent
water from spilling over the edge and eroding the side slopes.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all subgrade lifts and
shall replace all sections of same which, in the opinion of the Engineer, have been
damaged or displaced (slumped or slid) due to carelessness or neglect on the part of
the Contractor, or due to normally occurring natural causes, such as erosion caused
by wind or water, and not due to the unavoidable movement of the embankment
upon which the subgrade is placed. When unacceptable material has been placed in
the subgrade, its removal shall be at the expense of the Contractor.
2.06.3.5 Subgrade on Existing Road Surfaces. When an existing road surface
is shown on the plans, or directed by the Engineer, to be used as subgrade, the
adjustment of the elevation on which the subbase or base is to be placed shall be
made by a bituminous concrete leveling course constructed in accordance with the
details shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer and complying with
Section 4.05, "Bituminous Concrete Pavement," in these General Specifications.
When the width of the subgrade of that road under construction is greater
than the surface width of the existing roadway, that part of the subgrade which falls
on the surface of the existing road surface shall be constructed according to this
subparagraph, and that part of the subgrade which falls outside the limits of the
existing road surface shall be constructed as new construction and shall meet all
the requirements thereof.
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2.06.3.6 Subgrade In Earth Cuts. The depth of subgrade in earth cuts shall be
thirty (30) centimeters. The material shall be Class A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-a(O)
as determined by MRDTM 21 0, and shall meet a minimum soaked CBR of twenty-
five (25) as determined by MRDTM 213 when compacted to the specified density. If
the natural material in the cut meets these requirements, then the top fifteen (1 5)
centimeters shall be removed. The bottom fifteen (15) centimeters shall be scarified,
brought to a uniform moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to
ninety-eight percent (98%) of maximum dry density. The top fifteen (1 5) centimeters
shall be replaced with the same or equivalent material, brought to a uniform moisture
content within the specified range, and compacted to the specified density.
If the natural material in the cut does not meet the above requirements for
subgrade, then the subgrade shall be subexcavated to a depth of thirty (30)
centimeters unless additional excavation is ordered by the Engineer. The twenty
(20) centimeters below the excavated area shall be scarified, brought to a uniform
moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to Type 95 density. The
excavated material shall be replaced with material meeting the requirements of
Class A-1 -1 (0), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-4(0), with a minimum soaked CBR of twenty-five
(25) at the maximum specified density. The replacement material shall be brought to
uniform moisture content within the specified range and compacted in two (2)
approximately equal layers to ninety-eight percent (98%) of maximum dry density.
2.06.3.7 Subgrade in Rock Cuts. When a cut area is identified by the Engineer
as rock for purposes of subgrade preparation, the area shall be undercut to a depth
of thirty (30) centimeters below top of subgrade. The material excavated shall be
placed in embankments or disposed of as approved by the Engineer if there is a
surplus of embankment material. Care shall be taken that undrained pockets shall
not be left in the surface of the rock. Coarse aggregate material complying with the
requirements of AASHTO M43 - Sizes of Aggregates for Road and Bridge
Construction - Size numbers one (1) through four hundred sixty-seven (467) shall be
placed in the pockets or in the undercut rock surface and consolidated. After
consolidation, the undercut subgrade surface shall be in substantial compliance with
the grade and typical section shown on the plans. Placement and consolidation of
the coarse aggregate is required to fill the voids and irregularities left in the subgrade
from the Contractors excavation operation. This operation will be considered
subsidiary to the Excavation Item and the Contractor shall not receive additional
compensation for this Work.
The excavated material shall be replaced with material meeting the requirements
of Class A-1 -1 (0), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-4(0), with a minimum soaked CBR of twenty-
five (25) at the maximum specified density. The material shall be brought to uniform
moisture content within the specified range and compacted in two (2) approximately
equal layers to ninety-eight percent (98%) of maximum dry density.
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2.06.3.8 Subgrade on Embankments (including Sand Duns Areas). The
thirty (30) centimeters of material placed on the embankment to form the subgrade
layer shall meet the requirements of Class A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O), or A-24 as
determined by MRDTM 21 0, with a minimum soaked CBR of twenty-five (25) as
determined by MRDTM 213 when compacted to ninety-eight percent (98%) of
maximum dry density. The entire thirty (30) centimeters shall be compacted to the
specified density in two (2) approximately equal layers.
2.06.3.9 Preparation of Existing Subgrade. This work, whether in cut or in fill
sections, shall be carried out as specified in Paragraph 2.06.3.6 - "Subgrade in Earth
Cuts," in these General Specifications.
2.06.4 Quality Assurance Procedures. Subgrade shall be accepted by lot unless
otherwise stated in the Special Specifications. The lot shall consist of five thousand
(5,000) square meters constructed in accordance with the lift thickness requirements
specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirements," in
these General Specifications. The subgrade shall be sampled, tested and evaluated
in accordance with Section 1.08, "Acceptance," in these General Specifications. The
Engineer may, during the beginning of placement of subgrade, at times when test
results indicate erratic characteristics and at any other time, reduce the lot size to
sections of embankment with similar quality characteristics. This should facilitate the
isolation and modification or replacement of low-quality materials with materials of
acceptable quality to maintain the overall strength of the subgrade.
The Engineer shall perform or supervise the performance of all quality assurance
sampling and testing. The location of all samples and tests shall be recorded by
roadway, embankment height, centerline station (kilometer) and offset. Quality
assurance testing for each lot shall include:
1. Thickness
2. Compaction
3. Classification Maximum Particle Size and CBR
4. Subgrade Finishing Tolerances and Requirements
5. Acceptance
2.06.4.1 Thickness. The thickness of each lot of subgrade complete as placed and
compacted, shall be measured from test holes obtained at a minimum of five (5)
random locations within the lot. The thickness of each hole shall be determined after
it is determined that the compacted density is acceptable. The average of the test
hole thickness shall be reported as the thickness of the lot.
A lot shall be accepted when the average total thickness is not less than the
Plan thickness.
Any lot of subgrade with an average thickness less than the Plan thickness
but resulting in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher determined in accordance with
Subsection 1.08.5, "Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance and Determination
of Pay Factor (Value of Work)," in these General Specifications may be accepted on
the basis of reduced payment if requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise,
the said lot thickness shall be increased as specified in the following paragraph.
69
When the average thickness of a lot of subgrade is less than the plan
thickness by an amount resulting in a reduced pay factor below 0.75 the Contractor,
at his own expense, shall place and remix additional subgrade material with the
original subgrade material and recompact before new test holes are dug.
2.06.4.2 Compaction. Subgrade materials shall be compacted to the percent of
maximum density detailed in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and Compaction
The compacted density for each layer of subgrade shall be determined by the
sand cone method, MRDTM 215, or by nuclear method, MRDTM 218, using full
depth penetration, at the option of the Engineer.
Specifications, the tests shall be made at a minimum of five (5) randomly selected
locations in each lot.
Specifications, the test shall be made at a minimum of eight (8) randomly selected
locations in each lot. Three (3) nuclear gauge readings shall be made at each test
location within a radius of two (2) meters. The three (3) readings shall be averaged
and the average considered to be the density for that test location.
actual in-place compacted density from the nuclear gauge or sand cone test results
with the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212. For example, MRDTM 212
maximum density shall be determined from samples of embankment at a sampling
frequency of one (1) test per three (3) lots. The maximum density used for
determining percent compaction shall be the running average for three (3)
consecutive tests.
Any lot of subgrade that has a percent relative compaction below the
minimum percent compaction specified in Subsection 2.05.4 "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements" in these General Specifications, resulting in a reduced
pay factor of 0.75 or higher may be accepted on the basis of a reduced payment if
requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise the said lot shall be removed and
replaced by the Contractor at his expense. Lots that have percent relative
compaction resulting in a reduced pay factor less than 0.75 shall be removed and
replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
2.06.4.3 Classification, Maximum Particle Size and CBR. Classification and
CBR including gradation, plastic limit and liquid limit will be sampled, tested, and
evaluated on the results of a minimum of one (1) test result per lot for the first three
(3) lots and then one (1) test result for every fifth lot when changes in the material
properties are suspected by the Contractor or the Engineer. Maximum particle size
shall be determined by screening the entire sample as received over a ten (1 0)
centimeter square screen. The weight retained on the ten (1 0) centimeter screen
shall be recorded.
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A lot will be accepted when all the classifications and maximum particle size
tests representing that lot are as specified in Subsection 2.06.2, "Materials," in these
2.06.4.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements. Quality Assurance
measuring or testing shall involve verification that the subgrade is constructed, timely
finished and trimmed in a neat, workmanlike manner to the lines, grades and typical
cross sections shown on the Plans or staked by the Engineer within the following
tolerances and deadlines:
1. Subgrade slopes shall be constructed in conformance with the lines and
grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes shall not vary more than
one (1) centimeter from the designated slope measured at right angles to the slope.
2. Finished Grade of Subgrade. The elevation of the top of subgrade surface
shall be checked under the supervision of the Engineer. Each cross section shall be
checked at each change in cross slope and intermediate points as directed. Cross
sections shall be established at maximum intervals of twenty-five (25) meters with
additional sections as directed by the Engineer. The allowable tolerances for the
finished grade of the top of subgrade are as follows:
(1) When bituminous concrete or bituminous concrete base is to directly
be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not vary
more than one (1) centimeter above or below the grade established by the Engineer.
(2) When subbase or base material (other than bituminous concrete base)
is to be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not
vary more than two (2) centimeters above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
2.06.4.5 Acceptance. Subgrade construction including classification, maximum
particle size, California Bearing Ratio and finishing tolerances and requirements shall
be accepted under Subsection 1.08.4, "Measured or Tested Conformance," in these
Compaction and thickness will be accepted under Subsection 1.08.5,
(Value of Work)," in two (2) stages as follows: The first stage shall be the selection of
the pay factor for the quality of the subgrade relating to compaction. The second
stage involves the selection of a quantity pay factor based on the thickness of the
subgrade. The reduced thickness pay factor for the lower courses of multiple layer
courses will be applied provisionally based on the results of the depths of the holes
dug in the lower layers. Additional holes will be dug in the total depth of all subgrade
layers within the lot represented by lower layer reduced thickness pay factors. If the
total thickness depths show that the increased upper level layer thickness has
resulted in total thickness acceptability, the lower level layer reduced thickness pay
factor will be adjusted accordingly. The second stage thickness quantity pay factor
will be applied to all the individual course lots in addition to the first stage quality pay
factor.
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2.06.5 Maintenance and Protection. Following construction of the subgrade, the
compacted course shall be maintained by the Contractor at his own expense. The
Contractor shall blade, broom, and otherwise maintain the course, keeping it free
from raveling and other defects that result in lost density until such time as the next
element of the pavement structure is placed. Water shall be applied at such times
and in such quantities as directed by the Engineer, and the Engineer shall have full
authority to require the suspension of all other work on the project to insure the
proper maintenance of previously compacted material.
The Engineer shall determine when the surface of the subgrade is in the
proper condition to permit the bituminous prime and/or surfacing to be applied. The
Contractor must continue to maintain the surface of the subgrade, including the
application of the necessary water, at his own expense until such time as the
bituminous prime and/or surfacing is applied. Any additional expense incurred by
the Contractor t>ecause of delay in applying the bituminous prime and/or surfacing
when so permitted by the Engineer will not be considered as the basis for a claim for
additional compensation.
2.06.6 Method of Measurement. When payment is specified on a volume basis in
the Bill of Quantities, quantities of "Subgrade" shall be computed by the Contractor
and checked by the Engineer. The total volume of "Subgrade" shall be computed
from the approved cross sections and shall include the volume of material in the
subgrade zone which is required to be placed, removed and replaced, or removed,
returned, and compacted, or even scarified, watered, rolled and generally left in its
original location. The total volume of "Subgrade" shall include the subgrade layer
constructed in earth cuts, rock cuts, and on embankments including all roadways,
frontage and service roads, interchanges, ramps and other incidental roads. The
volume shall not include material below the subgrade zone which is scarified,
watered, rolled, or otherwise generally left in its original location. The lateral limits of
the subgrade zone shall be those shown on the typical section or ordered in writing
by the Engineer.
Where it is impractical to measure material by the cross section method due.
to the erratic location of isolated deposits, acceptable methods involving three
dimensional measurements may be used, when approved by the Engineer.
When material paid for as Roadway Excavation otherwise conforms to the
applicable specification requirements, it may be used in the Subgrade or any other
Item of Work and also be paid under that Item as provided in these General
Specifications.
Subgrade preparation will be measured by the square meter of completed and
accepted work, on the basis of approved cross-sections and as authorized and
directed by the Engineer. Measurement shall be to the nearest tenth of a square
meter along the longitudinal profile of the road. No measurement shall be made of
unauthorized areas, as specified in Subsection 1.07.6 Una uthorized work" in these
72
There will be no adjustment in contract unit price(s) nor will claims for
additional payment be considered based on erroneous assumptions or
representations to the contraction of excavated or imported materials, or the
suitability of those materials for use in the subgrade, regardless whether the
assumptions or representations were made by the Ministry, its representatives, or
any other responsible persons.
2.06.7 Payment. The amount of authorized, completed, and accepted subgrade
Work, measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit price(s) per
cubic meter for Subgrade as shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price(s) shall be
full compensation for all loading, hauling and the proper formation of subgrade,
trimming of slopes, cleanup, preparation, compaction and completion of subgrade
including shoulder areas, except as otherwise provided, and all other items
necessary for the proper completion of the Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2,
"Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications, including all surveying and
quantity computations.
The amount of completed and accepted Work for Subgrade Preparation,
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the unit price bid per square meter
for such item, appearing in the Bill of Quantities, which price shall be full
compensation for all that is necessary for proper completion as specified in
subsection 1.07.2 'Scope of Payment' in these General Specifications.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER:
20601 Subgrade Cubic Meter
20602 Subgrade Preparation Square Meter
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SECTION 2.07 - LIME TREATED SUBGRADE
2.07.1 Description. This work shall consist of preparing roadbed for lime treatment,
furnishing and applying lime, mixing lime and water with in-place material, and
spreading, compacting, curing and sealing the mixture, to the lines, grades and
dimensions shown on the plans and as specified.
Lime Treated Subgrade
Lime
2.07.2 Equipment. The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, a list of equipment
which he intends to use, at least fourteen (14) days prior to beginning lime treated
construction operations. The list shall include, but not be limited to:
1. Scarifying Equipment that is capable of loosening the subgrade soil to the
depths shown on the plans or specified in the Special Specifications.
2. Pulverizing Equipment that is capable of reducing the soil clods to facilitate
adequate mixing throughout the entire depth of layer specified.
3. Lime Spreading Equipment that will spread the lime uniformly at the
specified rate of application.
4. Mixing Equipment shall be traveling pugmill, or a single or multiple cross
shaft mixer capable of uniformly mixing soil, lime and water to the depths shown on
the plans or specified in the special specifications.
5. Watering Equipment that will apply water uniformly at measured rates.
NOTE: The requirements listed above shall not be interpreted to prohibit use of a
single item of equipment that will scarify, pulverize, add water and mix to the depths
specified.
6. Compacting Equipment as specified in Paragraph 2.07.4.4, "Compaction and
Finishing" in these General Specifications.
7. Bituminous Material Distributor as specified in Subsection 4.02.4,
"Equipment" in these General Specifications.
The Engineer shall consider the equipment proposed, approve that which will
produce the results specified and require the Contractor to provide such other
equipment as may be needed. At any time during construction activities, if the work
performed by the Con-tractor fails to conform to specified requirements, the Engineer
shall order changes in equipment, construction methods or both.
74
2.07.3 Materials.
2.07.3.1 Lime. Lime shall be a commercial dry hydrated lime or granular or
palletized quicklime conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 51. When sampled
on delivery to the project, the lime shall conform to the following gradation and
quality requirements:
GRADATION
Percent Passing
Sieve Size Hydrated Lime Quicklime
19 mm (% inch) 100 100
No. 30 95-100 -
No. 100 - 30-100
No. 200 75-100 -
Test Method ASTM C 110 ASTM C 136
(Dry sieving only)
Hydrated lime shall contain not less than eighty-five percent (85%) calcium
hydroxide Ca(OH)2, as determined by ASTM C 25.
Quicklime shall contain not less than ninety-four percent (94%) total available
calcium oxide and magnesium oxide (CaO + MgO) and not less than ninety percent
(90%) total available calcium oxide (CaO) as determined by ASTM C 25.
Lime from more than one (1) source or more than one (1) type of lime may be
used on the same project, but the different limes shall not be mixed. The lime shall
be protected from exposure to moisture until used and shall be sufficiently dry to flow
freely when handled.
The supplier of lime shall provide a written Certificate of Guarantee stating
that the lime conforms to the requirements of this section. A certified copy of
shipping weight shall be submitted to the Engineer with each delivery of lime.
2.07.3.2 Water. Water used for mixing shall be capable of producing the specified
lime treated material as confirmed by laboratory testing and shall be approved by the
Engineer.
2.07.3.3 Bituminous Curing Seal. Bituminous material for curing seal shall be
SS-1 h or CSS-1h conforming to the requirements specified in Section 4. 01,
"Bituminous Materials" in these General Specifications.
2.07.4 Construction Requirements.
2.07.4.1 Preparation of Roadbed. In-place material to be lime treated shall be
scarified and thoroughly broken up for the full roadway width. The material to be
treated shall contain no rocks or clods larger than six (6) centimeters in greatest
dimension. The depth to be scarified shall be as specified in the Plans or Special
Specifications. The lime, water and in-place material shall be mixed and compacted
75
to the full scarified depth. The thickness of lime treated subgrade layer shall not be
more than two (2) centimeters less than the planned and staked thickness.
If the mixing machine to be used requires that the material be windrowed, the
windrows shall be of uniform cross section and limited to such size that all the
material will pass through the mixer at each operation. Otherwise, the material shall
be shaped to the required line, grade and cross section before application of lime
and mixing.
2.07.4.2 Application of Lime. Lime shall be added to the material to be treated at
a rate not varying more than ten percent (1 0%) from the rate specified in the Special
Specifications. The equipment used to distribute the lime shall be capable of
uniformly distributing the required amount of lime for the full width of the pass within
this tolerance.
Lime or lime treated material shall not be spread or mixed when the
temperature is less than five degrees Celsius (5' C) in the shade, or when conditions
are such at the temperature will fall below five degrees Celsius (50 C) within twenty-
four (24) hours.
The area on which the lime may be spread ahead of the mixing operation
shall be limited to that which the Contractor demonstrates he is capable of
thoroughly mixing by the end of the working day.
No traffic other than water trucks and mixing equipment shall be allowed on
the lime treated material until after completion of all mixing.
2.07.4.3 Mixing. The soil and lime shall be uniformly mixed with approved
equipment. Water shall be applied and mixed to produce a moisture content which
is uniform throughout the depth being mixed within two (2) percentage points of the
optimum moisture content required for compaction. The optimum moisture content
shall be established by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.
Mixing and remixing operations shall continue until the material is uniformly
mixed and free of streaks or pockets of lime. The final mixture shall not contain
more than five percent (5%), by dry weight, untreated soil clods larger than three (3)
centimeters in diameter.
The lime treated material, after the initial mixing operations and before
compaction, shall be allowed to cure for a period between twenty-four (24) to forty
eight (48) hours as determined by the Engineer.
If quicklime is used for subgrade treatment, sufficient water shall be added
prior to or during the initial mixing operation to slake all of the quicklime.
When lime treated subgrade is required to be reworked more than seven (7)
days after original compaction is completed, an additional two percent (2%) lime
shall be uniformly incorporated into the mixture.
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2.07.4.4 Compaction and Finishing. The treated mixture, after curing, shall be
spread to the lines, grades and thickness shown on the plans or specified in the
special specifications.
The thickness of a compacted layer shall not exceed thirty (30) centimeters.
When the required thickness is more than thirty (30) centimeters, the mixture shall
be spread and compacted in two (2) or more layers of approximately equal
thickness. Optimum moisture content shall be maintained by watering during the
spreading and compacting process. Unless otherwise stated in the special
specifications, the lime treated subgrade shall be compacted to a dry density not less
than ninety-five percent (95%) of the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212.
Initial compaction shall be by grid, segmented or peg rollers. Final
compaction shall be accomplished by a minimum of two (2) coverages with a steel
drum or pneumatic roller. Areas inaccessible to rollers shall be compacted as
specified by tamping using equipment selected by the Contractor and acceptable to
the Engineer.
The lime treated subgrade shall be completed to the grades shown on the
plans within a tolerance of +/- two (2) centimeters.
2.07.4.5 Curing. The surface of the lime treated subgrade shall be kept moist until
covered by another layer of lime treated subgrade or until a bituminous curing seal is
placed. The bituminous curing seal shall be applied at a rate between one half (0.5)
and one (1.0) liters per square meter. The curing seal shall be applied within one (1)
hour after completion of final compaction along any portion of the roadbed having a
length of two hundred and fifty (250) meters. Curing seal shall be applied when air
temperatures are above five degrees Celsius (5' C).
Additional applications of curing seal shall be applied as necessary to
maintain a uniform, complete film of bituminous material on the lime treated
subgrade for at least seventy-two (72) hours).
No equipment or traffic will be allowed on the bituminous curing seal for at
least seventy-two (72) hours after application of the curing seal. Subsequent layers
of subbase, base or bituminous surfacing shall be placed within ten (10) days after
application of the curing seal.
2.07.4.6 Safety Requirements. The Contractor shall prepare a program for safety
of construction personnel and the public and present it to the Engineer prior to the
beginning of lime treatment operations. The program shall include training of
construction personnel, provision of safety equipment for protection of body, eyes
and nasal passages. A suitable first aid kit shall be available at the work site at all
times when lime spreading and mixing is in progress. No work shall begin until the
Engineer has received the safety program and approved it. During construction
operations the Contractor shall enforce all safety regulations and require the use of
safety equipment. When the Contractor fails to enforce all safety requirements,
construction activities shall cease.
77
2.07.5 Quality Assurance Procedures. Lime treated subgrade shall be accepted
by lot unless otherwise stated in the Special Specifications. The lot shall consist of
five thousand (5,000) square meters constructed in accordance with the subgrade lift
thickness requirements specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications. The lime treated
subgrade shall be sampled, tested and evaluated in accordance with Section 1.08
"Acceptance" in these General Specifications. The Engineer may, during the
beginning of placement of lime treated subgrade, at times when test results indicate
erratic characteristics and at any other time, reduce the lot size to sections of
embankment with similar quality characteristics. This should facilitate the isolation
and modification or replacement of low-quality materials with materials of acceptable
quality to maintain the overall strength of the subgrade.
recorded by roadway, embankment height, centerline station (kilometer) and offset.
Quality assurance testing for each lot shall include:
1. Thickness
2. Compaction
4. Finishing Tolerances and Requirements
5. Lime
6. Acceptance
2.07.5.1 Thickness. The thickness of each lot of lime treated subgrade complete
as placed and compacted, shall be measured from test holes obtained at a minimum
of five (5) random locations within the lot. The thickness of each hole shall be
determined after it is determined that the compacted density is acceptable. The
average of the test hole thickness shall be reported as the thickness of the lot.
Plan thickness.
Any lot of lime treated subgrade with an average thickness less than the Plan
thickness but resulting in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher determined in
accordance with Subsection 1.08.5, "Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance
and Determination of Pay Factor (Value of Work)," in these General Specifications
may be accepted on the basis of reduced payment if requested in writing by the
Contractor. Otherwise the said lot thickness shall be increased as specified in the
following paragraph.
at his own expense, shall place and remix additional lime treated subgrade material
with the original subgrade material and recompact before new test holes are dug.
78
2.07.5.2 Compaction. Lime treated subgrade materials shall be compacted to the
percent of maximum density detailed in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications.
The compacted density for each layer of lime treated subgrade shall be
determined by the sand cone method, MRDTM 215, or by nuclear method, MRDTM
218, using full depth penetration, at the option of the Engineer.
actual in-place compacted density from the nuclear gauge or sand cone test results
with the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212. For example, MRDTM 212
maximum density shall be determined from samples of lime treated subgrade at a
sampling frequency of one (1) test per three (3) lots. The maximum density used for
determining percent compaction shall be the running average for three (3)
consecutive tests.
Any lot of lime treated subgrade that has a percent relative compaction below
the minimum percent compaction specified for subgrade in Subsection 2.05.4 "Lift
Thickness and Compaction Requirements" in these General Specifications, resulting
in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher may be accepted on the basis of a reduced
payment if requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise the said lot shall be
removed and replaced by the Contractor at his expense. Lots that have percent
relative compaction resulting in a reduced pay factor less than 0.75 shall be removed
and replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
When requested, the lime treated subgrade lift may be accepted on the basis
of reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher in accordance with Subsection 1.08.5,
(Value of Work)," in these General Specifications.
shall be recorded.
79
tests representing that lot are as specified in Subsection 2.07.2, "Materials," in these
2.07.5.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements. Quality Assurance
measuring or testing shall involve verification that the lime treated subgrade is
constructed, timely finished and trimmed in a neat, workmanlike manner to the lines,
grades and typical cross sections shown on the Plans or staked by the Engineer
within the following tolerances and deadlines:
1. Lime treated subgrade slopes shall be constructed in conformance with the
lines and grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes shall not vary
more than one (1) centimeter from the designated slope measured at right angles to
the slope.
2. Finished Grade of Lime Treated Subgrade. The elevation of the top of lime
treated subgrade surface shall be checked under the supervision of the Engineer.
Each cross section shall be checked at each change in cross slope and intermediate
points as directed. Cross sections shall be established at maximum intervals of
twenty-five (25) meters with additional sections as directed by the Engineer. The
allowable tolerances for the finished grade of the top of subgrade are as follows:
(1) When bituminous concrete or bituminous concrete base is to directly
be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not vary
more than one (1) centimeter above or below the grade established by the Engineer.
(2) When subbase or base material (other than bituminous concrete base)
is to be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not
vary more than two (2) centimeters above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
2.07.5.5 Lime. The lime shall conform to the gradation and quality requirements in
Paragraph 2.07.3.1, "Lime," in these General Specifications based upon Certificates
of Compliance delivered with each load of lime.
2.07.5.6 Acceptance. Lime treated subgrade construction including classification,
maximum particle size, California Bearing Ratio, lime, and finishing tolerances and
requirements shall be accepted under Section 1.08.4, "Measured or Tested
Conformance," in these General Specifications.
Lime shall be accepted under Subsection 1.08.3, "Certification of
Compliance," in these General Specifications.
the pay factor for the quality of the lime treated subgrade relating to Compaction.
The second stage involves the selection of a quantity pay factor based on the
thickness of the lime treated subgrade. The reduced thickness pay factor for the
lower courses of multiple layer courses will be applied provisionally based on the
80
results of the depths of the holes dug in the lower layers. Additional holes will be
dug in the total depth of all lime treated subgrade layers within the lot represented by
lower layer reduced thickness pay factors. If the total thickness depths show that the
increased upper level layer thickness has resulted in total thickness acceptability, the
lower level layer reduced thickness pay factor will be adjusted accordingly. The
second stage thickness quantity pay factor will be applied to all the individual course
lots in addition to the first stage quality pay factor.
2.07.6 Method of Measurement. The accepted lime treated subgrade shall be
measured in cubic meters based on dimensions shown on the plans or as ordered
by the Engineer. The amount of Lime incorporated into the measured and accepted
quantity of lime treated subgrade shall be measured in tons. No measurement shall
be made for materials placed outside authorized limits.
2.07.7 Payment. Lime treated subgrade shall be paid for at the contract unit price(s)
per cubic meter for Lime Treated Subgrade and per ton for Lime as listed in the
Bill of Quantities.
Such payment shall be full compensation for furnishing materials, labor,
equipment, tools and all incidentals necessary for the proper completion of the work
as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General
Specifications.
20701 Lime Treated Subgrade Cubic Meter
81
SECTION 2.08 - CEMENT TREATED SUBGRADE
2.08.1 Description. This work shall consist of preparing roadbed for cement
treatment, furnishing and applying cement and water, mixing cement and water with
in-place material, and spreading, compacting, sealing and curing the mixture within
the lines, grades, and dimensions shown on the project plans and as specified.
Cement Treated Subgrade
Cement
2.08.2 Materials.
2.08.2.1 In-Place Material. In-place material on the roadbed shall be the native
material or embankment, free of plant growth and unsuitable materials, as unsuitable
materials are defined in Section 2.03, "Excavation," or in these General
Specifications.
2.08.2.2 Portland Cement. Portland Cement shall conform to the requirements of
Paragraph 5.01.2.1 "Portland Cement" in these General Specifications.
2.08.2.3 Water. Water used for mixing shall conform to the requirements for
"Water" in Paragraph 5.01.2.3 in these General Specifications.
2.08.2.4 Bituminous Cure Seal. Bituminous material for the curing seal shall be
emulsified bituminous materials, grades SS-1 h or CSS-1 h, conforming to the
requirements of Section 4.01, "Bituminous Materials," in these General
Specifications.
2.08.2.5 Chemical Admixtures. Set retarders shall conform to the requirements
specified in ASTM C 494.
2.08.3 Mix Design. The applicable design parameters will be specified in the
special specifications. The Contractor shall provide a mix design having proportions
of materials that, when mixed, spread and compacted as specified, the cement
treated subgrade will conform to all specified requirements. When design
parameters are not specified in the special specifications, the Contractor shall
prepare a mix design with three and one-half percent (31/2%) percent cement by dry
weight of aggregate.
At least thirty (30) days prior to the production of the mixture, the Contractor
shall submit, for the Engineers approval, design mix information as follows:
1. Source of each material to be used to produce the cement treated mixture.
2. Recommended percent cement and water contents.
3. Density of the mixture at the recommended cement and water content based
on MRDTM 212.
82
4. Retarder or other additive used in the design mix and proportions of each
based on the dry weight of aggregate.
In addition, thirty (30) days prior to the production of mixture, the Contractor shall
furnish the Engineer the following quantities of materials proposed for use in the
mixture:
1. Aggregate One hundred (100) kilograms
2. Cement Twenty (20) kilograms
3. Retarder or other additive, if used three (3) kilograms
Should a change in materials be made by the Contractor or should verification
testing performed by the Engineer indicate that the recommended mix design is
unsatisfactory, the Contractor shall immediately develop a new mix design and
furnish the above information prior to beginning or continuing production of cement
treated mixture.
2.08.4 Weather Limitations. Cement treated material shall not be mixed or placed
during rain, dust or sand storms, unless approved by the Engineer. When the air
temperature is below five (5) degrees Celsius or expected to reach thirty- five (35)
degrees Celsius or higher, the Contractor shall schedule his operations to place and
compact the cement treated base.
2.08.5 Traffic Control. The Contractor shall take effective action to prevent traffic,
other than necessary construction equipment, from using the cement treated
subgrade until approved by the Engineer. When public traffic uses the roadway on
which cement treated subgrade is being constructed, the Contractor shall provide all
necessary signs, barricades, flagmen and pilot cars needed to allow traffic to
proceed with minimum interruption.
2.08.6 Equipment. Equipment shall conform to the general requirements Section
2.06, "Lime Treated Subgrade," except that mixing and spreading equipment shall
be suitable for use with cement.
2.08.7.1 Preparation of Roadbed. In-place material to be cement treated shall be
scarified and thoroughly broken up for the full width of treatment. The material to be
treated shall contain no rocks larger than eight (8) centimeters in any dimension.
When rocks larger than eight (8) centimeters are present in the subgrade to be
treated, the Contractor shall remove the larger rock from the full depth to be cement
treated by picking, breaking to size, raking, screening or any other means which will
result in removal of oversize rock. The depth to be scarified shall be such that when
compacted, the treated subgrade will conform to the specified thickness within plus
or minus two (2) centimeters.
If the mixing operation requires that the material be windrowed, the windrows
shall be of uniform cross-section and limited to a size that will allow it to all pass
83
through the mixer in each operation. Otherwise the material shall be shaped to the
required line, grade, and cross-section before applying the cement and mixing.
2.08.7.2 Application of the Cement. Cement shall be added to the material to be
treated at the rate specified or as determined from the approved design mix. The
actual application rate shall not vary by more than ten percent (10%) of the specified
rate. The equipment used to distribute the cement shall be as approved by the
Engineer and it shall be capable of uniformly distributing the required amount of
cement for the full width of the pass.
The area upon which cement is spread shall be limited to that which the
contractor can thoroughly mix and compact by the end of each one-half (1/2) work
shift.
2.08.7.3 Mixing. Mixing shall be accomplished with a traveling pugmill or a single
or multiple transverse shaft mixer as approved by the Engineer. Mixers shall be
equipped with a system capable of introducing water at a controlled rate during
mixing and be capable of producing a completed mixture with a uniform moisture
content. The moisture content of the completed mixture shall be within two
percentage points of the optimum moisture content of the material being treated as
determined by MRDTM 212.
The in-place material and cement shall be mixed such that cement balls are
prevented from forming when water is added. Mixing shall be continued until the
mixture is uniform and at the required moisture content.
2.08.7.4 Compacting and Finishing. The thickness of a compacted layer shall
not exceed twenty (20) centimeters. The moisture content shall be maintained as
necessary to achieve specified compaction. Unless specified otherwise, the cement
treated material shall be compacted to a density of not less ninety-five percent (95%)
percent of the maximum density as determined by MRDTM 212.
Initial compaction shall be accomplished with a sheepsfoot or grid rollers.
Final compaction shall be accomplished with steel wheel or pneumatic tired rollers.
Areas inaccessible to rollers shall be compacted to the required density as approved
by the Engineer.
The cement treated subgrade shall be finished to a reasonably smooth and ,
uniform surface and in reasonably close conformity to the lines, grades, dimensions,
and cross-sections shown on the project plans or established by the Engineer. The
surface of the treated subgrade shall not vary by more than two (2) centimeters
above or below the specified grade.
Damage to cement treated subgrade which occurs as a result of the
Contractors activities shall be promptly repaired by the Contractor at his expense.
84
2.08.7.5 Operation Time Requirement. The Contractor shall furnish and operate
sufficient equipment or limit the area of work in progress so that not more than one
(1) hour shall elapse between the time water is added to the in-place materials and
cement and the time to Completion of the final compaction after trimming, unless
otherwise approved by the Engineer.
2.08.8 Curing. The surface of cement treated subgrade shall be kept moist until a
curing seal is applied. Bituminous curing seal shall be applied uniformly at a rate
between one-half (0.50) and one (1.0) liter per square meter of surface. The curing
seal shall be applied on the same day that final compaction is performed and as
soon after the final compaction as is practicable.
After the curing seal has been applied, the cement treated subgrade shall be
kept free from traffic for a period of at least three (3) days.
Any damage to the curing seal or the cement treated subgrade shall be
promptly repaired by the contractor, at his expense and as directed by the Engineer,
until a subsequent subbase, base, or pavement course is placed over the cement
treated subgrade.
2.08.9 Quality Assurance Procedures. Cement treated subgrade shall be
accepted by lot. Unless otherwise stated in the Special Specifications. The lot shall
consist of five thousand (5,000) square meters constructed in accordance with the lift
thickness requirements specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications. The cement treated
subgrade shall be sampled, tested and evaluated in accordance with Section 1.08,
"Acceptance," in these General Specifications. The Engineer may, during the
beginning of placement of cement treated subgrade, at times when test results
indicate erratic characteristics and at any other time, reduce the lot size to sections
of embankment with similar quality characteristics. This should facilitate the isolation
and modification or replacement of low-quality materials with materials of acceptable
quality to maintain the overall strength of the subgrade.
recorded by roadway, at embankment height, centerline station (kilometer) and
offset. Quality assurance testing for each lot shall include:
1. Thickness
2. Compaction
4. Subgrade Finishing Tolerances and Requirements
5. Cement
6. Acceptance
85
2.08.9.1 Thickness. The thickness of each lot of cement treated subgrade
complete as placed and compacted, shall be measured from test holes obtained at a
minimum five (5) random locations within the lot. The thickness of each hole shall be
determined after it is determined that the compacted density is acceptable. The
average of the test hole thickness shall be reported as the thickness of the lot.
Plan thickness.
Any lot of cement treated subgrade with an average thickness less than the
Plan thickness but resulting in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher determined in
accordance with Subsection 1.08.5, "Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance
and Determination of Pay Factor (Value of Work)," in these General Specifications
may be accepted on the basis of reduced payment if requested in writing by the
Contractor. Otherwise the lot thickness shall be increased as specified in the
following paragraph.
at his own expense, shall place and remix additional subgrade material with the
original subgrade material and recompact before new test holes are dug.
2.08.9.2 Compaction. Cement treated subgrade materials shall be compacted to
the percent of maximum density detailed in Subsection 2.08.4, "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications.
The compacted density for each layer of cement treated subgrade shall be
determined by the sand cone method, MRDTM 215, or by nuclear method, MRDTM
218, using full depth penetration, at the option of the Engineer.
Percent compaction shall be computed by comparing the average actual in
place compacted density from the nuclear gauge or sand cone test results with the
maximum density determined by MRDTM 212. For example, MRDTM 212 maximum
density shall be determined from samples of embankment at a sampling frequency
of one (1) test per three (3) lots. The maximum density used for determining percent
compaction shall be the running average for three (3) consecutive tests.
Any lot of cement treated subgrade that has a percent relative compaction
below the minimum percent compaction specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift
Thickness and Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications, resulting
86
in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher may be accepted on the basis of a reduced
payment if requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise the said lot shall be
removed and replaced by the Contractor at his expense. Lots that have percent
relative compaction resulting in a reduced pay factor less than 0.75 shall be removed
and replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
When requested, the cement treated subgrade lift may be accepted on the
basis of reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher in accordance with Subsection 1.08.5,
(Value of Work)," in these General Specifications.
shall be recorded.
tests representing that lot are as specified in Subsection 2.08.2 "Materials" in these
2.08.9.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements. Quality Assurance measuring
or testing shall involve verification that the cement treated subgrade is constructed,
timely finished and trimmed in a neat, workmanlike manner to the lines, grades and
typical cross sections shown on the Plans or staked by the Engineer within the
following tolerances and deadlines:
1. Cement treated subgrade slopes shall be constructed in conformance
with the lines and grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes shall
not vary more than one (1) centimeter from the designated slope measured at right
angles to the slope.
2. Finished Grade of Cement Treated Subgrade. The elevation of the top
of cement treated subgrade surface shall be checked under the supervision of the
Engineer. Each cross section shall be checked at each change in cross slope and
intermediate points as directed. Cross sections shall be established at maximum
intervals of twenty-five (25) meters with additional sections as directed by the
Engineer. The allowable tolerances for the finished grade of the top of subgrade are
as follows:
(1) When bituminous concrete or bituminous concrete base is to
directly be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall
not vary more than one (1) centimeter above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
(2) When subbase or base material (other than bituminous concrete
base) is to be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall
87
not vary more than two (2) centimeters above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
2.08.9.5 Cement. The cement and other miscellaneous materials shall conform to
the requirements in Subsection 2.08.2, "Materials," in these General Specifications
based upon Certificates of Compliance delivered with each shipment.
2.08.9.6 Acceptance. Cement treated subgrade construction including
classification, maximum particle size, California Bearing Ratio and finishing
tolerances and requirements shall be accepted under Subsection 1.08.4, "Measured
or Tested Conformance," in these General Specifications.
Cement shall be accepted under Subsection 1.08.3, "Certification of
Compliance," in these General Specifications.
the pay factor for the quality of the cement treated subgrade relating to compaction.
The second stage involves the selection of a quantity pay factor based on the
thickness of the cement treated subgrade. The reduced thickness pay factor for the
lower courses of multiple layer courses will be applied provisionally based on the
results of the depths of the holes dug in the lower layers. Additional holes will be
dug in the total depth of all cement treated subgrade layers within the lot represented
by lower layer reduced thickness pay factors. If the total thickness depths show that
the increased upper level layer thickness has resulted in total thickness acceptability,
the lower level layer reduced thickness pay factor will be adjusted accordingly. The
second stage thickness quantity pay factor will be applied to all the individual course
lots in addition to the first stage quality pay factor.
2.08.10 Method of Measurement. Cement treated subgrade will be measured by
the cubic meter, as placed and compacted to the specified thickness and within the
lines and grades shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer. The amount of
cement incorporated into the measured and accepted quantities of cement treated
subgrade shall be measured in tons. No measurement shall be made for material
placed outside authorized limits.
88
2.08.11 Payment. The accepted quantity of cement treated subgrade, measured as
provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit price per cubic meter for Cement
Treated Subgrade and per ton for Cement as listed in the Bill of Quantities.
Said price and payment shall cover and be full compensation for furnishing all
equipment, labor, materials, tools and incidentals necessary for the proper
completion of the cement treated subgrade as specified in Subsection 1.07.2,
"Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications.
20801 Cement Treated Subgrade Cubic Meter
20802 Cement Ton
89
SECTION 2.09 - STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL
2.09.1 Description. This work shall consist of all excavation for foundations for
bridges and other structures including reinforced concrete box culverts, headwalls,
wingwalls, energy dissipators, crib walls, sign supports and retaining walls. This
work shall include necessary bailing, drainage, pumping, sheeting, and the
necessary construction of cofferdams or c-ribs, and their subsequent removal and
placing of all necessary backfill. This work includes the disposal of all material
obtained from such excavation and backfilling with the suitable material to the level
of the original ground. It shall include the furnishing and placing of approved
foundation fill material to replace unsuitable material encountered below the
foundation elevation of structures.
Temporary Shoring and Cribbing shall consist of such shoring and cribbing
required to support roadways or other public or private structures within five (5)
meters of the excavation for the duration of the excavation operations.
Structural Excavation
Structural Excavation - Bridges
Structural Excavation - Other Structures
Temporary Shoring and Cribbing
The Contractor shall visit the site and evaluate the geological make-up of the
area for himself and base his bid prices solely on his own determination of geological
conditions. Variations in the actual volume or character of structural excavation
quantities shall not be a basis for a claim for additional money or revision of bid price
by the Contractor. No allowance will be made for the classification of materials
regardless of their physical properties.
2.09.2.1 General. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer a sufficient time in
advance of the beginning of any excavation for structures which constitute a pay
item in the Bill of Quantities so that the Engineer may observe the cross-sectional
elevations and measurements taken of the existing ground in the area of the
structure. Any materials removed or excavated before these measurements have
been taken and approved by the Engineer will not be paid for.
The Contractor shall minimize, to the extent possible, the length of time that
excavated areas are open. He shall be solely responsible for damages due to
weather, equipment, accidents, or other causes when excavation is left open.
In areas where the excavation is adjacent to public roads and walkways, the
Contractor shall erect all barricades, barriers, enclosed walkways, and warning signs
necessary to restrict the exposure of the public to the excavation. Special
precautions shall be taken in areas where children may play. The adequacy of all
such safety measures shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
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The Contractor shall take necessary precautions, including cofferdams and
other shoring, to protect employees in the excavation and on the ground above. The
Engineer will not enter excavated areas to approve the foundation and further work
unless the area is considered safe.
2.09.2.2 Structural Excavation for Bridges. The foundations for bridges shall be
excavated according to the outlines of the footings as shown on the plans and shall
be of sufficient size to permit the placing of the full width and lengths of the footings
shown with full horizontal beds. Rounded or undercut corners and edges of footings
will not be permitted.
Borings and soil tests, including chloride and sulphate content if applicable,
made prior to execution of this work, were carried out for purposes of establishing
tentative soil conditions and bearing capacity at the locations of bridge foundations
for the sake of the bridge design. The Contractor shall be responsible to conduct his
own additional geotechnical investigations, as may be required, to verify the
subsurface soil conditions, in order to ensure safe foundations for the structures.
Such additional geotechnical investigations shall not be paid for directly but shall be
considered as subsidiary to the pay item of this section.
The excavation shall be carried to the elevation shown on the plans or as
established by the Engineer. Excavation depths for bridge footing foundations shall
be only as directed by the Engineer. Borings and soil tests, made during design, and
actual investigation of the completed foundation excavation will be used to determine
final depth. No concrete shall be placed prior to the approval by the Engineer of the
excavation pit. Excavation shall be carried to a depth so that the bottom of
excavation is approximately one hundred (100) millimeters above the formation level
of foundation (level of bottom of Blinding Concrete). No further excavation shall be
carried out until the Engineer has examined the excavation and certified that at the
level of excavation, the design bearing pressure stated in the drawings can safely be
attained. After permission to proceed with the excavation is given, the Contractor
shall excavate to the formation level and place the blinding concrete immediately. K
after excavation to formation level, the placing of blinding concrete is delayed
whereby the material at formation level becomes unsuitable, then additional
excavation and backfilling with concrete shall be carried out as directed by the
Engineer. If the depth of the additional excavation is less than five (500) millimeters,
the concrete used for the backfilling shall be the same class as the concrete
specified for the footing. If the depth of the additional excavation exceeds five
hundred (500) millimeters, the concrete used for the backfilling shall be either no
Fines Concrete or Cyclopean concrete in accordance with Section 5.01, "Portland
Cement Concrete," in these General Specifications. The plan dimensions of the
such additional excavation shall be increased to allow for the spreading of load from
the footing at forty-five (45) degrees in all directions to the formation. When
unsuitable material is encountered below the level specified for bridge footings, the
Contractor at the direction of the Engineer, shall excavate such unsuitable material
and backfill with concrete. The additional excavation and backfilling shall be as
described above in this paragraph.
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No payment will be made for unauthorized overdepth and overwidth
excavation and the concrete backfill-shall be at the Contractors expense. Where
excavation to rock foundation is required, the excavation shall be done in such
manner as to allow the solid rock to be exposed and prepared in horizontal beds or
properly serrated for receiving the concrete. All loose and disintegrated rock and
thin strata shall be removed.
All blasting necessary in any one (1) pier or abutment shall be performed prior
to placing any concrete. Where rock is encountered in the toe wall excavation for
concrete box culverts or concrete headwalls for pipe culverts and the rock is such
quality that will prevent erosion, part of the toe wall may be eliminated in the rock
strata as directed, but the toe wall shall be keyed into the rock strata.
Where foundation piles are used, the excavation of each pit shall be
completed before the piles are driven. All the foundation piling shall be driven in any
pier abutment before concrete is placed in any column of that pier or abutment.
2.09.2.3 Structural Excavation for Culverts and Miscellaneous Structures.
Excavation for culverts and miscellaneous structures shall be performed to the limits
required for construction and to the depth required for bedding material or removal of
unsuitable material.
When unsuitable material is encountered below foundation elevation for
reinforced concrete box structures or pipe culverts, the Contractor, at the direction of
the Engineer, shall excavate such unsuitable material and replace with suitable and
stable backfill material. The foundation stabilization, including the degree of
instability of the existing material, necessary depth of excavation, and suitability of
the proposed backfill material, shall be approved by the Engineer prior to beginning
the excavation.
The foundation material supporting the bedding or structure shall be Class A-
1 a(O), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-4 material compacted to Type 95 compaction. If the natural
material does not meet the classification requirements, it shall be subexcavated a
depth of thirty (30) centimeters and replaced with material meeting the requirements
contained in Subsection 2.09.3, "Materials," in these General Specifications. Any
rock or hardened material within fifteen (1 5) centimeters of the bottom of the
structure shall be similarly subexcavated and replaced with material meeting the
classification requirements.
If no special bedding is required, the foundation for precast and prefabricated
culverts shall be shaped to the shape of the culvert, including all protrusions. The
shaping shall extend to twenty-five percent (25%) of the normal height of the culvert.
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2.09.2.4 Foundation Pits. When no piles are used and structures are to rest on an
excavated surface other than rock, the following shall apply:
The Contractor may excavate in open pits when:
1. Worker safety is assured.
2. Footings can be placed in dry material away from flowing water.
3. The integrity of the structure and its surroundings, including existing
pavement is not reduced.
Care shall be taken during excavation to prevent disturbing the foundation. If
ground water is encountered during excavation and a concrete seal course is not to
be used, dewatering shall be commenced and shall proceed in advance of or
concurrently with further excavation. The foundation shall be free of water at the
time footing concrete is placed, and water control shall continue as necessary to
prevent damage to the work.
All dewatering shall be performed at the Contractors sole expense and shall
be considered as included in the contract unit price(s) for the facility being
constructed. The sides of excavations may be sloped as required by soil conditions
to stabilize the sides for safe working conditions. The quantities of excavation for
said sloping will not be measured for payment and backfilling shall be done with
suitable materials, approved by the Engineer, at the Contractors expense.
If suitable foundation material has been disturbed by the Contractors
operations, has been damaged by the water or has been removed for the
Contractors convenience in dewatering the foundation, the foundation shall be
restored by the Contractor at his expense, to a condition at least equal to the
undisturbed foundation as determined by the Engineer.
When undisturbed original material at the planned grade of the excavation
does not meet the foundation material requirements as defined in Section 2.09.3.2,
"Foundation Material" or in these General Specifications, the Engineer shall order
that the unsuitable material be removed and replaced with suitable material.
When footings or masonry are to rest upon rock, the rock shall be fully
uncovered and the surface thereof shall be removed to a depth sufficient to expose
sound rock. The rock shall be leveled to cut to steps and roughened. Seams shall
be grouted under pressure or treated as the Engineer may direct.
Where rock, in either ledge or boulder formation, or other unyielding material
is encountered in one (1) portion of foundation for a concrete box culvert and a
yielding material is encountered in an adjacent are of the foundation excavation for
the same box culvert, such unyielding material shall be removed for a minimum
depth of sixty (60) centimeters and backrilled with structure backfill.
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2.09.2.5 Pile Foundations. When footings are to be supported on piles,
excavations shall be completed to the bottom of footings before any piles are drilled
or driven therein. When swell or subsidence results from driving piles, the
Contractor shall at his expense, excavate, or backfill with suitable material, the
footing area to the grade of the bottom of footing as shown on the plans. If material
under footings is such that it would mix into the concrete during placement or would
not support the weight of the fluid concrete, the Contractor shall, at his expense,
replace the material with suitable material, install soffit forms or otherwise provide a
suitable platform on which to cast the footing.
2.09.2.6 Cofferdams. All foundation excavation within five (5) meters of the
traveled way and two (2) meters or more in depth shall be shored, cribbed, or
protected by cofferdams. All other excavation shall be shored, cribbed or protected
by cofferdams except those that meet the requirements of Paragraph 2.09.2.4,
"Foundation Pits," in these General Specifications.
Cofferdams shall be used in all excavation that is under water or affected by
ground water. A cofferdam is any water tight enclosure, sealed at the bottom, that
surrounds the excavated area of a structure.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, not less than fourteen (14) days
in advance of beginning excavation requiring shoring, cribbing or cofferdams, plans
showing proposed methods and construction details of shoring, cribbing and
cofferdams. The Contractor shall not begin construction until the Engineer has
approved the plans. The Contractor shall remain responsible for satisfactory results.
Cofferdams shall be constructed in a manner capable of resisting earth and
water pressures without appreciable displacement. Cofferdams shall be sunk to a
depth that will prevent material from flowing into the excavation. A clear space of
sixty (60) centimeters shall be provided on all sides between the footing, as shown
on the plans, and the cofferdam. Cofferdams shall not be used as a form for
footings. Cofferdams may be used as a form for concrete seal courses. Bracing for
cofferdams and shoring shall not be encased in the concrete of the structure,
At locations where concrete seal courses are shown on the plans or when the
bottom of the foundation excavation is of porous material which will not, in the
opinion of the Engineer, permit the footing to be satisfactorily constructed, concrete
seal courses shall be placed. Concrete seal courses shall consist of concrete,
conforming to the requirements for Class B concrete in Section 5.01, "Portland
Cement Concrete," in these General Specifications, placed using underwater
placement techniques and of sufficient thickness, approved by the Engineer, to
permit the cofferdam to be pumped dry.
The Contractor shall furnish and operate sufficient dewatering pumps to keep
the cofferdam dry.
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the need for a concrete seal course is due to
improper construction of the cofferdam, he may order the reconstruction of the
cofferdam, or the placement of a concrete seal course at the Contractors expense.
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After the concrete seal course has set, the cofferdam shall be cleared of water
and construction of the structure completed in the dry.
All materials used in the construction and bracing of shoring, cribbing and
cofferdams shall be removed to the natural bed of the waterway or one (1) meter
below finished ground line.
2.09.2.7 Scheduling Excavation for Structures. The Contractor shall so
schedule the work that no excavation will be left in an exposed condition for a period
greater than thirty (30) days unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. If the
Contractor fails to meet this requirements, the Engineer will order the Contractor to
suspend further structural excavation until the Contractors progress enables him to
meet the requirement.
In areas where the excavation is adjacent to public roads and walkways, no
excavation shall be scheduled to be left in an exposed condition more than fourteen
(14) days unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall schedule roadway excavation and embankment work
and drainage work so that they complement each other. If the Contractors earth
work progress exceeds the progress of the drainage work to the point where the
roadway becomes a dam to cross drainage, the Engineer will order the Contractor to
open adequate waterways through the roadway at the locations where drainage
structures are to be installed. Any damage to the roadway caused by water passing
through these openings shall be repaired at the Contractors expense.
2.09.3 Materials.
2.09.3.1 General. When the foundation material under Structures other than
Bridges is of an unstable nature, the Engineer may direct in writing that the
foundation be improved by excavating below the required elevation, and backfilling
with gravel or crushed stone, slurry cement, combinations of stone and slurry cement
or other suitable material approved by the Engineer.
Completed structures shall be backfilled with material free from spongy or
vegetable substances and rock or broken concrete over eight (8) centimeters in the
greatest dimension. When pervious backfill is shown on the plans or specified,
backfill material shall conform to the requirements in this section. Slurry cement
backfill may be placed to backfill structures when requested by the Contractor and
approved by the Engineer. No additional compensation shall be allowed when slurry
cement backfill is requested by the Contractor and placed in lieu of other acceptable
backfill material.
2.09.3.2 Foundation Material. Material excavated from the roadway, borrow pits,
structure foundation or produced by processing shall be used in preparing the
foundation for structures when it conforms to the following requirements:
1. Material classified by AASHTO M-145 as A-1-a(O), A-1-b(O) or A-2-4(0) and
no rock fragment larger than eight (8) centimeters.
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2. Aggregate subbase or base materials conforming to the requirements in
Sections 3.02, "Aggregate Subbases," and 3.03, "Aggregate Bases," in these
3. Slurry Cement. When shown on the plans, specified in the Special
Specifications or requested by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer, slurry
cement may be used in preparing the foundation for structures when it conforms to
the following requirements:
(1) Aggregate.
Percentage
Sieve Size Passing
62.5 mm (1 inch) 100
50 mm (1 inch) 80-100
19 mm (% inch) 60-100
9.5 mm (3/a inch) 50-100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 35-70
0. 1 50 mm (No. 100) 5-20
(2) Cement. Cement shall be Portland cement.
(3) Water. Water shall be free from oils, salts or other impurities which
would have an adverse effect on the quality of the slurry cement
material.
(4) Proportions. Proportioning may be done by weight or volume. The
cement content shall not be less than one hundred ten (110)
kilograms per cubic meter. The water content shall be sufficient to
produce a fluid, workable mix that will flow and can be pumped
without segregation of the aggregate while being placed. Materials
for slurry cement shall be thoroughly machine mixed until cement
and water are dispersed throughout the material. Slurry cement
shall be placed within forty-five (45) minutes after mixing.
4. Portland Cement Concrete, all classes, specified in Section 5.01, "Portland
Cement Concrete," in these General Specifications.
2.09.3.3 Structural Backfill Material. Material excavated from the roadway,
borrow pits, structure foundation or produced by processing shall be used for
structure backfilling when it conforms to the following requirements:
1. Gravel, crushed stone or slurry cement conforming to the requirements
specified in Paragraph 2.09.3.2, "Foundation Treatment Material" in these General
Specifications.
2. No-fines or Cyclopean Concrete conforming to the requirements specified in
Section 5.01 "Portland Cement Concrete," in these General Specifications.
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3. Concrete coarse aggregate as specified in Subparagraph 5.01-2.2.2, "Coarse
Aggregate" in these General Specifications.
4. When pervious backfill material is called for on the plans or specified in the
special specifications, gravel, crushed gravel, crushed rock, natural sands,
manufactured sands or combinations thereof shall be used in backfilling structures
when said material conforms to the following requirements:
Percentage
Sieve Size Passing
62.5 mm (21/2 inch) 100
0.300 mm (No. 50) 0-100
0. 1 50 mm (No. 100) 0-8
0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-4
Pervious material shall be uniformly graded within the specified range. At
locations where pervious backfill material will be exposed to erosion by wind or water
it shall be covered with at least one and one-half (1 +1/2) meters of material which
resists erosion by wind and water and is approved by the Engineer.
2.09.4 Backfilling Structures. The type of material used in bedding, filling and
backfilling shall conform with the details shown on the drawings or as contained in
Subsection 2.09.3 "Materials" and shall be considered subsidiary to structural
excavation and no additional payment will be made thereof. All earth material which
has loosened or collapsed into the excavation from adjacent ground, all trash, forms,
and loose rocks larger than twenty (20) centimeters in greatest dimension shall be
removed from the excavation before backfill begins.
Backfill material shall be placed in uniform layers and brought up
simultaneously on all sides of the structure or facility. The thickness of each layer
shall not exceed thirty (30) centimeters before compaction except that when
compaction is done by ponding and jetting said thickness shall not exceed one (1)
meter. Backfilling shall extend to the original ground or to the top elevation of any
embankment, in-place or to be placed.
Backfill material may be compacted by mechanical or pneumatic tamping
devices or backfill material may be placed as a slurry. Compaction equipment or
methods which will displace or cause damage to the structure shall not be used.
Structure backfill shall not be placed until the structure footings or other
portion of the structure or facility have been inspected by the Engineer and approved
for backfilling. No backfill material shall be deposited against the back of concrete
abutments, concrete retaining walls of the outside walls of cast-in-place concrete
structures until the concrete has attained a strength of not less than one hundred
eighty (180) kilograms per square centimeter in compression, or until the concrete
has been in place twenty eight (28) days, whichever occurs first.
Backfill at the inside of bridge wingwalls and abutments shall be placed before
curbs or sidewalks are constructed over the backfill and before railings on the
wingwalls are constructed.
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Pervious backfill material shall be placed in layers along with and by the same
methods specified for structure backfill. Pervious material at one (1) location shall be
approximately the same grading.
Slurry cement backfill shall be placed in uniform horizontal layers not
exceeding one (1) meter in depth. Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, the
slurry shall be compacted with internal vibrators. Backfilling over or placing any
material over slurry cement shall not commence until four (4) hours after the slurry
cement backfill has been placed.
The cells formed by crib members of crib walls and the space between the
crib wall and the limits designated for foundation excavation, as shown on the plans
or specified in the special specifications, including any material being removed
outside said limits, shall be backfilled with material conforming to the following
gradations, quality and placement requirements:
1. Backfill placed for crib walls shall be of such character that it will not sift or
flow through openings in the wall.
2. Material classified by AASHTO M-145 as A-1-a(O), A-1-b(O) and A-2-4(0) and
no rock fragment larger than eight (8) centimeters.
3. Class A Aggregate Subbase or Base materials conforming to the
requirements in Sections 3.02, "Aggregate Subbases,' and 3.03, "Aggregate Bases"
in these General Specifications.
4. Backfilling shall progress simultaneously with the erection of the crib wall.
Backfill shall be so placed as to not disturb or damage the crib members, shall be
placed in uniform layers before compaction not exceeding thirty (30) centimeters
thickness and shall be compacted by hand tamping, mechanical compaction or other
means approved by the Engineer.
2.09.5 Compaction of Structural Backfill. Compaction of structural backfill by
ponding and jetting will be permitted when, as determined by the Engineer, the
backfill material is of such character that it will be self-draining when compacted and
that foundation materials will not soften or be otherwise damaged by the applied
water and no damage from hydrostatic pressure will result to the structure. Ponding
and jetting of the upper one and one-half (1 %) meters below finished grade will not
be permitted. The work shall be performed without damage to the structure and
embankment, and in such manner that water will not be impounded. Ponding and
jetting methods shall be supplemented by the use of vibratory or other compaction
equipment when necessary to obtain the required compaction.
Structural backfill shall be compacted to a dry density not less than ninety-five
percent (95%) of the maximum density determined from MRDTM 212 when
compactible material is used. When materials such as concrete coarse aggregate is
used, it shall be consolidated with two (2) passes of mechanical vibratory or plate
compaction equipment.
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At locations where at least one and one-half (1 '1/2) meters of material
resistant to erosion caused by wind or water is placed to cover pervious material, the
cover material shall be compacted to a dry density not less than ninety-five percent
(95%) of the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212.
2.09.6 Quality Assurance Procedures. The Contractor shall sample and test
foundation treatment material, structure backfill materials, pervious backfill, concrete
seal course and all other materials covered by the specifications as necessary to
confirm the quality of materials entering the work. Density tests, when specified, will
be performed at the rate of one (1) per compacted lift. The Contractor shall furnish
the test results to the Engineer within twenty-four (24) hours after completion of the
test.
The Engineer reserves the right to request, at any time, duplicate samples be
obtained by the Contractor for check testing performed by the Engineer. The
Engineer reserves the right to enter the work at any time and sample materials
entering the work and perform density tests.
When a discrepancy occurs between test results provided by the Contractor
and those completed by the Engineer, work on the structure backfill shall cease until
the discrepancy has been clarified.
2.09.7 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Excavation. Excavated materials
which are designated by the Engineer to be surplus or unsuitable for use in
backfilling structures or construction of embankment shall be disposed of as
specified in Subsection 2.03.4 "Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Materials" in
these General Specifications. No surplus or unsuitable materials shall be disposed
of in or along any stream, water way, lake or other area subject to periodic water flow
or storage.
2.09.8 Method of Measurement. Measurement of Structural Excavation Bridges -
will be limited to excavation for foundations of bridge piers and bridge abutments.
Measurement of Structural Excavation - Other Structures - will be limited to
footings or foundations for retaining walls, pipe culverts, box culverts including
inlet/outlet structures and toe walls associated with box culverts and floor slabs of
underpass structures. No measurement will be made of structural excavation for
pipe culvert wingwalls, headwalls and aprons, or for ducts and storm sewers,
catchbasins, pump houses, manholes and inlets regardless of the type of pipe or
duct used or the type of material through which the excavation is made.
Excavation shown on the plans or specified in the special specifications or
measured as Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch will not be measured as
Foundation Excavation.
No measurement will be made nor compensation allowed for removal and use
or disposal of material which may come into an excavation from outside designated
limits or for furnishing and placing backfill material in an excavation that is below or
outside designated limits.
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The quantities for payment shall be determined from limits shown on the plans
or specified in these specifications or the special specifications.
Structural excavation shall be measured by the cubic meter of material
removed, computed by the average end area. Measurements shall be made by the
Contractor, in the presence of the Engineer, in a manner approved by the Engineer.
No measurement will be made for structural excavation outside the following limits.
The pay volume of structural excavation shall be that measured with a prism
with limiting planes of (1) the bottom of the foundation as shown on the plans or
otherwise specified by the Engineer, (2) the vertical planes shown on the plans or
otherwise specified by the Engineer and (3) the upper limits as follows:
1. Fill Areas. In fill areas, the original ground surface as recorded on approved
cross sections.
2. Cut Areas. In cut areas, such as roadway cut-sections, channel changes, and
stream channel cleanouts, the top of cut grade such as top of subgrade or flow line
of channel as shown in the plans or otherwise directed by the Engineer. The volume
of excavation in the roadway cuts, channel changes, and stream cleanouts shall be
measured and will be paid for as provided in Section 2.03, "Excavation," in these
When no excavation dimension detail appears in the plans, the limits of
excavation shall be as follows:
3. Bridge Footings. Excavation from upper limit plane to the formation level- of
foundation shall be limited by vertical planes three hundred (300) millimeters outside
the actual footing dimensions in the plan. The formation level of foundation is
defined as the underside of the blinding concrete. The upper limit plane shall be the
lowest of the following:
The mean existing ground level over the plan area of the footing at the time
the Contractor is given full possession of Site or the mean level of the final ground
over the plan area of the footing where general excavation such as regrading or
landscaping of the area is required, or from the bottom of subgrade elevation above
that footing, only if the Contractor has not carried out the general excavation of the
area by the time he carried out the general excavation for the footing.
In cases of high water table due to any reasons, the Contractor shall carry out
the necessary technical and practical actions to construct the foundations properly.
This includes getting rid of water by pumping or constructing sheet piles to dry the pit
to enable concreting as per Engineer instruction. All these works are subsidiary to
contract items.
4. Box Culverts. Excavation from upper limit plane to the formation level of
foundation shall be limited by vertical planes three hundred (300) millimeters outside
the culvert dimensions in plan. The definitions of formation level and upper limit
planes shall be as defined in Sub-clause 3 of this clause. Excavations for toe walls
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shall be limited to the actual depth of toe walls plus the blinding concrete and vertical
planes walls three hundred (300) millimeters outside the outer faces of the toe walls.
5. Pipe Culverts. Excavation from the bottom of the pipe bedding plane to the
bottom of the unsuitable foundation material excavation shall be limited by the pipe
trench width limits contained in Subsection 2.09.2, "General," in these General
Specifications.
6. Special Conditions. When the Contractor encounters special or unusual
conditions he shall notify the Engineer who may direct special structural excavation
limits where he deems them necessary. Any additional excavation because of
special conditions, performed by the Contractor without prior approval of the
Engineer, shall be at the Contractors expense and no subsequent measurement or
payment will be made.
When included in the Bill of Quantities, "Temporary Shoring and Cribbing
Structure" shall include all Work required by the plans and specifications for a
specific structure, completed and accepted by the Engineer, and maintained by the
Contractor for the duration of its need.
2.09.9 Payment. The amount of authorized, completed and accepted Work
measured as provided in the previous Subsection will be paid at the contract unit
price(s) per cubic meter for Structural Excavation - Bridges and Structural
Excavation - Other Structures as they may appear on the Bill of Quantities, which
price(s) shall be full compensation for all excavation, trimming, cleaning, foundation
adjustment, furnishing of backfill material, backfilling, compaction, water, and the
disposal of surplus materials and the furnishing of all equipment, tools, labor, and all
other items necessary for the proper completion of the Work as specified in
Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications.
When included in the Bill of Quantities, "Temporary Shoring and Cribbing.
Structure," constructed, accepted, and maintained, based on the Plans and Special
Specifications, will be paid on a lump sum basis. If significant changes to the design
are ordered by the Engineer which changes the magnitude of the Temporary Shoring
and Cribbing, required for a specific structure, an equitable adjustment to the
contract unit price for that unit will be made. If no "Temporary Shoring and Cribbing
Structure" item is included in the Bill of Quantities, then this Work, if required, will be
considered subsidiary to other items of Work.
20901 Structural Excavation Cubic Meter
2090101 Structural Excavation-Bridges Cubic Meter
2090102 Structural Excavation-Other Structures Cubic Meter
20902 Temporary Shoring and Cribbing, Structure Lump Sum
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SECTION 2.10 - TRENCH EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL
2.10.1 Description. This work shall consist of excavation of trenches for the
construction of pipe for drainage, water and sanitary sewer services or other facilities
shown on the plans as pipe, the construction or installation of all facilities necessary
to accomplish the work, all bailing, drainage, pumping necessary to keep the trench
free of standing or flowing water, sheeting, furnishing and placing bedding material,
and backfilling pipe and trench, all as shown on the plans and the special
specifications or as directed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall visit the site and evaluate the geological make-up of the
area for himself and base his bid prices solely on his own determination of geological
conditions. Variations in the actual volume or character of structural excavation
quantities shall not be a basis for a claim for additional money or revision of bid price
by the Contractor. No allowance will be made for the classification of materials
regardless of their physical properties.
When unsuitable pipe foundation material is encountered below the bottom of
bedding elevation as determined by the Engineer, said unsuitable material shall be
removed to the depth directed by the Engineer and backfilled with suitable and
stable backfill material. It shall be replaced with suitable and stable backfill material
and shall be measured and paid for at the contract unit price for Unclassified
Structural Excavation - Other Structures.
2.10.2.1 General. Pipe for drainage, water and sewer services, or other facilities
shown on the plans as pipe, shall be installed in trenches excavated into previously
constructed embankment or original ground.
The Contractor shall notify the Engineer in advance of the beginning of any
trench excavation below the bottom of bedding that may constitute a pay item in the
Bill of Quantities so that the Engineer may observe the profile elevations and
measurements taken along the center line of the trench. Any materials removed or
excavated before these measurements have been taken and approved by the
Engineer will not be paid for.
Where pipe is to be placed in a new embankment, the embankment shall be
constructed as specified in Section 2.05, "Embankment," in these General
Specifications, to a minimum height sixty (60) centimeters above the outside
diameter of the pipe or subgrade surface elevation which is lowest, and for a
distance each side of the pipe location equal to at least ten (10) times the outside
diameter of the pipe.
Where pipe is installed in original ground, excavation shall be by open trench
unless otherwise shown on the plans or specified in the special specifications.
The Contractor may request the Engineer to approve construction by
tunneling or jacking any portion not so specified.
102
The trench within which the pipe is to be placed shall be excavated to the
widths shown on the plans. When widths are not shown on the plans the trench
shall be excavated such that the clearance from each side of the pipe will be as
follows:
1. Pipe up to eighteen (1 8) centimeters outside diameter - fifteen (15) centimeters.
2. Pipe and pipe arches from eighteen (1 8) centimeters to not more than one and
one-half (1.5) meters in outside diameter - thirty (30) centimeters.
3. Pipe and pipe arches greater than one and one-half (1.5) meters outside
diameter - sixty (60) centimeters.
Trenches greater than one and one-half (1 %) meters in depth shall be
excavated with sloping sides or shored and braced at the option of the Contractor.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, not less than seven (7) days prior to
beginning trench excavation greater than one and one-half (1 1/2) meters in depth,
detailed plans showing the design of side slopes, shoring or bracing proposed for
use. The Contractor shall not begin trench excavation which is greater than one and
one-half (1 1/2) meters in depth until the Engineer has approved the plans. The
Contractor shall remain responsible for satisfactory results.
Safe and suitable ladders which project at least sixty (60) centimeters above
the top of the trench shall be provided for all trenches greater than one and one-half
(1.5) meters in depth. One (1) ladder shall be installed in the trench for each thirty
(30) meters of open trench, or fraction thereof, and so located in the trench that
workmen need not move more than fifteen (1 5) meters to a ladder.
The bottom of the trench shall be graded according to the lines, slopes and
elevations shown on the plans or directed by the Engineer, and bedding material
placed and compacted. If the Engineer determines that the material in the bottom of
the trench is satisfactory for pipe bedding, placement of pipe bedding material will
not be required providing the existing material is loosened, regraded and compacted
to form a dense unyielding foundation.
2.10.2.2 Scheduling. The Contractor shall schedule roadway excavation,
embankment construction and installation of pipe for drainage so that they
complement each other. Embankment construction which interferes with, reduces or
prevents the flow of normal or necessary drainage shall not be allowed.
Trench excavation for culvert construction shall not be left in an exposed
condition for more than thirty (30) days unless approved by-the Engineer.
Trench excavation for construction of water and sewer services, subdrainage
systems other than culverts, electrical conduits and other ducts shall not be more
than two hundred ( 200) meters ahead of the pipe laying operations and shall be
backfilled or covered at the end of each day. Where cast-in-place pipe construction
is specified or elected by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer, the
allowable maximum length of open trench at any one (1) location shall be that which
is necessary to permit uninterrupted progress, but in no event, greater than five
hundred (500) meters.
103
2.10.2.3 Trench Excavation. The Contractor shall establish line and grade as
shown on the plans and profile the original ground or embankment as directed by the
Engineer.
The Contractor shall perform all excavation of every description and of
whatever materials encountered to the depth indicated on the plans or specified or
ordered by the Engineer. Material excavated from trenches shall be piled on one (1)
side of and adjacent to the trench and maintained so that the toe of slope of the piled
material is at least sixty (60) centimeters from the edge of the trench. When material
excavated from a trench is piled in or adjacent to a traveled way, it shall be located
to cause a minimum of inconvenience to vehicle travel. The Contractor shall
minimize the length of time that trenches are open.
The Contractor shall exercise sound engineering and construction practices in
excavating the trench and maintaining it so that no damage will occur to any
foundation, structure, pole line, pipe line, traffic sign or signal structure, electric cable
or conduit, or other facility. No act, representation or instruction from the Engineer or
his representatives shall relieve the Contractor from liability for damages or costs
that result from trench excavation.
Care shall be taken not to excavate below the depth specified or ordered by
the Engineer, and excavation below that depth shall be backfilled with sand bedding
material at the Contractors expense.
When water is encountered during trench excavations, the Contractor shall
remove the water by bailing, pumping or other means necessary to permit
installation of the pipe facility in a trench without ponding or flowing water. The cost
of dewatering shall be considered as subsidiary to the pipe being installed.
2.10.2.4 Unsuitable Foundation Material. If in the opinion of the Engineer, it is
necessary to adjust, correct, relocate, or in any way change the trench line and
grade shown on the plans, such changes shall be made by the Contractor under the
terms of these specifications.
Where trench excavation exposes unsuitable foundation material below the
bottom of bedding excavation, as determined by the Engineer, said unsuitable
material shall be excavated to the depth directed by the Engineer and backfilled with
suitable and stable backfill materials meeting the requirements of Paragraph
2.08.3.3, "Foundation Materials," and compacted in accordance with Subsection
2.08.5, "Backfilling Structures," both in these General Specifications.
All unsuitable material shall be loaded directly into trucks and hauled to
disposal sites and disposed of as specified in Subsection 2.03.4, "Disposal of
Unsuitable and Surplus Materials" in these General Specifications.
104
2.10.2.5 Precast Concrete Pipe Culverts. Culvert pipe shall be installed in
trenches excavated in a new or existing embankment in accordance with the lines
and grades shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer as specified in
Section 6.08, "Pipe Culverts," in these General Specifications.
Bedding for precast concrete pipe shall be as shown on the plans, specified in
the Special Specifications or specified in Subsection 2.10.3 "Bedding Materials" in
these General Specifications. The bedding material shall be placed in more than
one (1) layer. The first layer shall be at least twenty (20) centimeters thick as
bedding under the pipe in the bottom of the excavation. Subsequent trench backfill
layers, not more than twenty (20) centimeters thick, shall be placed around the pipe
and compacted.
When belled pipe are to be installed, the bedding shall be shaped to receive
the bell. All adjustments to line and grade shall be made by removing or filling with
bedding material and not by wedging or blocking.
Trench backfill material shall be deposited on compacted bedding material in
layers not exceeding twenty (20) centimeters loose thickness. Backfill material may
be placed around and over the pipe while joint mortar is still plastic. Should the joint
mortar become set before backfill material is placed around and over the pipe,
placement of bedding material shall not be commenced within sixteen (16) hours of
jointing the pipe. Placement and compaction of successive layers shall continue to
the top of the embankment or sixty (60) centimeters above the top of the pipe,
whichever is greater.
All layers of bedding material and trench backfill material shall be compacted
to a dry density not less than ninety percent (90%) of the maximum dry density
determined from MRDTM 212.
When soil cement bedding material is placed, the bedding material placed
below the springline of the pipe. The soil cement shall be compacted with internal
vibrators to form a dense mass.
A dike of impervious material at least one and one-half (1 "/2) meters in length
shall be placed and compacted near the intake and outlet ends of the culvert to
prevent piping.
2.10.2.6 Metal Pipe Culverts. Culvert pipe shall be installed in trenches
excavated in new or existing embankment in accordance with the lines and grades
shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer as specified in Section 6.08, "Pipe
Culverts," in these General Specifications.
Pipe bedding material and trench backfill material shall be furnished, placed
and compacted as specified in Paragraph 2.10.2.5, "Precast Concrete Pipe
Culverts," in these General Specifications.
105
A dike of impervious material at least one and one-half (1 %) meters in length
shall be placed and compacted near the intake and outlet ends of the culvert to
prevent piping.
2.10.2.7 Cast in Place Concrete Pipe. Nonreinforced cast in place concrete pipe
shall be cast monolithically in a prepared trench at the locations and in accordance
with the lines and grades shown on the plans.
The trench shall be excavated and shaped according to the details shown on
the plans and prepared to provide full, firm and uniform support over the bottom two
hundred ten (210) degrees of the pipe to be constructed.
The trench walls, from a point thirty (30) centimeters above the-tope of the
pipe, may be sloped as required by soil conditions to provide more stability in the
trench and safer working conditions.
Backfilling cast in place concrete pipe shall not begin until the concrete has
developed a compressive strength of at least one hundred fifty (1 50) kilograms per
square centimeter (kg/CM
2
).
The type of trench backfill material shall conform to the requirements of
Paragraph 2.09.3.3, "Structural Backfill Materials" in these General Specifications.
Placement and compaction of trench backfill material shall conform to the
requirements of Paragraph 2.10.2.5, "Precast Concrete Pipe Culverts," in these
2.10.3 Bedding Materials.
2.10.3.1 Sand Bedding. Sand shall be free from clay or organic material, suitable
for the purpose intended, and shall be of such size that ninety (90) to one hundred
percent (1 00%) passes a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and not more than five percent
(5%) passes a 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve.
2.10.3.2 Soil Cement Bedding. When shown on the plans or specified in the
special specifications, soil cement bedding to be placed under pipe shall conform to
the following requirements:
1. Aggregate.
Percentage
Sieve Size Passing
37. 5 mm (1 '1/2 inch) 100
25 mm (1 inch) 80-100
19 mm ("A inch) 60-100
9.5 mm (% inch) 50-100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 35-70
0.075 mm (No. 200) 5-20
106
2. Cement. Cement shall be Portland Cement, Type I or II.
3. Water. Water shall be free of oils, salts or other impurities which would have
an adverse effect on the quality of the soil cement bedding material.
4. Proportions. Proportioning may be done by weight or volume. The cement
content shall not be less than one hundred sixty (160) kilograms per cubic meter.
The water content shall be sufficient to produce a fluid, workable mix that will flow
and can be pumped without segregation of the aggregate while being placed.
Materials for soil. cement bedding shall be thoroughly machine mixed until cement
and water are dispersed throughout the material. Soil cement bedding shall be
placed within forty-five (45) minutes after mixing.
Backfilling with earth on culverts set in soil cement bedding shall not
commence until eight (8) hours after the soil cement bedding has been placed.
2.10.4 Trench Backfill Materials. Materials excavated from the roadway, borrow
pits, foundations, trenches or produced by processing shall be used for pipe bedding
and trench backfilling when it conforms to the following requirements:
1. Material classified by AASHTO M-1 45 as A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O) and A-2-4(0)
and no rock fragment larger than six (6) centimeters.
2. Base material conforming to the requirements in Section 3.03, "Aggregate
Bases," in these General Specifications.
3. Slurry cement conforming to the requirements in Paragraph 2.09.3.2,
"Foundation Material," in these General Specifications.
4. Pervious Backfill conforming to the requirements in Paragraph 2.09.3.3,
"Structural Backfill Material," in these General Specifications.
5. Other materials used in embankments construction or structure backfill as
approved by the Engineer with no rock fragment larger than six (6) centimeters.
2.10.5 Quality Assurance Procedures. The Contractor shall sample trench
bedding and backfill materials and other items entering the work as specified or
required to assure that the items conform to special requirements. Density tests,
where specified, shall be performed at the rate of one (1) per compacted lift. The
results of sampling and testing shall be furnished to the Engineer within twenty four
(24) hours after completion of the testing.
The Engineer reserves the right to request, at any time, that the Contractor
obtain duplicate samples of materials for check testing performed by the Engineer.
The Engineer reserves the right to enter the work at any time and obtain
samples and perform density tests.
107
When a discrepancy occurs between the test results furnished by the
Contractor and results from tests completed by the Engineer, the work shall cease
until the discrepancy is clarified.
2.10.6 Method of Measurement. No measurement shall be made for clearing and
grubbing, removal of existing road improvements, protection of existing utilities and
services, trench excavation including dewatering, bedding of the pipe, and
compaction of bedding and backfill.
Removal of unsuitable foundation material as specified in Paragraph 2.10.2.4,
"Unsuitable Foundation Material," in these General Specifications and replacement
with pipe bedding material shall be measured in cubic meters. The horizontal limits
for measuring unsuitable material excavation will be the sides of the trench specified
in Paragraph 2.09.2.1, "General," in these General Specifications. Vertical distances
shall be the depth of additional excavation ordered by the Engineer.
2.10.7 Payment. No separate payment will be made for clearing and grubbing,
removal of existing road improvements and protection of existing utilities and
services, trench excavation and backfill within the lines and grades shown on the
plans, including dewatering and furnishing and placing pipe bedding and compaction
of bedding and trench backfill. The costs for such work shall be considered as
subsidiary to the work of constructing pipe facilities and all costs therefore shall be
included in the contract unit prices listed in the Bill of Quantities for the pipe facility
constructed.
Excavation of Unsuitable Foundation Material - Payment shall be made at the
contract unit price per cubic meter for Structural Excavation - Other Structures, for
the actual quantities measured by the Engineer, which price and payment shall be
full compensation for removing unsuitable material and replacing with suitable and
stable backfill material.
Said prices and payments shall be full compensation for furnishing labor,
equipment, materials, tools and all incidentals necessary for the completion of the
Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General
Specifications.

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