Symbols[edit]

Tolerances: Type of Tolerances; 1) Unilateral 2) Bi- Lateral type

Geometric tolerancing reference chart
Per ASME Y14.5 M-1982
Type of
tolerance
Geometric
characteristics
Symbo
l
Characte
r
(Unicode)
Can be
applied
to a
surface
?
Can be
applie
d to a
feature
of
size?
Can affect
virtual
condition
?
Datum
referenc
e used?
Can use

modifier
?
Can use

modifier
?
Can be
affected
by a
bonus
tolerance
?
Can be
affected
by a shift
tolerance
?
Location
Positional
Tolerance


U+2316
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
(note 4)
Yes
(note 3)
Form Straightness


U+23E4
Yes Yes
Yes
(note 1)
No
Yes
(note 1)
No
(note 5)
Yes
(note 4)
No
Form
Planarity
(flatness)


U+23E5
Yes No No No No
No
(note 5)
No No
Form Circularity


U+25CB
Yes No No No No
No
(note 5)
No No
Form Cylindricity


U+232D
Yes No No No No
No
(note 5)
No No
Profile Profile of a line


U+2312
Yes No No
Yes
(note 2)
No
No
(note 5)
No
Yes
(note 3)
Profile
Profile of a
surface


U+2313
Yes No No
Yes
(note 2)
No
No
(note 5)
No
Yes
(note 3)
Orientatio
n
Perpendicularit
y


U+27C2
Yes Yes
Yes
(note 1)
Yes
Yes
(note 1)
No
(note 5)
Yes
(note 4)
Yes
(note 3)
Orientatio
n
Angularity


U+2220
Yes Yes
Yes
(note 1)
Yes
Yes
(note 1)
No
(note 5)
Yes
(note 4)
Yes
(note 3)
Geometric tolerancing reference chart
Per ASME Y14.5 M-1982
Type of
tolerance
Geometric
characteristics
Symbo
l
Characte
r
(Unicode)
Can be
applied
to a
surface
?
Can be
applie
d to a
feature
of
size?
Can affect
virtual
condition
?
Datum
referenc
e used?
Can use

modifier
?
Can use

modifier
?
Can be
affected
by a
bonus
tolerance
?
Can be
affected
by a shift
tolerance
?
Orientatio
n
Parallelism


U+2225
Yes Yes
Yes
(note 1)
Yes
Yes
(note 1)
No
(note 5)
Yes
(note 4)
Yes
(note 3)
Location Concentricity


U+25CE
No Yes Yes Yes No
No
(note 5)
No No
Runout Circular runout


U+2197
Yes Yes
Yes
(note 1)
Yes No
No
(note 5)
No No
Runout Total runout


U+2330
Yes Yes
Yes
(note 1)
Yes No
No
(note 5)
No No
Location Symmetry


U+232F
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
?
(note 6)
Notes:
1. When applied to a feature-of-size.
2. Can also be used as a form control without a datum reference.
3. When a datum feature-of-size is referenced with the MMC modifier.
4. When an MMC modifier is used.
5. Automatic per rule #3.
6. The symmetry symbol's characteristics were not included in the version of the chart that this chart is derived from. The
symmetry symbol was dropped from the Y14.5M standard around 1982 and re-added around 1994.
Symbols used in a "feature control frame" to specify a feature's description, tolerance, modifier and datum references
Symbol Modifier Notes
Symbols used in a "feature control frame" to specify a feature's description, tolerance, modifier and datum references
Symbol Modifier Notes

Free state


Least material condition (LMC)


Maximum material condition (MMC)


Projected tolerance zone


Regardless of feature size (RFS) Not part of the 1994 version. See para. A5, bullet 3. Also para. D3. Also, Figure 3-8.

Tangent plane


Unilateral Appears in the 2009 version of the standard, and refers to unequal profile distribution.
Datums and datum references[edit]
A datum is a virtual ideal plane, line, point, or axis. A datum feature is a physical feature of a part identified by a datum feature
symbol and corresponding datum feature triangle, e.g.,

These are then referred to by one or more datum references which indicate measurements that should be made with respect to the
corresponding datum feature.
GD&T data exchange[edit]
Exchange of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) information between CAD systems is available on different levels of
fidelity for different purposes:
In the early days of CAD exchange only lines, texts and symbols were written into the exchange file. A receiving system could
display them on the screen or print them out, but only a human could interpret them.
GD&T presentation: On a next higher level the presentation information is enhanced by grouping them together into callouts
for a particular purpose, e.g. a datum feature callout and a datum reference frame. And there is also the information which of
the curves in the exchange file are leader, projection or dimension curves and which are used to form the shape of a product.
GD&T representation: Unlike GD&T presentation, the GD&T representation does not deal with how the information is
presented to the user but only deal with which element of a shape of a product has which GD&T characteristic. A system
supporting GD&T representation may display the GD&T information in some tree and other dialogs and allow the user to
directly select and highlight the corresponding feature on the shape of the product, 2D and 3D.
Ideally both GD&T presentation and representation are available in the exchange file and are associated with each other. Then
a receiving system can allow a user to select a GD&T callout and get the corresponding feature highlighted on the shape of the
product.
An enhancement of GD&T representation is defining a formal language for GD&T (similar to a programming language) which
also has built-in rules and restrictions for the proper GD&T usage. This is still a research area (see below reference to McCaleb
and ISO 10303-1666).
GD&T validation: Based on GD&T representation data (but not on GD&T presentation) and the shape of a product in some
useful format (e.g. a boundary representation), it is possible to validate the completeness and consistency of the GD&T
information. The software tool FBTol from the Kansas City Plant is probably the first one in this area.
GD&T representation information can also be used for the software assisted manufacturing planning and cost calculation of
parts. See ISO 10303-224 and 238 below.
GD&T[edit]
ISO TC 10 Technical product documentation[edit]
ISO 128 Technical drawings Indication of dimensions and tolerances
ISO 7083 Symbols for geometrical tolerancing Proportions and dimensions
ISO 13715 Technical drawings Edges of undefined shape Vocabulary and indications
ISO 15786 Simplified representation and dimensioning of holes
ISO 16792:2006 Technical product documentationDigital product definition data practices (Note: ISO 16792:2006 was
derived from ASME Y14.41-2003 by permission of ASME)
ISO 2010
ISO
ISO/TC 213 Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification[edit]
In ISO/TR 14638 GPS Masterplan the distinction between fundamental, global, general and complementary GPS standards is made.
Fundamental GPS standards
o ISO 8015 Concepts, principles and rules
Global GPS standards
o ISO 14660-1 Geometrical features
o ISO/TS 17, orientation and location
o ISO 1101 Geometrical tolerancing Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out
Amendment 1 Representation of specifications in the form of a 3D model
o ISO 1119 Series of conical tapers and taper angles
o ISO 2692 Geometrical tolerancing Maximum material requirement (MMR), least material requirement (LMR) and
reciprocity requirement (RPR)
o ISO 3040 Dimensioning and tolerancing Cones
o ISO 5458 Geometrical tolerancing Positional tolerancing
o ISO 5459 Geometrical tolerancing Datums and datum systems
o ISO 10578 Tolerancing of orientation and location Projected tolerance zone
o ISO 10579 Dimensioning and tolerancing Non-rigid parts
o ISO 14406 Extraction
o ISO 22432 Features utilized in specification and verification
General GPS standards: Areal and profile surface texture
o ISO 1302 Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation
o ISO 3274 Surface texture: Profile method Nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments
o ISO 4287 Surface texture: Profile method Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
o ISO 4288 Surface texture: Profile method Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture
o ISO 8785 Surface imperfections Terms, definitions and parameters
o Form of a surface independent of a datum or datum system. Each of them has a part 1 for the Vocabulary and
parameters and a part 2 for the Specification operators:
ISO 12180 Cylindricity
ISO 12181 Roundness
ISO 12780 Straightness
ISO 12781 Flatness
o ISO 25178 Surface texture: Areal
General GPS standards: Extraction and filtration techniques
o ISO/TS 1661 Filtration
o ISO 11562 Surface texture: Profile method Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters
o ISO 12085 Surface texture: Profile method Motif parameters
o ISO 13565 Profile method; Surfaces having stratified functional properties
ASME standards American Society of Mechanical Engineers[edit]
ASME Y14.41-2003 Digital Product Definition Data Practices
ASME Y14.5 - 2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5.1M-1994 Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles
ASME Y14.5.1M-2
GD&T standards for data exchange and integration[edit]
ISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integration Product data representation and exchange
o ISO 10303-47 Integrated generic resource: Shape variation tolerances
o ISO/TS 10303-1130 Application module: Derived shape element
o ISO/TS 10303-1050 Application module: Dimension tolerance
o ISO/TS 10303-1051 Application module: Geometric tolerance
o ISO/TS 10303-1052 Application module: Default tolerance
o ISO/TS 10303-1666 Application module: Extended geometric tolerance
o ISO 10303-203 Application protocol: Configuration controlled 3D design of mechanical parts and assemblies
o ISO 10303-210 Application protocol: Electronic assembly, interconnection, and packaging design
o ISO 10303-214 Application protocol: Core data for automotive mechanical design processes
o ISO 10303-224 Application protocol: Mechanical product definition for process planning using machining features
o ISO 10303-238 Application protocol: Application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers (STEP-
NC)
See also[edit]
Specification of surface finish
References[edit]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please
help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010)
1. Jump up ^ Dimensioning and Tolerancing, ASME y14.5-2009. NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 2009. ISBN 0-7918-
3192-2.
Further reading[edit]

This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite
book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (October
2011)
McCale, Michael R. (1999). "A Conceptual Data Model of Datum Systems". Journal of Research of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology 104 (4): 349400. doi:10.6028/jres.104.024.
HENZOLD, Georg. Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Design, Manufacturing and Inspection. 2nd Edition,
Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2006.
Srinivasan, Vijay (2008). "Standardizing the specification, verification, and exchange of product geometry: Research, status
and trends". Computer-Aided Design 40 (7): 73849. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2007.06.006.
DRAKE JR, Paul J. Dimensioning and Tolerancing Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999
Neumann, Scott and Al Neumann. GeoTol Pro: A Practical Guide to Geometric Tolerancing per ASME Y14.5-2009. Society
of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, MI, 2009. ISBN # 978-0-8726-3865-5
Bramble, Kelly L. Geometric Boundaries II, Practical Guide to Interpretation and Application ASME Y14.5-2009, Engineers
Edge, 2009
Wilson, Bruce A. (2005). Design Dimensioning and Tolerancing. US: Goodheart-Wilcox. p. 275. ISBN 9781590703281.
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