1 People and relationships

Describing people I Recognizing adjectives I Working out

meaning from context
Vocabulary
People in relationship:
client (clients)
NOUN A client of a professional person
or organization is a person tat receives a
service from tem in return for pa!ment" # a
solicitor and his client # The company requires
clients to pay substantial fees in advance.
colleague (colleagues)
NOUN $our colleagues are te people !ou
%ork %it& especiall! in a professional job"
# Female academics are still paid less than
their male colleagues. # In the corporate
world, the best sources of business are your
former colleagues.
employer (employers)
NOUN $our employer is te person or
organization tat !ou %ork for" # employers
who hire illegal workers # The telephone
company is the country's largest employer.
parent (parents)
NOUN $our parents are !our moter and
fater" # Children need their parents. # hen
you become a parent the things you once
cared about seem to have less value.
sibling (siblings)
NOUN $our siblings are !our broters and
sisters" [FOR!"# # !ome studies have found
that children are more friendly to younger
siblings of the same se". # !ibling rivalry often
causes parents an"ieties.
spouse (spouses)
NOUN 'omeone(s spouse is te person te!
are married to" #usbands and wives do not have
to pay any inheritance ta" when their spouse dies.
$escribing people:
autonomous
AD)*+,I-* An autonomous person
makes teir o%n decisions rater tan
being influenced b! someone else # They
proudly declared themselves part of a new
autonomous province. # the liberal idea of the
autonomous individual
consistent
AD)*+,I-* 'omeone %o is consistent
al%a!s beaves in te same %a!& as te
same attitudes to%ards people or tings&
or acieves te same level of success in
someting" # $ecker has never been the most
consistent of players anyway. # his consistent
support of free trade # a consistent character
with a ma%or thematic function
con%entional
AD)*+,I-* 'omeone %o is con%entional
as beaviour and opinions tat are
ordinar! and normal" # a respectable
married woman with conventional opinions
# this close, fairly conventional &nglish family
co&operati%e also cooperati%e
AD)*+,I-* If !ou sa! tat someone is
co&operati%e' !ou mean tat te! do %at
!ou ask tem %itout complaining or
arguing" # The president said the visit would
develop friendly and co'operative relations
between the two countries. # a contented and
co'operative workforce
e((icient
AD)*+,I-* If someting or someone
is e((icient' te! are able to do tasks
successfull!& %itout %asting time or
energ!" # ith today(s more efficient
contraception women can plan their families
and careers. # Technological advances allow
more efficient use of labour. # an efficient way
of testing thousands of compounds
(le)ible
AD)*+,I-* 'ometing or someone tat is
(le)ible is able to cange easil! and adapt
to different conditions and circumstances"
# more fle"ible arrangements to allow access
to services after normal working hours ) e
encourage fle"ible working.
i*ealistic
AD)*+,I-* If !ou describe someone as
i*ealistic' !ou mean tat te! ave ideals& and
base teir beaviour on tese ideals& even
if tis ma! be impractical" # Idealistic young
people died for the cause. # an over'simplistic
and idealistic vision of family dynamics
tolerant
AD)*+,I-* If !ou describe someone as
tolerant' !ou approve of te fact tat te!
allo% oter people to sa! and do as te! like&
even if te! do not agree %it or like it" # *+of,
They need to be tolerant of different points of
view. # -ther changes include more tolerant
attitudes to unmarried couples having children.
%ulnerable
AD)*+,I-* 'omeone %o is %ulnerable
is %eak and %itout protection& %it te
result tat te! are easil! urt p!sicall!
or emotionall!" # -ld people are particularly
vulnerable members of our society.
+ Health
Naming ealt problems and treatments I Recognizing
s!non!ms . Recognizing collocations
Vocabulary
,ealth problems:
a**iction (a**ictions)
NOUN !**iction is te condition of taking
armful drugs and being unable to stop
taking tem" # long'term addiction to
nicotine
allergy (allergies)
NOUN If !ou ave a particular allergy' !ou
become ill or get a ras %en !ou eat& smell&
or touc someting tat does not normall!
make people ill" # Food allergies can result in
an enormous variety of different symptoms.
cancer (cancers)
NOUN -ancer is a serious disease in %ic
cells in a person(s bod! increase rapidl! in
an uncontrolled %a!& producing abnormal
gro%ts" # a cancer research charity
*ehy*ration
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN $ou are suffering
from *ehy*ration if !ou lose too muc %ater
from !our bod!" # Cholera causes severe
dehydration.
*isease (*iseases)
NOUN A *isease is an illness tat affects
people& animals or plants& for example one
%ic is caused b! bacteria or infection"
# the rapid spread of disease in the area
in(ection (in(ections)
NOUN An in(ection is a disease caused
b! germs or bacteria" # &ar infections are
common in pre'school children.
obesity
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN 'omeone suffering
from obesity is extremel! fat" # The e"cessive
consumption of sugar leads to obesity
stro.e (stro.es)
NOUN If someone as a stro.e' a blood
vessel in teir brain bursts or becomes
blocked& %ic ma! k ill tem or make tem
unable to move one side of teir bod!" # #e
had a minor stroke in ./01, which left him
partly paraly2ed.
Verbs associate* /ith treatment:
a*minister (a*ministers' a*ministering'
a*ministere*)
-*R/ If a doctor or nurse a*ministers
a drug& te! give it to a patient" # 3aramedics
are trained to administer certain drugs.
a*mit (a*mits' a*mitting' a*mitte*)
-*R/ If someone is a*mitte* to ospital
te! are taken into ospital for treatment
and kept tere until te! are %ell enoug to
go ome" # !he was admitted to hospital with
a soaring temperature.
*iagnose (*iagnoses' *iagnosing'
*iagnose*)
-*R/ If someone or someting is *iagnose*
as aving a particular illness or problem&
teir illness or problem is identified"
# 4lmost a million people are diagnosed with
colon cancer each year.
*ischarge (*ischarges' *ischarging'
*ischarge*)
-*R/ Wen someone is *ischarge* (rom
ospital& te! are officiall! allo%ed to leave&
or told te! must leave" # #e has a broken
nose but may be discharged today.
e)amine (e)amines' e)amining' e)amine*)
-*R/ If a doctor e)amines !ou& e or se
looks at !our bod!& feels it& or does simple tests in order to
ceck o% ealt! !ou are"
# 4nother doctor e"amined her and could still
find nothing wrong.
screen (screens' screening' screene*)
-*R/ ,o screen (or a disease means
to examine people to make sure tat te!
do not ave it" # 5en over 67 are routinely
screened for prostate abnormalities.
%accinate (%accinates' %accinating'
%accinate*)
-*R/ A vaccine is a armless form of
te germs tat cause a particular disease"
If a person or animal is %accinate*' te!
are given a vaccine& usuall! b! injection& to
prevent tem getting tat disease" # 8ogs
must be vaccinated against distemper.
0 1*ucation
Naming academic subjects I -erbs& nouns and adjectives
associated %it academic stud! I
+oosing te correct part of speec
Vocabulary
!ca*emic sub2ects:
archaeology also archeology
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN !rchaeology is te
stud! of te societies and peoples of te past
b! examining te remains of teir buildings&
tools& and oter objects" # an archaeology
professor at Florida !tate 9niversity
astronomy
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN !stronomy is te
scientific stud! of te stars& planets& and
oter natural objects in space" # a .7'day
astronomy mission
economics
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN 1conomics is te
stud! of te %a! in %ic mone!& industr!&
and trade are organized in a societ!"
# #e gained a first class #onours degree
in economics. # having previously studied
economics and fine art
geology
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN 3eology is te
stud! of te *art(s structure& surface& and
origins" # #e was visiting professor of geology
at the 9niversity of :ordan.
linguistics
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN "inguistics is te
stud! of te %a! in %ic language %orks"
# 5odern linguistics emerged as a distinct
field in the nineteenth century.
psychology
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN Psychology is te
scientific stud! of te uman mind and te
reasons for people1s beaviour" # 3rofessor
of 3sychology at $edford College # research in
educational psychology
sociology
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN 4ociology is te
stud! of societ! or of te %a! societ! is
organized" # a sociology professor at the
9niversity of ;orth Carolina # a treatise on
the sociology of religion
!ca*emic acti%ities:
analyse (analyses' analysing' analyse*)
-*R/ If !ou analyse someting& !ou consider
it carefull! or use statistical metods in
order to full! understand it" 2U' analy5e#
# 5cCarthy was asked to analyse the data
from the first phase of trials of the vaccine.
# 23 what, This book teaches you how to
analyse what is causing the stress in your life.
claim (claims' claiming' claime*)
-*R/ If !ou sa! tat someone claims that
someting is true& !ou mean te! sa! tat it is
true but !ou are not sure %eter or not te!
are telling te trut" # 23 that, #e claimed that
it was all a conspiracy against him. # 23 to4inf5
4 man claiming to be a %ournalist threatened to
reveal details about her private life. # #e claims
a 17 to 07 per cent success rate.
*e(ine (*e(ines' *e(ining' *e(ine*)
-*R/ If !ou *e(ine a %ord or expression&
!ou explain its meaning& for example in a
dictionar!" # 23 as, Collins &nglish 8ictionary
defines a workaholic as 'a person obsessively
addicted to work'.
e%aluate (e%aluates' e%aluating' e%aluate*)
-*R/ If !ou e%aluate someting or
someone& !ou consider tem in order to
make a judgment about tem& for example
about o% good or bad te! are" # They will
first send in trained nurses to evaluate the
needs of the individual situation. # The market
situation is difficult to evaluate. # 23 how5 we
evaluate how well we do something
) in%estigate (in%estigates' in%estigating'
in%estigate*)
-*R/ If !ou investigate someting& !ou
stud! or examine it carefull! to find out
te trut about it" # <esearch in -"ford is
now investigating a possible link between
endometriosis and the immune system.
# 23 how, 3olice are still investigating how the
accident happened.
Nouns associate* /ith research:
e%i*ence
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN 1%i*ence is an!ting
tat !ou see& experience& read& or are told tat
causes !ou to believe tat someting is true
or as reall! appened" # 23 of=for, a report
on the scientific evidence for global warming
# 23 that, There is a lot of evidence that stress
is partly responsible for disease. # 23 to4inf5 To
date there is no evidence to support this theory.
hypothesis (hypotheses)
NOUN A hypothesis is an idea %ic is
suggested as a possible explanation for a
particular situation or condition& but %ic
as not !et been proved to be correct"
26OR7A05 # ork will now begin to test the
hypothesis in rats. # 8ifferent hypotheses have
been put forward to e"plain why these foods
are more likely to cause problems.
theory (theories)
NOUN A theory is a formal idea or set of
ideas tat is intended to explain someting"
# 23 of, &instein formulated the Theory of
<elativity in ./76.
6 !*%enture
-erbs and nouns associated %it tra ve l and adventure I
8etting %ord stress rig t I
+oosing vocabular! to express !o u rself precisel!
Vocabulary
Verbs associate* /ith tra%el an*
a*%enture:
accompany (accompanies' accompanying'
accompanie*)
V1R7 If !ou accompany someone& !ou go
some%ere %it tem" [FOR!"# # >en
agreed to accompany me on a trip to 4frica.
# The 3rime 5inister, accompanied by the
governor, led the 3resident up to the house.
encounter (encounters' encountering'
encountere*)
V1R7 If !ou encounter problems or
difficulties& !ou experience tem" # &veryday
of our lives we encounter stresses of one kind or
another. ) &nvironmental problems they found in
3oland were among the worst they encountered.
o%ercome (o%ercomes' o%ercoming'
o%ercame)
V1R7 If !ou o%ercome a problem or a
feeling& !ou successfull! deal %it it and
control it" # 5olly had fought and overcome
her fear of flying. # -ne way of helping
children to overcome shyness is to boost their
self'confidence.
resche*ule (resche*ules' resche*uling'
resche*ule*)
V1R7 If someone resche*ules an event&
te! cange te time at %ic it is supposed
to appen" # !ince I'll be away, I'd like to
reschedule the meeting. # 23 for, They've
rescheduled the opening for February .?th.
see. (see.s' see.ing' sought)
V1R7 If !ou see. someting& !ou tr! to find
it or obtain it" [FOR!"# # Four people who
sought refuge in the Italian embassy have left
voluntarily. # 23 for, Candidates are urgently
sought for the post of Conservative 3arty
chairman. ) 4lways seek professional legal
advice before entering into any agreement.
# 23 from5 The couple have sought help from
marriage guidance counsellors.
%enture (%entures' %enturing' %enture*)
-*R/ If !ou %enture some%ere& !ou go
some%ere tat migt be dangerous"
20I,*RAR$5 # 3eople are afraid to venture out
for fear of sniper attacks.
Nouns associate* /ith tra%el an*
a*%enture:
challenge (challenges)
NOUN A challenge is someting ne% and
difficult %ic re9uires great effort and
determination" # I like a big challenge and
they don(t come much bigger than this. # The
new government(s first challenge is the
economy.
*estination (*estinations)
NOUN ,e *estination of someone or
someting is te place to %ic te! are going
or being sent" # !pain is still our most popular
holiday destination. # -nly half of the emergency
supplies have reached their destination.
itinerary (itineraries)
NOUN An itinerary is a plan of a journe!&
including te route and te places tat !ou
% ill visit" # The ne"t place on our itinerary was
!ilistra.
2ourney (2ourneys)
NOUN Wen !ou make a 2ourney' !ou travel
from one place to anoter" # 2 3 to 5 There is
an e"press service from 3aris which completes
the %ourney to $ordeau" in under : hours.
!*2ecti%es to *escribe e)periences:
*reary
AD)*+,I-* If !ou describe someting
as *reary' !ou mean tat it is dull and
depressing" # a dreary little town in the
5idwest
intense
AD)*+,I-* 8ntense is used to describe
someting tat is ver! great or extreme in
strengt or degree" # #e was sweating from
the intense heat. # #is threats become more
intense, agitated, and frequent.
pi%otal
AD)*+,I-* A pi%otal role& point& or figure in
someting is one tat is ver! important and
affects te success of tat ting" # The Court
of 4ppeal has a pivotal role in the &nglish
legal system. # The elections may prove to be
pivotal in Colombia's political history.
pro(oun*
AD)*+,I-* $ou use pro(oun* to empasize
tat someting is ver! great or intense"
# discoveries which had a profound effect on
many areas of medicine # The overwhelming
feeling is %ust deep, profound shock and
anger. # 4nna's patriotism was profound.
%aluable
AD)*+,I-* If !ou describe someting or
someone as %aluable' !ou mean tat te!
are ver! useful and elpful" # 5any of our
teachers also have valuable academic links
with #eidelberg 9niversity. ) The e"perience
was very valuable.
9 3a*gets
Describing dimensions& actions and processes I Recognizing
%ords %it several
meanings I Using collocations and context to identif! te rig
t meaning
Vocabulary
Nouns to *escribe *imensions:
angle (angles)
NOUN An angle is te difference in direction
bet%een t%o lines or surfaces" Angles are
measured in degrees" # The boat is now
teaning at a @7 degree angle.
circum(erence
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN ,e circum(erence
of a circle& place& or round object is te
distance around its edge" # a scientist
calculating the &arth's circumference
# The island is @.6 km in circumference.
*iameter (*iameters)
NOUN ,e *iameter of a round object is te
lengt of a straigt line tat can be dra%n
across it& passing troug te middle of it"
# 23 of, a tube less than a fifth of the diameter
of a human hair # a length of AA'mm diameter
steel pipe
height (heights)
NOUN ,e height of a person or ting is
teir size or lengt from te bottom to te
top" # #er weight is about normal for her
height. # I am 6(BC in height. # 23 of, The tree
can grow to a height of A7ft. # #e was a man of
medium height.
length (lengths)
NOUN ,e length of someting is te
amount tat it measures from one end to
te oter along te longest side" # It is about
a metre in length"# 23 of, the length of the field
# 23 of, The plane had a wing span of @?ft and
a length of AAft.
ra*ius (ra*ii)
NOUN ,e ra*ius around a particular point
is te distance from it in an! direction"
# 23 around, ;igel has searched for work
in a ten'mile radius around his home.
# 23 of, within a fifty'mile radius of the town
# Fragments of twisted metal were scattered
across a wide radius.
%olume (%olumes)
NOUN ,e %olume o( someting is te
amount of it tat tere is" # 23 of, !enior
officials will be discussing how the volume
of sales might be reduced. # 23 of, the sheer
volume of traffic and accidents
/i*th (/i*ths)
NOUN ,e /i*th of someting is te
distance it measures from one side or
edge to te oter" # 23 of, 5easure the
full width of the window. # The road was
reduced to .0ft in width by adding parking
bays. # !addles are made in a wide range of
different widths.
!ctions:
a*2ust (a*2usts' a*2usting' a*2uste*)
-*R/ Wen !ou a*2ust to a ne% situation&
!ou get used to it b! canging !our
beaviour or !our ideas" # 23 to, e are
preparing our fighters to ad%ust themselves to
civil society. # 23 to, I felt I had ad%usted to the
idea of being a mother very well.
con%ey (con%eys' con%eying' con%eye*)
-*R/ ,o con%ey information or feelings
means to cause tem to be kno%n or
understood b! someone" # !emiological
analysis sees a sign as any cultural symbol
which conveys a meaning. # In every one of her
pictures she conveys a sense of immediacy.
# #e also conveyed his views and the views of
the bureaucracy.
launch (launches' launching' launche*)
-*R/ If a compan! launches a ne% product&
it makes it available to te public" # Crabtree
D &velyn has %ust launched a new %am,
orcesterberry 3reserve. # 5arks D !pencer
recently hired model Einda &vangelista to
launch its new range.
rein(orce (rein(orces' rein(orcing' rein(orce*)
-*R/ If someting rein(orces a feeling&
situation& or process& it makes it stronger or
more intense" # 4 stronger &uropean 3arliament
would, they fear, only reinforce the power of the
larger countries. # This sense of privilege tends
to be reinforced by the outside world.
secure (secures' securing' secure*)
-*R/ If !ou secure someting tat !ou %ant
or need& !ou obtain it& often after a lot of
effort" 26OR7A05 # Federal leaders continued
their efforts to secure a ceasefire. # Fraham(s
achievements helped secure him the %ob.
suspen* (suspen*s' suspen*ing' suspen*e*)
-*R/ If !ou suspen* someting& !ou dela!
it or stop it from appening for a %ile or
until a decision is made about it" # The union
suspended strike action this week. # 23 until,
4 9.;. official said aid programs will be
suspended until there's adequate protection
for relief convoys.
6 Cities
Words associated %it uman geograp! I Recognizing
positive and negative connotation I
Recognizing superordinate te rms
Vocabulary
Nouns:
amenity (amenities)
NOUN Amenities are tings suc as
sopping centres or sports facilities tat
are provided for people(s convenience&
enjo!ment& or comfort" # The hotel amenities
include health clubs, conference facilities, and
banqueting rooms.
commuter (commuters)
NOUN A commuter is a person %o travels
a long distance to %ork ever! da!" # The
number of commuters to Eondon has dropped
by .77,777.
congestion
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN If tere is
congestion in a place& te place is extremel!
cro%ded and blocked %it traffic or people"
# The problems of traffic congestion will not
disappear in a hurry. # &nergy consumption,
congestion and pollution have increased.
housing
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN $ou refer to te
buildings in %ic people live as ousing
%en !ou are talking about teir standard&
price& or availabilit!" # a shortage of
affordable housing
resi*ent (resi*ents)
NOUN ,e resi*ents of a ouse or area are
te people %o live tere" # The 4rchbishop
called upon the government to build more low
cost homes for local residents. # 5ore than
.7 percent of 5unich residents live below the
poverty line.
immigrant (immigrants)
NOUN An immigrant is a person %o as
come to live in a countr! from some oter
countr!" # industries that employ large
numbers of illegal immigrants # 3ortugal,
!pain and Italy all have large immigrant
populations from 4frica.
in(rastructure (in(rastructures)
NOUN ,e in(rastructure of a countr!&
societ!& or organization consists of
te basic facilities suc as transport&
communications& po%er supplies& and
buildings& %ic enable it to function"
# investment in infrastructure pro%ects
# a focus on improving e"isting infrastructure
inhabitant (inhabitants)
NOUN ,e inhabitants of a place are te
people %o live tere" # 23 of, the inhabitants
of Flasgow # :amaica's original inhabitants
were the 4rawak Indians.
neighbourhoo* (neighbourhoo*s)
NOUN A neighbourhoo* is one of te
parts of a to%n %ere people live" 2U'
neighborhoo*# ; 23 to4inf5 It seemed like a
good neighbourhood to raise my children.
# 23 of, #e was born and grew up in the
Flatbush neighbourhood of $rooklyn.
!*2ecti%es:
bustling
AD)*+,I-* A bustling place is fu ll of people
%o are ver! bus! or livel!" # the bustling
streets of !al2burg # -"ford was bustling with
students and tourists and shoppers.
pioneering
AD)*+,I-* Pioneering %ork or a
pioneering individual does someting tat
as not been done before& for example
b! developing or using ne% metods or
tecni9ues" # The school has won awards for
its pioneering work with the community. # a
pioneering !cottish surgeon and anatomist
named :ohn #unter
historic
AD)*+,I-* 'ometing tat is historic
is important in istor! or is likel! to be
important" # The opening of the !cottish
3arliament was a historic moment. # a fourth
historic election victory
rural
AD)*+,I-* Rural means relating to countr!
areas as opposed to large to%ns" # These
plants have a tendency to grow in the more
rural areas. # the closure of rural schools
spra/ling
AD)*+,I-* A place tat is spra/ling as
been built over a large area in an untid! or
uncontrolled %a! # a sprawling suburb on the
edge of a big city # The house was a sprawling
ranch'style building.
urban
AD)*+,I-* Urban means belonging to&
or relating to& a to%n or cit!" # 5ost of the
population is an urban population. # 5ost urban
areas are close to a park. # urban planning
: The art o( persuasion
Using reporting verbs to present points of vie% I Recognizing
s!non!ms
Vocabulary
Reporting %erbs:
a*%ocate (a*%ocates' a*%ocating' a*%ocate*)
V1R7 If !ou a*%ocate a particular action or
plan& !ou recommend it publicl!" [FOR!"#
# a conservative who advocates fewer
government controls on business # the ta"
policy advocated by the -pposition
ac.no/le*ge (ac.no/le*ges'
ac.no/le*ging' ac.no/le*ge*)
V1R7 If !ou ac.no/le*ge a fact or a
situation& !ou accept or admit tat it is
true or tat it exists" [FOR!"# # 23 that,
It is widely acknowledged that transferring
knowledge in a classroom environment is very
inefficient. # $elatedly, the government has
acknowledged the problem.
assert (asserts' asserting' asserte*)
V1R7 If someone asserts a fact or belief&
te! state it firml!" [FOR!"# # The senator
plans to assert that the bill violates the First
4mendment. # The defendants continue to
assert their innocence.
*ispute (*isputes' *isputing' *ispute*)
V1R7 If !ou *ispute a fact& statement& or
teor!& !ou sa! tat it is incorrect or untrue"
# #e disputed the allegations. # 23 that, ;o
one disputes that vitamin C is of great value in
the treatment of scurvy.
imply (implies' implying' implie*)
V1R7 If !ou imply tat someting is te
case& !ou sa! someting %ic indicates
tat it is te case in an indirect %a!" # G4re
you implying that I had something to do with
those attacksH' # !he was upset by the implied
criticism.
2usti(y (2usti(ies' 2usti(ying' 2usti(ie*)
V1R7 ,o 2usti(y a decision& action& or idea
means to so% or prove tat it is reasonable
or necessar!" # ;o argument can %ustify a war.
# 5inisters agreed that this decision was fully
%ustified by economic conditions.
ob2ect (ob2ects' ob2ecting' ob2ecte*)
-*R/ If !ou ob2ect to someting& !ou
express !our dislike or disapproval of it"
# 23 to, 4 lot of people will ob%ect to the book.
# 23 that, Cullen ob%ected that his small staff
would be unable to handle the added work.
# e ob%ected strongly but were outvoted.
outline (outlines' outlining' outline*)
-*R/ If !ou outline an idea or a plan& !ou
explain it in a general %a!" # The mayor
outlined his plan to clean up the town(s image.
;uestion (;uestions' ;uestioning'
;uestione*)
-*R/ If !ou ;uestion someting& !ou ave
or express doubts about %eter it is true&
reasonable& or %ort%ile" # !cientists
began questioning the validity of the research
because they could not reproduce the
e"periments. # It never occurs to them to
question the doctor's decisions.
Nouns associate* /ith persuasion:
bene(it (bene(its)
NOUN ,e bene(it o( someting is te elp
tat !ou get from it or te advantage tat
results from it" # 23 of, the benefits of this form
of therapy # For ma"imum benefit, use your
treatment every day. ) 23 to, I hope what I have
written will be of benefit to someone else.
*ebate (*ebates)
NOUN A *ebate is a discussion about a
subject on %ic people ave different
vie%s" # 4n intense debate is going on within
the Israeli government. # 23 about, There has
been a lot of debate among scholars about
this.
*iscussion (*iscussions)
NOUN If tere is *iscussion about
someting& people talk about it& often in
order to reac a decision" # 23 about, There
was a lot of discussion about the wording of
the report. # Council members are due to have
informal discussions later on today.
*ra/bac. (*ra/bac.s)
NOUN A *ra/bac. is an aspect of
someting or someone tat makes tem
less acceptable tan te! %ould oter%ise
be" # #e felt the apartment(s only drawback
was that it was too small.
e%i*ence
UN+OUN,A/0* NOUN 1%i*ence is an!ting
tat !ou see& experience& read& or are told
tat causes !ou to believe tat someting is
true or as reall! appened" # 23 of=for, the
scientific evidence for global warming # 23 that,
There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly
responsible for disease.' 23 to4inf5 To date
there is no evidence to support this theory.
proo((proo(s)
NOUN Proo( is a fact& argument& or piece
of evidence %ic so%s tat someting
is definitel! true or definitel! exists"
# 23 of, Iou have to have proof of residence
in the state of Te"as, such as a Te"as I8 card.
# &conomists have been concerned with
establishing proofs for their arguments.
< 3etting in%ol%e*
Naming fo rm s of cu ltu re and engagement I 6ormal and in
fo rm a l verbs
Vocabulary
Nouns:
current a((airs
P"UR!" NOUN If !ou refer to current
a((airs' !ou are referring to political events
and problems in societ! %ic are discussed
in ne%spapers& and on television and radio"
# people who take no interest in politics and
current affairs # the $$C(s current affairs
programme G3anorama(
recital (recitals)
NOUN ! recital is a performance of music
or poetr!& usuall! given b! one person" # a
solo recital by the famous harpsichordist
*rama (*ramas)
NOUN ! *rama is a serious pla! for te
teatre& television& or radio" # #e acted in
radio dramas.
!*2ecti%es:
amateur
!$=1->8V1 !mateur sports or activities are
done b! people as a obb! and not as a job"
# the local amateur dramatics society
classical
!$=1->8V1 $ou use classical to describe
someting tat is traditional in form& st!le&
or content" # Fokine did not change the steps
of classical balletJ instead he found new ways
of using them. # the scientific attitude of !mith
and earlier classical economists
contemporary
!$=1->8V1 -ontemporary tings are
modern and relate to te present time" # one
of the finest collections of contemporary art in
the country # -nly the names are ancientJ the
characters are modern and contemporary.
Verbs associate* /ith in%ol%ement:
assemble (assembles' assembling'
assemble*)
V1R7 Wen people assemble or %en
someone assembles tem& te! come
togeter in a group& usuall! for a particular
purpose suc as a meeting" # There
wasn't even a convenient place for students
to assemble between classes. # 23 in,
Thousands of people assembled in a stadium
in Thoko2a. # #e has assembled a team of
e"perts.
atten* (atten*s' atten*ing' atten*e*)
V1R7 If !ou atten* a meeting or oter event&
!ou are present at it" # Thousands of people
attended the funeral. # The meeting will be
attended by finance ministers from many
countries.
broa*cast (broa*casts' broa*casting)
V1R7 ,o broa*cast a programme means
to send it out b! radio %aves& so tat it can
be eard on te radio or seen on television"
# 23 on, The concert will be broadcast live on
television and radio.
establish (establishes' establishing'
establishe*)
V1R7 If someone establishes
someting suc as an organization& a t!pe
of activit!& or a set of rules& te! create
it or introduce it in suc a %a! tat it is
likel! to last for a long time" # The 9.;.
has established detailed criteria for who
should be allowed to vote. # The school
was established in ./0/ by an Italian
professor.
obser%e (obser%es' obser%ing' obser%e*)
V1R7 If !ou obser%e a person or ting&
!ou %atc tem carefull!& especiall! in
order to learn someting about tem"
# !tern atso studies and observes the
behaviour of babies. # 23 how, I got a
chance to observe how a detective
actually works.
organi5e (organi5es' organi5ing' organi5e*)
-*R/ If !ou organi5e an event or activit!&
!ou make sure tat te necessar!
arrangements are made& 2in /rit& also use
organise# # The Commission will organi2e
a conference on rural development. # a
two'day meeting organi2ed by the 9nited
;ations # The initial mobili2ation was well
organi2ed.
participate (participates' participating'
participate*)
-*R/ If !ou participate in an activit!&
!ou take part in it" # 23 in, #undreds
of faithful $uddhists participated in the
annual ceremony. # 23 in, -ver half the
population of this country participate
in sport. # 2-4ing5 lower rates for
participating corporations
resign (resigns' resigning' resigne*)
-*R/ If !ou resign from a job or position&
!ou formall! announce tat !ou are leaving
it" # 4 hospital administrator has resigned
over claims he lied to get the %ob. # 5r <obb
resigned his position last month.
? 3lobal /arming
-erbs fo r n a tu ral processes I -erbs and adjectives
associated %it scientific stud! I
Nouns associated %it climate I Recognizing anton!ms
Vocabulary
Natural processes:
con*ense (con*enses' con*ensing'
con*ense*)
-*R/ Wen a gas or vapour con*enses'
or is con*ense*' it canges into a li9uid"
# 23 to4inf5 ater vapour condenses to form
clouds. # 23 into, The compressed gas is
cooled and condenses into a liquid. # 23 out
of, 4s the air rises it becomes colder and
moisture condenses out of it.
contract (contracts' contracting'
contracte*)
-*R/ Wen someting contracts or %en
someting contracts it& it becomes smaller or
sorter" # $lood is only e"pelled from the heart
when it contracts. # ;ew research shows that an
e"cess of meat and salt can contract muscles.
e)pan* (e)pan*s' e)pan*ing' e)pan*e*)
-*R/ If someting e)pan*s or is e)pan*e*'
it becomes larger" # &ngineers noticed that
the pipes were not e"panding as e"pected.
# The money supply e"panded by .?.B percent
in the year to !eptember. # 2-4ing5 a rapidly
e"panding universe
(lo/ ((lo/s' (lo/ing' (lo/e*)
-*R/ If a li9uid& gas& or electrical current
(lo/s some%ere& it moves tere steadil!
and continuousl!" # 23 into, 4 stream flowed
into the valley. # 23 into, The current flows into
electric motors that drive the wheels.
Verbs associate* /ith scienti(ic stu*y:
estimate (estimates' estimating' estimate*)
<also o%erestimate' un*erestimate)
-*R/ If !ou estimate a 9uantit! or value&
!ou make an approximate judgment or
calculation of it" # 23 that, The 4cademy of
!ciences currently estimates that there are
appro"imately one million plant varieties in
the world. # #e estimated the speed of the
winds from the degree of damage.
pre*ict (pre*icts' pre*icting' pre*icte*)
-*R/ If !ou pre*ict an event& !ou sa! tat
it %ill appen" # Chinese seismologists have
predicted earthquakes this year in estern
China. # 23 that, !ome analysts were predicting
that online sales during the holiday season
could top K.7 billion. # 23 when, tests that
accurately predict when you are most fertile
state (states' stating' state*)
-*R/ If !ou state someting& !ou sa! or
%rite it in a formal or definite %a!" # The
table clearly states the amount of fat found
in commonly used foods. # 23 that, The police
report stated that he was arrested for allegedly
assaulting his wife. # $uyers who do not apply
within the stated period can lose their deposits.
!*2ecti%es:
accurate <opposite inaccurate)
AD)*+,I-* !ccurate information&
measurements& and statistics are correct
to a ver! detailed level" An accurate
instrument is able to give !ou information
of tis kind" # 4ccurate diagnosis is needed
to guide appropriate treatment strategies.
# a quick and accurate way of monitoring the
amount of carbon dio"ide in the air
li.ely <opposite unli.ely)
AD)*+,I-* $ou use li.ely to indicate tat
someting is probabl! te case or % ill
probabl! appen in a particular situation"
# &"perts say a !es1 vote is stitt the likely
outcome. # 23 that, If this is your first baby, i t (s
far more likely that you'll get to the hospital
too early.
Nouns associate* /ith climate:
current (currents)
1 NOUN A current is a stead! and
continuous flo%ing movement of some of
te %ater in a river& lake& or sea" # 23 of,
The ocean currents of the tropical 3acific
travel from east to west. # The couple were
swept away by the strong current.
A NOUN A current is a stead! flo%ing
movement of air" # 23 of, a current of cool
air # The spores are very light and can be
wafted by the slightest a ir current.
*rought (*roughts)
NOUN A *rought is a long period of time
during %ic no rain falls" # 8rought and
famines have killed up to two million people
here.
(loo* ((loo*s)
NOUN If tere is a (loo*' a large amount of
%ater covers an area %ic is usuall! dr!& for
example %en a river flo%s over its banks
or a pipe bursts" # 5ore than 17 people were
killed in the floods, caused when a dam burst.
# Floods hit $ihar state, killing A67 people.
glacier (glaciers)
NOUN A glacier is an extremel! large mass
of ice %ic moves ver! slo%l!& often do%n
a mountain valle!" # 9niversity of 4laska
scientists report that the state's glaciers
are melting faster than e"pected. # Twenty
thousand years ago, the last great ice age
buried the northern half of &urope under a
massive glacier.
hurricane (hurricanes)
NOUN A hurricane is an extremel! violent
%ind or storm" # In !eptember .0.@, a ma%or
hurricane destroyed 9! gunboats and ships
that were defending !t 5ary(s, Feorgia, from
the $ritish. # 4round eight hurricanes are
predicted to strike 4merica this year.
typhoon (typhoons)
NOUN A typhoon is a ver! violent tropical
storm" # large atmospheric disturbances such
as typhoons
1@ Words (or describing change
0earning time expressions and verbs fo r describing cange
I =ronouncing consonants
clea rl! I Using %ords %it positive and negative
connotations
Vocabulary
Verbs associate* /ith change:
aban*on (aban*ons' aban*oning' aban*one*)
-*R/ If !ou aban*on an activit! or piece of
%ork& !ou stop doing it before it is finised"
A The authorities have abandoned any attempt to
distribute food. A The scheme(s investors, fearful
of bankruptcy, decided to abandon the pro%ect.
a*2ust (a*2usts' a*2usting' a*2uste*)
-*R/ Wen !ou a*2ust to a ne% situation&
!ou get used to it b! canging !our
beaviour or !our ideas" A [B to, e are
preparing our fighters to ad%ust themselves to
civil society. A [B to, I felt I had ad%usted to the
idea of being a mother very well.
alter (alters' altering' altere*)
-*R/ If someting alters or if !ou alter it&
it canges" A Eittle had altered in the village.
A attempts to genetically alter the caffeine
content of coffee plants
*ecline (*eclines' *eclining' *ecline*)
-*R/ If someting *eclines' it becomes
less in 9uantit!& importance& or strengt"
A [B from, The number of staff has declined
from A.1,777 to ..?,777. A #ourly output by
workers declined ..@L in the first quarter.
# 2-4ing5 a declining birth rate
*e%elop (*e%elops' *e%eloping' *e%elope*)
-*R/ Wen someting *e%elops' it gro%s
or canges over a period of time and usuall!
becomes more advanced& complete& or
severe" A It's hard to say at this stage how the
market will develop. # 23 into, These clashes
could develop into open warfare.
*iminish (*iminishes' *iminishing'
*iminishe*)
-*R/ Wen someting *iminishes' or
%en someting *iminishes it& it becomes
reduced in size& importance& or intensit!"
# The threat of nuclear war has diminished.
# Federalism is intended to diminish
the power of the central state. # 2-4ing5
9niversities are facing grave problems
because of diminishing resources. # This could
mean diminished public support for the war.
e%ol%e (e%ol%es' e%ol%ing' e%ol%e*)
-*R/ If someting e%ol%es or !ou e%ol%e
it& it graduall! develops over a period of
time into someting different and usuall!
more advanced" # 23 into, a tiny airline which
eventually evolved into 3akistan International
4irlines # 23 from, 3opular music evolved from
folk songs. # 4s medical knowledge evolves,
beliefs change.
mo*i(y (mo*i(ies' mo*i(ying' mo*i(ie*)
-*R/ If !ou mo*i(y someting& !ou cange
it sligtl!& usuall! in order to improve it"
# The club members did agree to modify their
recruitment policy. ) The plane was a modified
version of the C'.@7.
re(ine (re(ines' re(ining' re(ine*)
-*R/ If someting suc as a process&
teor!& or macine is re(ine*' it is improved
b! aving small canges made to it" # !urgical techniques
are constantly being refined. # Twentieth century botanists
have continually refined these classifications.
shi(t (shi(ts' shi(ting' shi(te*)
-*R/ If someone1s opinion& a situation&
or a polic! shi(ts or is shi(te*' it canges
sligtl!" # 4ttitudes to mental illness have
shifted in recent years. # The emphasis should
be shifted more towards 3arliament.
trans(orm (trans(orms' trans(orming'
trans(orme*)
-*R/ ,o trans(orm someting or someone
means to cange tem completel! and
suddenl! so tat te! are muc better or
more attractive" # The spread of the internet
and mobile telephony have transformed society.
# 23 into, Ieltsin was committed to completely
transforming <ussia into a market economy.
Nouns (or perio*s o( time:
century (centuries)
1 NOUN A century is an! period of a
undred !ears" # The drought there is the
worst in a century # 23 of, This may be
ending centuries of tradition.
+ NOUN A century is a period of a undred
!ears tat is used %en stating a date" 6or
example& te >?t centur! %as te period
from >@A> to >?AA" # celebrated figures of
the late eighteenth century # a .1th'century
merchant(s house
*eca*e (*eca*es)
NOUN A *eca*e is a period of ten !ears&
especiall! one tat begins %it a !ear
ending in A& for example >?@A to >?@?" # the
last decade of the nineteenth century
generation (generations)
NOUN A generation is all te people in a
group or countr! %o are of a similar age&
especiall! %en te! are considered as
aving te same experiences or attitudes"
2 3 o f, the younger generation of 3arty
members # 8avid 5amet has long been
considered the leading 4merican playwright of
his generation.
millennium (millenniums or millennia)
NOUN A millennium is a period of one
tousand !ears& especiall! one %ic begins
and ends %it a !ear ending in BAAAB& for
example te period from te !ear >AAA to
te !ear CAAA"
11 Cor*s e)pressing similarity an* *i((erence
Recognizing verbs& nouns& adjectives and adverbs fo r
describing s im ila rit! and difference
Vocabulary
Verbs (or *escribing *i((erence:
contrast (contrasts' contrasting' contraste*)
-*R/ If !ou contrast one ting /ith anoter&
!ou point out or consider te differences
bet%een tose tings" # 23 with, !he
contrasted the situation then with the present
crisis. # In this section we contrast four
possible broad approaches.
*i((er (*i((ers' *i((ering' *i((ere*)
-*R/ If t%o or more tings *i((er' te!
are unlike eac oter in some %a!"
# 23 from, The story he told police differed
from the one he told his mother.
# 5anagement styles differ.
*i((erentiate (*i((erentiates' *i((erentiating'
*i((erentiate*)
-*R/ If !ou *i((erentiate bet/een tings
or if !ou *i((erentiate one ting (rom
anoter& !ou recognize or so% te
difference bet%een tem" # 23 between,
4 child may not differentiate between his
imagination and the real world. # 23 from, 4t
this age your baby cannot differentiate one
person from another.
*istinguish (*istinguishes' *istinguishing'
*istinguishe*)
-*R/ If !ou can *istinguish one ting
(rom anoter or *istinguish bet/een t%o
tings& !ou can see or understand o%
te! are different" # 23 from, 4steroids are
distinguished from meteorites in terms of their
visibility. # 23 between, <esearch suggests that
babies learn to see by distinguishing between
areas of light and dark.
%ary (%aries' %arying' %arie*)
-*R/ If tings %ary' te! are different from
eac oter in size& amount& or degree"
# 4ssessment practices vary in different
schools or colleges. ) 23 from, The te"t varies
from the earlier versions. ) 2-4ing5 8ifferent
writers will prepare to varying degrees.
Verbs (or *escribing similarity:
compare (compares' comparing' compare*)
-*R/ Wen !ou compare tings& !ou
consider tem and discover te differences
or similarities bet%een tem" # Compare the
two illustrations in Fig B7. # 23 with, as it fair
to compare independent schools with state
schoolsH # 23 to, ;ote how smooth the skin of
the upper arm is, then compare it to the skin
on the elbow.
resemble (resembles' resembling'
resemble*)
-*R/ If one ting or person resembles
anoter& te! are similar to eac oter"
# !ome of the commercially produced venison
resembles beef in flavour. # It is true that both
therapies do closely resemble each other.
!*2ecti%es an* a*%erbs (or *escribing
*i((erence:
contrary
AD)*+,I-* Ideas& attitudes& or reactions
tat are contrary to eac oter are
completel! different from eac oter"
# 23 to, This view is contrary to the aims
of critical social research for a number of
reasons. # !everal of those present had contrary
information. # people with contrary interests
con%ersely
AD-*R/ $ou sa! con%ersely to indicate tat
te situation !ou are about to describe is te
opposite or reverse of te one !ou ave just
described" 26OR7A05 # If government saving
is high private saving will be low. Conversely
if government saving is negative then private
saving will be high. # That makes Chinese
products even cheaper and, conversely,
makes 4merican'made goods more e"pensive
to e"port.
*istinct
AD)*+,I-* If someting is *istinct
(rom someting else of te same
t!pe& it is different or separate from it"
#23 from, &ngineering and technology are
disciplines distinct from one another and
from science. # This book is divided into two
distinct parts.
*i%erse
AD)*+,I-* If a group or range of tings
is *i%erse' it is made up of a %ide variet!
of tings" # a diverse range of habitats
# !ociety is now much more diverse than ever
before. !*2ecti%es (or *escribing similarity:
ali.e
AD)*+,I-* If t%o or more tings are ali.e'
te! are similar" # The two brothers look
very alike.
comparable
AD)*+,I-* 'ometing tat is comparable
to someting else is rougl! similar& for
example in amount or importance" # paying
the same wages to men and women for work
of comparable value # 23 to, Farmers were
meant to get an income comparable to that of
townspeople.
e;ui%alent
AD)*+,I-* 'ometing tat is e;ui%alent as
te same value as anoter ting" # 23 to, 4
unit is equivalent to a glass of wine ora single
measure of spirits. # They will react with hostility
to the price rises and calls for equivalent wage
increases are bound to be heard.
i*entical
AD)*+,I-* ,ings tat are i*entical are
exactl! te same" # 23 to, The new buildings
look identical to those built A77 years ago.
# The two parties fought the last election on
almost identical manifestos.
1+ Cor*s *escribing cause and effect
Nouns and verbs fo r cause and effect I Working out te
meaning of %ords from context
Vocabulary
Nouns:
chain reaction (chain reactions)
NOUN A chain reaction is a series of events&
eac of %ic causes te next" # henever
recession strikes, a chain reaction is set into
motion. # 23 ofM The powder immediately ignited
and set off a chain reaction of e"plosions.
conse;uence (conse;uences)
NOUN ,e conse;uences o( someting are
te results or effects of it" ; 23 ofM #er lawyer
said she understood the consequences of her
actions and was prepared to go to %ail. # 23 for,
4n economic crisis may have tremendous
consequences for our global security.
impact (impacts)
NOUN ,e impact tat someting as on
a situation& process& or person is a sudden
and po%erful effect tat it as on tem"
# 23 on, the mining industry's devastating
impact on the environment # an area where
technology can make a real impact
in(luence (in(luences)
NOUN ,o ave an in(luence on people or
situations means to affect %at te! do or
%at appens" # 23 on, Nan Fogh had a ma%or
influence on the development of modern
painting. # 5any other medications have an
influence on cholesterol levels.
outcome (outcomes)
NOUN ,e outcome of an activit!& process&
or situation is te situation tat exists at te
end of it" # 5r. !ingh said he was pleased with
the outcome. # 23 of, It (s too early to know the
outcome of her illness. # a successful outcome
repercussion (repercussions)
NOUN If an action or event as
repercussions' it causes unpleasant tings
to appen some time after te original
action or event" 26OR7A05 A It was an effort
which was to have painful repercussions.
A 5embers of congress were warned of
possible repercussions if their vote went
through.
Verbs:
a((ect (a((ects' a((ecting' a((ecte*)
-*R/ If someting a((ects a person or ting&
it influences tem or causes tem to cange
in some %a!" A ;icotine from cigarettes can
adversely affect the heart. A 5ore than seven
million people have been affected by drought.
A The new law will directly affect thousands of
people.
contribute (contributes' contributing'
contribute*)
-*R/ If someting contributes to an event
or situation& it is one of te causes of it"
A [B to, The report says design faults in
both the vessels contributed to the tragedy.
A 2-4ing5 !tress, both human and mechanical,
may also be a contributing factor.
*etermine (*etermines' *etermining'
*etermine*)
-*R/ If a particular factor *etermines te
nature of a ting or event& it causes it to
be of a particular kind" 26OR7A05 A IO is
strongly determined by genetic factors.
A [B whether, hat determines whether you
are a career success ora failureH
generate (generates' generating' generate*)
-*R/ ,o generate someting means to cause
it to begin and develop" # The &mployment
5inister said the reforms would generate new
%obs. A the e"citement generated by the changes
in &astern &urope
in*uce (in*uces' in*ucing' in*uce*)
-*R/ ,o in*uce a state or condition means
to cause it" # 8octors said surgery could
induce a heart attack. A an economic crisis
induced by high oil prices
pro%o.e (pro%o.es' pro%o.ing' pro%o.e*)
-*R/ If someting pro%o.es a reaction& it
causes it" # #is election success has provoked
a shocked reaction. A The destruction of the
mosque has provoked anger throughout the
5uslim world.
result (results' resulting' resulte*)
-*R/ If someting results in a particular
situation or event& it causes tat situation
or event to appen" # 23 in, Fifty per cent of
road accidents result in head in%uries. A [B in,
Continuous rain resulted in the land becoming
submerged.
stem (stems' stemming' stemme*)
-*R/ If a condition or problem stems (rom
someting& it %as caused originall! b!
tat ting" # 23 from, 5uch of the instability
stems from the economic effects of the
war. A [B from, 5uch of Eondon(s energy
and resilience stems from the fact that
Eondon has always been a city that relied on
migrants.
trigger (triggers' triggering' triggere*)
-*R/ If someting triggers an event or
situation& it causes it to begin to appen
or exist" # the incident which triggered
the outbreak of the First orld ar A The
current recession was triggered by a slump in
consumer spending.
10 !*%erbs
Using adverbs to frame !our message I Recognizing
adverbs I Recognizing s!non!ms I
Using adverbs to express attitude I =ronouncing te sc%a
Vocabulary
absolutely
1 AD-*R/ !bsolutely means totall! and
completel!" # :ill is absolutely right.
# I absolutely refuse to do it. # There is
absolutely no differenceD
+ AD-*R/ 'ome people sa! absolutely as an
empatic %a! of sa!ing !es or of agreeing
%it someone" ,e! sa! absolutely not
as an empatic %a! of sa!ing no" # GIt(s
worrying, isn't itH( ' G4bsolutely.(
appro)imately
AD-*R/ $ou use appro)imately to so%
tat a number or amount is not exact or
accurate" # 4ppro"imately K.67 million is to
be spent on improvements. # &ach session
lasted appro"imately @7 to ?7 minutes.
comparati%ely
AD-*R/ $ou use comparati%ely %en
!ou are contrasting t%o or more tings
or people" # a comparatively small nation
# children who find it comparatively easy to
make and keep friends
i*eally
AD-*R/ If !ou sa! tat i*eally a particular
ting sould appen or be done& !ou mean
tat tis is %at %ould be best& but !ou
kno% tat tis ma! not be possible or
practical" # 3eople should, ideally, eat much
less fat. # The restructuring ideally needs to
be completed this year.
in*e(initely
AD-*R/ If a situation %ill continue
in*e(initely' it %ill continue for ever or until
someone decides to cange it or end it" # The
visit has now been postponed indefinitely. # The
school has been closed indefinitely.
ine%itably
AD-*R/ If someting % ill ine%itably
appen& it is certain to appen and cannot
be prevented or avoided" # Technological
changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.
# Inevitably, the proposal is running into
difficulties.
interestingly
AD-*R/ $ou use interestingly to
introduce a piece of information tat
!ou tink is interesting or unexpected"
# Interestingly enough, a few weeks later,
he remarried.
necessarily
AD-*R/ If !ou sa! tat someting is not
necessarily te case& !ou mean tat it ma!
not be te case or is not al%a!s te case" # 4
higher fee does not necessarily mean a better
course.
particularly
AD-*R/ Particularly means more tan
usual or more tan oter tings" # 3rogress
has been particularly disappointing.
# I was not particularly interested in the
conversation.
presumably
AD-*R/ If !ou sa! tat someting is
presumably te case& !ou mean tat !ou
tink it is ver! likel! to be te case& altoug
!ou are not certain" # #e had gone to the
reception desk, presumably to check out.
pro%isionally
AD-*R/ Pro%isionally means arranged
or appointed for te present& %it te
possibilit! of being canged in te future"
# The seven republics had provisionally agreed
to the new relationship on ;ovember .?th.
# 4 meeting is provisionally scheduled for
early ne"t week.
relati%ely
AD-*R/ Relati%ely means to a
certain degree& especiall! %en
compared %it oter tings of te same
kind" # The sums needed are relatively
small. # !uch an e"planation makes
it relatively easy for a child to absorb
metaphysical information.
suppose*ly
AD-*R/ 'ometing tat is suppose*ly true&
is said to be true b! some people" # #e was
supposedly a tough man to work for. # They
supposedly agreed to leave their homes and
property and never return.
surprisingly
AD-*R/ $ou use surprisingly to introduce
a piece of information tat !ou tink is
unexpected or unusual" # #e did surprisingly
well in the election last year. # !urprisingly, he
did as she asked.
un*oubte*ly
AD-*R/ If someting is un*oubte*ly true&
it is certainl! so" # 9ndoubtedly, political
and economic factors have played their part.
# These sort of statistics are undoubtedly
alarming. # It is undoubtedly true that harder
times are on the way.