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FULLTEXT
League of Provinces of the Philippines vs. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 696 SCRA 190
G.R. NO. 175368 : April 11, 2013
LEAGUE OF PROVINCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT and
NATURAL RESOURCES and HON. ANGELO T. REYES, in his capacity as Secretary of DENR,Respondents.
D E C I S I O N
PERALTA, J .:
This is a petition for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus,
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praying that this Court order the following: ( 1) declare as
unconstitutional Section 17(b)(3)(iii) of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7160, otherwise known as The Local Government
Code of 1991 and Section 24 of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7076, otherwise known as the People's Small-Scale Mining
Act of 1991; (2) prohibit and bar respondents from exercising control over provinces; and (3) declare as illegal the
respondent Secretary of the Department of Energy and Natural Resources' (DENR) nullification, voiding and
cancellation of the Small-Scale Mining permits issued by the Provincial Governor of Bulacan.
The Facts are as follows:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
On March 28, 1996, Golden Falcon Mineral Exploration Corporation (Golden Falcon) filed with the DENR Mines and
Geosciences Bureau Regional Office No. III (MGB R-III) an Application for Financial and Technical Assistance
Agreement (FTAA) covering an area of 61,136 hectares situated in the Municipalities of San Miguel, San Ildefonso,
Norzagaray and San Jose del Monte, Bulacan.
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On April 29, 1998, the MGB R-III issued an Order denying Golden Falcon's Application for Financial and Technical
Assistance Agreement for failure to secure area clearances from the Forest Management Sector and Lands
Management Sector of the DENR Regional Office No. III.
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On November 11, 1998, Golden Falcon filed an appeal with the DENR Mines and Geosciences Bureau Central Office
(MGB-Central Office), and sought reconsideration of the Order dated April 29, 1998.
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On February 10, 2004, while Golden Falcon's appeal was pending, Eduardo D. Mercado, Benedicto S. Cruz, Gerardo
R. Cruz and Liberato Sembrano filed with the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) of
Bulacan their respective Applications for Quarry Permit (AQP), which covered the same area subject of Golden
Falcon's Application for Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement.
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On July 16, 2004, the MGB-Central Office issued an Order denying Golden Falcon's appeal and affirming the MGB
R-III's Order dated April 29, 1998.
On September 13, 2004, Atlantic Mines and Trading Corporation (AMTC) filed with the PENRO of Bulacan an
Application for Exploration Permit (AEP) covering 5,281 hectares of the area covered by Golden Falcon's Application
for Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement.
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On October 19, 2004, DENR-MGB Director Horacio C. Ramos, in response to MGB R-III Director Arnulfo V.
Cabantog's memorandum query dated September 8, 2004, categorically stated that the MGB-Central Office's Order
dated July 16, 2004 became final on August 11, 2004, fifteen (15) days after Golden Falcon received the said Order,
per the Certification dated October 8, 2004 issued by the Postmaster II of the Philippine Postal Corporation of Cainta,
Rizal.
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Through letters dated May 5 and May 10, 2005, AMTC notified the PENRO of Bulacan and the MGB R-III Director,
respectively, that the subject Applications for Quarry Permit fell within its (AMTC's) existing valid and prior Application
for Exploration Permit, and the the former area of Golden Falcon was open to mining location only on August 11,
2004 per the Memorandum dated October 19, 2004 of the MGB Director, Central Office.
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On June 24, 2005, Ricardo Medina, Jr., PENRO of Bulacan, indorsed AMTC's letter to the Provincial Legal Officer,
Atty. Eugenio F. Resurreccion, for his legal opinion on which date of denial of Golden Falcon's application/appeal
April 29, 1998 or July 16, 2004 ? is to be considered in the deliberation of the Provincial Mining Regulatory Board
(PMRB) for the purpose of determining when the land subject of the Applications for Quarry Permit could be
considered open for application.
On June 28, 2005, Provincial Legal Officer Eugenio Resurreccion issued a legal opinion stating that the Order dated
July 16, 2004 of the MGB-Central Office was a mere reaffirmation of the Order dated April 29, 1998 of the MGB R-III;
hence, the Order dated April 29, 1998 should be the reckoning period of the denial of the application of Golden
Falcon.
On July 22, 2005, AMTC filed with the PMRB of Bulacan a formal protest against the aforesaid Applications for
Quarry Permit on the ground that the subject area was already covered by its Application for Exploration
Permit.
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On August 8, 2005, MGB R-III Director Cabantog, who was the concurrent Chairman of the PMRB, endorsed to the
Provincial Governor of Bulacan, Governor Josefina M. dela Cruz, the aforesaid Applications for Quarry Permit that
had apparently been converted to Applications for Small-Scale Mining Permit of Eduardo D. Mercado, Benedicto S.
Cruz, Gerardo R. Cruz and Lucila S. Valdez (formerly Liberato Sembrano).
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On August 9, 2005, the PENRO of Bulacan issued four memoranda recommending to Governor Dela Cruz the
approval of the aforesaid Applications for Small-Scale Mining Permit.
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On August 10, 2005, Governor Dela Cruz issued the corresponding Small-Scale Mining Permits in favor of Eduardo
D. Mercado, Benedicto S. Cruz, Gerardo R. Cruz and Lucila S. Valdez.
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Subsequently, AMTC appealed to respondent DENR Secretary the grant of the aforesaid Small-Scale Mining
Permits, arguing that: (1) The PMRB of Bulacan erred in giving due course to the Applications for Small-Scale Mining
Permit without first resolving its formal protest; (2) The areas covered by the Small-Scale Mining Permits fall within
the area covered by AMTC's valid prior Application for Exploration Permit; (3) The Applications for Quarry Permit
were illegally converted to Applications for Small-Scale Mining Permit; (4) DENR-MGB Director Horacio C. Ramos'
ruling that the subject areas became open for mining location only on August 11, 2004 was controlling; (5) The Small-
Scale Mining Permits were null and void because they covered areas that were never declared People's Small-Scale
Mining Program sites as mandated by Section 4 of the People's Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991; and (6) Iron ore is
not considered as one of the quarry resources, as defined by Section 43 of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, which
could be subjects of an Application for Quarry Permit.
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On August 8, 2006, respondent DENR Secretary rendered a Decision
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in favor of AMTC. The DENR Secretary
agreed with MGB Director Horacio C. Ramos that the area was open to mining location only on August 11, 2004,
fifteen (15) days after the receipt by Golden Falcon on July 27, 2004 of a copy of the MGB-Central Office's Order
dated July 16, 2004, which Order denied Golden Falcon's appeal. According to the DENR Secretary, the filing by
Golden Falcon of the letter-appeal suspended the finality of the Order of denial issued on April 29, 1998 by the
Regional Director until the resolution of the appeal on July 16, 2004 by the MGB-Central Office. He stated that the
Applications for Quarry Permit were filed on February 10, 2004 when the area was still closed to mining location;
hence, the Small-Scale Mining Permits granted by the PMRB and the Governor were null and void. On the other
hand, the DENR Secretary declared that AMTC filed its Application for Exploration Permit when the area was already
open to other mining applicants; thus, AMTC's Application for Exploration Permit was valid. Moreover, the DENR
Secretary held that the questioned Small-Scale Mining Permits were issued in violation of Section 4 of R.A. No. 7076
and beyond the authority of the Provincial Governor pursuant to Section 43 of R.A. No. 7942, because the area was
never proclaimed to be under the People's Small-Scale Mining Program. Further, the DENR Secretary stated that iron
ore mineral is not considered among the quarry resources.
The dispositive portion of the DENR Secretary's Decision reads:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
WHEREFORE, the Application for Exploration Permit, AEP-III-02-04 of Atlantic Mines and Trading Corp. is declared
valid and may now be given due course. The Small-Scale Mining Permits, SSMP-B-002-05 of Gerardo Cruz, SSMP-
B-003-05 of Eduardo D. Mercado, SSMP-B-004-05 of Benedicto S. Cruz and SSMP-B-005-05 of Lucila S. Valdez are
declared NULL AND VOID. Consequently, the said permits are hereby CANCELLED.
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Hence, petitioner League of Provinces filed this petition.
Petitioner is a duly organized league of local governments incorporated under R.A. No. 7160. Petitioner declares that
it is composed of 81 provincial governments, including the Province of Bulacan. It states that this is not an action of
one province alone, but the collective action of all provinces through the League, as a favorable ruling will not only
benefit one province, but all provinces and all local governments.
Petitioner raises these issues:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
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WHETHER OR NOT SECTION 17(B)(3)(III) OF THE, 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE AND SECTION 24 OF
THE PEOPLE'S SMALL-SCALE MINING ACT OF 1991 ARE UNCONSTITUTIONAL FOR PROVIDING FOR
EXECUTIVE CONTROL AND INFRINGING UPON THE LOCAL AUTONOMY OF PROVINCES.
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WHETHER OR NOT THE ACT OF RESPONDENT [DENR] IN NULLIFYING, VOIDING AND CANCELLING THE
SMALL-SCALE MINING PERMITS AMOUNTS TO EXECUTIVE CONTROL, NOT MERELY SUPERVISION AND
USURPS THE DEVOLVED POWERS OF ALL PROVINCES.
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To start, the Court finds that petitioner has legal standing to file this petition because it is tasked under Section 504 of
the Local Government Code of 1991 to promote local autonomy at the provincial level;
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adopt measures for the
promotion of the welfare of all provinces and its officials and employees;
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and exercise such other powers and
perform such other duties and functions as the league may prescribe for the welfare of the
provinces.
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Before this Court determines the validity of an act of a co-equal and coordinate branch of the Government, it bears
emphasis that ingrained in our jurisprudence is the time-honored principle that a statute is presumed to be
valid.
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This presumption is rooted in the doctrine of separation of powers which enjoins upon the three coordinate
departments of the Government a becoming courtesy for each other's acts.
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This Court, however, may declare a
law, or portions thereof, unconstitutional where a petitioner has shown a clear and unequivocal breach of the
Constitution,
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leaving no doubt or hesitation in the mind of the Court.
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In this case, petitioner admits that respondent DENR Secretary had the authority to nullify the Small-Scale Mining
Permits issued by the Provincial Governor of Bulacan, as the DENR Secretary has control over the PMRB, and the
implementation of the Small-Scale Mining Program is subject to control by respondent DENR.
Control of the DENR/DENR Secretary over small-scale mining in the provinces is granted by three statutes: (1) R.A.
No. 7061 or The Local Government Code of 1991; (2) R.A. No. 7076 or the People's Small Scale Mining Act of 1991;
and (3) R.A. No. 7942, otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995.
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The pertinent provisions of law
sought to be declared as unconstitutional by petitioner are as follows:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
R.A. No. 7061 (The Local Government Code of 1991)
SEC. 17. Basic Services and Facilities. - (a) Local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and shall
continue exercising the powers and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them. They shall also
discharge the functions and responsibilities of national agencies and offices devolved to them pursuant to this Code.
Local government units shall likewise exercise such other powers and discharge such other functions and
responsibilities as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and effective provision of the basic services
and facilities enumerated herein.
(b) Such basic services and facilities include, but are not limited to, the following:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
x x x
(3) For a Province:c

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x x x
(iii) Pursuant to national policies and subject to supervision, control and review of the DENR, enforcement of forestry
laws limited to community-based forestry projects, pollution control law, small-scale mining law, and other laws on the
protection of the environment; and mini-hydro electric projects for local purposes; x x x
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R.A. No. 7076 (People's Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991)
Sec. 24. Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board. - There is hereby created under the direct supervision and control
of the Secretary a provincial/city mining regulatory board, herein called the Board, which shall be the implementing
agency of the Department, and shall exercise the following powers and functions, subject to review by the
Secretary:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(a) Declare and segregate existing gold-rush areas for small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
(b) Reserve future gold and other mining areas for small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
(c) Award contracts to small-scale miners;cralawlibrary
(d) Formulate and implement rules and regulations related to small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
(e) Settle disputes, conflicts or litigations over conflicting claims within a people's small-scale mining area, an area
that is declared a small-mining; and
(f) Perform such other functions as may be necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of this
Act.
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Petitioner contends that the aforecited laws and DENR Administrative Order No. 9640 (the Implementing Rules and
Regulations of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995) did not explicitly confer upon respondents DENR and the DENR
Secretary the power to reverse, abrogate, nullify, void, or cancel the permits issued by the Provincial Governor or
small-scale mining contracts entered into by the PMRB. The statutes are also silent as to the power of respondent
DENR Secretary to substitute his own judgment over that of the Provincial Governor and the PMRB.
Moreover, petitioner contends that Section 17 (b)(3)(iii) of the Local Government Code of 1991 and Section 24 of
R.A. No. 7076, which confer upon respondents DENR and the DENR Secretary the power of control are
unconstitutional, as the Constitution states that the President (and Executive Departments and her alter-egos) has
the power of supervision only, not control, over acts of the local government units, and grants the local government
units autonomy, thus:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The 1987 Constitution:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Article X, Section 4. The President of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local governments.
Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and cities and municipalities with respect to
component barangays, shall ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their prescribed
powers and functions.
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Petitioner contends that the policy in the above-cited constitutional provision is mirrored in the Local Government
Code, which states:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
SEC. 25. National Supervision over Local Government Units. - (a) Consistent with the basic policy on local autonomy,
the President shall exercise general supervision over local government units to ensure that their acts are within the
scope of their prescribed powers and functions.
The President shall exercise supervisory authority directly over provinces, highly urbanized cities, and independent
component cities; through the province with respect to component cities and municipalities; and through the city and
municipality with respect to barangays.
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Petitioner contends that the foregoing provisions of the Constitution and the Local Government Code of 1991 show
that the relationship between the President and the Provinces or respondent DENR, as the alter ego of the President,
and the Province of Bulacan is one of executive supervision, not one of executive control. The term "control" has
been defined as the power of an officer to alter or modify or set aside what a subordinate officer had done in the
performance of his/her duties and to substitute the judgment of the former for the latter, while the term "supervision"
is the power of a superior officer to see to it that lower officers perform their function in accordance with
law.
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Petitioner argues that respondent DENR Secretary went beyond mere executive supervision and exercised control
when he nullified the small-scale mining permits granted by the Provincial Governor of Bulacan, as the former
substituted the judgment of the latter.
Petitioner asserts that what is involved here is a devolved power.
Under the Local Government Code of 1991, the power to regulate small-scale mining has been devolved to all
provinces. In the exercise of devolved powers, departmental approval is not necessary.
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Petitioner contends that if the provisions in Section 24 of R.A. No. 7076 and Section 17 (b)(3)(iii) of the Local
Government Code of 1991 granting the power of control to the DENR/DENR Secretary are not nullified, nothing
would stop the DENR Secretary from nullifying, voiding and canceling the small-scale mining permits that have been
issued by a Provincial Governor.
Petitioner submits that the statutory grant of power of control to respondents is unconstitutional, as the Constitution
only allows supervision over local governments and proscribes control by the executive departments.
In its Comment, respondents, represented by the Office of the Solicitor General, stated that contrary to the assertion
of petitioner, the power to implement the small-scale mining law is expressly limited in Section 17 (b)(3)(iii) of the
Local Government Code, which provides that it must be carried out "pursuant to national policies and subject to
supervision, control and review of the DENR." Moreover, the fact that the power to implement the small-scale mining
law has not been fully devolved to provinces is further amplified by Section 4 of the People's Small-Scale Mining Act
of 1991, which provides, among others, that the People's Small-Scale Mining Program shall be implemented by the
DENR Secretary.
The petition lacks merit.
Paragraph 1 of Section 2, Article XII (National Economy and Patrimony) of the Constitution
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provides that "the
exploration, development and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the
State."
Moreover, paragraph 3 of Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution provides that "the Congress may, by law, allow
small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens x x x."
Pursuant to Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution, R.A. No. 7076 or the People's Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991,
was enacted, establishing under Section 4 thereof a People's Small-Scale Mining Program to be implemented by the
DENR Secretary in coordination with other concerned government agencies.
The People's Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991 defines "small-scale mining" as "refer[ring] to mining activities, which
rely heavily on manual labor using simple implement and methods and do not use explosives or heavy mining
equipment."
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It should be pointed out that the Administrative Code of 198733 provides that the DENR is, subject to law and higher
authority, in charge of carrying out the State's constitutional mandate, under Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution,
to control and supervise the exploration, development, utilization and conservation of the country's natural resources.
Hence, the enforcement of small-scale mining law in the provinces is made subject to the supervision, control and
review of the DENR under the Local Government Code of 1991, while the People's Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991
provides that the People's Small-Scale Mining Program is to be implemented by the DENR Secretary in coordination
with other concerned local government agencies.

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Indeed, Section 4, Article X (Local Government) of the Constitution states that "[t]he President of the Philippines shall
exercise general supervision over local governments," and Section 25 of the Local Government Code reiterates the
same. General supervision by the President means no more than seeing to it that laws are faithfully executed or that
subordinate officers act within the law.
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The Court has clarified that the constitutional guarantee of local autonomy in the Constitution Art. X, Sec. 2 refers to
the administrative autonomy of local government units or, cast in more technical language, the decentralization of
government authority.
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It does not make local governments sovereign within the State.
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Administrative autonomy
may involve devolution of powers, but subject to limitations like following national policies or standards,
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and those
provided by the Local Government Code, as the structuring of local governments and the allocation of powers,
responsibilities, and resources among the different local government units and local officials have been placed by the
Constitution in the hands of Congress
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under Section 3, Article X of the Constitution.
Section 3, Article X of the Constitution mandated Congress to "enact a local government code which shall provide for
a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with
effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their
powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term,
salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and
operation of the local units."
In connection with the enforcement of the small-scale mining law in the province, Section 17 of the Local Government
Code provides:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
SEC. 17. Basic Services and Facilities. - (a) Local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and shall
continue exercising the powers and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them. They shall also
discharge the functions and responsibilities of national agencies and offices devolved to them pursuant to this Code.
Local government units shall likewise exercise such other powers and discharge such other functions and
responsibilities as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and effective provision of the basic services
and facilities enumerated herein.
(b) Such basic services and facilities include, but are not limited to, the following:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
x x x
(3) For a Province:c
x x x
(iii) Pursuant to national policies and subject to supervision, control and review of the DENR, enforcement of forestry
laws limited to community-based forestry projects, pollution control law, small-scale mining law, and other laws on the
protection of the environment; and mini-hydro electric projects for local purposes;
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Clearly, the Local Government Code did not fully devolve the enforcement of the small-scale mining law to the
provincial government, as its enforcement is subject to the supervision, control and review of the DENR, which is in
charge, subject to law and higher authority, of carrying out the State's constitutional mandate to control and supervise
the exploration, development, utilization of the country's natural resources.
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Section 17 (b)(3)(iii) of the Local Government Code of 1991 is in harmony with R.A. No. 7076 or the People's Small-
Scale Mining Act of 1991,
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which established a People's Small-Scale Mining Program to be implemented by the
Secretary of the DENR, thus:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared of the State to promote, develop, protect and rationalize viable
small-scale mining activities in order to generate more employment opportunities and provide an equitable sharing of
the nation's wealth and natural resources, giving due regard to existing rights as herein provided.
x x x

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Sec. 4. People's Small-Scale Mining Program. - For the purpose of carrying out the declared policy provided in
Section 2 hereof, there is hereby established a People's Small-Scale Mining Program to be implemented by the
Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, hereinafter called the Department, in
coordination with other concerned government agencies, designed to achieve an orderly, systematic and rational
scheme for the small-scale development and utilization of mineral resources in certain mineral areas in order to
address the social, economic, technical, and environmental problems connected with small-scale mining activities.
x x x
Sec. 24. Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board. There is hereby created under the direct supervision and control of
the Secretary a provincial/city mining regulatory board, herein called the Board, which shall be the implementing
agency of the Department, and shall exercise the following powers and functions, subject to review by the
Secretary:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(a) Declare and segregate existing gold-rush areas for small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
(b) Reserve future gold and other mining areas for small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
(c) Award contracts to small-scale miners;cralawlibrary
(d) Formulate and implement rules and regulations related to small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
(e) Settle disputes, conflicts or litigations over conflicting claims within a people's small-scale mining area, an area
that is declared a small-mining; and
(f) Perform such other functions as may be necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of this
Act.
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DENR Administrative Order No. 34, series of 1992, containing the Rules and Regulations to implement R.A. No.
7076, provides:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
SEC. 21. Administrative Supervision over the People's Small-Scale Mining Program. ? The following DENR officials
shall exercise the following supervisory functions in the implementation of the Program:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
21.1 DENR Secretrary direct supervision and control over the program and activities of the small-scale miners within
the people's small-scale mining area;cralawlibrary
21.2 Director ? the Director shall:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
a. Recommend the depth or length of the tunnel or adit taking into account the: (1) size of membership and
capitalization of the cooperative; (2) size of mineralized areas; (3) quantity of mineral deposits; (4) safety of miners;
and (5) environmental impact and other considerations;cralawlibrary
b. Determine the right of small-scale miners to existing facilities in consultation with the operator, claimowner,
landowner or lessor of an affected area upon declaration of a small-scale mining area;cralawlibrary
c. Recommend to the Secretary the withdrawal of the status of the people's small-scale mining area when it can no
longer be feasibly operated on a small-scale basis; and
d. See to it that the small-scale mining contractors abide by small-scale mines safety rules and regulations.
x x x
SEC. 22. Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board. ? The Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board created under R.A.
7076 shall exercise the following powers and functions, subject to review by the Secretary:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary

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22.1 Declares and segregates existing gold rush area for small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
22.2 Reserves for the future, mineralized areas/mineral lands for people's small-scale mining;cralawlibrary
22.3 Awards contracts to small-scale miners' cooperative;cralawlibrary
22.4 Formulates and implements rules and regulations related to R.A. 7076;cralawlibrary
22.5 Settles disputes, conflicts or litigations over conflicting claims within ninety (90) days upon filing of protests or
complaints; Provided, That any aggrieved party may appeal within five (5) days from the Board's decision to the
Secretary for final resolution otherwise the same is considered final and executory; and
22.6 Performs such other functions as may be necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of R.A. 7076.
SEC. 6. Declaration of People's Small-Scale Mining Areas. The Board created under R.A. 7076 shall have the
authority to declare and set aside People's Small-Scale Mining Areas in sites onshore suitable for small-scale mining
operations subject to review by the DENR Secretary thru the Director.
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DENR Administrative Order No. 23, otherwise known as the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 7942,
otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, adopted on August 15, 1995, provides under Section
123
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thereof that small-scale mining applications should be filed with the PMRB
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and the corresponding permits
shall be issued by the Provincial Governor, except small-scale mining applications within the mineral reservations.
Thereafter, DENR Administrative Order No. 96-40, otherwise known as the Revised Implementing Rules and
Regulations of R.A. No. 7942, otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, adopted on December 19,
1996, provides that applications for Small-Scale Mining Permits shall be filed with the Provincial Governor/City Mayor
through the concerned Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board for areas outside the Mineral Reservations and with
the Director though the Bureau for areas within the Mineral Reservations.
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Moreover, it provides that Local
Government Units shall, in coordination with the Bureau/ Regional Offices and subject to valid and existing mining
rights, "approve applications for small-scale mining, sand and gravel, quarry x x x and gravel permits not exceeding
five (5) hectares."
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Petitioner contends that the Local Government Code of 1991, R.A. No. 7076, DENR Administrative Orders Nos. 95-
23 and 96-40 granted the DENR Secretary the broad statutory power of control, but did not confer upon the
respondents DENR and DENR Secretary the power to reverse, abrogate, nullify, void, cancel the permits issued by
the Provincial Governor or small-scale mining contracts entered into by the Board.
The contention does not persuade.
The settlement of disputes over conflicting claims in small-scale mining is provided for in Section 24 of R.A. No. 7076,
thus:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Sec. 24. Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board. ? There is hereby created under the direct supervision and control
of the Secretary a provincial/city mining regulatory board, herein called the Board, which shall be the implementing
agency of the Department, and shall exercise the following powers and functions, subject to review by the
Secretary:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
x x x
(e) Settle disputes, conflicts or litigations over conflicting claims within a people's small-scale mining area, an area
that is declared a small mining area; x x x
Section 24, paragraph (e) of R.A. No. 7076 cited above is reflected in Section 22, paragraph 22.5 of the Implementing
Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 7076, to wit:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary

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SEC. 22. Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board. The Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board created under R.A.
No. 7076 shall exercise the following powers and functions, subject to review by the
Secretary:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
x x x
22.5 Settles disputes, conflicts or litigations over conflicting claims within ninety (90) days upon filing of protests or
complaints; Provided, That any aggrieved party may appeal within five (5) days from the Board's decision to the
Secretary for final resolution otherwise the same is considered final and executory; x x x
In this case, in accordance with Section 22, paragraph 22.5 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No.
7076, the AMTC filed on July 22, 2005 with the PMRB of Bulacan a formal protest against the Applications for Quarry
Permits of Eduardo Mercado, Benedicto Cruz, Liberato Sembrano (replaced by Lucila Valdez) and Gerardo Cruz on
the ground that the subject area was already covered by its Application for Exploration Permit.
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However, on August
8, 2005, the PMRB issued Resolution Nos. 05-8, 05-9, 05-10 and 05-11, resolving to submit to the Provincial
Governor of Bulacan the Applications for Small-Scale Mining Permits of Eduardo Mercado, Benedicto Cruz, Lucila
Valdez and Gerardo Cruz for the granting/issuance of the said permits.
49
On August 10, 2005, the Provincial
Governor of Bulacan issued the Small-Scale Mining Permits to Eduardo Mercado, Benedicto Cruz, Lucila Valdez and
Gerardo Cruz based on the legal opinion of the Provincial Legal Officer and the Resolutions of the PMRB of Bulacan.
Hence, AMTC filed an appeal with respondent DENR Secretary, appealing from Letter-Resolution No. 05-1317 and
Resolution Nos. 05-08, 05-09, 05-10 and 05-11, all dated August 8, 2005, of the PMRB of Bulacan, which resolutions
gave due course and granted, on August 10, 2005, Small-Scale Mining Permits to Eduardo D. Mercado, Benedicto S.
Cruz, Lucila Valdez and Gerardo Cruz involving parcels of mineral land situated at Camachin, Doa Remedios
Trinidad, Bulacan.
The PMRB of Bulacan filed its Answer, stating that it is an administrative body, created under R.A. No. 7076, which
cannot be equated with the court wherein a full-blown hearing could be conducted, but it is enough that the parties
were given the opportunity to present evidence. It asserted that the questioned resolutions it issued were in
accordance with the mining laws and that the Small-Scale Mining Permits granted were registered ahead of AMTC's
Application for Exploration Permit. Further, the Board stated that the Governor of Bulacan had the power to approve
the Small-Scale Mining Permits under R.A. No. 7160.
The DENR Secretary found the appeal meritorious, and resolved these pivotal issues: (1) when is the subject mining
area open for mining location by other applicants; and (2) who among the applicants have valid applications. The
pertinent portion of the decision of the DENR Secretary reads:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
We agree with the ruling of the MGB Director that the area is open only to mining location on August 11, 2004, fifteen
(15) days after the receipt by Golden Falcon on July 27, 2004 of a copy of the subject Order of July 16, 2004. The
filing by Golden Falcon of the letter-appeal suspended the finality of the Order of Denial issued on April 29, 1998 by
the Regional Director until the Resolution thereof on July 16, 2004.
Although the subject AQPs/SSMPs were processed in accordance with the procedures of the PMRB, however, the
AQPs were filed on February 10, 2004 when the area is still closed to mining location. Consequently, the SSMPs
granted by the PMRB and the Governor are null and void making thereby AEP No. III-02-04 of the AMTC valid, it
having been filed when the area is already open to other mining applicants.
Records also show that the AQPs were converted into SSMPs. These are two (2) different applications. The
questioned SSMPs were issued in violation of Section 4 of RA 7076 and beyond the authority of the Provincial
Governor pursuant to Section 43 of RA 7942 because the area was never proclaimed as "People's Small-Scale
Mining Program." Moreover, iron ore mineral is not considered among the quarry resources.
x x x
WHEREFORE, the Application for Exploration Permit, AEP-III-02-04 of Atlantic Mines and Trading Corp. is declared
valid and may now be given due course. The Small-Scale Mining Permits, SSMP-B-002-05 of Gerardo Cruz, SSMP-
B-003-05 of Eduardo D. Mercado, SSMP-B-004-05 of Benedicto S. Cruz and SSMP-B-005-05 of Lucila S. Valdez are
declared NULL AND VOID. Consequently, the said permits are hereby CANCELLED.
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chanroblesvirtualawlibrary

P
a
g
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The Court finds that the decision of the DENR Secretary was rendered in accordance with the power of review
granted to the DENR Secretary in the resolution of disputes, which is provided for in Section 24 of R.A. No. 707651
and Section 22 of its Implementing Rules and Regulations.
52
It is noted that although AMTC filed a protest with the
PMRB regarding its superior and prior Application for Exploration Permit over the Applications for Quarry Permit,
which were converted to Small-Scale Mining Permits, the PMRB did not resolve the same, but issued Resolution
Nos. 05-08 to 05-11 on August 8, 2005, resolving to submit to the Provincial Governor of Bulacan the Applications for
Small-Scale Mining Permits of Eduardo Mercado, Benedicto Cruz, Lucila Valdez and Gerardo Cruz for the granting of
the said permits. After the Provincial Governor of Bulacan issued the Small-Scale Mining Permits on August 10,
2005, AMTC appealed the Resolutions of the PMRB giving due course to the granting of the Small-Scale Mining
Permits by the Provincial Governor.
Hence, the decision of the DENR Secretary, declaring that the Application for Exploration Permit of AMTC was valid
and may be given due course, and canceling the Small-Scale Mining Permits issued by the Provincial Governor,
emanated from the power of review granted to the DENR Secretary under R.A. No. 7076 and its Implementing Rules
and Regulations. The DENR Secretary's power to review and, therefore, decide, in this case, the issue on the validity
of the issuance of the Small-Scale Mining Permits by the Provincial Governor as recommended by the PMRB, is a
quasi-judicial function, which involves the determination of what the law is, and what the legal rights of the contending
parties are, with respect to the matter in controversy and, on the basis thereof and the facts obtaining, the
adjudication of their respective rights.
53
The DENR Secretary exercises quasi-judicial function under R.A. No. 7076
and its Implementing Rules and Regulations to the extent necessary in settling disputes, conflicts or litigations over
conflicting claims. This quasi-judicial function of the DENR Secretary can neither be equated with "substitution of
judgment" of the Provincial Governor in issuing Small-Scale Mining Permits nor "control" over the said act of the
Provincial Governor as it is a determination of the rights of AMTC over conflicting claims based on the law.
In determining whether Section 17 (b)(3)(iii) of the Local Government Code of 1991 and Section 24 of R.A. No. 7076
are unconstitutional, the Court has been guided by Beltran v. The Secretary of Health,
54
which
held:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The fundamental criterion is that all reasonable doubts should be resolved in favor of the constitutionality of a statute.
Every law has in its favor the presumption of constitutionality. For a law to be nullified, it must be shown that there is a
clear and unequivocal breach of the Constitution. The ground for nullity must be clear and beyond reasonable doubt.
Those who petition this Court to declare a law, or parts thereof, unconstitutional must clearly establish the basis
therefor. Otherwise, the petition must fail.
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chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In this case, the Court finds that the grounds raised by petitioner to challenge the constitutionality of Section 17 (b
)(3)(iii) of the Local Government Code of 1991 and Section 24 'of R.A. No.7076 failed to overcome the
constitutionality of the said provisions of law.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DISMISSED for lack of merit.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.