Cheat Sheet - Exam 3

Chapter 1: Introduction to Heat Transfer
- Fouriers law ( T T (x) ): q!!x = k
dT
[Wm-2]
dx
- Newtons law of cooling: q!! = h(Ts T ) [Wm-2]

- Stefan-Boltzmann law: Eb = Ts4 [Wm-2] where = 5.67 10 8 Wm-2K-4
- Conservation of energy: E in E out + E g = E st [W]

Chapter 2: Introduction to Conduction
- Fouriers law ( T T (x, y, z) ): q!!x = k
- Thermal diffusivity: =
T
T
T
, q!!y = k
, q!!z = k
[Wm-2]
x
z
y
k
[m2s-1]
c p
- Heat diffusion equation (Cartesian):
" T % " T % " T %

T
$ k ' + $ k ' + $ k ' + q = c p
x # x & y # y & z # z &
t
Chapter 3: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction

3.1 Plane wall without heat generation
- Heat equation ( T T (x) ):
d ! dT $
#k
&=0
dx " dx %
- Equivalent thermal circuit:
qx =
T,1 T,2
1
L
1
+
+
h1 A kA h2 A
- Composite wall:
qx =
T,1 T,4
1
L
L
L
1
+ A + B + C +
h1 A kA A kB A kC A h4 A
3.2 Cylinder without heat generation

- Heat equation ( T T (r) ):
d ! dT $
# kr
&=0
dr " dr %
- Equivalent thermal circuit:
qr =
T,1 T,2
1
ln(r2 / r1 )
1
+
+
h1 2 r1L
2 kL
h2 2 r2 L
3.3 Plane wall with heat generation

- Heat equation ( T T (x) ):
d ! dT $
#k
&+ q = 0
dx " dx %
- Temperature distribution:
q L2 " x 2 % Ts,2 Ts,1 x Ts,1 + Ts,2

T (x) =
+
$1 ' +
2k # L2 &
2
L
2
Chapter 5: Transient Conduction

- Biot number: Bi =
hLc
, where Lc = V/As
k
- Lumped capacitance method (Bi < 0.1):

) # hA & ,
T T
=
= exp + % s ( t .
i Ti T
* $ Vc ' where T T (t)
- Total energy transfer up to some time t [J]:
(
" t %+
Vc
Q = ( Vc) i *1 exp $ '- where t =
hAs
# t &,
)
Chapter 6: Introduction to Convection
- Definition of heat transfer coefficient:
h=
k T y y=0
Ts T
- Reynolds number (flat plate):

u x u x
Re x = =
- Prandtl number: Pr =
hx
= f (x *, Re x , Pr)
k
hx
- Average Nusselt number: Nu x =
= f (Re x , Pr)
k
- Local Nusselt number: Nux =
Chapter 7: External Flow

7.1 Flow over a flat plate
- Critical Reynolds number:
u x
Re x,c = c = 5 10 5
- Convection correlations (properties evaluated at Tf = (T + Ts ) / 2 ):
Laminar flow over

an isothermal flat
plate
Turbulent flow
over an isothermal
flat plate
Local Nusselt number

Nux = 0.332 Re1x 2 Pr1 3
Average Nusselt number

Nu x = 0.664 Re1x 2 Pr1 3 = 2Nux
Pr 0.6
Pr 0.6
Nux = 0.0296 Re 4x 5Pr1 3
Nu L = (0.037Re 4L 5 A)Pr1 3
0.6 Pr 60
0.6 Pr 60
Re x,c Re L 108
A = 0.037Re 4x,c5 0.664 Re1x,c2

Note: A = 0 if fully turbulent
7.2 Cylinder in cross flow

- Critical Reynolds number:
VD
Re D,cr =
= 2 10 5
- Average Nusselt number:

hD
Nu D =
= C Re mD Pr1 3, Pr 0.7
k
Chapter 8: Internal Flow

8.1 Hydrodynamic considerations
- Mean velocity (tube of circular crossr
2 0
section): um = 2 u(r, x)r dr
ro 0
- Mass flow rate: m = um Ac
um D
- Critical Reynolds number: Re D 2300 Laminar flow

Re D 10, 000 Turbulent flow
!x $
- Hydrodynamic entry length for laminar flow: # fd,h & 0.05Re D
" D %lam
- Reynolds number: Re D =
!x $
- Hydrodynamic entry length for turbulent flow: # fd,h & 10
" D %turb
8.2 Thermal considerations
- Mean temperature (tube of circular
r
2 0
cross-section): Tm =
uTr dr
um ro2 0
!x $
- Thermal entry length for laminar flow: # fd,t & 0.05Re D Pr
" D %lam
!x $
- Thermal entry length for turbulent flow: # fd,t & 10
" D %turb
- Fully developed thermal conditions:
dTm
0 and h f (x)
dx
- Total heat rate in the tube [W]: q = m c p (Tm,o Tm,i ) where Tm,o and Tm,i are the mean
temperatures at the outlet and the inlet of the tube, respectively.
8.3 Boundary condition 1: Constant surface heat flux
- Total heat rate in the tube:
q = m c p (Tm,o Tm,i ) = q""s PL , where q!!s is
the known surface heat flux, P is the

perimeter of the tube, and L is the length
of the tube.
- Mean temperature as a function of x: Tm (x) = Tm,i +
q!!s x
m cp
8.4 Boundary condition 2: Constant surface temperature

- Mean temperature as a function of x:
"
%
Ts Tm (x)
Px '
$
= exp h
$
'
Ts Tm,i
# m cp &
- Total heat rate in the tube: q = m c p (Tm,o Tm,i ) = hAs Tlm

where Tlm =
To Ti
with To = Ts Tm,o and Ti = Ts Tm,i
ln(To / Ti )
8.5 Convection correlations (fully developed region)

- All properties are evaluated at the average mean temperature: T m =
Laminar flow,
constant surface
heat flux
Laminar flow,
constant surface
temperature
Turbulent flow,
constant surface
heat flux and
constant surface
temperature
Tm,i + Tm,o
2
Nusselt number ( NuD = hD / k )

NuD = 4.36
NuD = 3.66
NuD = 0.023Re 4D 5Pr n

0.6 Pr 160
Re D 10, 000
L / D 10
n = 0.4 if Ts > Tm and n = 0.3 if
Ts < Tm
Chapter 11: Heat Exchangers

11.1 Overall heat transfer coefficient and energy balance
1
1
1
- Overall heat transfer coefficient U [Wm-2K-1]:
= Rtot =
+ Rw +
UA
(hA)c
(hA)h
where the subscripts c and h refer to cold and hot side, respectively, while Rw is the wall
thermal resistance by conduction.
- Total heat rate [W]:
q = m h c p,h (Th,i Th,o ) = m c c p,c (Tc,o Tc,i )
- Heat capacity rates [WK-1]:
Ch = m h c p,h and Cc = m c c p,c
11.2 LMTD method: Parallel-flow heat exchanger

- Total heat rate: q = UATlm where
T2 T1
ln(T2 / T1 )
T1 = Th,1 Tc,1 = Th,i Tc,i
T2 = Th,2 Tc,2 = Th,o Tc,o
Tlm =
11.3 LMTD method: Counterflow heat exchanger

- Total heat rate: q = UATlm where

T2 T1
ln(T2 / T1 )
T1 = Th,1 Tc,1 = Th,i Tc,o
T2 = Th,2 Tc,2 = Th,o Tc,i
Tlm =
11.4 NTU method

- NTU (number of transfer units): NTU =
UA
Cmin
- Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: =
- Heat capacity ratio: Cr =
qmax
Cmin
Cmax
q
Cmin (Th,i Tc,i )
- Effectiveness-NTU relations: = f (NTU, Cr )
- Effectiveness-NTU relations: NTU = f (, Cr )
- Effectiveness-NTU relations in graphical forms:
Parallel-flow heat exchanger (Eq. (11.28))
Counterflow heat exchanger (Eq. (11.29))
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell and

any multiple of two tube passes (Eq. (11.30))
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with two shell

passes and any multiple of four tube passes (Eq.
(11.31) with n = 2).
10
Single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with both

fluids unmixed (Eq. (11.32)).
Single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with one

fluid mixed and the other unmixed (Eqs. (11.33)
and (11.34)).
Chapter 12: Thermal Radiation: Processes and Properties

12.1 Solid angle, emissive power, irradiation and radiosity
- Electromagnetic spectrum:
- Net radiative heat flux from a surface

(outgoing energy incoming energy)
[Wm-2]:
!! = J G
qrad
11
- Solid angle [sr]: d =
dAn
= sin d d
r2
- Intensity: I (, , ) =
dq
[Wm-2sr-1m-1]
dA1 cos d d
- Total, hemispherical emissive power

[Wm-2]:
2 2
E=
,e
(, , )cos sin d d d
=0 =0 =0
- Diffuse emitter: I ,e f ( , )
- Total, hemispherical irradiation

[Wm-2]:
2 2
G=
,i
(, , )cos sin d d d
=0 =0 =0
- Diffuse incident radiation: I ,i f ( , )
- Total, hemispherical radiosity [Wm-2]:

2 2
J=
,e+r
(, , )cos sin d d d
=0 =0 =0
12
- Diffuse reflector and diffuse emitter: I ,e+r f ( , )

12.2 Blackbody radiation
- Blackbody spectral emissive power
[Wm-2m-1]:
E ,b (,T ) = I ,b (,T )
- Wiens displacement law:
maxT = 2898 m K
- Stefan-Boltzmann law [Wm-2]:
Eb (T ) =
,b
(,T )d = T 4
=0
12.3 Band emission

- Fraction of blackbody emissive power contained between 0 and :
F(0 ) =
,b
,b
- Fraction of blackbody emissive power contained between 1 and 2:

2
F( 12 ) =
1
,b
E
0
,b
,b
d
= F(02 ) F(01 )
13
14
12.4 Emissivity
- Calculated at the surface temperature
- Spectral, directional emissivity:
I (, , ,T )
, (, , ,T ) = ,e
I ,b (,T )
- Spectral, hemispherical emissivity:
2
E (,T ) 1 2
(,T ) =
= , (, , ,T )cos sin d d
E ,b (,T ) =0 =0
- Total, hemispherical emissivity:
E(T ) =0
(T ) =
=
Eb (T )
(,T )E ,b (,T )d
Eb (T )
12.5 Absorptivity
- Calculated using the temperature of the source
- Spectral, directional absorptivity:
I
( , , )
, (, , ) = ,i,abs
I ,i (, , )
- Spectral, hemispherical absorptivity:
2 2
G ( ) =0 =0
( ) = ,abs
=
G ( )
(, , )I ,i (, , )cos sin d d
2 2
,i
(, , )cos sin d d
=0 =0
- Total, hemispherical asborptivity:
G
= abs = =0
G
( )G ( )d
G ( )d
=0
15
12.6 Kirchhoffs law

- Equality always applicable: , = ,
- = if either of the following conditions is satisfied:
(1) The irradiation is diffuse ( I ,i f ( , ) )
(2) The surface is diffuse
- = if condition (1) or (2) is satisfied, and if either of the following conditions is
satisfied:
(3) The irradiation corresponds to emission from a blackbody at the surface
temperature
(4) The surface is gray
Chapter 13: Radiation Exchange between Surfaces
13.1 View factors
Fij =
Fji =
1
Ai
1
Aj
cos i cos j
dA j dAi
R2
cos i cos j
dA j dAi
R2
Ai A j
Ai A j
- Reciprocity relation: Ai Fij = A j Fji

N
- Summation rule (enclosure of N surfaces):
ij
j=1
16
=1
- View factors for common geometries:
17
18
View factor for aligned parallel rectangles.
View factor for coaxial parallel disk.
View factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge.
19
13.2 Blackbody radiation exchange

- Net heat rate between two surfaces i
and j:
qij = qi j q ji = Ai Fij (Ti 4 Tj4 )
- Net heat rate from surface i due to
exchange with N surfaces within an
enclosure of N black surfaces:
N
qi = Ai Fij (Ti 4 Tj4 )

j=1
20

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Heat Transfer

- Fouriers law ( T T (x) ): q!!x = k

- Newtons law of cooling: q!! = h(Ts T ) [Wm-2]

- Conservation of energy: E in E out + E g = E st [W]

- Heat diffusion equation (Cartesian):

" T % " T % " T %

Chapter 3: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction

3.2 Cylinder without heat generation

3.3 Plane wall with heat generation

q L2 " x 2 % Ts,2 Ts,1 x Ts,1 + Ts,2

Chapter 5: Transient Conduction

- Lumped capacitance method (Bi < 0.1):

- Reynolds number (flat plate):

Chapter 7: External Flow

- Convection correlations (properties evaluated at Tf = (T + Ts ) / 2 ):

Laminar flow over

Local Nusselt number

Average Nusselt number

Nux = 0.0296 Re 4x 5Pr1 3

A = 0.037Re 4x,c5 0.664 Re1x,c2

7.2 Cylinder in cross flow

- Average Nusselt number:

Chapter 8: Internal Flow

- Mass flow rate: m = um Ac

- Critical Reynolds number: Re D 2300 Laminar flow

q = m c p (Tm,o Tm,i ) = q""s PL , where q!!s is

the known surface heat flux, P is the

- Mean temperature as a function of x: Tm (x) = Tm,i +

8.4 Boundary condition 2: Constant surface temperature

- Total heat rate in the tube: q = m c p (Tm,o Tm,i ) = hAs Tlm

8.5 Convection correlations (fully developed region)

Nusselt number ( NuD = hD / k )

NuD = 0.023Re 4D 5Pr n

Chapter 11: Heat Exchangers

q = m h c p,h (Th,i Th,o ) = m c c p,c (Tc,o Tc,i )

- Heat capacity rates [WK-1]:

Ch = m h c p,h and Cc = m c c p,c

11.2 LMTD method: Parallel-flow heat exchanger

11.3 LMTD method: Counterflow heat exchanger

11.4 NTU method

- Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: =

- Heat capacity ratio: Cr =

- Effectiveness-NTU relations: = f (NTU, Cr )

- Effectiveness-NTU relations: NTU = f (, Cr )

- Effectiveness-NTU relations in graphical forms:

Parallel-flow heat exchanger (Eq. (11.28))

Counterflow heat exchanger (Eq. (11.29))

Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell and

Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with two shell

Single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with both

Single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with one

Chapter 12: Thermal Radiation: Processes and Properties

- Net radiative heat flux from a surface

- Solid angle [sr]: d =

- Total, hemispherical emissive power

- Total, hemispherical irradiation

- Diffuse incident radiation: I ,i f ( , )

- Total, hemispherical radiosity [Wm-2]: