Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance: Assessment Problems

6
Inductance, Capacitance, and

Mutual Inductance
Assessment Problems
AP 6.1 [a] ig = 8e−300t − 8e−1200tA

dig
v=L = −9.6e−300t + 38.4e−1200tV, t > 0+
dt
v(0+ ) = −9.6 + 38.4 = 28.8 V
[b] v = 0 when 38.4e−1200t = 9.6e−300t or t = (ln 4)/900 = 1.54 ms

[c] p = vi = 384e−1500t − 76.8e−600t − 307.2e−2400t W
dp
[d] = 0 when e1800t − 12.5e900t + 16 = 0
dt
Let x = e900t and solve the quadratic x2 − 12.5x + 16 = 0
ln 1.45
x = 1.44766, t= = 411.05 µs
900
ln 11.05
x = 11.0523, t= = 2.67 ms
900
p is maximum at t = 411.05 µs
[e] pmax = 384e−1.5(0.41105) − 76.8e−0.6(0.41105) − 307.2e−2.4(0.41105) = 32.72 W

[f] W is max when i is max, i is max when di/dt is zero.
When di/dt = 0, v = 0, therefore t = 1.54 ms.
[g] imax = 8[e−0.3(1.54) − e−1.2(1.54)] = 3.78 A
wmax = (1/2)(4 × 10−3 )(3.78)2 = 28.6 mJ
6–1
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6–2 CHAPTER 6. Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
dv d
AP 6.2 [a] i = C = 24 × 10−6 [e−15,000t sin 30,000t]
dt dt
= [0.72 cos 30,000t − 0.36 sin 30,000t]e−15,000t A, i(0+ ) = 0.72 A
π π

[b] i ms = −31.66 mA, v ms = 20.505 V,
80 80
p = vi = −649.23 mW
1

[c] w = Cv 2 = 126.13 µJ
2
1 t
Z
AP 6.3 [a] v = i dx + v(0− )
C 0−
1 t
Z
= 3 cos 50,000x dx = 100 sin 50,000t V
0.6 × 10−6 0−
[b] p(t) = vi = [300 cos 50,000t] sin 50,000t
= 150 sin 100,000t W, p(max) = 150 W

1

2
[c] w(max) = Cvmax = 0.30(100)2 = 3000 µJ = 3 mJ
2
60(240)
AP 6.4 [a] Leq = = 48 mH
300
[b] i(0+ ) = 3 + −5 = −2 A
125 t
Z
[c] i = (−0.03e−5x ) dx − 2 = 0.125e−5t − 2.125 A
6 0+
50 t
Z
[d] i1 = (−0.03e−5x ) dx + 3 = 0.1e−5t + 2.9 A
3 0 +
25 t
Z
i2 = (−0.03e−5x ) dx − 5 = 0.025e−5t − 5.025 A
6 0+
i1 + i2 = i
Z t
AP 6.5 v1 = 0.5 × 106 240 × 10−6 e−10x dx − 10 = −12e−10t + 2 V
0+
Z t
v2 = 0.125 × 106 240 × 10−6 e−10x dx − 5 = −3e−10t − 2 V
0+
v1(∞) = 2 V, v2 (∞) = −2 V
1 1

W = (2)(4) + (8)(4) × 10−6 = 20 µJ
2 2
Problems 6–3
AP 6.6 [a] Summing the voltages around mesh 1 yields

di1 d(i2 + ig )
4 +8 + 20(i1 − i2 ) + 5(i1 + ig ) = 0
dt dt
or
!
di1 di2 dig
4 + 25i1 + 8 − 20i2 = − 5ig + 8
dt dt dt
Summing the voltages around mesh 2 yields
d(i2 + ig ) di1
16 +8 + 20(i2 − i1) + 780i2 = 0
dt dt
or
di1 di2 dig
8 − 20i1 + 16 + 800i2 = −16
dt dt dt
[b] From the solutions given in part (b)
i1 (0) = −0.4 − 11.6 + 12 = 0; i2 (0) = −0.01 − 0.99 + 1 = 0
These values agree with zero initial energy in the circuit. At infinity,
i1 (∞) = −0.4A; i2(∞) = −0.01A
When t = ∞ the circuit reduces to
7.8 7.8 7.8

.·. i1(∞) = − + = −0.4A; i2(∞) = − = −0.01A
20 780 780
From the solutions for i1 and i2 we have
di1
= 46.40e−4t − 60e−5t
dt
di2
= 3.96e−4t − 5e−5t
dt
dig
Also, = 7.84e−4t
dt
Thus
di1
4 = 185.60e−4t − 240e−5t
dt
25i1 = −10 − 290e−4t + 300e−5t
di2
8 = 31.68e−4t − 40e−5t
dt
20i2 = −0.20 − 19.80e−4t + 20e−5t
5ig = 9.8 − 9.8e−4t

dig
8 = 62.72e−4t
dt
Test:
185.60e−4t − 240e−5t − 10 − 290e−4t + 300e−5t + 31.68e−4t − 40e−5t
?
+0.20 + 19.80e−4t − 20e−5t = −[9.8 − 9.8e−4t + 62.72e−4t ]
−9.8 + (300 − 240 − 40 − 20)e−5t

?
+(185.60 − 290 + 31.68 + 19.80)e−4t = −(9.8 + 52.92e−4t )
?
−9.8 + 0e−5t + (237.08 − 290)e−4t = −9.8 − 52.92e−4t
−9.8 − 52.92e−4t = −9.8 − 52.92e−4t (OK)
Also,
di1
8 = 371.20e−4t − 480e−5t
dt
20i1 = −8 − 232e−4t + 240e−5t
di2
16 = 63.36e−4t − 80e−5t
dt
800i2 = −8 − 792e−4t + 800e−5t
dig
16 = 125.44e−4t
dt
Test:
371.20e−4t − 480e−5t + 8 + 232e−4t − 240e−5t + 63.36e−4t − 80e−5t
?
−8 − 792e−4t + 800e−5t = −125.44e−4t
(8 − 8) + (800 − 480 − 240 − 80)e−5t

?
+(371.20 + 232 + 63.36 − 792)e−4t = −125.44e−4t
?
(800 − 800)e−5t + (666.56 − 792)e−4t = −125.44e−4t
−125.44e−4t = −125.44e−4t (OK)
Problems 6–5
Problems
di
P 6.1 [a] v = L
dt
= (150 × 10−6 )(25)[e−500t − 500te−500t ] = 3.75e−500t (1 − 500t) mV
[b] i(5 ms) = 25(0.005)(e−2.5 ) = 10.26 mA
v(5 ms) = 0.00375(e−2.5 )(1 − 2.5) = −461.73 µV
p(5 ms) = vi = (10.26 × 10−3 )(−461.73 × 10−6 ) = −4.74 µW
[c] delivering 4.74 µW

[d] i(5 ms) = 10.26 mA (from part [b])
1 1
w = Li2 = (150 × 10−6 )(0.01026)2 = 7.9 nJ
2 2
[e] The energy is a maximum where the current is a maximum:
diL
= 0 when 1 − 500t = 0 or t = 2 ms
dt
imax = 25(0.002)e−1 = 18.39 mA
1
wmax = (150 × 10−6 )(0.01839)2 = 25.38 nJ
2
P 6.2 [a] i = 0 t<0

i = 4t A 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 ms
i = 0.2 − 4t A 25 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms
i = 0 50 ms < t
di
[b] v = L = 500 × 10−3 (4) = 2 V 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 ms
dt
v = 500 × 10−3 (−4) = −2 V 25 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms
v = 0 t<0
v = 2V 0 < t < 25 ms
v = −2 V 25 < t < 50 ms
v = 0 50 ms < t
p = vi
p = 0 t<0
p = (4t)(2) = 8t W 0 < t < 25 ms
p = (0.2 − 4t)(−2) = 8t − 0.4 W 25 < t < 50 ms
p = 0 50 ms < t
w = 0 t<0
2
t x t
Z
w = (8x) dx = 8 = 4t2 J 0 < t < 25 ms
0 2 0
Z t
w = (8x − 0.4) dx + 2.5 × 10−3
0.025
t
2

= 4x − 0.4x + 2.5 × 10−3
0.025
= 4t2 − 0.4t + 10 × 10−3 J 25 < t < 50 ms
w = 0 10 ms < t
P 6.3 [a] i(0) = A1 + A2 = 0.12

di
= −500A1 e−500t − 2000A2 e−2000t
dt
v = −25A1 e−500t − 100A2 e−2000t V
v(0) = −25A1 − 100A2 = 3
Solving, A1 = 0.2 and A2 = −0.08
Thus,
i = 200e−500t − 80e−2000t mA t≥0
v = −5e−500t + 8e−2000t V, t≥0
[b] i = 0 when 200e−500t = 80e−2000t

Therefore
e1500t = 0.4 so t = −610.86 µs which is not possible!
v = 0 when 5e−500t = 8e−2000t
Therefore
e1500t = 1.6 so t = 313.34 µs
Thus the power is zero at t = 313.34 µs.
Problems 6–7
P 6.4 [a] From Problem 6.3 we have

i = A1 e−500t + A2e−2000t A
v = −25A1 e−500t − 100A2 e−2000t V
i(0) = A1 + A2 = 0.12
v(0) = −25A1 − 100A2 = −18
Solving, A1 = −0.08; A2 = 0.2

Thus,
i = −80e−500t + 200e−2000t mA t ≥ 0
v = 2e−500t − 20e−2000t V t ≥ 0
[b] i = 0 when 80e−500t = 200e−2000t
.·. e1500t = 2.5 so t = 610.86 µs
Thus,
i > 0 for 0 ≤ t < 610.86 µs and i < 0 for 610.86 µs < t < ∞
v = 0 when 2e−500t = 20e−2000t
.·. e1500t = 10 so t = 1535.06 µs
Thus,
v < 0 for 0 ≤ t < 1535.06 µs and v > 0 for 1535.06 µs < t < ∞
Therefore,
p < 0 for 0 ≤ t < 610.86 µs and 1535.06 µs < t < ∞
(inductor delivers energy)
p > 0 for 610.86 µs < t < 1535.06 µs (inductor stores energy)
[c] The energy stored at t = 0 is

1 1
w(0) = L[i(0)]2 = (0.05)(0.12)2 = 360 µJ
2 2
p = vi = −0.16e−1000t + 2e−2500t − 4e−4000t W
For t > 0:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
w= − 0.16e−1000t dt + 2e−2500t dt − 4e−4000t dt
0 0 0
−0.16e−1000t 2e−2500t 4e−4000t

∞ ∞ ∞

= + −
−1000
0 −2500
0 −4000
0
= (−1.6 + 8 − 10) × 10−4

= −360 µJ
Thus, the energy stored equals the energy extracted.
P 6.5 i = (B1 cos 200t + B2 sin 200t)e−50t
i(0) = B1 = 75 mA
di
= (B1 cos 200t + B2 sin 200t)(−50e−50t ) + e−50t(−200B1 sin 200t + 200B2 cos 200t)
dt
= [(200B2 − 50B1 ) cos 200t − (200B1 + 50B2 ) sin 200t]e−50t
di
v = 0.2 = [(40B2 − 10B1 ) cos 200t − (40B1 + 10B2 ) sin 200t]e−50t
dt
v(0) = 4.25 = 40B2 − 10B1 = 40B2 − 0.75 .·. B2 = 125 mA
Thus,
i = (75 cos 200t + 125 sin 200t)e−50t mA, t≥0
v = (4.25 cos 200t − 4.25 sin 200t)e−50t V, t≥0
i(0.025) = −28.25 mA; v(0.025) = 1.513 V
p(0.025) = (−28.25)(1.513) = −42.7 mW delivering
P 6.6 p = vi = 40t[e−10t − 10te−20t − e−20t]

Z ∞ Z ∞
W= p dx = 40x[e−10x − 10xe−20x − e−20x ] dx = 0.2 J
0 0
This is energy stored in the inductor at t = ∞.
P 6.7 [a] 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms :
1 t 106 t
Z Z
i= vs dx + i(0) = 0.15 dx + 0
L 0 750 0
t

= 200x = 200t A
0
i(0.05) = 200(0.05) = 10 A
106 t
Z
t ≥ 50 ms : i= (0) dx + 10 = 10 A
750 50×10−3
Problems 6–9
[b] i = 200t A, 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms; i = 10 A, t ≥ 50 ms
P 6.8 0 ≤ t ≤ 100 ms :
103 Z t −100x
t
e−100x
iL = 2e dx + 0.1 = 40 + 0.1
50 0 −100
0
= −0.4e−100t + 0.5 A
iL (0.1) = −0.4e−10 + 0.5 = 0.5 A
t ≥ 100 ms :
103 t e−100(x−0.1) t
Z
−100(x−0.1)
iL = −2e dx + 0.5 = −40 + 0.5
50 0.1 −100
0.1
= 0.4e−100(t−0.1) + 0.1 A
P 6.9 [a] 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 ms :
v = 800t
1 t x 2 t
Z
i= 800x dx + 0 = 80
10 0 2 0
i = 40t2 A
25 ms ≤ t ≤ 75 ms :
v = 20
i(0.025) = 25 mA
1Z t
. ·. i = 20 dx + 0.025
10 0.025
t

= 2x + 0.025
0.025
= 2t − 0.025 A
75 ms ≤ t ≤ 125 ms :
v = 80 − 800t V
i(0.075) = 2(0.075) − 0.025 = 0.125 A

1 t
Z
i = (80 − 800x) dx + 0.125
10 0.075
80x2
!
t
= 8x − + 0.125
2
0.075
= 8t − 40t2 − 0.25 A
125 ms ≤ t ≤ 150 ms :
v = 800t − 120
Problems 6–11
i(0.125) = 8(0.125) − 40(0.125)2 − 0.25 = 0.125 A

1 t
Z
i = (800x − 120) dx + 0.125
10 0.125
80x2
!
t
= − 12x + 0.125
2 0.125
= 40t2 − 12t + 1 A
t ≥ 150 ms :
v=0
i(0.150) = 40(0.15)2 − 12(0.15) + 1 = 0.1 A

1 t
Z
i = 0 dx + 0.1
10 0.15
= 0.1 A
[b] v = 0 at t = 100 ms and t = 150 ms
i(0.1) = 8(0.1) − 40(0.1)2 − 0.25 = 0.15 A
i(0.15) = 0.1 A
[c]
1 t
Z
P 6.10 [a] i = 20 cos 80x dx
0.1 0
sin 80x t

= 200
80 0
= 2.5 sin 80t A
[b] p = vi = (20 cos 80t)(2.5 sin 80t)

= 50 cos 80t sin 80t
p = 25 sin 160t W
1 2
w = Li
2
1
= (0.1)(2.5 sin 80t)2
2
= 312.5 sin 2 80t mJ

w = (156.25 − 156.25 cos 160t) mJ
Problems 6–13
[c] Absorbing power: Delivering power:

0 ≤ t ≤ π/160 s π/160 ≤ t ≤ π/80 s
π/80 ≤ t ≤ 3π/160 s 3π/160 ≤ t ≤ π/40 s
di
P 6.11 [a] v = L
dt
d
v = −25 × 10−3 [10 cos 400t + 5 sin 400t]e−200t
dt
= −25 × 10−3 (−200e−200t [10 cos 400t + 5 sin 400t]
+e−200t[−4000 sin 400t + 2000 cos 400t])
v = −25 × 10−3 e−200t(−1000 sin 400t − 4000 sin 400t)
= −25 × 10−3 e−200t(−5000 sin 400t)
= 125e−200t sin 400t V

dv
= 125(e−200t(400) cos 400t − 200e−200t sin 400t)
dt
= 25,000e−200t (2 cos 400t − sin 400t) V/s
dv
=0 when 2 cos 400t = sin 400t
dt
.·. tan 400t = 2, 400t = 1.11; t = 2.77 ms
[b] v(2.77 ms) = 125e−0.55 sin 1.11 = 64.27 V
P 6.12 For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.6 s:
1 t
Z
iL = 3 × 10−3 dx + 0 = 0.6 × 10−3 t
5 0
iL (1.6 s) = (0.6 × 10−3 )(1.6) = 0.96 mA
Rm = (20)(1000) = 20 kΩ
vm (1.6 s) = (0.96 × 10−3 )(20 × 103 ) = 19.2 V
dv
P 6.13 [a] i = C = (5 × 10−6 )[500t(−2500)e−2500t + 500e−2500t ]
dt
= 2.5 × 10−3 e−2500t(1 − 2500t) A
[b] v(100 µ) = 500(100 × 10−6 )e−0.25 = 38.94 mV
i(100 µ) = (2.5 × 10−3 )e−0.25(1 − 0.25) = 1.46 mA
p(100 µ) = vi = (38.94 × 10−3 )(1.46 × 10−3 ) = 56.86 µW
[c] p > 0, so the capacitor is absorbing power.

[d] v(100 µ) = 38.94 mV
1 1
w = Cv 2 = (5 × 10−6 )(38.94 × 10−3 )2 = 3.79 nJ
2 2
[e] The energy is maximum when the voltage is maximum:
dv
= 0 when (1 − 2500t) = 0 or t = 0.4 ms
dt
vmax = 500(0.4 × 10−3 )2 e−1 = 73.58 mV
1 2
pmax = Cvmax = 13.53 nJ
2
P 6.14 [a] v = 0 t<0

v = 10t A 0 ≤ t ≤ 2s
v = 40 − 10t A 2 ≤ t ≤ 6s
v = 10t − 80 A 6 ≤ t ≤ 8s
v = 0 8s < t
dv
[b] i = C
dt
i = 0 t<0
i = 2 mA 0 < t < 2s
i = −2 mA 2 < t < 6s
i = 2 mA 6 < t < 8s
i = 0 8s < t
Problems 6–15
p = vi
p = 0 t<0
p = (10t)(0.002) = 0.02t W 0 < t < 2s
p = (40 − 10t)(−0.002) = 0.02t − 0.08 W 2 < t < 6s
p = (10t − 80)(0.002) = 0.02t − 0.16 W 6 < t < 8s
p = 0 8s < t
Z
w= p dx
w = 0 t<0
Z t
t
(0.02x) dx = 0.01x2 = 0.01t2 J

w = 0 < t < 2s
0 0
Z t
w = (0.02x − 0.08) dx + 0.04
2
t
2

= (0.01x − 0.08x) + 0.04
2
= 0.01t2 − 0.08t + 0.16 J 2 < t < 6s

Z t
w = (0.02x − 0.16) dx + 0.04
6
t
2

= (0.01x − 0.16x) + 0.04
6
= 0.01t2 − 0.16t + 0.64 J 6 < t < 8s
w = 0 8s < t
[c]
From the plot of power above, it is clear that power is being absorbed for
0 < t < 2 s and for 4 s < t < 6 s, because p > 0. Likewise, power is being
delivered for 2 s < t < 4 s and 6 s < t < 8 s, because p < 0.
1 1
P 6.15 [a] w(0) = C[v(0)]2 = (5 × 10−6 )(60)2 = 9 mJ
2 2
−1500t
[b] v = (A1 + A2t)e
v(0) = A1 = 60 V
dv
= −1500e−1500t (A1 + A2 t) + e−1500t(A2)
dt
= (−1500A2 t − 1500A1 + A2 )e−1500t

dv(0)
= A2 − 1500A1
dt
dv dv(0)
i=C , i(0) = C
dt dt
dv(0) i(0) 100 × 10−3
. ·. = = = 20 × 103
dt C 5 × 10−6
.·. 20 × 103 = A2 − 1500(60)

V
Thus, A2 = 20 × 103 + 90 × 103 = 110 × 103
s
[c] v = (60 + 110 × 103 t)e−1500t
dv d
i=C = 5 × 10−6 (60 + 110 × 103 t)e−1500t
dt dt
i = (5 × 10−6 )[110,000e−1500t − 1500(60 + 110, 000t)e−1500t ]

= (0.1 − 825t)e−1500t A, t≥0
P 6.16 iC = C(dv/dt)
0 < t < 2s : iC = 100 × 10−9 (15)t2 = 1.5 × 10−6 t2 A
2 < t < 4s : iC = 100 × 10−9 (−15)(t − 4)2 = −1.5 × 10−6 (t − 4)2 A
Problems 6–17
dv
P 6.17 [a] i = C = 0, t < 0
dt
dv d
[b] i = C = 120 × 10−6 [30 + 5e−500t(6 cos 2000t + sin 2000t)]
dt dt
= 120 × 10−6 [5(−500)e−500t(6 cos 2000t + sin 2000t)
+5(2000)e−500t (−6 sin 2000t + cos 2000t)]
= −0.6e−500t[cos 2000t + 12.5 sin 2000t] A, t≥0
[c] no, v(0− ) = 60 V

v(0+ ) = 30 + 5(6) = 60 V
[d] yes, i(0− ) = 0 A
i(0+ ) = −0.6 A
[e] v(∞) = 30 V
1 1
w = Cv 2 = (120 × 10−6 )(30)2 = 54 mJ
2 2
P 6.18 [a] v(20 µs) = 12.5 × 109 (20 × 10−6 )2 = 5 V (end of first interval)
v(20 µs) = 106 (20 × 10−6 ) − (12.5)(400) × 10−3 − 10
= 5 V (start of second interval)
v(40 µs) = 106 (40 × 10−6 ) − (12.5)(1600) × 10−3 − 10
= 10 V (end of second interval)
[b] p(10µs) = 62.5 × 1012 (10−5 )3 = 62.5 mW, v(10 µs) = 1.25 V,
i(10µs) = 50 mA, p(10 µs) = vi = (1.25)(50 m) = 62.5 mW (checks)
p(30 µs) = 437.50 mW, v(30 µs) = 8.75 V, i(30 µs) = 0.05 A
p(30 µs) = vi = (8.75)(0.05) = 62.5 mW (checks)
[c] w(10 µs) = 15.625 × 1012 (10 × 10−6 )4 = 0.15625 µJ
w = 0.5Cv 2 = 0.5(0.2 × 10−6 )(1.25)2 = 0.15625 µJ
w(30 µs) = 7.65625 µJ
w(30 µs) = 0.5(0.2 × 10−6 )(8.75)2 = 7.65625 µJ
1 500×10−6
Z
P 6.19 [a] v = 50 × 10−3 e−2000t dt − 20
0.5 × 10−6 0
500×10−6
3e
−2000t
= 100 × 10 −20
−2000
0
= 50(1 − e−1 ) − 20 = 11.61 V

1
w = 2
Cv 2 = 21 (0.5)(10−6 )(11.61)2 = 33.7 µJ
[b] v(∞) = 50 − 20 = 30V
1
w(∞) = (0.5 × 10−6 )(30)2 = 225 µJ
2
5
P 6.20 [a] i = t = 2500t 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 ms
2 × 10−3
−10
i= t + 10 = 10 − 2500t 2 ≤ t ≤ 6 ms
4 × 10−3
10
i= t − 20 = 2500t − 20 6 ≤ t ≤ 10 ms
4 × 10−3
−5
i= t + 30 = 30 − 2500t 10 ≤ t ≤ 12 ms
2 × 10−3
Z 0.002 Z 0.006
q = 2500t dt + (10 − 2500t) dt
0 0.002
2500t2 0.002 2500t2 0.006

!
= + 10t −
2
0 2
0.002
= 0.005 − 0 + (0.06 − 0.045) − (0.02 − 0.005)

= 5 mC
Z 0.002 Z 0.006
[b] v = 0.5 × 106 2500x dx + 0.5 × 106 (10 − 2500x) dx
0 0.002
Z 0.01
6
+ 0.5 × 10 (2500x − 20) dx
0.006
2500x2 0.002 0.006 2500x2 0.006 2500x2 0.01

" #
0.01

6
= 0.5 × 10 +10x − + −20x
2
0

0.002 2
0.002 2
0.006

0.006
Problems 6–19
= 0.5 × 106 [(0.005 − 0) + (0.06 − 0.02) − (0.045 − 0.005)
+ (0.125 − 0.045) − (0.2 − 0.12)]
= 2500 V
v(10 ms) = 2500 V

Z 0.012
6
[c] v(12 ms) = v(10 ms) + 0.5 × 10 (30 − 2500x) dx
0.01
2500x2
!
6 0.012
= 2500 + 0.5 × 10 30x −
2
0.01
= 2500 + 0.5 × 106 (0.36 − 0.18 − 0.3 + 0.125)
= 2500 + 2500 = 5000 V

1 1
w = Cv 2 = (2 × 10−6 )(5000)2 = 25 J
2 2
P 6.21 [a] 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 µs
1
C = 0.1 µF = 10 × 106
C
Z t
v = 10 × 106 − 0.05 dx + 15
0
v = −50 × 104 t + 15 V 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 µs
v(10 µs) = −5 + 15 = 10 V
[b] 10 µs ≤ t ≤ 20 µs
Z t
6
v = 10 × 10 0.1 dx + 10 = 106 t − 10 + 10
10×10−6
v = 106 t V 10 ≤ t ≤ 20 µs
v(20 µs) = 106 (20 × 10−6 ) = 20 V
[c] 20 µs ≤ t ≤ 40 µs
Z t
6
v = 10 × 10 1.6 dx + 20 = 1.6 × 106 t − 32 + 20
20×10−6
v = 1.6 × 106 t − 12 V, 20 µs ≤ t ≤ 40 µs
[d] 40 µs ≤ t < ∞
v(40 µs) = 64 − 12 = 52 V 40 µs ≤ t < ∞
P 6.22 [a] 15k30 = 10 mH

10 + 10 = 20 mH
20k20 = 10 mH
12k24 = 8 mH
10 + 8 = 18 mH
18k9 = 6 mH
Lab = 6 + 8 = 14 mH
[b] 12 + 18 = 30 µH
30k20 = 12 µH
12 + 38 = 50 µH
30k75k50 = 15 µH
15 + 15 = 30 µH
30k60 = 20 µH
Lab = 20 + 25 = 45 µH
P 6.23 [a] Combine two 10 mH inductors in parallel to get a 5 mH equivalent

inductor. Then combine this parallel pair in series with three 1 mH
inductors:
10 mk10 m + 1 m + 1 m + 1 m = 8 mH
[b] Combine two 10 µH inductors in parallel to get a 5 µH inductor. Then
combine this parallel pair in series with four more 10 µH inductors:
10 µk10 µ + 10 µ + 10 µ + 10 µ + 10 µ = 45 µH
Problems 6–21
[c] Combine two 100 µH inductors in parallel to get a 50 µH inductor. Then

combine this parallel pair with a 100 µH inductor and three 10 µH
inductors in series:
100 µk100 µ + 100 µ + 10 µ + 10 µ + 10 µ = 180 µH
P 6.24 [a]
di di
3.2 = 64e−4t so = 20e−4t
dt dt
Z t
i(t) = 20 e−4x dx − 5
0
e−4x t

= 20 −5
−4 0
i(t) = −5e−4t A
di1
[b] 4 = 64e−4t
dt Z t
i1 (t) = 16 e−4x dx − 10
0
e−4x t

= 16 −10
−4 0
i1 (t) = −4e−4t − 6 A
di2 di2
[c] 16 = 64e−4t so = 4e−4t
dt dt
Z t
i2 (t) = 4 e−4x dx + 5
0
e−4x t

= 4 +5
−4 0
i2 (t) = −e−4t + 6 A
[d] p = −vi = (−64e−4t )(−5e−4t ) = 320e−8t W
Z ∞ Z ∞
w = p dt = 320e−8t dt
0 0
e−8t
∞

= 320
−8
0
= 40 J
1 1
[e] w = (4)(−10)2 + (16)(5)2 = 400 J
2 2
[f] wtrapped = winitial − wdelivered = 400 − 40 = 360 J
1 1
[g] wtrapped = (4)(−6)2 + (16)(6)2 = 360 J checks
2 2
P 6.25 [a] io(0) = −i1 (0) − i2(0) = 6 − 1 = 5 A
[b]
t
1 t e−100x
Z
io = − 2000e−100x dx + 5 = −500 +5
4 0 −100 0
= 5(e−100t − 1) + 5 = 5e−100t A, t≥0

[c]
va = 3.2(−500e−100t ) = −1600e−100t V
vc = va + vb = −1600e−100t + 2000e−100t
= 400e−100t V
1 t
Z
i1 = 400e−100x dx − 6
1 0
= −4e−100t + 4 − 6
i1 = −4e−100t − 2 A t≥0
Problems 6–23
1 t
Z
[d] i2 = 400e−100x dx + 1
4 0
= −e−100t + 2 A, t≥0
1 1 1
[e] w(0) = (1)(6)2 + (4)(1)2 + (3.2)(5)2 = 60 J
2 2 2
1
[f] wdel = (4)(5)2 = 50 J
2
[g] wtrapped = 60 − 50 = 10 J
1 1
or wtrapped = (1)(2)2 + (4)(2)2 + 10 J (check)
2 2
P 6.26 vb = 2000e−100t V
io = 5e−100t A
p = 10,000e−200t W
t e−200x t
Z
4 −200x −200t
w= 10 e dx = 10,000 = 50(1 − e )W
0 −200 0
wtotal = 50 J
80%wtotal = 40 J
Thus,
50 − 50e−200t = 40; e200t = 5; .·. t = 8.05 ms
1 1 1 1
P 6.27 [a] = + = ; C1 = 16 nF
C1 48 24 16
C2 = 4 + 16 = 20 nF
1 1 1 1
= + = ; C3 = 12 nF
C3 20 30 12
C4 = 12 + 8 = 20 nF
1 1 1 1 1
= + + = ; C5 = 5 nF
C5 20 20 10 5
Equivalent capacitance is 5 nF with an initial voltage drop of +15 V.
1 1 1 1
[b] + + = .·. Ceq = 6 µF 24 + 6 = 30 µF
36 18 12 6
25 + 5 = 30 µF
1 1 1 3
+ + = .·. Ceq = 10 µF
30 30 30 30
Equivalent capacitance is 10 µF with an initial voltage drop of +25 V.
P 6.28 [a] Combine a 470 pF capacitor and a 10 pF capacitor in parallel to get a 480
pF capacitor:
(470 p) in parallel with (10 p) = 470 p + 10 p = 480 pF
Problems 6–25
[b] Create a 1200 nF capacitor as follows:

(1 µ) in parallel with (0.1 µ) in parallel with (0.1 µ)
= 1000 n + 100 n + 100 n = 1200 nF
Create a second 1200 nF capacitor using the same three resistors. Place
these two 1200 nF in series:
(1200 n)(1200 n)
(1200 n) in series with (1200 n) = = 600 nF
1200 n + 1200 n
[a] Combine two 220 µF capacitors in series to get a 110 µF capacitor. Then
combine the series pair in parallel with a 10 µF capacitor to get 120 µF:
[(220 µ) in series with (220 µ)] in parallel with (10 µ)
(220 µ)(220 µ)
= + 10 µ = 120 µF
220 µ + 220 µ
P 6.29 From Figure 6.17(a) we have
1 t 1 t
Z Z
v= i dx + v1(0) + i dx + v2(0) + · · ·
C1 0 C2 0
1 1 t
Z
v= + + ··· i dx + v1(0) + v2(0) + · · ·
C1 C2 0
1 1 1

Therefore = + + ··· , veq(0) = v1(0) + v2(0) + · · ·
Ceq C1 C2
P 6.30 From Fig. 6.18(a)
dv dv dv
i = C1 + C2 + · · · = [C1 + C2 + · · ·]
dt dt dt
Therefore Ceq = C1 + C2 + · · ·. Because the capacitors are in parallel, the

initial voltage on every capacitor must be the same. This initial voltage would
appear on Ceq.
P 6.31 [a]
106 t
Z
vo = 800 × 10−6 e−25x dx − 20
1.6 0
e−25x t

= 500 −20
−25 0
= −20e−25t V, t≥0
106 e−25x t

[b] v1 = (800 × 10−6 ) +5
2 −25 0
= −16e−25t + 21 V, t≥0
106 e−25x t

[c] v2 = (800 × 10−6 ) −25
8 −25 0
= −4e−25t − 21 V, t≥0
[d] p = −vi = −(−20e−25t)(800 × 10−6 )e−25t

= 16 × 10−3 e−50t
Z ∞
w = 16 × 10−3 e−50t dt
0
e−50t ∞

= 16 × 10−3
−50 0
= −0.32 × 10−3 (0 − 1) = 320 µJ

1
[e] w = 2
(2 × 10−6 )(5)2 + 21 (8 × 10−6 )(25)2
= 2525 µJ
[f] wtrapped = winitial − wdelivered = 2525 − 320 = 2205 µJ
1
[g] wtrapped = 2
(2 × 10−6 )(21)2 + 21 (8 × 10−6 )(−21)2
= 2205 µJ
1 1 1 1 10
P 6.32 = + + = =2
Ce 1 5 1.25 5
.·. C2 = 0.5 µF
vb = 20 − 250 + 30 = −200 V
Problems 6–27
[a]
106 t
Z
vb = − − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx − 200
0.5 0
e−50x t

= 10,000 −200
−50 0
= −200e−50t V
106 t
Z
[b] va = − − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx − 20
0.5 0
= 20(e−50t − 1) − 20
= 20e−50t − 40 V
106 t
Z
[c] vc = − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx − 30
1.25 0
= 80(e−50t − 1) − 30
= 80e−50t − 110 V
Z t
[d] vd = 106 − 5 × 10−3 e−50x dx + 250
0
= 100(e−50t − 1) + 250
= 100e−50t + 150 V
CHECK: vb = −vc − vd − va
= −200e−50t V (checks)
d
[e] i1 = 0.2 × 10−6 [100e−50t + 150]
dt
= 0.2 × 10−6 (−5000e−50t ) = −e−50t mA

d
[f] i2 = 0.8 × 10−6 [100e−50t + 150] = −4e−50t mA
dt
CHECK: ib = i1 + i2 = −5e−50t mA (OK)
1
P 6.33 [a] w(0) = 2
(0.2 × 10−6 )(250)2 + 21 (0.8 × 10−6 )(250)2 + 21 (5 × 10−6 )(20)2
1
+ 2
(1.25 × 10−6 )(30)2
= 32,812.5 µJ
[b] w(∞) = 21 (5 × 10−6 )(40)2 + 21 (1.25 × 10−6 )(110)2 + 21 (0.2 × 10−6 )(150)2
+ 21 (0.8 × 10−6 )(150)2
= 22,812.5 µJ
1
[c] w = (0.5 × 10−6 )(200)2 = 10,000 µJ
2
CHECK: 32,812.5 − 22,812.5 = 10,000 µJ
10,000
[d] % delivered = × 100 = 30.48%
32,812.5
Z t Z t
[e] w = (−0.005e −50x
)(−200e −50x
) dx = e−100x dx
0 0
= 10(1 − e−100t) mJ
.·. 10−2 (1 − e−100t) = 7.5 × 10−3 ; e−100t = 0.25
ln 4
Thus, t = = 13.86 ms.
100
1
Z t Z t
−800x −200x
P 6.34 vc = − 0.2e dx − 0.04e dx + 5
10 × 10−6 0 0
= 25(e−800t − 1) − 20(e−200t − 1) + 5
= 25e−800t − 20e−200t V
dio
vL = 150 × 10−3
dt
= 150 × 10−3 (−160e−800t + 8e−200t)

= −24e−800t + 1.2e−200t V
vo = vc − vL
= (25e−800t − 20e−200t ) − (−24e−800t + 1.2e−200t)
= 49e−800t − 21.2e−200t V, t > 0
dio
P 6.35 = (2){e−5000t[−1000 sin 1000t + 5000 cos 1000t]
dt
+(−5000e−5000t )[cos 1000t + 5 sin 1000t]}
= e−5000t{− 52,000 sin 1000t} V
dio +
(0 ) = (1)[sin(0)] = 0
dt
Problems 6–29
dio +
.·. 50 × 10−3 (0 ) = 0 so v2 (0+ ) = 0
dt
v1(0+ ) = 25io (0+ ) + v2(0+ ) = 25(2) + 0 = 50 V
P 6.36 [a] Rearrange by organizing the equations by di1/dt, i1, di2/dt, i2 and transfer
the ig terms to the right hand side of the equations. We get
di1 di2 dig
4 + 25i1 − 8 − 20i2 = 5ig − 8
dt dt dt
di1 di2 dig
−8 − 20i1 + 16 + 80i2 = 16
dt dt dt
[b] From the given solutions we have
di1
= −320e−5t + 272e−4t
dt
di2
= 260e−5t − 204e−4t
dt
Thus,
di1
4 = −1280e−5t + 1088e−4t
dt
25i1 = 100 + 1600e−5t − 1700e−4t
di2
8 = 2080e−5t − 1632e−4t
dt
20i2 = 20 − 1040e−5t + 1020e−4t
5ig = 80 − 80e−5t
dig
8 = 640e−5t
dt
Thus,
−1280e−5t + 1088e−4t + 100 + 1600e−5t − 1700e−4t − 2080e−5t
?
+1632e−4t − 20 + 1040e−5t − 1020e−4t = 80 − 80e−5t − 640e−5t
80 + (1088 − 1700 + 1632 − 1020)e−4t

?
+(1600 − 1280 − 2080 + 1040)e−5t = 80 − 720e−5t
80 + (2720 − 2720)e−4t + (2640 − 3360)e−5t = 80 − 720e−5t (OK)

di1
8 = −2560e−5t + 2176e−4t
dt
20i1 = 80 + 1280e−5t − 1360e−4t

di2
16 = 4160e−5t − 3264e−4t
dt
80i2 = 80 − 4160e−5t + 4080e−4t
dig
16 = 1280e−5t
dt
2560e−5t − 2176e−4t − 80 − 1280e−5t + 1360e−4t + 4160e−5t − 3264e−4t
?
+80 − 4160e−5t + 4080e−4t = 1280e−5t
(−80 + 80) + (2560 − 1280 + 4160 − 4160)e−5t

?
+(1360 − 2176 − 3264 + 4080)e−4t = 1280e−5t
0 + 1280e−5t + 0e−4t = 1280e−5t (OK)
P 6.37 [a] Yes, using KVL around the lower right loop
vo = v20Ω + v60Ω = 20(i2 − i1) + 60i2
[b] vo = 20(1 − 52e−5t + 51e−4t − 4 − 64e−5t + 68e−4t )+

60(1 − 52e−5t + 51e−4t )
= 20(−3 − 116e−5t + 119e−4t ) + 60 − 3120e−5t + 3060e−4t
vo = −5440e−5t + 5440e−4t V
d di1
[c] vo = L2 (ig − i2) + M
dt dt
d d
= 16 (15 + 36e−5t − 51e−4t ) + 8 (4 + 64e−5t − 68e−4t )
dt dt
= −2880e−5t + 3264e−4t − 2560e−5t + 2176e−4t
vo = −5440e−5t + 5440e−4t V
P 6.38 [a] vg = 5(ig − i1) + 20(i2 − i1) + 60i2

= 5(16 − 16e−5t − 4 − 64e−5t + 68e−4t )+
20(1 − 52e−5t + 51e−4t − 4 − 64e−5t + 68e−4t )+
60(1 − 52e−5t + 51e−4t )
= 60 + 5780e−4t − 5840e−5t V
[b] vg (0) = 60 + 5780 − 5840 = 0 V
Problems 6–31
[c] pdev = vg ig
= 960 + 92,480e−4t − 94,400e−5t − 92,480e−9t +
93,440e−10t W
[d] pdev (∞) = 960 W
[e] i1(∞) = 4 A; i2(∞) = 1 A; ig (∞) = 16 A;
p5Ω = (16 − 4)2 (5) = 720 W
p20Ω = 32 (20) = 180 W
p60Ω = 12 (60) = 60 W
X
pabs = 720 + 180 + 60 = 960 W
. ·.
X X
pdev = pabs = 960 W
dig di2
P 6.39 [a] 0.5 + 0.2 + 10i2 = 0
dt dt
di2 dig
0.2 + 10i2 = −0.5
dt dt
[b] i2 = 625e−10t − 250e−50t mA
di2
= −6.25e−10t + 12.5e−50t A/s
dt
ig = e−10t − 10 A
dig
= −10e−10t A/s
dt
di2 dig
0.2 + 10i2 = 5e−10t and − 0.5 = 5e−10t
dt dt
dig di2
[c] v1 = 5 + 0.5
dt dt
= 5(−10e−10t ) + 0.5(−6.25e−10t + 12.5e−50t )

= −53.125e−10t + 6.25e−50t V, t>0
[d] v1(0) = −53.125 + 6.25 = −46.875 V; Also
dig di2
v1(0) = 5 (0) + 0.5 (0)
dt dt
= 5(−10) + 0.5(−6.25 + 12.5) = −46.875 V
Yes, the initial value of v1 is consistent with known circuit behavior.
di di di di di
P 6.40 [a] vab = L1 + L2 + M + M = (L1 + L2 + 2M)
dt dt dt dt dt
It follows that Lab = (L1 + L2 + 2M)
di di di di di
[b] vab = L1 − M + L2 − M = (L1 + L2 − 2M)
dt dt dt dt dt
Therefore Lab = (L1 + L2 − 2M)
d(i1 − i2) di2

P 6.41 [a] vab = L1 +M
dt dt
d(i2 − i1) di2 d(i1 − i2) di2
0 = L1 −M +M + L2
dt dt dt dt
Collecting coefficients of [di1/dt] and [di2/dt], the two mesh-current
equations become
di1 di2
vab = L1 + (M − L1 )
dt dt
and
di1 di2
0 = (M − L1 ) + (L1 + L2 − 2M)
dt dt
Solving for [di1/dt] gives
di1 L1 + L2 − 2M
= vab
dt L1 L2 − M 2
from which we have
L1 L2 − M 2
! !
di1
vab =
L1 + L2 − 2M dt
L1 L2 − M 2
.·. Lab =
L1 + L2 − 2M
[b] If the magnetic polarity of coil 2 is reversed, the sign of M reverses,
therefore
L1 L2 − M 2
Lab =
L1 + L2 + 2M
P 6.42 When the switch is opened the induced voltage is negative at the dotted
terminal. Since the voltmeter kicks downscale, the induced voltage across the
voltmeter must be negative at its positive terminal. Therefore, the voltage is
negative at the positive terminal of the voltmeter.
Thus, the upper terminal of the unmarked coil has the same instantaneous
polarity as the dotted terminal. Therefore, place a dot on the upper terminal
of the unmarked coil.
Problems 6–33
P 6.43 [a] Dot terminal 1; the flux is up in coil 1-2, and down in coil 3-4. Assign the
current into terminal 4; the flux is down in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot
terminal 4. Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3.
[b] Dot terminal 2; the flux is up in coil 1-2, and right-to-left in coil 3-4.
Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is right-to-left in coil 3-4.
Therefore, dot terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3.
[c] Dot terminal 2; the flux is up in coil 1-2, and right-to-left in coil 3-4.
Assign the current into terminal 4; the flux is right-to-left in coil 3-4.
Therefore, dot terminal 4. Hence, 2 and 4 or 1 and 3.
[d] Dot terminal 1; the flux is down in coil 1-2, and down in coil 3-4. Assign
the current into terminal 4; the flux is down in coil 3-4. Therefore, dot
terminal 4. Hence, 1 and 4 or 2 and 3.
1 P11 P22 P11 P22

P 6.44 [a] 2 = 1 + 1+ = 1+ 1+
k P12 P12 P21 P12
Therefore
P12P21
k2 =
(P21 + P11)(P12 + P22)
Now note that
φ1 = φ11 + φ21 = P11N1i1 + P21N1 i1 = N1i1 (P11 + P21)
and similarly
φ2 = N2 i2 (P22 + P12)
It follows that
φ1
(P11 + P21) =
N1 i1
and
!
φ2
(P22 + P12) =
N2i2
Therefore
(φ12/N2 i2 )(φ21/N1 i1 ) φ12φ21
k2 = =
(φ1 /N1 i1 )(φ2/N2 i2) φ1 φ2
or
v ! !
u φ21 φ12
u
k= t
φ1 φ2
[b] The fractions (φ21/φ1 ) and (φ12/φ2 ) are by definition less than 1.0,
therefore k < 1.
M 22.8
P 6.45 [a] k = √ =√ = 0.95
L1 L2 576
√
[b] Mmax = 576 = 24 mH
2
L1 N12 P1 N1

[c] = =
L2 N22 P2 N2
2
N1 60

. ·. = = 6.25
N2 9.6
N1 √
= 6.25 = 2.5
N2
M2 (0.09)2
!
P 6.46 [a] L2 = = = 50 mH
k 2 L1 (0.75)2 (0.288)
s s
N1 L1 288
= = = 2.4
N2 L2 50
L1 0.288
[b] P1 = 2
= = 0.2 × 10−6 Wb/A
N1 (1200)2
L2 0.05
P2 = 2
= = 0.2 × 10−6 Wb/A
N2 (500)2
P 6.47 [a] W = (0.5)L1 i21 + (0.5)L2 i22 + Mi1 i2

q
M = 0.85 (18)(32) = 20.4 mH
W = [9(36) + 16(81) + 20.4(54)] = 2721.6 mJ
[b] W = [324 + 1296 + 1101.6] = 2721.6 mJ

[c] W = [324 + 1296 − 1101.6] = 518.4 mJ
[d] W = [324 + 1296 − 1101.6] = 518.4 mJ
q
P 6.48 [a] M = 1.0 (18)(32) = 24 mH, i1 = 6 A
Therefore 16i22 + 144i2 + 324 = 0, i22 + 9i2 + 20.25 = 0

s
9
2
9 √
Therefore i2 = − ± − 20.25 = −4.5 ± 0
2 2
Therefore i2 = −4.5 A
[b] No, setting W equal to a negative value will make the quantity under the
square root sign negative.
Problems 6–35
72 × 10−3
P 6.49 [a] L1 = N12 P1 ; P1 = = 1152 nWb/A
6.25 × 104
dφ11 P11
= = 0.2; P21 = 2P11
dφ21 P21
.·. 1152 × 10−9 = P11 + P21 = 3P11
P11 = 192 nWb/A; P21 = 960 nWb/A
q q
M = k L1 L2 = (2/3) (0.072)(0.0405) = 36 mH
M 36 × 10−3
N2 = = = 150 turns
N1P21 (250)(960 × 10−9 )
L2 40.5 × 10−3
[b] P2 = = = 1800 nWb/A
N22 (150)2
[c] P11 = 192 nWb/A [see part (a)]
φ22 P22 P2 − P12 P2
[d] = = = −1
φ12 P12 P12 P12
P21 = P21 = 960 nWb/A; P2 = 1800 nWb/A
φ22 1800
= − 1 = 0.875
φ12 960
L1 L2 q
P 6.50 P1 = = 2 nWb/A; P2 = = 2 nWb/A; M = k L1 L2 = 180 µH
N12 N22
M
P12 = P21 = = 1.2 nWb/A
N1 N2
P11 = P1 − P21 = 0.8 nWb/A
P 6.51 When the touchscreen in the mutual-capacitance design is touched at the point
x, y, the touch capacitance Ct is present in series with the mutual capacitance
at the touch point, Cmxy . Remember that capacitances combine in series the
way that resistances combine in parallel. The resulting mutual capacitance is
0 Cmxy Ct
Cmxy =
Cmxy + Ct
P 6.52 [a] The self-capacitance and the touch capacitance are effectively connected in
parallel. Therefore, the capacitance at the x-grid electrode closest to the
touch point with respect to ground is
Cx = Cp + Ct = 30 pF + 15 pF = 45 pF.
The same capacitance exists at the y-grid electrode closest to the touch
point with respect to ground.
[b] The mutual-capacitance and the touch capacitance are effectively

connected in series. Therefore, the mutual capacitance between the
x-grid and y-grid electrodes closest to the touch point is
0 Cmxy Ct (30)(15)
Cmxy = = = 10 pF.
Cmxy + Ct 30 + 15
[c] In the self-capacitance design, touching the screen increases the
capacitance being measured at the point of touch. For example, in part
(a) the measured capacitance before the touch is 30 pF and after the
touch is 45 pF. In the mutual-capacitance design, touching the screen
decreases the capacitance being measured at the point of touch. For
example, in part (b) the measured capacitance before the touch is 30 pF
and after the touch is 10 pF.
P 6.53 [a] The four touch points identified are the two actual touch points and two
ghost touch points. Their coordinates, in inches from the upper left
corner of the screen, are
(2.1, 4.3); (3.2, 2.5); (2.1, 2.5); and (3.2, 4.3)
These four coordinates identify a rectangle within the screen, shown
below.
[b] The touch points identified at time t1 are those listed in part (a). The
touch points recognized at time t2 are
(1.8, 4.9); (3.9, 1.8); (1.8, 1.8); and (3.9, 4.9)
The first two coordinates are the actual touch points and the last two
coordinates are the associated ghost points. Again, the four coordinates
identify a rectangle at time t2, as shown here:
Problems 6–37
Note that the rectangle at time t2 is larger than the rectangle at time t1,
so the software would recognize the two fingers are moving toward the
edges of the screen. This pinch gesture thus specifies a zoom-in for the
screen.
[c] The touch points identified at time t1 are those listed in part (a). The
touch points recognized at time t2 are
(2.8, 3.9); (3.0, 2.8); (2.8, 2.8); and (3.0, 3.9)
The first two coordinates are the actual touch points and the last two
coordinates are the associated ghost points. Again, the four coordinates
identify a rectangle at time t2, as shown here:
Here, the rectangle at time t2 is smaller than the rectangle at time t1 , so

the software would recognize the two fingers are moving toward the
middle of the screen. This pinch gesture thus specifies a zoom-out for the
screen.

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Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance: Assessment Problems

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6

Inductance, Capacitance, and

AP 6.1 [a] ig = 8e−300t − 8e−1200tA

[b] v = 0 when 38.4e−1200t = 9.6e−300t or t = (ln 4)/900 = 1.54 ms

[e] pmax = 384e−1.5(0.41105) − 76.8e−0.6(0.41105) − 307.2e−2.4(0.41105) = 32.72 W

When di/dt = 0, v = 0, therefore t = 1.54 ms.

[g] imax = 8[e−0.3(1.54) − e−1.2(1.54)] = 3.78 A

wmax = (1/2)(4 × 10−3 )(3.78)2 = 28.6 mJ

[b] p(t) = vi = [300 cos 50,000t] sin 50,000t

= 150 sin 100,000t W, p(max) = 150 W

AP 6.6 [a] Summing the voltages around mesh 1 yields

7.8 7.8 7.8

5ig = 9.8 − 9.8e−4t

−9.8 + (300 − 240 − 40 − 20)e−5t

−9.8 − 52.92e−4t = −9.8 − 52.92e−4t (OK)

(8 − 8) + (800 − 480 − 240 − 80)e−5t

−125.44e−4t = −125.44e−4t (OK)

[b] i(5 ms) = 25(0.005)(e−2.5 ) = 10.26 mA

v(5 ms) = 0.00375(e−2.5 )(1 − 2.5) = −461.73 µV

p(5 ms) = vi = (10.26 × 10−3 )(−461.73 × 10−6 ) = −4.74 µW

[c] delivering 4.74 µW

P 6.2 [a] i = 0 t<0

= 4t2 − 0.4t + 10 × 10−3 J 25 < t < 50 ms

P 6.3 [a] i(0) = A1 + A2 = 0.12

v(0) = −25A1 − 100A2 = 3

Solving, A1 = 0.2 and A2 = −0.08

v = −5e−500t + 8e−2000t V, t≥0

[b] i = 0 when 200e−500t = 80e−2000t

v = 0 when 5e−500t = 8e−2000t

P 6.4 [a] From Problem 6.3 we have

v = −25A1 e−500t − 100A2 e−2000t V

v(0) = −25A1 − 100A2 = −18

Solving, A1 = −0.08; A2 = 0.2

[b] i = 0 when 80e−500t = 200e−2000t

.·. e1500t = 2.5 so t = 610.86 µs

v = 0 when 2e−500t = 20e−2000t

.·. e1500t = 10 so t = 1535.06 µs

(inductor delivers energy)

p > 0 for 610.86 µs < t < 1535.06 µs (inductor stores energy)

[c] The energy stored at t = 0 is

−0.16e−1000t 2e−2500t 4e−4000t

= (−1.6 + 8 − 10) × 10−4

= [(200B2 − 50B1 ) cos 200t − (200B1 + 50B2 ) sin 200t]e−50t

v(0) = 4.25 = 40B2 − 10B1 = 40B2 − 0.75 .·. B2 = 125 mA

i = (75 cos 200t + 125 sin 200t)e−50t mA, t≥0

v = (4.25 cos 200t − 4.25 sin 200t)e−50t V, t≥0

i(0.025) = −28.25 mA; v(0.025) = 1.513 V

p(0.025) = (−28.25)(1.513) = −42.7 mW delivering

P 6.6 p = vi = 40t[e−10t − 10te−20t − e−20t]

This is energy stored in the inductor at t = ∞.

[b] i = 200t A, 0 ≤ t ≤ 50 ms; i = 10 A, t ≥ 50 ms

iL (0.1) = −0.4e−10 + 0.5 = 0.5 A

i(0.075) = 2(0.075) − 0.025 = 0.125 A

i(0.125) = 8(0.125) − 40(0.125)2 − 0.25 = 0.125 A

i(0.150) = 40(0.15)2 − 12(0.15) + 1 = 0.1 A

i(0.1) = 8(0.1) − 40(0.1)2 − 0.25 = 0.15 A

= 2.5 sin 80t A

[b] p = vi = (20 cos 80t)(2.5 sin 80t)

= 312.5 sin 2 80t mJ