Introduction To Using The TI-89 Calculator
Introduction To Using The TI-89 Calculator
Introduction To Using The TI-89 Calculator
Note: If this is the first time that you have used the TI-89 computer algebra system (CAS)
calculator then you should first work through the Introduction to Using the TI-89. Some of
the information found there in terms of key presses, menus, etc. will be assumed in what
follows. While much of the information provided here describes how to carry out many
mathematical procedures on the TI-89, using technology is not simply about finding
answers, and we would encourage you NOT to see this calculator as primarily a quick way
to get answers. Research by the authors, and others, shows that those who do this tend to
come to rely on the calculator to the detriment of their mathematical understanding. Instead
learn to see the TI-89 as a problem-solving, and investigative tool that will help you to
understand concepts by providing different ways of looking at problems, thus helping you
reflect on the underlying mathematics.
1.
Instructions
You will use the following keys.
a) Press ON
The calculator cursor should be in the Home
Screen (see the black cursor flashing in the
bottom left hand corner).
Press 2 ON
The calculator should turn off.
If you cant see the screen use
(darker) or | (lighter) to change screen
contrast.
[HOME] displays the Home Screen, where
you perform most calculations.
TI-89
an expression.
Calculator Keypad
Performs a
variety of
mathematical and
scientific
operations.
3
M
[CATALOG]
Application
[Home]
[Y= ]
[Window]
[Graph]
[Table]
Description
Displays a menu that lists all the applications available
on the TI-89.
Cancels any menu or dialogue box.
Evaluates an expression, executes an instruction, selects
a menu item, etc.
Displays a list of the TI-89s current mode settings,
which determine how numbers and graphs are
interpreted, calculated, and displayed.
Clears (erases) the entry line.
Press b or c to move the d indicator to the function or
instruction. (You can move quickly down the list by
typing the first letter of the item you need.)
Press . Your selection is pasted on the home
screen.
Lets you:
Enter expressions and instructions, and performs calculations
Define, edit, and select functions or equations for graphing
Set window dimensions for viewing a graph
Display graph
Display a table of variable values that correspond to an entered
function
Press:
F1, F2, etc.
To display
A toolbar menu Drops down from the toolbar at the top of most
application screens. Lets you select operations useful for that
application
CHAR menu Lets you select from categories of special characters
(Greek, math, etc.)
MATH menu Lets you select from categories of mathematical
operations
2nd [CHAR]
2nd [MATH]
Press
2 [F6]
Clear az
Problem?
If you make a typing error
To perform
Clean Up to start a new problem:
Clears (deletes) all single-character variable
names in the current folder.
If any of the variables have already been
assigned a value, your calculation may produce
misleading results.
Try this!
If you make a typing error use 0 to undo one
character at a time
If necessary, also press M to clear the complete
line.
Press F1 n
Screen Shot
(a)
Instructions
Examples
To enter the number 7, press 7.
Use | for subtraction and use for negation.
To enter a negative number, press followed by 9 p 7 = 63,
9 p | 7 = displays an error message
the number.
To calculate 3 4, press 3 | 4 ENTER
(b)
Implied Multiplication
If you enter:
2a
xy
(c)
(d)
Substitution
Instructions
Using 2 [ | ]key
Examples
eg)
x^2+2 x=3
7
This calculates the value of x2 + 2 when x = 3
eg)
Find f(2) if f (x) = x 3 + 2
x^3+2 f(x)
x3 + 2 f(x)
f(2)
-6
Example
f (x) ( f (x))
= (numerator) e (denominator )
=
g(x) (g(x))
(e)
x +1
(x + 1) e (2x 1)
2x 1
Operators
addition: +
subtraction :
(f)
Elementary Functions
Exponential: e^(x)
natural logarithm: ln(x)
square root:
absolute value: abs(x)
multiplication:
division:
Exponent: ^
Trigonometric:
sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), sin-1(x), cos-1(x), tan-1(x)
If you want sec(x) then put 1/cos(x) , cosec(x) is
1/sin(x).
Note: The trigonometric functions in TI-89
angles are available in both degrees and radians.
If you want degrees (180) or radians () change
using the 3 key previously discussed.
(g)
Constants
To find:
i : imaginary number
: Pi
: infinity
(h)
Work
with 2 key
with 2 key
with key
(i)
Example
ans(1)
Contains the last answer
ans(2)
Contains the next-to-last answer
Press:
B or
5, 6 and 7
2
To:
highlight the expression.
cut, copy and paste.
replace the contents of the entry line with any
previous entry.
Type:
lim( f(x), x , a )
x a
Indefinite Integral
Definite integral
f (x)dx :
b
a
f (x)dx :
d
f (x) :
dx
( f(x) , x, c )
( f(x), x, a, b)
b
f (x) g(x) dx
d( f(x) , x )
2.
Screen Shot
If there are any functions to the right of any of these eight equal signs, place the cursor on
them (using the arrow keys) and press CLEAR
Place the cursor just to the right of y1= and follow the sequence below.
Press
2x 3
See
y1(x) = 2x + 3
[HOME]
y1(x)
y1(4)
y1(x)
2x + 3
y1(4)
11
Explanation
You have entered
y1 = 2x + 3
This returns you to a blank
Home Screen.
This pastes y1 on the Home
Screen.
This finds the value of y1
when x = 4.
(b) Table
Instructions
Press [TABLE] to see the table of
values for 2x + 3, as shown below:
Screen Shot
Instructions
By changing [TblSet] from [1. AUTO] to
[2.ASK], complete the table below:
Remember: y1 is still set to 2x + 3
x
11
-3
-5
y1
?
?
?
Screen Shot
3. Graphing
(a) Displaying Window Variable in the Window Editor
Instructions
Press [WINDOW] or O 3 to display
the Window Editor.
Variables
xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax
xscl, yscl
xres
Screen Shot
Description
Boundaries of the viewing window.
These x and y scales set the distance between tick marks on the
x and y axes (see above right)..
Sets pixel resolution (1 through 10) for function graphs. The
default is 2.
Math Tool
Value
Zero, Minimum,
Maximum
Intersection
Derivatives
f (x)dx
A:Tangent
Description
Evaluates a selected y(x) function at a specified x value
Finds a zero (x-intercept), minimum, or maximum point within an
interval.
Finds the intersection of two functions.
Finds the derivative (slope) at a point.
Finds the approximate numerical integral over an interval.
Draws a tangent line at a point and displays its equation
(b) Finding the Maximum & Minimum Values of a Function from its Graph
1.
Instructions
Display the Y=Editor.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Zoom tool
Description
1:ZoomBox
Lets you draw a box and zoom in on that box.
2:ZoomIn 3:ZoomOut Lets you select a point and zoom in or out by an amount defined by
SetFactors.
4:ZoomDec
Sets x and y to 0.1, and centres the origin.
6:ZoomStd
Sets Window variables to their default values.
xmin= 10, xmax= 10, xscl=1, ymin= 10, ymax= 10, yscl= 1, xres= 2
Note: To get out of the graphing mode use 2 K.
This will not work while the BUSY icon is flashing in the bottom right hand corner.
Adjust your graph by selecting F2 and choosing 2:ZoomIn, 3:ZoomOut, or
A:ZoomFit
2
Screen Shot
To draw a new graph go to [y=] and change the formula in the y1 position using the cursor to
move up to it to delete it. This effectively clears the previous graph as well. Alternatively, using
y2 will add the new graph to y = x2.
[HOME] returns you to the Home screen.
Description F2 MENU
1: solve
2: factor
3: expand
4: zeros
5: approx
6: comDenom
7: propFrac
Screen Shot
Note: The use of the key to switch between exact and approximate modes (the
TI-89 tries to use fractions in exact mode).
0.3 Domain, range and graph of a function
Instructions
We can use the [Y= ] menu obtained by
pressing [Y= ] to draw graphs. Place
the cursor just to the right of y1= and
enter the function required. Note that we
can use previously defined functions in
later ones.
To enter a split domain function we use
the when ( ) function and nest them if
there are more than two parts to the
piecewise function. This has been done
by defining a function g and using y1= g.
We can use g a number of times this way.
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Number 2: abs(x)
Screen Shot
cos1 is at Z.
tan1 is at T.
Note: We can not use f(x)^1 for inverse functions. This gives the reciprocal of the
function.
Topic 1 Limits
1.1 Limits of a function
Instructions
Use F3 3: Limit( to find limits. The order
is Limit(function, variable, value
approached).
Screen Shot
Example 1.1
Instructions
1
Example lim
sin
x 0
x
Some limits do not exist. We can build an
understanding of some reasons for this.
Screen Shot
Example 1.2
Instructions
sin x
Example: Find lim
x 0
x
This is an important limit, but one that
cannot be found by putting x = 0, since
the function is undefined for x = 0. Enter
F3 f(x) = W x d e x b x b d
Screen Shot
We find that:
lim
x 0
sin x
x
=1
1.3 Continuity
Instructions
The function g used in 0.3 is
discontinuous at x=0 and x=4. The limits
at x=4 were calculated in Example 1.1.
Screen Shot
1.3.2
Instructions
This is very useful for showing that there
is a root of f(x)=0 between two domain
values. If f(a)<0 and f(b)>0 (or vice versa)
then there is a zero of f between a and b.
Using the table of values in a graph we can
then zoom in on the root.
For the function below we see from the
table that f(4)<0 and f(5)>0, so we zoom
in to find the root, using the Intermediate
Value Theorem.
Screen Shot
1.4
Instructions
Limits involving infinity are entered as
before but using * key ( )as
if it is the value approached.
Screen Shot
1.4.3 Asymptotes
Instructions
Use the limits to find the horizontal
asymptotes. For sloping asymptotes we
can use the TI-89 to divide the numerator
of a function by its denominator, using
F2, 3: Expand (the function F2, 7:
propFrac( will give the same result here).
The asymptote here is y=x/3 + 10/9
since as x the remainder of the
expansion approaches 0.
The answer can be checked by drawing
both graphs.
Screen Shot
f (x + h) f (x)
h
Screen Shot
(NB there is a
f (x + h ) f ( x)
h
f (2 + h ) f (2)
h 0
change at x = 2: lim
h0
= f (2)
= 4.
Screen Shot
Example 2.1
Instructions
Find out whether the
x2
for x < 2
function f (x) =
is
6 x for x 2
differentiable at x=2.
Define the piecewise functions by using
the following instructions.
F4 f(x) = when c x 2 2 b x Z
2b6| xd
Then we graph the function f . We can
define a function Df as its derivative
d( f (x))
(use F6 2: Dot in [Y=] to plot
dx
the derivative). Note that this may not be
defined on the whole domain.
We can see the discontinuity in the
derived functions graph, but must check
the limits on the " screen.
Screen Shot
Example 2.2
Instructions
Example. Find the derivative of f(x) = xn
Define the function f(x) = xn. When we
define the value of power, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
10 the functions are changed to the actual
functions, x, x2, x3, x4, x10.
Screen Shot
Thus
dy
( x + h) x
n 1
= f (x ) = lim
= nx
h 0
dx
h
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Screen Shots
and
Instructions
Relative Extrema: Find all relative
extrema of the function
g(x)=x39x2+24x7 and confirm your
result by sketching the graph. The TI-89
method combines use of the
differentiation command, the solve
command for
dy
dx
Screen Shots
= 0 ,
13
g(x)
(2, 13)
11
(4, 9)
Example 3.1
Instructions
Find the relative maximum and
minimum values of the function
f(x) = x3 x.
First we can get an idea of the solutions
by sketching the graphs of the function
and its derivative.
Screen Shot
d (y1(x))
dx
to sketch
f(x)
f(x)
Example 3.2
The derivative can be zero without there
being a relative maximum or relative
minimum.
Example. f(x) = x3 3x2 + 3x 1
d y
dx 2
changes
Screen Shot
3.4 Antidifferentiation
Instructions
Use the symbol found at 2 m for the
antiderivative. We can enter on the [Y= ]
screen the function y1(x) = 2 m
function, x) + c when c={list of values
separated by commas}. This will give us
a number of antiderivatives of the
function.
y1 is then the function F(x).
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
4. Integration
4.1 The area problem
To find the area under the curve f(x) = x2 + 2, from x = 1 to x = 2. using rightsum we have
x0 = 1, x1 = 1 + 3/n, x2 = 1 + 2.3/n, xi = 1 + 3i/n, xn = 1 + 3n/n = 1+3=2.
So the area can be obtained by taking the limit (if it exists) of the Riemann sum as n .
2
n
n 3
3i
3
Screen Shots
Screen Shots
Area = a { f ( x) g( x)}dx , where x=a and x=b are the x-values of the two points of intersection
(if they exist).
We can also use the formula
f (x) dx to find the area between the graph of f and the x-axis,
and then we do not have to worry about where the function intersects the axis or the signs of the
integrals. This works well on the TI-89 since we have the function abs.
For example calculate the area between f(x)= x(x + 1)(x 2) and the x-axis from x=1 to x=2. It is
always good to look at the graph of the function to see what is going on.
Instructions
Define y1 = x(x + 1)(x 2) and draw the
graph. Entering y2 as abs(y1(x)) (which
gives a reflection of y1 in the x-axis)
enables the area to be found without
finding the intersections with the axis.
Note that the area is NOT equal to
and 4)
Screen Shot
5. Integration techniques
Instructions
Specific techniques for integration are not
required when using the TI-89 since it
will integrate all integrable functions,
using the function. However, we can
verify some of the formulas for general
results, as well as more specific
functions.
Note how functions such as sec 2 (ax) are
entered, and the need for ( ) around the
whole of a numerator and/or a
3x + 2
1
denominator in 2
.
2 and
x(x 2 + 1)
a +x
Integrating a rational function
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Example 207
7 Linear Systems
7.1 Gaussian Elimination
Matrix notation
When there are 3 equations in x, y, and z we start by eliminating the first variable (x) in the
last 2 equations and then eliminate the second variable (y) in the last equation. This leaves us
with a set of equations in echelon form. Once the equations are in echelon form, they can be
solved by back substitution.
This can be done using the row operations on the TI89, or using functions which give echelon
form and reduced echelon form. First, we need to know how to enter a matrix into the
Data/matrix Editor or into the Home screen.
References: TI-89 Guidebook 229-233
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
Screen Shot
1 4 2 1
0 4 3 4
Use the following instructions to row
reduce this matrix.
[3, 2, 2, 13 ; 1, 4, 2, 1 ; 0, 4, 3, 4]
a
2 I 4:Matrix J:Row ops
3:mRow (3, a, 2)
multiply the entries of row 2 by 3 and
store them into row 2.
4:mRowAdd (1, ans(1), 1, 2)
multiply the elements of row 1 by 1, add
the products to row 2 and store them into
row 2.
Multiply the elements of row 2 by 4.
Screen Shot