1.

0 ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted to determine the properties of measurement In this
experiment, the equipment that we used is Perfect Gas Expansion. There are total 7 experiment
were conducted.
The first experiment is Boyles law experiment. The experiment carried out in three
condition which is from atmosphere to pressurize, vacuum to atmosphere and pressurize to
vacuum. Next experiment is Gay-Lussac law experiment. For this experiment, the relationship of
pressure and temperature obtained by plotting the graph of pressurize and depressurize, this
experiment being conducted for three times to get the average value of the temperature at
pressurize and depressurize vessels. The 3rd experiment is isentropic expansion process which is
to determination value of k. Next is stepwise depressurized experiment, this experiment needed
to note all changes values and plotted the graph. The pressure in the graph will drastically
dropped when valve was opened. The 5th experiment is brief depressurized. This experiment
similar as previous experiment that needed to note every changes of pressure dropped. However,
in this experiment, the valve only opened once. Experiment 6 is about ratio of volume using
Boyles law equation to get the V2/V1 which is ratio of volume. And lastly, experiment 7 is
about ratio of heat capacity. The Cv and Cp was determined in the experiment and percentage
error was calculated for experiment 6 and 7.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Gas particles in a box collide with its walls and transfer momentum to them during each
collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to a unit area of a wall, during a
unit time. Ideal gas particles do not collide with each other but only with the walls. A single
particle moves arbitrarily along some direction until it strikes a wall. It then bounces back,
changes direction and speed and moves towards another wall.
This experiment is conducted to improved our understanding about First and Second
Law of Thermodynamics and relationship of pressure, volume and temperature. The Perfect Gas
Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH 11) was used in the experiment. The apparatus contain 2
chambers. First chamber with bigger volume is pressure vessel (PT 1) and another chamber is
vacuum vessel (PT 2). Both of the chamber is made up from glass. The apparatus also contain 5
valves and one pressure relief valve if pressure inside the chamber exceed than 2 bar.
There are digital indicator to monitor the changes of pressure and temperature. This
experiment is about ideal gas or perfect gas that obeys all the laws in this experiment. Ideal gas
obeys the PvT relationship. The equation for ideal gas is Pv = nRT. R is gas constant that
depend on molar mass of the gas.

3.0 AIMS
EXPERIMENT 1:
- To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas
- To compare the experiment result with theoretical result.
EXPERIMENT 2:
- To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.
EXPERIMENT3:
- To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.
EXPERIMENT 4:
- To study the respond of the pressurize vessel following stepwise depressurization.
EXPERIMENT 5:
- To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.
EXPERIMENT 6:
- To determine the ratio and compares it to the theoretical value.
EXPERIMENT 7:
- To determine the ratio of heat capacity.

4.0THEORY
4.1 PERFECT GAS
First, the theory will start with ideal gas or known as perfect gas. An ideal gas is defined
as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic and which there
are no intermolecular attractive forces. One can visualize it as a collection of perfectly hard
spheres which collide but which otherwise do not interact with each other. In such a gas, all
the internal energy is in the form of kinetic energy and any change in internal energy is
accompanied by a change in temperature. An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the
ideal gas equation of state. J. Charles and J. Gay-Lussac find out that at low pressure, the
volume of gas is proportional to its temperature.

where the constant of proportionality R is called the gas constant and is different for each gas
which known as ideal gas equation of state.
In this equation, any gas that obeys this equations law called as ideal gas. P is refer to
absolute pressure, T is absolute temperature and is specific volume. The ideal gas equation also
can be written as
V = mv
thus
PV = mRT
We can relate the both equation for a fixed mass. The properties of ideal gas at two
different state can be relate as

The ideal gas relation experimentally observed are approximately the P-v-T behavior of
real gases at low density. When low pressure, high temperature, density of gas will decrease and
the gas will behave as ideal gas. The ideal gas also obey the following law which is Boyles
Law, Charles Law and Gay-Lussacs Law.
4.2 BOYLES LAW
First of all, we start with Boyles law. Boyles law is inversely proportional relationship
between the absolute pressure and volume of gas in closed system with constant temperature.
The equation of Boyles law is
PV = k
Where:
P = pressure of the system
V = volume of the gas
k = constant value representative of the pressure and volume of the system
At same amount of energy and at constant temperature, the value of k will constant
theoretically. However, with volume increase, the pressure must decrease proportionally. In
short, the volume decreasing with pressure increasing. The Boyles law equation is to relate the
volume and pressure at fixed amount of gas before and after expansion process with constant
temperature.
P1V1=P2V2
4.3 CHARLES LAW
Next is Charles law. Charles law has stated that at constant pressure, the volume of
given mass of ideal gas increases as the absolute temperature increases.

Where :
V = volume of the gas
T = temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin)
k = constant
The constant k must be maintain during the heating of gas at fixed pressure with volume
increasing. In contrast, the volume of gas will decrease in cooling process. The volume increases
as the temperature increase.

4.4 GAY-LUSSACS LAW

The pressure of a fixed quantity of gas at constant volume, is directly proportional to its
temperature in Kelvin. The equation of Gay-lussacs law is

Where :
P = pressure of the gas
T = temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin)
k = constant
4.5 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First law of thermodynamics state that the energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
But it can change form. This law also known as the conservation of energy principle. It can be
expressed as the net change of total energy in the system is equal to difference between total
energy entering and leaving the system during the process. The equation for energy balance as
below:

Ein Eout = Esystem

The energy change of a system during process involves the energy change of the system
at beginning and the end of the process which is:
Energy change = energy at final state energy at initial state.
Energy is exist as internal, potential, electrical, magnetic kinetic and many more.
However, in simple compressible system, the change in total energy of system is the sum of
change of energy in form if internal, kinetic and potential energy.

Where :
= m (u2 u1)
KE=
= mg (z2-z1)
Therefore energy can be in form of heat, work and mass flow. The boundary system in
energy interaction indicate of energy is gained or lost during the process. The energy only
involved heat and work in closed system. For the open system, the energy involved all form of
energy which is work, heat and mass flow. The internal energy of system increase as the heat
transfer increases when the heat into the system meanwhile the energy transfer of system
decreases when energy is out as heat from the system. For the work, the energy is that involves
rising the piston or rotating shaft. Work transfer into the system increase the energy while work
out from system will decrease the energy of system. For the mass flow, the energy increases
when mass entering the system and decreases when mass out from system.
Ein-Eout = (Qin-Qout) - (Win-Wout) (Emass,in-Emass,out) =

4.6 SPECIFIC HEATS

Definition of specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a
substance by one degree. In general, the energy depends on how process executed. There are two
kinds of specific heat that we are interested in thermodynamics which is specific heat at constant
volume cv and specific heat at constant pressure cp. The specific heat at constant volume can be
define as energy required to raise temperature of unit mass of substance by one degree at
maintain pressure meanwhile specific heat at constant volume can be view as the energy required
to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is
maintained constant. Then, the cp is always larger that cv because at constant pressure the system
allowed to expand and the energy for expansion must supply to system.
From the equation, it shows that the Cv is a measure of the variation of internal energy of
a substance with temperature, and Cp is a measure of the variation of enthalpy of a substance
with temperature.
Cv

( )v

Cp

( )p

From the equation, it shows that the Cv is a measure of the variation of internal energy of
a substance with temperature and Cp is a measure of the variation of enthalpy of a substance
with temperature.
4.7 INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
We define an ideal gas as a gas which temperature, pressure and specific volume related
by
Pv=RT
It has been demonstrated mathematically and experimentally by Joule for and ideal gas
the internal energy is function of temperature only.
u=u(T)

In experiment, Joule has submerged two tanks connected with pipe and a valve I water
bath. One tank contain air at high pressure and other is evacuated. Then he opened the valve
when thermal equilibrium was attained. This is to let air pass from one tank to another tank until
the pressure is same. Joule observed that no change in temperature of water bath. He assumed
that no heat transfer during the process. And also no work done by or on the system. Because of
that, he make a conclusion that internal energy did not change even the pressure and volume has
changed. Then he make another conclusion state that internal energy is function of temperature
and not function of pressure and specific volume. Using the definition of enthalpy and equation
state of ideal gas,
h = u + Pv
then , the equation will become

and

Pv = RT

h = u + RT

since R is a constant and u= u(T), the enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a function of temperature
only :
h = h (T)
Therefore, at a given temperature for an ideal gas, u, h, Cv and Cp will have fixed values
regardless of the specific volume or pressure. Thus the differential changes in the internal energy
and enthalpy of an ideal gas can be expressed as:
du = Cv(T)dT
dh = Cp(T)dT
4.8 DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT CAPACITY RATIO
The heat capacity ratio, k is to determine for air near standard pressure and temperature
by two steps process. First, an adiabatic reversible expansion from initial pressure, P i to an
intermediate pressure Pm. Second is a return of temperature to original value, To at constant
volume with final pressure Pf
k=

For an ideal gas,

Cp = Cv + R
For a non-ideal gas, a reversible adiabatic expantion dq = 0. According to the first law of
thermodynamics,
dU = dq + dW
During the expansion process:
dU = dW
dU = -PdV (24)
The heat capacity related the change in temperature to the change in internal energy when
the volume is held constant.
dU = CvdT
substituting CvdT into equation dU = -PdV. Then ,
CvdT = -PdV
By substitute the equation into the ideal gas law,
(

Rearrange and substitute the equation,

During the return of the temperature to its initial value, the following relationship is known

Rearranging it to obtain a heat capacity ratio and compare the theoretical value with the
experimental heat capacity ratios. Thus;

4.9 DETERMINATION OF RATIO OF VOLUMES USING AN ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

The ratio of volume using an isothermal process can be determined when one pressurized
vessel allowed to leak slowly to another vessel of different size. At the end of the process, two
vessels are equilibrate and final pressure become constant. The final equilibrium absolute
pressure, Pabs , be determined by ideal gas equation.
Pabsf =
The process is under isothermal process therefore the initial and final temperature are same. By
taking the ideal gas equation;
m1 =
m2 =
By combines the equation;
Pf =

4.10 STEPWISE DEPRESSURIZATION

Stepwise depressurization can be explained by depressurizing the chamber or tank step
by step slowly by release the gas. The gas will expand at every instant opened and closed to
identify gradual change in pressure and temperature with the contrary decreases with expansion.
4.11 BRIEF DEPRESSURIZATION
Brief depressurization is reduced in terms of time. The time interval increased to a few
seconds. Therefore, the effect on the pressure and temperature can be observes which can be
compared later. Thus, the graph should be higher in gradient.

5.0 APPARATUS

Pressure transmitter

Pressure relief valve

Temperature sensor

Vacuum chamber

Pressure chamber

Vacuum pump

Electrode

6.0 PROCEDURES:
6.1 GENERAL START-UP
1. The equipment is connected to a single phase power supply and the unit is switched on.
2. Then, all valves and the pressure reading panel is opened. After that, all the valves is
closed.
3. Next, the pipe from compressive port of the pump to pressure chamber is connected or
the pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum chamber is connected. Now, the unit is
ready to use.

6.2 EXPERIMENT 1
1. The general start up procedure is performed. All valve is being make sure that is fully
closed.
2. Compressive pump is switched on and the pressure inside the chamber is allowed to
increase up to about 150kPa. Then, the pump is switched off and the hose is removed
from the chamber.

3. The pressure reading inside the chamber is being monitored until the reading stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers is recorded before expansion.
5. V02 is fully opened and the pressurized air is allowed to flow into the atmospheric
chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion is recorded.
7. The experiment is repeated under difference condition:
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
8. Then, the PV value is calculated and the Boyles Law is being proven.
6.3 EXPERIMENT 2
1. The general start up is being performed. All valves is being make sure to fully closed.
2. The hose from the compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switched on and the temperature for every increment of 10kPa
I the chamber is recorded. The pump stop went the pressure PT1 reaches about 160kPa.
4. Then, valve V 01 is opened and the pressurized air is allowed to flow out. The
temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa is being recorded.
5. The experiment is stopped when the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure.
6. The experiment is repeated for 3 times to get the average value.
7. The graph of the pressure versus temperature is plotted.
6.4 EXPERIMENT 3
1. The general start up is performed and all valve is being make sure to fully closed.
2. The hose form compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switched on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump is switched off and the hose is removed
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside is monitored until it is stabilizes. The pressure reading PT1
and temperature reading TT1 are recorded.
5. Then, the valve V 01 slightly opened and the air is allowed to flow out slowly until it
reach atmospheric pressure.

6. The pressure of the reading and the temperature reading after the expansion process are
recorded.
7. The isentropic expansion process is discussed.
6.5 EXPERIMENT 4
1. The general start up procedures is performed. All valve are make sure to fully closed.
2. The hose is connected from the compressive pump to the pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switched on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump is switched off and the hose is removed
from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading is monitored until it is stabilizes. Recorded the pressure reading
PT1.
5. The valves V 01 is fully opened and bring it back to the closed position instantly. The
pressure reading PT1 is monitored and recorded until it became stable.
6. Step5 is repeated for at least 4 times.
7. The pressure is plotted on the graph and being discussed.
6.6 EXPERIMENT 5
1. The general start up procedure is performed. Make sure all valve is closed.
2. The compressive pump is connected to the pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switch on and allows the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until 160kPa. Then, the pump is switched off and the hose is removed from the
chamber.
4. The reading inside the chamber is monitored until it is stabilizes. The pressure reading
PT1 is recorded.
5. Valve V 01 is fully opened and bring it back to the closed position after few second. The
pressure reading PT1 is recorded and monitored until it becomes stable.
6. The pressure reading is display on the graph and discuss.

6.7 EXPERIMENT 6
1. The general start up procedure is performed. Make sure all valve is close
2. The compressive pump is switched on and the pressure inside the chamber is allowed
increase up to 150kPa. Then, switched off the pump and the hose is removed from the
chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitored until it stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers before the expansion is recorded.
5.

The V 02 is opened and the pressure air is allowed flow into the atmospheric chamber
slowly.

6. The pressure reading for both chambers after the expansion is recorded.
7. The experiment procedure is repeated for difference condition
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
8. Then, the ratio of the volume is calculated and compare with the theoretical value.
6.8 EXPERIMENT 7
1. The general start up is performed. Make sure all valve is fully close.
2. The compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switched on and the pressure inside the chamber allowed to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the
chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitored until is stabilized. The pressure
reading PT1 and temperature TT1 is recorded.
5. The valve V 01 is fully opened and bring it to close until after a few seconds. The reading
PT1 and temperature TT1 is monitored and recorded until it become stable.
6. The ratio of the heat capacity is determined and then it being compared with the
theoretical value.

7.0 RESULTS
7.1 EXPERIMENT 1: BOYLES LAW EXPERIMENT
Pressure (kPa abs)

Before Expansion

After Expansion

a) PT 1 = 153.8
b) PT 2 = 102.8

a) PT 1 = 136.7
b) PT 2 = 136.7

a) PT 1 = 106.1
b) PT 2 = 59.0

a) PT 1 = 90.5
b) PT 2 = 90.0

a) PT 1 = 154.1
b) PT 2 = 56.9

a) PT 1 = 122.2
b) PT 2 = 121.8

Pressure to Atmosphere

Atmospheric to Vacuum

Pressurized to Vacuum

7.2 EXPERIMENT 2: GAY-LUSSAC LAW EXPERIMENT

Pressure
(kPa
abs)

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Temperature(oC)

Temperature(oC)

Temperature(oC)

110

Pressurise
vessel
25.3

Depressurise
vessel
24.6

Pressurise
vessel
24.1

Depressurise
vessel
28.1

Pressurise
vessel
25.8

Depressurise
vessel
25.1

120

25.7

24.8

24.5

28.9

26.1

25.7

130

26.6

24.8

25.2

29.3

26.9

26.8

140

27.5

25.2

26.2

29.6

27.7

28.2

150

28.3

25.7

27.3

29.6

28.6

29.6

160

29.2

29.0

28.3

29.7

29.4

30.3

Pressure (kPa abs)

110
120
130
140
150
160

Average reading temperature

Temperature (oC)
Pressurise vessel
Depressurise vessel
25.1
25.9
25.4
26.5
26.2
27.0
27.1
28.1
28.1
28.3
29.0
29.7

7.3 EXPERIMENT 3: ISENTROPIC EXPANSION PROCESS

Before expansion
161.5
28.9

PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT 1 (oC)

After expansion
103.3
24.8

7.4 EXPERIMENT 4: STEPWISE DEPRESSURIZATION

PT 1 (kPa abs)
Initial
159.1

After first
expansion
122.9
123.7
124.8
125.0
125.2
125.3
125.5
125.6
125.7
125.8
125.9
126.0
126.5
126.6
126.7
126.8
126.9

After second
expansion
115.6
115.7
115.8
115.9
116.0
116.1
116.2
116.3
116.4
116.5
116.6
116.7
116.8
116.9
117.0
117.1
117.2
117.3
117.4

After third
expansion
108.1
108.2
108.4
108.5
108.6
108.7
108.8
108.9
109.0
109.1
109.2
109.3
109.4
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.8
110.0

After fourth
expansion
103.5
103.6
103.7
103.8
103.9
104.0
104.1
104.2
104.3
104.4
104.5
104.6
104.7
104.8
104.9
105.0
105.1

7.5 EXPERIMENT 5: BRIEF DEPRESSURIZATION

PT 1 (kPa abs)
Initial
161.7

After brief expansion

105.3
106.5
107.1
107.9
108.4
108.7
109.0
109.3
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.8
109.9
110.0
110.1
110.2
110.3
110.4
110.5

7.6 EXPERIMENT 6: DETERMINATION OF RATIO OF VOLUME

Pressure (kPa abs)

Before Expansion

After Expansion

Pressure to Atmosphere
a) PT 1 = 150.0
b) PT 2 = 102.7

a) PT 1 = 133.8
b) PT 2 = 133.4

a) PT 1 = 103.5
b) PT 2 = 58.3

a) PT 1 = 88.8
b) PT 2 = 88.4

a) PT 1 = 150.7
b) PT 2 = 60.0

a) PT 1 = 120.6
b) PT 2 = 120.2

Atmospheric to Vacuum

Pressurized to Vacuum

7.7 EXPERIMENT 7: DETERMINATION OF RATIO OF HEAT CAPAITY

PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT 1 (oC)

Initial
159.1
29.4

Intermediate
103.5
28.5

Final
110.1
26.5

8.0 CALCULATION
8.1 EXPERIMENT 1
Ideal gas equation, PV=RT. For Boyles law, temperature is constant at room temperature
Hence, R= 8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1, T= 298.15 @ 25C
i)

From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber

a) For PT 1
P1= 153.8 kPa, P2= 136.7 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (153.8 kPa)
V1 =10.71 L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (136.7 kPa)
V2 =12.05 L
According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2
P1V1= (153.8 kPa) (10.71 L) = 1647.20 kPa.L
P2V2= (136.7 kPa) (12.05 L) = 1647.24 kPa.L
P1V1

P2V2 (proved)

b) For PT 2

P1= 102.8 kPa, P2= 136.7 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (102.8 kPa)
V1 =16.03 L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (136.7 kPa)
V2 =12.05 L

According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2

P1V1= (102.8 kPa) (16.03 L) = 1647.88 kPa.L
P2V2= (136.7 kPa) (12.05 L) = 1647.24 kPa.L
P1V1

ii)

P2V2 (proved)

From the atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

a) For PT 1
P1= 106.1 kPa, P2= 90.5 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (106.1 kPa)
V1 =23.36 L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (90.5 kPa)
V2 =27.39 L
According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2
P1V1= (106.1 kPa) (23.36 L) = 2478.50 kPa.L
P2V2= (90.5 kPa) (27.39 L) = 2478.80 kPa.L
P1V1

P2V2 (proved)

b) For PT 2
P1= 59.0 kPa, P2= 90.0 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated
V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (59.0 kPa)
V1 =42.01 L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (90.0 kPa)
V2 =27.54 L

According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2

P1V1= (59.0 kPa) (42.01 L) = 2478.59 kPa.L
P2V2= (90.0 kPa) (27.54 L) = 2478.60 kPa.L
P1V1

iii)

P2V2 (proved)

From pressure chamber to vacuum chamber

a) For PT 1
P1= 154.1 kPa, P2= 122.1 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated
V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (154.1 kPa)
V1 =16.09 L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (122.1 kPa)
V2 =20.30 L
According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2
P1V1= (154.1 kPa) (16.09 L) = 2479.47 kPa.L
P2V2= (122.1 kPa) (20.30 L) = 2478.63 kPa.L
P1V1

P2V2 (proved)

b) For PT 2
P1= 56.9 kPa, P2= 121.8 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (56.9 kPa)
V1 = 43.56 L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (121.8 kPa)
V2 =20.35 L

According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2

P1V1= (56.9 kPa) (43.56 L) = 2478.56 kPa.L
P2V2= (121.8 kPa) (20.35 L) = 2478.63 kPa.L
P1V1

P2V2 (proved)

8.2 EXPERIMENT 2

Pressurise vessel
29.5
29

Temperature ( oC)

28.5
28
27.5
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
100

110

120

130

140

Pressure (kPa)

150

160

170

Depressurise vessel
30
29.5

Temperature ( oC)

29
28.5
28
27.5
27
26.5
26
25.5
100

110

120

130

140

Pressure (kPa)

8.3 EXPERIMENT 3
T2/T1 = (P2 / P1)(k-1 / k)
(24.8) / (28.9) = [(103.3) / (161.5)](k-1 / k)
0.8581 = (0.6396) (k-1 / k)
ln 0.8581 = [ (k-1)/ k] ln 0.6396
k = 1.5207

150

160

170

8.4 EXPERIMENT 4

Pressure against Expansion stage

130

125

Pressure (kPa)

120

115

110

105

100
1st expansion

2nd expansion

3rd expansion

Expansion

8.5 EXPERIMENT 5

Brief Depressurization
170
160

Pressure (kPa)

150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80

Expansion

4th expansion

8.6 EXPERIMENT 6
Theoretical value of ratio of volume,
V2/V1 = 12.37/25
= 0.495
Percentage error = [(Theoretical value - Actual value) / Actual value] 100
i.

From pressurize chamber to atmospheric chamber

a) PT 1
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/V1 = P1/P2
V2/V1 = 150.0/133.8
V2/V1 = 1.121
Percentage error = [(0.495-1.121)/1.121] 100
= -55.84% = 55.84%

b) PT 2
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/V1 = P1/P2
V2/V1 = 102.7/133.4
V2/V1 = 0.770
Percentage error = (0.495-0.770)/0.770
= -35.71% = 35.71%

ii.

From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

a) PT 1
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/V1 = P1/P2
V2/V1 = 103.5/88.8
V2/V1 = 1.166
Percentage error = (1.166-0.495)/1.166
= 57.55%

b) PT 2
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/V1 = P1/P2
V2/V1 = 58.3/88.4
V2/V1 = 0.660
Percentage error = (0.660-0.495)/0.660
= 25.00%

iii.

From pressurize chamber to vacuum chamber

a) PT 1
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/V1 = P1/P2
V2/V1 = 150.7/120.6
V2/V1 = 1.250
Percentage error = (1.250-0.495)/1.250
= 60.40%

b) PT 2
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/V1 = P1/P2
V2/V1 = 60.0/120.2
V2/V1 = 0.499
Percentage error = (0.499-0.495)/0.499
= 0.80%

8.7 EXPERIMENT 7
Calculate the value of heat capacity ratio, by the given formula of Cv,
The expression of heat capacity ratio is:

=
=
= 1.1679
The theoretical value of

is 1.4

The percentage error = [(Theoretical value Actual value) / Actual value] 100
= [(1.4 1.1679) / 1.1679] 100
= 19.87 %

9.0 DISCUSSION
This

experiment

involved First

Law of

Thermodynamics,

Second

Law of

Thermodynamics and relationship between P-v-T. The experiment also involve several law such
Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs law and Charles law.
For the experiment 1, Boyles Law experiment. Boyles law state that absolute pressure
and volume of given mass are inversely proportional with constant temperature. The relationship
of Boyles law can be expressed as P1V1=P2V2. For from pressurized chamber to atmospheric
chamber, the initial pressure is 13.8kPa and after expansion 136.7kPa for PT 1 and for PT 2 is
102.8kPa for initial and 136.7kPa for after expansion. The volume is calculated by using
equation PV=RT. Volume for V1 is 10.71 L, V2 is 12.05 L and V1 is 16.03L, V2 is 12.05L for
PT 1 and PT 2 respectively. And for from atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber, the initial
pressure is 106.1kPa and after expansion is 90.5kPa for PT 1 and for PT 2 is 59.0kPa for initial
and 90.0kPa for after expansion. The V1 is 23.36 L, V2 is 27.39L and V1 is 42.01L, V2 is
27.54L for PT 1 and PT 2 respectively. And lastly for from pressure chamber to vacuum
chamber, the pressure before expansion for PT 1 is 154.1 kPa and 122.1 kPa after expansion for
PT 1 and for PT 2 is 56.9kPa for initial and 121.8kPa for after expansion. V1 is 16.09 L, V2 is
20.30 L and V1 is 43.56L, V2 is 20.35L for PT 1 and PT 2 respectively. The Boyles law was
proven with equation of P1V1=P2V2. The value obtain from both side is approximately equal.
Gay-Lussacs Law stated that the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature
which is means if the pressure increase the temperature also increase with constant volume.
Depressurize means reduction of air pressure in vessel or procedure that allow air to flow out.
The experiment was repeated thrice so that we can get the average reading of pressure. From the
data recorded and graph plotted, it can be said that the Gay-Lussacs Law is verified.
Experiment 3 is about Isentropic Expansion Process. This experiment determine the ratio
of heat capacity which is k. If compression or expansion of gas take place with no flow of heat
energy either into or out, the process called as isentropic or adiabatic process. The k is the ratio
of both type specific heat capacity which is cp/cv. The equation of isentropic also as pvk=constant.
No heat is added to the flow and no energy form due to friction or dissipative effects. From the
result, the pressure decrease proportionally to the temperature. This is due to air flow out from

the chamber. The value for k in this experiment is 1.5207 calculating by using T2/T1 = (P2 / P1)(k1 / k)

equation. Which is P is absolute pressure and T is absolute temperature.

Stepwise depressurization is a strategy to adopt an equal time-stepwise depressurization

approach. In this study yield more reliable result for an example in the production sector in
industries. The molecule in the chamber affected when the number of the decreasing slowly as
they do not have to collide between them more often. The depressurization shown that pressure
decrease with time and also affecting the temperature.
For experiment 5, brief depressurization shown in graph plotted in result which is
decrease linearly compared to stepwise. The expansion occur when the pressure of gas increase.
Expansion of gas decrease as the gas is free to flow out time by time.
Next is experiment 6 which is determination the ratio of volume. By using Boyles law
equation, P1V1=P2V2the ratio of volume is solved. After arranging the equation, the ratio of
volume is V2/V1=P1/P2. This experiment carried out in three condition which is from pressurized
chamber to atmospheric chamber, from vacuum chamber to atmospheric chamber and lastly
from pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber. The theoretically value ratio of volume also can
be determine which is 0.495. For first condition (pressurize to atmosphere), the ratio of volume is
1.121 and the percentage error is 55.84% for PT 1, while for PT 2 the ratio of volume is 0.770
and percentage error is 35.71%. Second condition (vacuum to atmosphere), the ratio of volume is
1.166 with 57.55% percentage error for PT 1 and for PT 2 the ratio of volume is 0.660 and the
percentage error is 25%. And lastly, the last condition for PT 1 the ratio of volume is 1.250 with
60.40% percentage error and for PT 2 is 0.499 with 0.80% percentage error. The percentage
error is high due to some error during conducting the experiment. Some of air probably left from
chamber due to not properly close the valve or before the experiment, the gas did not left out
completely from the chamber.
From the result the determination of ratio of heat capacity is 1.1679. The theoretical value
is 1.4. The deviation is 19.87%. The deviation is due to the measurement error. The actual
intermediate pressure supposed to be lowered and from the data obtained the intermediate
pressure is lowered that the initial and final reading. Since the percentage difference is more than
10% the experiment can be declare as failed.

10.0 CONCLUSION
In the conclusion, the experiment was to determine the properties of measurement /PVT
according to the Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs Law, isentropic expansion, and heat capacity
equation. We have proven the Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law based on their law. Although
there is fail experiment but we have the reason behind the failure. For experiment 7, the failure is
due to the intermediate pressure not be taken after the valve is closed. Finally, the experiment is
successfully done and the objective of the experiment is achieved.

11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
There are several recommendation has to be taken during conduct this experiment. First
during experiment, we must always concentrate observed pressure reading whether the pressure
is exceed 200 kPa and the change of pressure and temperature. If the pressure is too high inside
the chamber, the glass probably will break even though there are pressure relief valve. Pressure
relief valve function as release pressure when the pressure inside the chamber very high.
Next is the procedure of general start-up and shut-down must properly followed so that
no gas left inside the chambers. And lastly for experiment 2, the average value must be taken by
repeated the experiment three times. So that the result become more accurate. Lastly, for safety
student has to wear google because of possibility for glass vessel to break.

12.0 APPENDIX
1. Irfan, M. H. (2013). The Perfect Gas Expansion Experiment (TH11). Muhammad
Haidharul Irfan