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Analytic Function

This document discusses analytic functions and their properties. It defines differentiability and analycity of complex functions, and introduces the Cauchy-Riemann equations as a necessary condition for differentiability. A function is analytic if it is differentiable in an open set. The Cauchy-Riemann equations relate the partial derivatives of the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function. Several theorems are presented, including that a function is constant if its derivative is zero everywhere in its domain, or if its real and imaginary parts are both harmonic conjugates. Exercises are provided to demonstrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Nadia F Mohammad Al-Roshdee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
168 views

Analytic Function

This document discusses analytic functions and their properties. It defines differentiability and analycity of complex functions, and introduces the Cauchy-Riemann equations as a necessary condition for differentiability. A function is analytic if it is differentiable in an open set. The Cauchy-Riemann equations relate the partial derivatives of the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function. Several theorems are presented, including that a function is constant if its derivative is zero everywhere in its domain, or if its real and imaginary parts are both harmonic conjugates. Exercises are provided to demonstrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Nadia F Mohammad Al-Roshdee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Analytic functions
3.1. Differentiability and analycity.
Definition:Let the function f (z) be well defined in a neighborhood G of a point
z0 . We say that f is differentiable at zo , if the limit
f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
z0
z
lim

does exists whenever


z 0.
(z0 )
limz0 f (z0 +z)f
,
z
0

The expression
provided the limit exists, is called the
derivative at z0 and is denoted by f (z0 ) : e.g.
lim

z0

df
f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
; = f 0 (z0 ) := .
z
dz

(1)

As we see, the definition is just the same as for the real-valued functions
in real-analysis. Similarly to the real analysis, we have
Theorem 3.1. If f and g are differentiable at z0 , then so are f g and f g,
and
(f + g)0 (z) = f 0 (z) + g 0 (z), (f g)0 (z) = f 0 (z)g(z) + f (z)g 0 (z).
The function

f
g

is differentiable if g 0 (z0 ) 6= 0 and


f 0
f 0g f g0
( ) (z0 ) =
(z0 ).
g
g2

Definition: The complex valued function f is analytic in the open set D, if


it is differentiableat any point in D. We will use the notation f A(D).

2.2. Geometric interpretation of the derivative. Let f be differentiableat z0 and suppose that f 0 (z0 ) 6= 0. We set z := z z0 . From (1) we
deduce that
|f (z) f (z0 )|
|f 0 (z0 )|
|z z0 |
1

and
Arg(f (z) f (z0 ) Arg(z z0 ) Argf 0 (z0 ).
We rewrite as
Arg(f (z) f (z0 ) Arg(z z0 ) Argf 0 (z0 ).
Setting w := f (z), we see thanks to the condition f 0 (z0 ) 6= 0 that in the
closure of z0 the mapping f (z) is similar to the linear transformation
w = f (z0 ) + f 0 (z0 )(z z0 ).
This mapping preserves the angles, and is, as it is easy to see, one-to-one
mapping. Such mappings are called conformal.
Definition: The function f is called to be entire, if it is analytic in the
entire complex plane C. We write f E.
3.3. Cauchy-Reimann equations.
Let (D) be an open set in C and f A(D).
We write down
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), z = x + iy, (x, y) G
and
z = x + iy.
Let first z 0 horizontally, e.g. y = 0. The z = x and by (1),
f 0 (z0 ) =

v(x0 , y0 )
u(x0 , y0 )
+i
.
x
x

(2)

On the pother hand, if the approach is vertical, e,g, if z = iy, then


f 0 (z0 ) = i

u(x0 , y0 ) v(x0 , y0 )
+
.
y
y

(3)

Since the limits are just the derivative f 0 (z0 ), we deduce that
u0x (xo , y0 ) = vy0 (xo , y0 ), u0y (xo , y0 ) = vx0 (xo , y0 )

(4)

Equations (4) are called Cauchy.Riemann equations.


Theorem 3.2 A necessary condition for a function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
to be differentiableat z0 is that the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at z0 .
2

Consequently, if f A(D) then the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at every


point of D.
Definition:The functions u(x, y) and v(x, y) are called harmonic conjugate..

We now are going to establish the sufficient conditions for a function f


to be analytic at some point z0 . The story is given by the following theorem
Theorem 3.3. Let f (z) , f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), be defined in an neighborhood U of z0 , suppose that the real and imaginary components u(x, y) and
v(x, y) satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations and are continuous in U. Then
f is differentiableat z0 .
Proof: Set as before z := x + iy and consider the quotient
f (z + z) f (z)
=
z
u(x0 + x, yo + y) u(x0 , y0 ) + i(v(x0 + x, yo + y) v(x0 , y0 ))
:= L .
x + iy
We write the diference
u(x0 + x, yo + y) u(x0 , y0 )
as
[u(x0 + x, yo + y) u(x0 , y0 + y)] + [u(x0 , y0 + y) u(x0 , y0 )] .
Because of the continuity of u0 x, u0 y we may apply the mean valued theorem
which yields
u(x0 + x, yo + y) u(x0 , y0 + y) = x

u
(x, y0 + y),
x

where the point x [x, x + x)] is appropriate. Again by continuity, we


may write
u
u
(x, y0 + y) =
(x0 , y0 ) + 1 ,
x
x
where 1 0, x x0 and y 0. Summarizing, we write


u
(x0 , y0 ) + 1 .
u(x0 + x, yo + y) u(x0 , y0 + y) = x
x
3

Treating the expression L similarly, we get


x

 u

L :=

h
i

v
v
+ 1 + i x
+ i3 + y u
+

+
i
+
i
2
4
y
y
x + iy

(5)

where the partial derivatives are taken at the point z0 = (x0 , y0 ). Now we use
the equations of Cauchy-Riemann:

 u


v
v
+
i
x u
+
i
+
i

x
x
x
x
L =
+
,
x + iy
x + iy
with := x(1 + i3 ) + y(2 + i4 ). Since




v
v
x u
+ i u
+ i x
+ i x

x
x
L =
+
,
x + iy
x + iy
with := x(1 + i3 ) + y(2 + i4 ), we see that (5) approaches the zero
if z 0. Thus, f is differentiableat z0 and
f 0 (z0 ) = lim

f (z + z) f (z)
u
v
=(
+ i )(x0 , y0 ).
z
x
y

Q.E.D.
As a further applications of these techniques, let us prove the following
theorem
Theorem 5.4 Let U be a domain and let f A()(U). If f 0 (z) = for every
point of U, then f Const.
Before proceeding with the proof, we observe that the connectedness of
the domain U of essential. We illustrate this by an example. Let

1, |z| < 1
f (z) =
0, |z| > 2
Here f 0 (z) = 0 at every point of the domain of definition (which is not a
domain), yet f is not constant.
Proof: From (2) and from (3) we get
u
v
u
v
=
=
=
= 0.
x
x
y
y
Thus, f is constant.

Q.E.D.
4

Using previous theorems and the Cauchy-Riemann equations, one can


show that f A()(U) is constant if
u(x, y) Const,
v(x, y) Const,
|f (z)| Const.
Definition:The function h is said to be harmonic in D, if h C 2 (D)
h := hx,x + hy,y = 0 in D. The operator is called the Laplacian
Going back to our considerations, we see that se have established
following theorem
Theorem 5.5. If f (z) A(D), D an open set, then both u and v
harmonic and harmonic conjugate to each other.

and
.
the
are

Exercises:1. Show that the function


f (z) =

1
z

is nowhere differentiable. p
2. Do the same for f (z) = |z 2 + z|. (or f (z) 6 A(C). .)
3. Suppose that f A(D) and f A(D). Prove that f Const.
4. Given
( 4/3 5/3 5/3 4/3
x y +ix y
, z 6= 0
x2 y 2
f (z) :=
0,
z=0
show that Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at z = 0, but is not
differentiablethere.
5. 5. f (z) A(D), f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Write the functions u and v in
polar coordinates (r, ). Show that
1 v
1 u
v
u
=
,
=
.
r
r
r
r

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