The University of Sydney

MATH1001 Differential Calculus

(http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/UG/JM/MATH1001/)

Semester1, 2013

1.

(i)
(ii)

Lecturer: D. Warren, A. Fish, A. Hammerlindl, J. Parkinson

4 Tutorial Solutions
q Week

Since r = | 3 i| = ( 3)2 + (1)2 = 2 we find that ei = 23 21 i. So cos = 23

and sin = 21 . We require < . So Arg( 3 i) = 6 , and 3 i = 2ei 6 .

p

In this case r = |1 i| = 12 + (1)2 = 2, and so cos = 12 and sin = 12 . So

Arg(1 i) = 4 , and 1 i = 2ei 4 .

(iii) Since ei0 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 we see that 2 = 2 ei0 .

(iv) Using (i) and (ii), (1 i)( 3 i) = 2ei 4 2ei 6 = 2 2ei( 4 + 6 ) = 2 2ei 12 .

(v) Using (i) and (ii), (1 i)/( 3 i) = 2ei 4 /2ei 6 = 12 ei( 4 6 ) = 12 ei 12 .

19

(vi) By (i), ( 3 i)19 = (2ei 6 )19 = 219 ei 6 . Since 19

6 does not lie in the interval
( , ] we need to add on a multiple of 2 to get the principal argument. Now

5
5
19

+
2

],
and
so
the
answer
is
(
3 i)19 = 219 ei 6 .
6
6
2.

We are told that x is only permitted to take values in the set of all real numbers and that f (x)
must be a real number whenever x is in the domain of f . By definition the natural domain is
the set of all x R such that given formula for f (x) yields a real number.

(i) Since x + 1 is a real number if and only if x + 1 0, the natural domain is

{ x R | x + 1 0 } = [1, ).

(ii) The natural domain is { x R | (4 x2 ) 0 } = { x R | 2 x 2 } = [2, 2].

(iii) Since |x| is defined and is a real number whenever x is a real number, and since sin y
is defined and is a real number whenever y is a real number, it follows that sin |x| R
whenever x R. Thus there is no restriction on x beyond the requirement that x R,
and so the natural domain of f is R.
(iv) By definition y = ln x if and only if x = ey ; moreover, ey is real and positive whenever
y R. So for y = ln x to be a real number, x must be a positive real number.
Conversely, if x is a positive real number then it is certainly true that ln x is defined and
is a real number. So the natural domain of the function ln is the set of all positive real
numbers, and so the natural domain of the function f defined by f (x) = ln(x + 1) is
{ x R | x + 1 > 0 } = (1, ).

3.

A function A R must assign a unique element of R to each element of A; this means that
no vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once. In (i), (iv) and (v) at
least one vertical line intersects the graph twice; so these graphs do not represent functions.
The graphs (ii), (iii) and (vi) pass the vertical line test and do represent functions.

4.

(i)

The cosine function can be applied to any real x. So the natural domain of f is R.
Moreover 1 cos x 1 for all x, and every y [1, 1] occurs as a value of cos x. So
0 1 + cos x 2 and every y [0, 2] occurs. So the range of f is [0, 2]. See the graph
of y = f (x) given below.
y = 1 + cos x
2
1
3

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(ii)

The domain and range of f are both R.

6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1

(iii) The domain is [5, ) and the range is [0, ).

2
1
1

10

11

(iv) Since we must have 1 x2 > 0, the domain of f (x) is the interval (1, 1). The range
is (, 0].
1

1
2
3

5.

(i)

The natural domain of f is C. Every non-zero complex number has five 5th roots and
the number 0 has one 5th root, namely 0; hence every complex number is the result of
raising at least one complex number to the power 5. Therefore the range is C.

(ii)

Consider z C with z 6= 0. Then z = rei for some real r and with r > 0, and
f (z) = 1z = 1r ei . However, 1z is not defined when z = 0; hence the natural domain of
f is C \ {0}. Since w = 1z if and only if z = w1 , it follows that the range is also C \ {0}.

(iii) The complex exponential function has natural domain C; hence f has natural domain
C. If z = x + iy with x, p
y R then ez = ex eiy , and |ez | = |ex | |eiy | = ex , since ex is real
iy
and positive and |e | = (cos y)2 + (sin y)2 = 1. Since ex can take any positive value,
f has range (0, ).
(iv) The natural domain is C. Since |z| is real and nonnegative, and since every nonnegative
real number arises as |z| for some z C, the range of f is the same as the range of the
real exponential function on the interval [0, ), namely [1, ). (Recall that e0 = 1.)
6.

By de Moivre, (cos + i sin )5 = cos 5 + i sin 5 , and by the binomial theorem

(cos + i sin )5 = cos5 + 5 cos4 (i sin ) + 10 cos3 (i2 sin2 )
+ 10 cos2 (i3 sin3 ) + 5 cos (i4 sin4 ) + (i5 sin5 )
= cos5 10 cos3 sin2 + 5 cos sin4
+ i(5 cos4 sin 10 cos2 sin3 + sin5 ).

3
Equating real and imaginary parts of the two expressions for (cos + i sin )5 gives
cos 5 = cos5 10 cos3 sin2 + 5 cos sin4

and

7.

(i)

sin 5 = 5 cos4 sin 10 cos2 sin3 + sin5 .

Write z = x + iy where x, y are real. Then ez = ex+iy = ex eiy , and since y is real and ex
is real and positive it follows that ex is the modulus
of ez and y is (one of the values
of) the argument of ez . In Question 1 we found that 3 i in polar exponential form
is 2ei /6 . So the equation becomes
ex eiy = 2ei /6 for some x, y R,

(ii)

and, equating the moduli and arguments of the two sides, this isequivalent to ex = 2
and y = 6 + 2 k for some k Z. So z is a solution of ez = 3 i if and only if
z = ln 2 + i( 6 + 2 k) for some k Z. (So there are infinitely many solutions.)
Write z = x + iy where x, y R. Since 1 in polar exponential form is 1ei , the
equation becomes
ex eiy = 1ei for some x, y R

which is equivalent to ex = 1 and y = + 2 k for some k Z. But ex = 1 if and only

if x = 0 ; so z is a solution of ez = 1 if and only if z = i (2k + 1) for some k Z.

(iii) The question asks us to find the two square roots of ei /4 . Writing z = rei (with
r, R and r > 0), the equation becomes r2 e2i = ei /4 , which is is satisfied if and
only if r2 = 1 and 2 = 4 + 2 k for some k Z. So r = 1 and = 8 + k for
some k Z. Since values of that differ by a multiple of 2 give the same value of
ei , there are exactly two distinct solutions for z, corresponding to even values of k and
odd values of k. The values of k that give the principal arguments of the two solutions
are in fact k = 0 and k = 1. The solutions are z = ei( /8) (corresponding to k = 0)
z = ei(7 /8) (corresponding to k = 1).
8.

The binomial theorem with n = 5 gives

sin5 =
=
=
=
Therefore

i
i 5
1
)
2i (e e
5i
1
5e4i ei + 10e3i e2i 10e2i e3i + 5ei e4i
32i (e
1
((e5i e5i ) 5(e3i e3i ) + 10(ei ei ))
32i
1
(2 sin 5 10 sin 3 + 20 sin ).
32
Z

1
sin d =
(2 sin 5 10 sin 3 + 20 sin ) d
32 0

1
( 52 [cos 5 ]0 + 10
= 32
3 [cos 3 ]0 20[cos ]0 )
Z

=
9.

(i)

1 4
(
32 5
16
15 .

20
3

+ 40)

Since z = 0 + 2i we have ez = e0 e2i = 1(cos 2 + i sin 2) 0.41 + 0.91i.

(ii) We have ez = e4 (cos + i sin ) = e4 .

(iii) This time ez = ecos ei sin = ecos (cos(sin ) + i sin(sin )).
10. (i)
(ii)

e5i )

f (0) = 2 02 + 3 0 4 = 4.

f (2) = 2 22 + 3 2 4 = 8 + 6 4 = 10.

(iii) f ( 2) = 2( 2)2 + 3 2 4 = 3 2.

(iv) f (1 + 2) = 2(1 + 2)2 + 3(1 + 2) 4 = 2(3 + 2 2) + 3 + 3 2 4 = 5 + 7 2.

(v) f (x) = 2(x)2 + 3(x) 4 = 2x2 3x 4.

(vi) f (x + 1) = 2(x + 1)2 + 3(x + 1) 4 = (2x2 + 4x + 2) + (3x + 3) 4 = 2x2 + 7x + 1.

(vii) 2 f (x) = 2(2x2 + 3x 4) = 4x2 + 6x 8.
(viii) f (2x) = 2(2x)2 + 3(2x) 4 = 8x2 + 6x 4.

11. We find that ( f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = sin(1 x), and (given that x is real) this is defined if
and only if x 0. So the largest possible domain for f g is [0, ).

Similarly, (g f )(x) = g( f (x)) = 1 sin x, which is defined if and only if sin x 0. Since
sin is positive in the first and second quadrants, this condition holds if and only if x has the
form x0 + 2 k for some integer k and some x0 in the interval [0, ]. So the largest possible
domain for g f is { x R | 2k x (2k + 1) for some k Z }, the union of all the closed
intervals [2k , (2k + 1) ] for k Z.
12. (i)

(ii)

We may calculate sin |x| for any x R; so the natural domain of f is R. Since
1 sin 1 for all R, it is certainly true that f (x) = sin |x| [1, 1] for
all x. So the range of f is a subset of [1, 1]. Furthermore, from the graph of sin x
it can be seen that sin x takes on all values between sin 2 = 1 and sin 32 = 1 as x
increases from 2 to 32 . In particular, for each y [1, 1] there is an x [ 2 , 32 ] such
that f (x) = sin |x| = sin x = y. So each element of [1, 1] is in the range of f , which
therefore is the whole interval [1, 1].

The natural domain of x + 1 is [1, ), and since the real exponential function can
take any input, this is also the domain of g. As x moves from 1 towards , the values

of x + 1 increase continuously, starting at 0 and tending to , and the values of e x+1

increase continuously, starting at e0 = 1 and tending to . So the range of g is [1, ).
We can expand this argument,
and make it more explicit, as follows. If x [1, )

1+x
then 1 + x [0, ), and e
[1, ) since e0 is 1 and et increases as t increases.
So the range of g is contained in [1, ). And if y is any number in the interval [1, )
then ln y is a positive number such that
y = eln y , and if we put x = (ln y)2 1 then we

find that x + 1 = ln y and g(x) = e x+1 = eln y = y. So all numbers y [1, ) are in
the range of g.

13. (i)

The domain of f is R = (, ) and its range is [0, ).

(ii) The domain of f is R = (, ) and its range is (1, ).

(iii) We know from lectures that the range of ez is C \ {0}. Hence every z C can be used
as an input for f (since the denominator will never be zero). Thus the natural domain of
f is C. (Note that we could have written f (z) = ez as the definition of the function.)
The range of f is the same as the range of ez , namely C \ {0}.
14. (i)

(ii)

The graphs of both f and g are hyperbolas, although on one branch of each hyperbola
a point is missing from the graph (because we have chosen not to include 0 in the
domain of f and not to include 1 in the domain of g). The graphs of these hyperbolas
show that the ranges of both f and g are R \ {0, 1}: the hyperbola corresponding to f
has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 and is missing the one point at which the function
value would have been 1 (since we have excluded x = 0) and similarly the hyperbola
corresponding to g has a horizontal asymptote at y = 1 and the one point that would
have given a function value of 0 has been excluded.
The formulas for the composite functions f g and g f are
( f g)(x) =

1
x
1
=
=
= x,
1 g(x)
1 (x 1)/x
x (x 1)

5
and
(g f )(x) =

f (x) 1
1/(1 x) 1
1 (1 x)
=
=
= x.
f (x)
1/(1 x)
1

Hence, f and g undo each other; that is, they are mutually inverse functions. Inverse
functions will be studied in more detail later in the course.