DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC

FEEDER SYSTEM FOR PETS

BY

ORJI SAM, CHISOM O.E.

MOUAU/04/4092

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOLGY

MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE,

NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) IN
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

OCTOBER, 2011

CERTIFICATION

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC FEEDER SYSTEM FOR

PETS
BY
ORJI SAM, CHISOM O.E

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE

OCTOBER, 2011

AUTHORS:

......................................................
ORJI SAM, CHISOM O.E

CERTIFIED BY:

.......................................................
ENGR. PROF. I.I EZEBUIRO
(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)

ACCEPTED BY:

.......................................................
ENGR. PROF. O.I OKORO
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

DEDICATION

This Project work is dedicated in honour of my parents, Amb. Sir & Dame Sam
Orji, JP.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I say a big thanks to the source of my existence and inspiration- THE HOLY
SPIRIT for His continual mercy, wisdom, grace, direction, provision, protection
and blessings upon my life and all through my study period in MOUAU.

I want to also say thank you to my parents, Amb. Sir & Dame Sam Orji, JP for
their love, support, encouragements and prayers, to my brother Prosper and my
sisters Engie and Miracle for their love and prayers.

To my HOD, Engr. Prof. O.I Okoro, my supervisor, Engr. Prof. I.I Ezebuiro
and my lecturers, for teaching me a lot.

To my own Thunderbolt one big happy family, for all your love, to my men
PND, JUSTIN, OGE, JAMES, D2T, KATCHIE, BENZ and others, to my
Pastors: Mummy Ikeorgu, Law and Laz for your encouragements and prayers,
to Joshua and Henry for their support and all those who contributed in various
ways to see the success of this project. Finally to my friend Uju, for your
wonderful personality

ABSTRACT
The Automatic feeder system is based on the implementation of artificial
intelligence. Human labour is minimized by interfacing our duty with inanimate
objects making them animate with an embedded intelligence in the
microprocessor.
The construction of the electronic feeders aimed at defining conveniences. In
addition, having to supervise a bird eating leads to reduced mobility on the
owners part. As the feeding requirements becomes more complex, it gets more
expensive to hire someone to look after ones birds for long periods of time, and
even day-to-day care while not travelling can become restrictive.
Thus, the automatic feeder is introduced in chapter one, a review of literature
was done on the automatic feeder system in chapter two. In chapter three the
materials and methods, designs and construction employed, the operations and
the testing of this project were explained. In chapter four, the result of the test is
clearly stated then in chapter five, we discussed about the analysis of the result.
We made our final conclusions and recommendations about the automatic
feeder in chapter six.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page

Certification

ii

Dedication

iii

Acknowledgment

iv

Abstract

Table of Content

vi

List of Figures

vii

List of Tables

viii

List of Abbreviations

ix

Chapter ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Statement of Problem

1-2

1.2 Aim and Objective

1.3 Justification

Chapter TWO

2.1 Literature Review

3-4

Chapter THREE

3.0 Materials and Method

3.1.1 Materials

3.1.2 Microcontroller

5-6

3.1.3 DC Motor

6-7

3.1.4 Crystal Oscillator

7-8

3.1.5 Relay

3.1.6 Visual Display Unit

3.1.7 Push Button

9-10

3.1.8 Transistor

11

3.1.9 Voltage Regulator

11-12

3.2.0 Resistor

12

3.2.1 Capacitor

13

3.2.2 Diode

13-14

3.2.3 DC Power Supply

14

3.2.4 Led Driver

14-15

3.2.5 Buzzer

15

3.2.6 Switch

16

3.2.7 Diagram and Design

16

3.2.8 Schematic Diagram (a)

16

3.2.9 Schematic Diagram (b)

17

3.3.0 Circuit Diagram

18

3.3.1 Construction

19

3.3.2 Mechanical Construction

20

3.3.3 Testing the System

21

3.3.4 Surge Effect

21

Chapter FOUR

22

4.1 Results

22

Chapter FIVE

23

5.1 Result Analysis

23

5.2 Picture of the Automatic Birdfeeder

24

Chapter SIX

25

6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

25

6.1 Conclusion

25

6.2 Recommendation

25

References

26-27

LIST OF FIGURES
1. Pin Configuration of Microcontroller (Atmel 89S52)
2. 12 Volt DC Motor
3. The Crystal Oscillator
4. The Relay
5. 7 Segment Display
6. Push Buttons
7. A Transistor
8. Voltage Regulator (LM7805)
9. A Resistor
10. Capacitors
11. A Diode
12. 12 Volts DC Battery
13. The Led Driver
14. The Buzzer
15. The Switch
16. Schematic Diagram
17. Circuit Diagram
18. Construction Works
19. The Governor and The Accelerating Gutter

20. Various Forms of System Test

21. The Automatic Bird Feeder Ready For Use

LIST OF TABLES
1. Results.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. CPU: Central Processing Unit

2. RAM: Random Access Memory
3. KB: Kilobyte
4. DC: Direct Current
5. AC: Alternating Current
6. EMF: Electromotive Force
7. IC: Integrated Circuit
8. LED: Light Emitting Diode
9. VDU: Visual Display Unit
10. PNP: Positive Negative Positive
11. NPN: Negative Positive Negative
12. FET: Field Effect Transistor
13. K: Kilo ohms
14. V: Volts
15. G: Gramm
16. Fig: Figure

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION: An Automatic feeder system has a timer which allows
for automatic feeding on a timed schedule in a standalone mode. Birds are fed
automatically based on a timed schedule. This Automatic system will hold
enough feed for the addition feeding practiced by birds.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Most bird farmers and pet owners cannot
stay home to feed their birds several times a day, yet they want their birds to
be able to eat as needed throughout the days of their absence. One of the
most common ways that bird farmers and pet owners try to solve this
problem is by so-called free feeding, where a bird has its feed available all
day and eats at will. [1]
Our motivation to do this work is based on the tragic incident which took
place at the Jos zoo, in Plateau state, Nigeria. In this case, a hungry lion
pounced on its feeders that came to feed it with its regular goat meal. The
feeders brought the meal later than expected and as soon as they opened the
cage to throw in the goat for the lion, the hungry lion rushed at the men that
brought the goat, pounced on them and devoured two of them in a few
minutes. We observed that if the lion was to be fed automatically, it would

have had its meal on time and there would not have been an avenue for the
cage to be opened by the feeders which resulted in fatality.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the invention is to provide an

automatic bird feeder system and apparatus for storing and automatically
dispensing grower, chick mash, layer mash and medications to the various kinds
of bird. This would be able to operate even in the absence of the owner.
The feed apparatus include: a governor system capable of controlling the
quantity of feed to be consumed by the bird, a time mechanism capable of
programming and sending an input signal to the lock system, and a housing
structure for storing and supporting the distribution of feed to birds.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION: This project topic is chosen in order to help ameliorate

the problem bird farmers and pet owners go through because of the restriction
placed on their mobility as a result of the fact that their presence is always
needed for the bird to feed.

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW: There are many different types of pet feeders
in the market today attempting to solve the problem of making sure that each
pet has access to a healthy amount of food throughout the day, regardless of the
owners schedule. The most basic pet feeder is a gravity feeder, which consists
of a hopper full of food which falls into a bowl as the bowl is emptied by the
pet. This type of feeder is not meant to control portion sizes or access to the
food. [2]

Petmate caf feeder allows the pet owner to ensure that the pet has access to
food throughout the day or for a longer period of time and that the food does
not go stale from exposure to the air before the pet eats it, but does nothing to
control the amount of food eaten by the pet. This feeder is designed to be a
hassle free form of free feeding. The user reviews for this type of feeder are
positive for the most part, with the most common complaint being that the food
hopper can be knocked off by the pet, creating a mess. [3]

There is the Petmate le Bistro electronic portion-control automatic pet feeder

which retails for $49.99. This pet feeder holds 4.5 pounds of food and can
dispense portions from cup to 2 cups up to 3 times per day. The reviews for

feeders such as this are positive for the most part. The most common
complaints about this type of feeder is that the programming is very difficult
and is lost when the batteries are removed, the electronic display does not work,
the smallest portion of food is too large for some pets, and that the food gets
tamed in the chute leaving the pet hungry. [4]

The perfect pet feeder Lux Model by pillar products which was introduced in
July of 2007 holds up to 10 pounds of food, which it can dispense up to 6 times
per day in portions as small as a few pieces of food or as large as several cups.
Instead of relying on batteries, it runs on ac power from a typical wall outlet
and has a battery backup in case of power outages. Among other features, it
boasts a paw safe design which ensures that no pet will ever get to the food,
easy programming, a level meter to let the owner know when the unit is low on
food, and almost every component which touches food is dishwasher safe. The
drawback of this product is the price and the size. It retails for $499 and weighs
about 20 pounds when empty. [5]

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1.1 MATERIALS
3.1.2 MICROCONTROLLER: This is a low power, high performance 8 bit
microcontroller with 8 Kbytes of in-system programmable flash memory. The
device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80csi instruction set
and pin out.

(T2) P1.0
VCC
(T2 EX)
P0.0 (AD0)
P1.1 P1.2
P0.1 (AD1)
P1.3
P0.2 (AD2)
P1.4
P0.3 (AD3)
(MOSI)
P0.4 (AD4)
P1.5
P0.5 (AD5)
(MISO)
P0.6 (AD6)
P1.6 (SCK)
P0.7 (AD7)
P1.7 RST
EA/VPP
(RXD)P3.0
ALE/PROG
(TXD) P3.1
PSEN
(INT0) P3.2
P2.7 (A15)
(INT1) P3.3
P2.6 (A14)
(T0) P3.4
P2.5 (A13)
(T1) P3.5
P2.4 (A12)
(WR)
P2.3 (A11)
P3.6(RD)
P2.2 (A10)
P3.7
P2.1 (A9)
XTAL2
P2.0 (A8)
XTAL1
Fig.
1: Pin Configuration of Microcontroller (Atmel 89s52)
GND

The on-clip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile
8bit CPU with in-0system programmable flash on monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52n is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly flexible and
cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52
provides the following standard feature: 8kbyte of flash, 256byt of RAM, 321/0
lines, watch dog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, sixvector two level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip
oscillator and clock circuiting. In this design, the microcontroller forms the core
of the system meaning that all mathematical and logical operation of the system
is executed from within it. [6]

3.1.3 DC MOTOR: Dc motors are similar to dc generators in construction.

When current is passed through the armature of a dc motor, a torque is
generated by magnetic reaction and the armature revolves. The revolution of the
armature induces a voltage in the armature windings. This induced voltage is
opposite in direction to the outside voltage applied to the armature and hence is
called back voltage or back voltage or counter electromotive force (EMF). As
the motor rotates rapidly, the back voltage rises until it is almost equal to the
applied voltage. Because the speed of rotation controls the flow of current in the

Armature special devices must be used for starting dc motors. The speed at
which a dc motor operates depends on the strength of the magnetic field acting
on the armature, as well as on the armature current. The stronger the field, the
slower the rate of rotation needed to generate a back voltage, large enough to
counteract the applied voltage. For this reason the speed of dc motors can be
controlled by varying the field current. [7]

Fig. 2: 12V DC MOTOR

3.1.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR: A Crystal Oscillator is an electronic device

that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric
material to create an electrical signal with very precise frequency. This
frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock
signal for digital ICs and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters. A
crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules or ions are packed in
a regularly order,

Repeating pattern extending in all three oscillators is used to power the

microprocessor. [8]

Fig. 3: THE CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

3.1.5 RELAY: A Relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the
control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch in operated
by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. Because a
relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power that of the input circuit.
It can be considered in a broad sense to be a form of an electrical amplifier. [9]

Fig. 4: THE RELAY

3.1.6 VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT: Also known as the 7 segments display, it is

used to show the value that is entered. It is built around the microcontroller
which serves the core for the system by outputting the desired values of
information unto the display and a multiplexed seven segment display.
Basically, LED displays are nothing else but the LEDs molded in the same
plastic case. Diodes are arranged so that the different marks commonly digits:
0, 1 and 2.9 are displayed by activating them. They are composed of 7 LEDs
(A, B, C, D, E, F, G) 7 segments are arranged as a rectangle for symbol
displaying and there is additional segment for decimal point display. In order to
simplify connecting, anodes and cathodes are connected to the common pin so
that there are common cathode display and common anode display. When
connecting, each diode is treated in dependently, which means that each must
have its own conductor for current limitation. [10]

Fig. 5: 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY (VDU)

3.1.7 PUSH BUTTON: This is a simple switch mechanism for controlling

some aspect of a machine or a process. They are also used to encode digits to

the microcontroller. Encoded digits are converted to time and make the machine
to run for that amount of time. Buttons are typically made out of hard materials,
usually plastic or metals. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate
the human finger to be easily pushed. Buttons are often biased switches, though
even many unbiased buttons required a spring to return to their unpushed state.
In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be linked together
by mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing on button causes the other
button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual
operations that have got electrical act in the machine or process. Push buttons
are often colour coded to associate them with their functions so that the operator
will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colours are red for
stopping the machine or process and green for starting the machine or the
process. [11]

Fig. 6: PUSH BUTTONS

3.1.8 TRANSISTORS: Transistors are made from semiconductors. These are

materials such as silicon or germanium that are doped so that either abundance
or a lack of free electrons exists. The bipolar transistor was invented in 1948 as
a replacement for the triode vacuum tube. It consists of three layers of doped
materials, forming two p-n (bipolar) junctions with configurations of p-n-p or np-n. Another type of transistor is the field effect transistor (FET) that operates
on the principle of repulsion or attraction of charges due to a superimposed
electric field. The field effect transistor operates more than the bipolar types
because a large signal can be controlled by a very small amount of energy.
Transistors function mainly as amplifier or switch and so it is biased into
saturation. [12]

Fig. 7: A TRANSISTOR

3.1.9 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805): This is used to regulate the

voltage supplied into this circuit. It receives power supply from a substation that
is high in voltage and then it is stepped down to the desired voltage for the

operation. The circuit uses a voltage regulation LM7805 and provides high
quality voltage level and quite enough current to enable the microcontroller to
operate, being regulated to a desired 5volts. [13]

Fig. 8: LM7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

3.2.0 RESISTORS: They are one of the most common components in an

electronic circuit. The basic function is to limit the flow of current in the circuit.
In this design, most of the values used in 1k and most times are used as pull-up
resistors. [14]

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White
0

Fig. 9: A RESISTOR

3.2.1 CAPACITORS: Capacitors are used to store electric charge. They are
used with resistors in timing circuits because it takes time for capacitor to fill
with charge. They are also used to filter circuits because capacitors easily pass
AC signals but they block DC signals capacitors are divided into two groups: polarized and non-polarized. [15]
Electrolytic Capacitors

Non-polarized capacitors

Fig. 10: CAPACITORS

3.2.2 DIODE: Diode is an electronic device that allows the passage of circuit in
only one direction because electrons can flow in only one direction from
cathode to anode, the vacuum tube diode could be used as a rectifier. Semi
conductor diodes are most commonly used in circuits. Light emitting diodes
(LED) are also used in thin design. [16]

Fig. 11: A DIODE

3.2.3 DC POWER SUPPLY (12V/7A): This is the typical power supply of the
automatic feeder system that can carry the coil of the DC motor. It is used here
because the ripple voltage from the transformer will affect the motor if used.
[17]

Fig. 12: 12V DC BATTERY

3.2.4 LED DRIVER: This is a device that is used to amplify the visibility of
the display in the visual display unit. The LED driver is connected with pull-up

resistor from the microcontroller and is also connected to the 7 segment display
to give a bright display. [18]

Fig. 13: THE LED DRIVER

3.2.5 BUZZER: The buzzer is a piezo component that generates high

frequency alarming sound when biased accordingly, i.e. when the appropriate
voltage is imputed. [19]

Fig. 14: THE BUZZER

3.2.6 SWITCH: A switch is an electronic device that is used to open and close
connections in circuits. In this system, the switch is used for power on and off,
to open and close the flow of current through the system. [20]

Fig. 15: THE SWITCH

3.2.7 DIAGRAM AND DESIGN

A rough sketch on how the project would look like was first drawn, detailing all
the components blocks that would make-up the complete system. Once drawn
and checked for consistency, we proceeded to the second phase.

3.2.8 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Schematic design poses one of the most difficult constraints in the design of this
project because here for sure, we are dealing with discrete components that
have one common goal speak the language of electronics effectively. This
simply means that all sections of the system should work in harmony with little
deviation from the target.

3.2.9 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Feed Reservoir

Power Switch
Accelerating Gutter
Visual Display Unit

Enter Push Button

System Box containing The Circuit

board, the DC supply (battery), the
DC motor and the Governor.

Decrement Push Button

Increment Push Button

Fig. 16: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

3.3.0 THE AUTOMATIC BIRDFEEDER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 17: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3.1 CONSTRUCTION
Our design was triggered off by first; trying to figure out how the project can be
actualized, getting the desired clue, surfing online to gather more information
and the idea was achieved. After the circuit construction, what remains now is
the mechanical outlook of the enclosed system. In our design we have
considered price and usage in real time application, since the aim of this project
is for photo typing, we opted for a wooden finishing with leather wrapping to
give it slick and wonderful look, and

as well as giving it the desired

ruggedness.

Fig. 18: CONSTRUCTION WORKS

3.3.2 MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION:

Major mechanical components used in the construction of the automatic feeder
system apart from the wooden box cover and the aluminum reservoir, are the
governor and the accelerating gutter. The governor is firmly attached to the
motor with an angle of inclination of 90o and the accelerating gutter has an
angle of inclination of 45 o such that the particles move out due to the exerted
gravitational force.

Fig. 19: THE GOVERNOR AND THE ACCELERATING GUTTER

3.3.3 TESTING THE SYSTEM

After the construction, the circuit was tested and short circuit and open circuits
were all corrected. The circuit is then powered with a voltage supply of 12v and
some parameters were measured.

Fig. 20: VARIOUS FORMS OF THE SYSTEM TEST

3.3.4 SURGE EFFECT: Surge is the initial flow of high voltage and current
when an inductor coil is switched on, it generates a current that tries to oppose
the e.m.f that produces it causing a short circuit according to faradays law.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS

MONITOR

FEEDING

FEED

TIME

INTERVAL

QUANTITY

35 seconds

1620g

35 seconds

1350g

35 seconds

1080g

35 seconds

810g

35 seconds

540g

Total Quantity
of feed= 5400g

DISPLAY
TIME

ALARM
UNIT

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 RESULTS ANALYSIS

The result obtained is as follows: At the time entered through the input (push
buttons), the governor rotates in a clock wise direction opening the reservoir for
the feed to be dispensed and when the time expires, the governor will rotate in
an anti clock wise direction which also closes the feed dispenser.

At an input time of 6 seconds, 1620g of feed is dispensed. At 5 seconds, 1350g

of feed is dispensed. At 4 seconds, 1080g of feed is dispensed. At 3 seconds,
810g of feed is dispensed and at 2 seconds, 540g of feed is dispensed making a
total of 5400gramm of feed dispensed during the system test. The buzzer
sounds an alarm at each second as long as the governor is opened and the feed
is dispensed. The last sound of the buzzer signals the closure of the governor
and the end of the feed dispense. At an interval of 35 seconds, the system
repeats the process based on the input time in seconds.

5.2 PICTURE OF THE AUTOMATIC BIRDFEEDER

Fig. 21: THE AUTOMATIC BIRD FEEDER READY FOR USE

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1. CONCLUSION: This project was designed, constructed and tested and it
conformed to the design specification.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION: For further modification and improvement on

this work, the following recommendations are advised from observations:
1. The feed reservoir should have a lid, so that the feed can be covered and
well protected even in the absence of the owner.
2. A stirrer should be constructed in the reservoir, to ensure that the feed is
well stirred to flow out during dispense time.
3. A remote control should be constructed for the system, so that the owner
or an operator can control the automatic bird feeder from a distance.

REFERENCES
[1]. The Overweight Pet. ThePetCenter.Com. 25 Jan. 2008
<http://www.thepetcenter.com/imtop/overweight.html>.
[2]. Petmate Caf Feeder. Amazon.com. 25 Jan. 2008
<http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0002DI2XC/ref=s9_asin_image_1?pf_r
d_m=AT
VPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center2&pf_rd_r=0WDC23RF23M58AJ1CCJG&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=278240301
&pf_rd_i=
507846>
[3]. Petmate Caf Feeder. Amazon.com. 25 Jan. 2008
<http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0002DI2XC/ref=s9_asin_image_1?pf_r
d_m=AT
VPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center
[4]. Petmate Le Bistro Electronic Portion-Control Automatic Pet Feeder
Customer
Reviews.Amazon.com. 25 Jan. 2008
<http://www.amazon.com/review/product/B000BVWVUA/ref=dp_db_cm_cr_a
cr_txt?%
5Fencoding=UTF8&showViewpoints=1>.
[5]. Perfect Petfeeder Lux Model. Pillar Pet Products, Inc. 25 Jan. 2008
<http://www.perfectpetfeeder.com/default.html>.
[6]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
<http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/microcontroller.htm>
[7]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/dcmotor.htm>
[8]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/crystaloscillator.htm>
[9]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/relay.htm>

[10]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation

< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/7segmentdisplay.htm>
[11]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/pushbutton.htm>
[12]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/transistor.htm>
[13]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/voltageregulator.htm>
[14]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/resistor.htm>
[15]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/capacitor.htm>
[16]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/diode.htm>
[17]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/12voltdcbattery.htm>
[18]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/leddriver.htm>
[19]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/buzzer.htm>
[20]. Eid products. Elrich Industrial Development Corporation
< http://www.eidusa.com/electronics_components/switch.htm>