Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Solar energy is very abundant source of energy in our country. Solar power is not

only an answer to today’s energy crisis but also an environmental friendly form of

energy. With the extreme heat that we experience in our country today because of

climate change, our farmers are struggling planting their rice because the rice field are

greatly affected by the drought season. That is why we propose to conduct this study

which is the Smart solar powered water pump system that is alternative for farmers in

the present state of local farmers in Candijay. This is a green way for rice production of

local farmers in Tambongan, Candijay, Bohol.

2.2 Related Literature

2.2.1 Lorentz Solar Pumps

LORENTZ technology uses the power of the sun to pump water, sustaining and

enhancing the life of millions of people, their livestock and crops.

Founded in Germany during 1993 LORENTZ has pioneered, innovated and

excelled in the engineering and manufacturing of solar powered water pumping. we

design, develop and manufacture the widest range of solar pumps of any company.

mechanical, electronic and software design is all in-house with a specialized team that
we have been working in solar pumping for 20 years. our design activities are focused

in our Global Headquarters and technology center just outside of Hamburg, Germany

2.2.2 GIS- Based Land Suitability Analysis for olar Powered irrigation

system in Non-Integrated Rice Production Areas of Davao Del Norte

The Solar-Powered Irrigation System (SPIS) flagship program of the department

of agriculture (DA) has been undertaken with the purpose of creating variant agricultural

economy, but its provision is currently limited due to its budget allocation. Because of

this, detailed information and accurate planning are essential in identifying the most

suitable locations for SPIS installation, optimizing system potential and maximizing

limited resources. this study aimed to develop a provincial land suitability map of SPIS

that will serve as a tool for farmers, Local government Units and other interested

entities. its result was obtained by combining the analytical hierarchy process and the

geographical information system weighted overlay technique.

2.2.3 A New Solar- Powered Rice-Fish Farming System for Yield

Improvement

Rice-Fish farming is widely practiced all over the world, but since some areas

lack irrigation, diesel pumps are often needed. Solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS)

are considered to be a more sustainable option than traditional pumps, but are costly to

set up, limiting their use to direct rice irrigation. this study intended to integrate solar-

powered pumps in the irrigation system and investigate its viability through the

following: establish a motor size, determine solar panel tilt and compare with traditional

irrigation pumping. the system was comprised of a positive displacement-type solar

pump, photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, a battery, and an elevated, lined water

impounding system for aquaculture. solar- powered rice-fish culture gave a higher yield

compared to traditional diesel pump irrigation.

2.2.4 Feasibility study of photovoltaic water pump for rice paddy irrigation

Technical feasibility is determined as a function of plant type and geographical location

which includes climate factor, soil quality, ground water depth and recharge rate of

water. The maximum daily volumetric flow rate required for crop irrigation is determined

from the maximum Eva transpiration rate of the plant during its growing season.

Maximum evapotranspiration rate is a function of plant type, soil conditions and climatic

conditions. The maximum daily flow rate required is used to determine the required

pumping power. The solar panel areas needed to provide the required power use a

monthly average solar insolation and are compared with the total field area. Solar

insolation represents the amount of solar radiation received over a single day on the

Earth's surface measured in kWh/m2 /day. On cloudy days, light is scattered over sunny

days, so the amount of light

2.2.5 Irrigation Pumping Systems

Pumping systems play important role in providing energy to the fluids in domestic,

commercial and agricultural services. In addition, they are extensively utilized in

municipal water and waste water services as well as in the industrial services for food

processing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical processing and mechanical

industries. The focus in this chapter, however, remains on the use of pumping systems

in irrigation and agricultural production. Therefore, emphasis has been given on basic
concept of pumping, components of a pump, various types of pumps impellers used for

irrigation, need of pumping system in agriculture, pump characteristics, pumping

efficiency, affinity laws, pump selection, Trouble shootings and solutions, pump

maintenance and pump industry in Pakistan. The readers will therefore be benefitted

with basic concepts related to operational characteristics of irrigation pumps, their

design, selection, installation and diagnoses with possible remedies.

2.2.6 Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System

Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy in the world. Solar power is not

only an answer to today’s energy crisis but also an environmental friendly form of

energy. Photovoltaic generation is an efficient approach for using the solar energy. Solar

panels (an array of photovoltaic cells) are nowadays extensively used for running street

lights, for powering water heaters and to meet domestic loads. The cost of solar panels

has been constantly decreasing which encourages its usage in various sectors. One of

the application of this technology is used in irrigation systems for farming. Solar

powered irrigation system can be a suitable alternative for farmers in the present state

of energy crisis in India. This a green way for energy production which provides free

energy once an initial investment is made. In this paper we propose an automatic

irrigation system using solar power which drives water pumps to pump water from bore

well to a tank and the outlet valve of tank is automatically regulated using controller and

moisture sensor to control the flow rate of water from the tank to the irrigation field

which optimizes the use of water. The 342 R. Sathish Kumar et al paper is divided into 6
sections discussing the literature survey, proposed solution, implementation, cost

analysis and results and conclusion, references .

2.2.7 Solar Water pump for Lift irrigation

Two types of solar water pumps for lift irrigation have been developed and tested. In this

paper the thermodynamic and design aspects of the pumps are discussed. the pumps

have no moving parts except for the check valves. no auxiliary power source or

technical skill is required to run the pumps making both designs extremely suitable for

rural rift irrigation. the running cost is nil except for the occasional use of an inexpensive

organic fluid. feasibility studies of the pumps indicate that they are economically viable

and are within the means of an Indian farmer.

2.2.8 Utilization of Solar power as DC water pump movement in Hydroponic

Plants

Photovoltaics is used to convert sunlight energy into electrical energy, which can be

used as a regulator of water circulation hydroponic planting methods are easy, practical

and attractive so that they can be used easily by the urban community in their

operations, the use of solar power as a DC water pump driver in hydroponic plants was

designed using several tools including 10 wp photovoltaic and DC stepdown LM 7812

with 3.6 W power. This research was conducted in agricultural Faculty building,

University of Sumatera Utara with a height of 2 meters from the ground. The results

showed that monocrystalline PV was better than polycrystalline PV.

2.2.9 Automated irrigation system using solar power

This paper proposes a model of variable rate automatic microcontroller-based irrigation

system. Solar Power is used as only the source of power to control the overall system.

Sensors are placed on the paddy field and these sensors continuously sense the water

level and give the message to the farmer informing the water level. without visiting the

paddy fields, farmers can get the information about the water level. Based on the water

level, a farmer can control the motor by sending a message from his cellular phone

even from a remote place, however, if the water level reaches to the danger level; the

motor will automatically start without confirmation of farmer to ensure the proper water

level in the site. At the end of this paper, a complete hardware implementation of this

proposed automated irrigation system is presented.

2.2.10 Design and analysis of low cost solar water pump for irrigation in

Bangladesh

Bangladesh, a developing country of south-east Asia with a large population has a

agricultural economy. about 59 percent cultivable land needs irrigation. During dry

season and due to climate change, demand of electricity for electric power irrigation is

increasing. Irrigation by electric power is cheaper than diesel pump. due to severe

shortage of electricity it is difficult to meet the demand. harnessing solar power for

irrigation is good alternative to grid electricity. this paper deals with the design, technical

and economic analysis of a low cost 1hp small size dc photovoltaic water pumping

system for irrigation. a buck converter is designed and constructed to improve the

performance of the DC pump.

 2.2.11 Solar Powered Automated Water Pumping System for  Eco-Friendly
Irrigation   
Many villages in India use fossil fuel-based water pumping system for irrigation due
to a shortage of electricity.  Fossil fuel causes great damage to the environment as
they release harmful greenhouse gases. Conventional generation of electricity by
thermal and nuclear power plants also harm the environment. In this research work,
we propose a solar energy based automated water pumping system which can be
used in many villages as an alternative to the fossil fuel-based water pumping
systems. As the system is automated, the water pumps are switched on only when
the moisture content of the soil is below a critical level which is determined by the
moisture sensors planted in the fields. An intelligent microcontroller-based circuit
board is the heart of the system. As part of this research work, we conducted a case
study in a village called Siruvani near Coimbatore district in the southern state of
Tamil Nadu, India. Agriculture is the lifeline for most of the forty-four families that live
in this village. Currently, they use diesel-based water pumping system which is not
only expensive but also harms the environment. The villagers’ profit is greatly
reduced as they spend a lot of money in buying diesel for running the water pump
system. The study conducted by us shows that the proposed solar based automated
water pumping system if implemented would be a boon to these villagers in terms of
cost and profit. In addition, this can save a lot of water and is environment-friendly. In
this paper we would discuss the design and implementation of the automated solar
water pumping system along with the case study carried in Siruvani village.  

2.2.12 Smart Irrigation System using Arduino with Solar Power 

This paper deals with the innovative technology in considering the various ways to
irrigate the agricultural land using solar power. Since the agriculture plays the
significant role in improving the country’s economy, an improvement should be applied
in order to increase the productivity and expand the quality of crops. So, this project
signifies a smart Auto-irrigation system by using soil moisture sensors is connected to
the Arduino Uno which act as a controller and a global System for mobile
communication which is used to transmit and receive the data between the controller
and user. The study is conducted in practically and has achieved the objectives. 

2.2.13 Optimization Analysis of Solar Thermal Water Pump

This paper investigates the performance of solar thermal system for powering
irrigation pump. It also summarizes the recent developments of solar thermal power
systems. Furthermore, it updates the literature about the recent findings of thermal
solar Power system and presents different methodologies of enhancing the solar
energy conversion system. The solar thermal irrigation pump uses steam Rankine
cycle SRC integrated with parabolic trough collector PTC. The selected site is located
in the northern part of Jordan. simulation models are built by means of mass and
energy balances applied to every component of the system. the model simulates the
hourly thermal behavior of all the system components. The effect of key operating
variables on the system performance is examined. simulation results show that there
is an optimum value for mass flow rate where maximum power out can be obtained.
The average daily overall efficiency ranges between 10 to 13% during summertime.
the optimal daily average overall efficiency 18%. results show that the concentration
ratio has negligible effect on the overall system performance. it is found that using
PTC of area of 526 meter squared with SRC is reliable system producing above 30kW
during summertime. Economic analysis reveals that solar energy cost is 0.075 dollars
per kWh. Furthermore, this paper present design optimization so that STWP can
achieve higher reliable continuous operation with system components.

2.2.14 An Innovative Portable Solar Powered Irrigation System

In most agricultural areas of the Philippines, particularly those in the countryside, the
availability of irrigation water depends mostly on the monsoon rains or power needed to
operate water pumps. If there is a lack of electricity, diesel-operated water pumps are
usually used to pump water for irrigation purposes. However, the use of diesel-powered
engines has many disadvantages, like the ever-increasing prices of the fuel, which will
directly affect the economic success of the farmers. Then there is its adverse effect on
the environment. In order to attain food security, there is the need to irrigate farmlands
economically, efficiently, and sustainably. These are the primary reasons why the R.U.
Foundry and Machine Shop Corporation (RUFMSC) developed an innovative portable
solar-powered irrigation system to help farmers and increase their productivity.
According to Engineer Fred Lista, a solar power expert and consultant of RUFMSC,
their portable solar-powered irrigation system is designed to help farmers in the remote
areas to irrigate their farmlands, which will eventually increase their production during
the dry months.

This will result in the increase of the farmers’ incomes, and enable them to save on fuel
costs while freeing them from the inconvenience of hauling bulky and heavy diesel-
powered water pumps to their farmlands. With RUFMSC’s portable solar-powered
irrigation system, the farmers will no longer have the burden of hauling water from
distant sources, or carrying and transporting diesel-driven water pumps.

2.2.15 Solar Powered Water Pumping System

The solar-powered pumping system can be used anywhere but it is appropriate for rural
areas
of Nepal which is facing energy crisis. Due to geographical position, Nepal has ample s
unshinethrough the year which makes it ideal location for utilization of solar energy.
Small farms, villages, and animal herds in developing countries require hydraulic output
power of less than a kilowatt. Many of these potential users are too far from an electrical
grid to economically tap that source of power, and engine-driven pumping tends to be
prohibitively expensive as well as unreliable due to the high cost of purchased fuel and
insufficient maintenance and repair capabilities. Though the installation cost of solar
powered pumping system is more than that of gas, diesel, or propane-powered
generator based pumping system but it requires far less maintenance cost. However by
comparing installation costs (including labor), fuel costs and maintenance costs over 10
years with other conventional fuel based pumping system, the solar PV water pumping
system can be a suitable alternate option. This system has the added advantage of
storing water for use when the sun is not shining, eliminating the need of battery,
simplicity and reducing overall system costs.

2.2.16 Design of Solar Power Based Water Pumping System

The solar-powered pumping system can be used anywhere but it is appropriate for
rural areas of India which is facing energy crisis like other developing countries of the
world. However due to geographical position, India has ample sunshine through the
year which makes it ideal location for utilization of solar energy. Small farms, villages,
and animal herds in developing countries require hydraulic output power of less than a
kilowatt. Many of these potential users are too far from an electrical grid to
economically tap that source of power, and engine-driven pumping tends to be
prohibitively expensive as well as unreliable due to the high cost of purchased fuel and
insufficient maintenance and repair capabilities. Though the installation cost of solar
powered pumping system is more than that of gas, diesel, or propane-powered
generator based pumping system but it requires far less maintenance cost. However
by comparing installation costs (including labor), fuel costs and maintenance costs
over 10 years with other conventional fuel based pumping system, the solar PV water
pumping system can be a suitable alternate option. This system has the added
advantage of storing water for use when the sun is not shining, eliminating the need
for batteries, simplicity and reducing overall system costs. Solar water pumps are
designed to use the direct current (DC) provided by a PV array, although some newer
versions use a variable frequency AC motor and a three-phase AC pump controller
that enables them to be powered directly by the solar modules. Since solar cell is
expensive and its electricity production is of intermittent nature therefore solar pumps
need to be as efficient as possible i.e. they need to maximize the gallons of water
pumped per watt of electricity used. The long-term cost analysis makes the solar PV
pumping system comparable to most other remote watering options in the rural areas.
The lifetime of solar water pump is usually 20 years, which ultimately is lower than the
life span period cost compared to the conventional pumps. By using solar PV pumps,
load on the grid system can be reduced and the subsidy on the diesel can be lowered.
 2.2.17 Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power

This paper proposes a model of variable rate automatic microcontroller based irrigation
system. Solar power is used as only the source of power to control the overall system.
Sensors are placed on the paddy field and these sensors continuously sense the water
level and give the message to the farmer informing the water level. Without visiting the
paddy fields, farmers can get the information about the water level. Based on the water
level, a farmer can control the motor by sending a message from his cellular phone
even from a remote place. However, if the water level reaches to the danger level; the
motor will automatically start without confirmation of farmer to ensure the proper water
level in the site. At the end of this paper, a complete hardware implementation of this
proposed automated irrigation system is presented.

2.2.18 Microcontroller Based Irrigation System Using Solar Powered Using

Moisture Sensing Technology

Solar energy has emerged as a viable source of renewable energy over the past few
decades and is now used for various applications such as emergency lighting, water
heaters, and industrial application. It is a cheap source of energy. Sun is the
renewable energy source available to everyone. Unlike hydro or Thermal electricity it
does not cause any pollution This paper proposes the design of a cost effective and
solar based automatic irrigation system. The objective is to design a low cost
microcontroller based irrigation system. The sensor senses the moisture of soil and
provides signal to the motor to turn ON or turn OFF the irrigating pump for optimal
utilization of water by the farmers.

2.2.19 Smart Irrigation System with Solar Power and GSM Technology

In recent days everything depends on smart technology. Irrigation system is also

becoming smart by using modern technologies, which is more advantageous rather
than the traditional methods. In this paper, a smart irrigation system is developed that
automates the irrigation process with the help of solar power. This proposed system can
optimize the use of water based on different data, such as soil moisture, weather
prediction, etc. It will also notify its owner about the current condition of the soil and
motor through GSM technology. This proposed model can automatically turn ON and
OFF the motor pump by sensing the moisture content of the soil depending on the
demand of water in the field. A moisture sensor is used to collect data (soil moister
level) of a particular area. The motor will automatically turn OFF after fulfilling the
demand of water and get turns ON again when the field becomes dry. GSM technology
is used to send the update (ON/OFF) of a motor to the farmers. The whole proposed
system is controlled by an Arduino. Here, DC power is generated from the solar panel.
All these features will make irrigation system much smarter and economical.
 2.2.20 Design of Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System

This study was conducted with few objectives of design a microcontroller based solar
powered automatic irrigation system (AIS) model. To quantify the paddy field water
content of and as well to provide adequate water supply in the right paddy- field areas.
In agricultural areas this may help for the production of crops as well can prevent the
wastage of energy. To provide an efficient design to the farmers is the main objective
of this paper.