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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research

In this globalization era, science and technology are developing rapidly.
Developing country such as Indonesia always tries at its best to catch up the
development of science and technology. Many books, journals, scientific papers
and other materials about technology and science are published. Therefore it
should be learned and understood by the people. However, the necessity of
knowledge in the field of science and technology sometimes reach a dead end.
The fulfillment of knowledge cannot be done easily because of some reasons. For
instance, most of science and technology books, journals, scientific papers and
other materials come from English speaking countries or written in English. The
other hand, some of Indonesian people do not have sufficient ability in
understanding western literature, because most of them do not use English as a
daily language. Also, the ability of Indonesian scholars in writing science and
technology literatures by using English is so limited. Therefore, it is the role of
translation to translate those books, journals, scientific papers or materials into the
language which can be understood by the readers, in this case is the Indonesian
people with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language.
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language that natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and second in
term of style (Nida, 1969, p.12). Thus, translation is not an easy work. A

translator must have sufficient ability in SL and TL to catch the writers idea,
thought, and meaning. Then, he must be able to express them in a TL text as
perfectly as possible, so the readers will not realize that they are reading a
translation work. Besides, Barnwell (1983) also states that a good translation
should be accurate, clear and natural so it does not sound foreign. Therefore, to
get a good translation, translator should master in both source and target language.
There are also some factors should be considered by the translator in order to
produce a good translation product. As Nababan (1999, p.20) states that there are
two important factors in translation, they are linguistics factor that cover words,
phrases, clauses and sentences; and non-linguistics factor that cover the cultural
knowledge on both source and target language culture.
The appropriateness of choosing the meaning of words from English into
Indonesian is one crucial problem that is always interesting to be studied by some
linguists. The appropriateness in choosing the meaning of words will support the
understanding of the meaning of the original text. As we know that
inappropriateness in choosing the meaning of words will change the meaning of
the original text.
Every language in the world has its own characteristics. They have their
own structure and cultural background. This is a challenge in translating. To
overcome the differences in characteristics of these languages, translators are
required to understand the structure of both the source and target languages. It can
be said that translation is a complicated process encompassing both linguistic and
non-linguistic problems. One aspect of the linguistic problems to be mastered by a

translator is the structure, meaning the sequence of linguistic units that have
relationship to each other. A translator who translates English text into Indonesian
has to be competent in mastering both English and Indonesian language structure.
It will make them capable in grasping the meaning embedded in the text
accurately, and will allow them to transfer the same meaning correctly and
appropriately using the suitable structure in the target language.
Both English and Indonesian are different from each other both in their
phonological and grammatical aspects. As Nida (1969) stated that each language
possesses certain distinctive characteristics which give it a special character, e.g.
words, building capacities, unique patterns of phrase orders, techniques for linking
clauses into sentences, discourse markers and special discourse types such as
poetry, proverbs and expressions. Grammar is a description of the structure of a
language and the way in which linguistic unit, such as words and phrases are
combined to produce sentences in the language (Richards 1985:125). English
grammar has units; they are sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme.
Indonesian grammar also has units; they are morpheme, word, phrase, clause and
sentence. As what Machali (2000:20) says, Dalam tata bahasa, kita mengenali
adanya hierarki lima satuan bahasa : kalimat, klausa, prase, kata, morfem. He
states that we identified five ranks in grammar. They are sentence, clause, phrase,
word, and morpheme. Each of these units has a particular kind of meaningful
grammatical pattern. In addition, each of these units is ordered based on their
level. Morpheme is the smallest level from these five units. As Nida (1949: 1) has

stated, Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute
words or parts of words.
Besides transferring the meaning of monomorphemic words into the target
language, morphemes translation also translates polymorphemic words. In this
study, the morpheme which will be studied is derivational bound morphemes.
Morphemes translation has an important role in the translation. In addition to
transferring the meaning, word-class formations occurred in morpheme
translation, and also shift in rank of unit. For example:
ST: Another exchange of meaningful looks. (Sheldon, 1977, p.277)
TT: Lagi-lagi lemparan pandangan penuh arti. (Susilastuti, 1991, p.334)
The word meaningful is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning
+ suffix ful to show that the word is an adjective. Meaning is translated into TT
to become arti and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to become penuh
,arti. In another word the translation of suffix ful is to state the meaning full of
by using word penuh to become penuh arti.
One of the unavoidable phenomena in translation is translation shift. Shift
is needed when grammatical structure of source language is not found in the target
language. Shifts are changes that occur during the process of translation from SL
to TL. In contrasting texts in different languages translation shifts are observable
everywhere. Newmark defined shifts (Catfords term) or transposition (Vinay and
Darbelnet) as a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL
to TL (1988,p. 85). Shifts are first introduced by Catford (1965) as 'departures
from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL' (p.

73). He presented two main types of translation shifts: Level shifts and category
shifts. Category shifts are divided into four subgroups: structure shifts, class
shifts, unit shifts and intra system shift.
In this research, the writer analyzed the translation of English derivational
bound morphemes in the novel Deception Point by Dan Brown. This novel is one
of the best seller novels that have been translated into many languages including
in Bahasa Indonesia. The Indonesian version is translated by Isma B.
Koesalamwardi and Hendry M. Tanaja into Titik Muslihat. The translators used
morphemic shift to establish equivalent and the exact structure in target language
so that the translation could be natural and communicative. The fact that the
translator faces the condition that forces him/her to make shifts to keep the
meanings constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and
communicatively makes the writer interested in analyzing it. That is shifts usually
occur in the translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
1.1.1 Previous Researches
1. Polce Aryanto Bessie (2013)
Polce wrote English Inflectional Bound Morphemes and Their Equivalents
in Indonesian Translation. A thesis submitted for master degree of Udayana
University. Polce intended to identify English inflectional bound morphemes and
their Indonesian translations, to examine how English inflectional bound
morphemes have translation equivalence in Indonesian and to explore the
translation techniques applied in translation product. In his research, Polce
explains about how English inflectional bound morphemes have translation

equivalence in Indonesian and how the translation techniques applied in

translation product. Polce found out that English inflectional bound morphemes
which attach to verbs, nouns and adjectives have variations in Indonesian. English
verbs suffixed ed has five variations in Indonesian, namely; di-i, ter-, di-kan, diand me-kan. Suffix s in Verbs has six variations in Indonesian, namely; meN-,
me-kan, di-, me-i, di-kan and ber-. English verbs suffixed ing corresponds to pean and meN- in Indonesian. The word class, noun in English suffixed s has one
variation, namely; compound word. Meanwhile, inflectional bound morpheme -s
is translated into phrase. In addition, suffix er in English adjective is equivalent
lebih, while suffix est is equivalent to prefix ter- in Indonesian and also
paling. Those bound morphemes either in English or Indonesian have the same
concept because similar notions are brought into the words where they attach to.
Semantic operation comes as the main factor of applying modulation and
transposition, Syntactic operation comes as the main issue of applying literal and
also transposition translation procedure.
2. Lala Djamila (2010)
Lala wrote Shifts in Translating Lexical Cohesion from Arabic into
English. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Master in Applied Language Studies of Mentouri University of
Constantine. Lalas aims of the research are to to investigate how frequently first
year master students of English shift the source text (Arabic) lexical cohesive
patterns in the target language (English), as well as the textual and the semantic
implications resulting from translation. To check the effectiveness of these

translation shifts in establishing both the textual and the discoursal equivalence, a
translation test is administered. The results show that the students shift most of the
ST lexical ties, and their shifts are not as successful as to establish textual and
discoursal equivalence. This is because the students fail in making accurate
interpretations and in dealing with a text as a whole unit of discourse.
3. Yustinus Badhernus Solakira (1994)
In his research, Pergeseran Struktur Gramatikal dalam penerjemahan
buku burung-burung manyr ke dalam bahasa inggris di bawah judul the
weaverbirds. A thesis submitted in University of Indonesia. Yustinus intended to
find out the specific pattern that can be concluded from the occurred shifts. This
study concludes that there are some specific patterns from the occurred shifts.
Morphemes from the source language (Indonesian) are equivalent with words or
phrases from the target language (English), words from the source language are
equivalent with morphemes or phrases from the target language, phrases from the
source language are equivalent with words or clauses from the target language,
clauses from the source language are equivalent with phrases or sentences, and
sentences from the source language are equivalent with clauses or phrases from
the target language
4. Devi Hellystia (2006)
Devi Hellystia write The equivalence and shift in the translation of
English clauses from Indonesian. A Thesis. Faculty of Letters: Translation. Post
Graduate. Gunadarma University. Jakarta: August: 2005. This Research is
conducted based on several problems, they are; will there be equivalence and

shifts in from and meaning in the translation of English clause from Indonesian?
Which types of clauses equivalence or shifts occur more frequently? The aim of
this research is to describe equivalence in from and meaning in the translation of
English clauses from Indonesian and to describe the types of clauses where the
structure shifts. The method of the research used in this study is qualitative
descriptive. The source of the data is a novel entitled, Rumah kaca by Pramoedya
Ananta Toer and its English translation. "The House of Glass" translated by Max
Lane. Based on the data that are found in this research, the writer finds two tupes
of equivalence they are, equivalence in compound sentence and equivalence in
complex sentences which are subdivided into three categories they are, noun
clause to noun clause equivalence, adverbial clause to adverbial clause
equivalence and adjective clause to adjective clause equivalent
5. Ayu Bandu Retnomurti (2010)
Ayu Bandu Retnomurti wrote The Equivalence and Shift in the English
Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases. A Thesis. Faculty of Letters: Translation.
Magister Program. Gunadarma University. Jakarta: April 2010. The problems of
this research are; How are Indonesian Noun Phrases translated into English?,
What are the types of equivalence in the English translation of Indonesian Noun
phrases? And What are the types of shift in the English translation of Indonesian
Noun phrases?. The aims of the research are to compare the translation of
Indonesian Noun Phrases into English then to describe the types of equivalence
and shift in the English translation of Indonesian Noun phrases. This research uses
a qualitative descriptive method. The Indonesian novel as Source Language (SL)

Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk by Ahmad Tohari and its English translation (TL) The
Dancer that was translated by Rene T. A Lysloff, as source of the data. The writer
classifies the data into two main categories; the equivalence and shift. The
equivalence is subcategorized into Textual equivalence: SL subject-NP is
translated into TL subject-NP; SL predicate-NP is translated into TL predicate-NP;
SL object-NP is translated into TL object-NP, Linguistic equivalence: SL pluralNP is translated into TL plural-NP; SL singular-NP is translated into TL singularNP, and Dynamic equivalence. The writer also finds three categories of shift,
Structure shift in word order: SL head word initial is translated into TL head word
final, Unit shift: SL phrase is translated into TL word; SL phrase is translated into
TL compound word; SL phrase is translated into TL three words, and Intra system
shift: SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a
determiner. The result of this research shows that the shift occurs more than the
equivalence, with the percentage of 58 % shift, and the equivalence with the
percentage of 42 %.
1.1.2 Position of the Research
This research is somewhat related to Polce Aryanto Bessies research. Both
discussed about translation of bound morphemes. However, Polce intended to do a
specific study about inflectional morphemes. Meanwhile, the writer is focussing
on derivational morphemes.
This research is fairly related to Lala Djamilas research. Because both
researches do a research concerning about shift in translation. However Lalas
research is discussing lexical cohesion on students translation, while the writer is

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more focused on morphemic shift on English derivational morphemes. Lala was

also using Arabic as her source language and English as her target language of
reseach. Meanwhile the writer is using English as his source language and
Indonesian as his target language of research.
This research is also somewhat related to Yustinus Badhernus Solakiras
research. Both researches discussed shift in translation. However, Yustinuss
research is more general considering he was discussing about grammatical
structure, meanwhile the writer is only focused on morphemes.
This research is fairly related to Devi Hellystias research. Because both
researches do a research concerning about shift in translation. However Devis
research is discussing translation of English clauses from Indonesian, while the
writer is more focused on English derivational morphemes translation to
Indonesian.
This research is also fairly related to Ayu Bandu Retnowatis research.
Because both researches do a research concerning about shift in translation.
However Ayus research is discussing translation of Indonesian noun phrases to
English, while the writer is more focused on English derivational morphemes
translation to Indonesian.
Furthermore, by this research the writer tries to give contribution to the
development of linguistic studies, especially for the translation study about some
insights of the possible translation of English derivational morphemes into
Indonesian and at once to see the morphemic shift occurred in the translation.

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1.2 Problems of Study

From the background above, there are some problems of interest to be
discussed in this study. The problems under concern are as follows:
1. What are the morphemic shifts occurred in the translation of English
derivational morphemes into Indonesian in Dan Browns Deception
Point?
2. What are the principles employed by the translators to translate
English derivational morphemes into Indonesian in Dan Browns
Deception Point?
3. What are the strategies employed by the translators to translate
English derivational morphemes into Indonesian in Dan Browns
Deception Point?
4. What is the most dominant rank category found in the translation of
Dan Browns Deception Point?
1.3 Aims of the Study
With regards to the problems of study, specifically, this study is aimed:
1.

To find out the morphemic shifts occurred in Dan Browns Deception

Point.

2.

To find out the kinds of principles employed by the translators to

translate English derivational morphemes into Indonesian in Dan
Browns Deception Point

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3.

To find out the kinds of strategies employed by the translators to

translate English derivational morphemes into Indonesian in Dan
Browns Deception Point

4.

To find the most dominant rank category in the translation of Dan

Browns Deception Point.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the
development of linguistic studies, especially for the translation study about some
insights of the possible translation of English derivational morphemes into
Indonesian and at once to see the morphemic shift occurred in the translation.
Then, in practical significance, hopefully, the result of this research can be used as
a reference in the process of translating the English derivational morphemes into
Indonesian. Also, it is hoped that this research can be used as framework for
translating English text into Indonesian, especially the English derivational
morpheme.
1.5 Scope of the study
The analysis is focused on the translation of derivational morphemes and
the morphemic shifts occurred to those derivational morphemes. In this case, the
writer limits the analysis on the derivational morpheme which are added inform of
prefixes and suffixes.