51

HIGHLIGHTS
This section of the manual contains the following major topics:
51.1
51.2
51.3
51.4
51.5
51.6
51.7
51.8
51.9
51.10
51.11
51.12
51.13
51.14
51.15
51.16
51.17
51.18
51.19
51.20
51.21

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 51-2

A/D Terminology and Conversion Sequence .............................................................. 51-4
Registers ..................................................................................................................... 51-6
A/D Module Configuration ......................................................................................... 51-19
Initialization ............................................................................................................... 51-23
Controlling the Sampling Process ............................................................................. 51-24
Controlling the Conversion Process.......................................................................... 51-24
A/D Results Buffer..................................................................................................... 51-30
Extended DMA Operations ....................................................................................... 51-34
Threshold Detect Operation ...................................................................................... 51-37
Conversion Sequence Examples .............................................................................. 51-44
A/D Sampling Requirements..................................................................................... 51-53
Transfer Functions .................................................................................................... 51-54
A/D Accuracy/Error ................................................................................................... 51-56
Operation During Sleep and Idle Modes ................................................................... 51-56
Effects of a Reset...................................................................................................... 51-57
Register Maps ........................................................................................................... 51-58
Electrical Specifications............................................................................................. 51-59
Design Tips ............................................................................................................... 51-60
Related Application Notes......................................................................................... 51-61
Revision History ........................................................................................................ 51-62

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-1

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.1

INTRODUCTION
The PIC24F 12-bit A/D Converter has the following key features:

Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Conversion

Conversion Speeds of up to 200 ksps
Up to 32 Analog Input Channels (Internal and External)
Multiple Internal Reference Input Channels
External Voltage Reference Input Pins
Unipolar Differential Sample-and-Hold (S/H) Amplifier
Automated Threshold Scan and Compare Operation to Pre-Evaluate Conversion Results
Selectable Conversion Trigger Source
Fixed-Length (one word per channel), Configurable Conversion Result Buffer
Four Options for Results Alignment
Configurable Interrupt Generation
DMA Operation with Indirect Address Generation
Operation During CPU Sleep and Idle modes

The 12-bit A/D Converter module is an enhanced version of the 10-bit module offered in some
PIC24 devices. Both modules are Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Converters at their
cores, surrounded by a range of hardware features for flexible configuration. This version of the
module extends functionality by providing 12-bit resolution, a wider range of automatic sampling
options, tighter integration with other analog modules, such as the CTMU, and a configurable
results buffer. This module also includes a unique Threshold Detect feature that allows the
module itself to make simple decisions based on the conversion results.
As before, an internal Sample-and-Hold (S/H) amplifier acquires a sample of an input signal, then
holds that value constant during the conversion process. A combination of input multiplexers
selects the signal to be converted from up to 32 analog inputs, both external (analog input pins)
and internal (e.g., on-chip voltage references and other analog modules). The whole multiplexer
path includes provisions for differential analog input, although, with a limited number of negative
input pins. The sampled voltage is held and converted to a digital value, which strictly speaking,
represents the ratio of that input voltage to a reference voltage. Configuration choices allow
connection of an external reference or use of the device power and ground (AVDD and AVSS).
Reference and input signal pins are assigned differently depending on the particular device.
An array of timing and control selections allow the user to create flexible scanning sequences. Conversions can be started individually by program control, continuously free-running or triggered by
selected hardware events. A single channel may be repeatedly converted. Alternate conversions
may be performed on two channels, or any or all of the channels may be sequentially scanned and
converted according to a user-defined bit map. The resulting conversion output is a 12-bit digital
number, which can be signed or unsigned, left or right justified. (In some devices, a user-selectable
resolution of 10 bits is available; in other devices, 12-bit resolution is the only option available.)
Conversions are automatically stored in a dedicated buffer, allowing for multiple successive
readings to be taken before software service is needed. The buffer can be configured to function
as a FIFO buffer or as a channel indexed buffer. In FIFO mode, the buffer can be split into two
equal sections for simultaneous conversion and read operations. In Indexed mode, the buffer can
use the Threshold Scan feature to determine if a conversion meets specific, user-defined criteria,
storing or discarding the converted value as appropriate, and then set semaphore flags to
indicate the event. This allows conversions to occur in low-power modes when the CPU is
inactive, waking the device only when specific conditions have occurred.
The module sets its interrupt flag after a selectable number of conversions, when the buffer can be
read, or after a successful Threshold Detect comparison. After the interrupt, the sequence restarts
at the beginning of the buffer. When the interrupt flag is set, according to the earlier selection, scan
selections and the Output Buffer Pointer return to their starting positions.
A simplified block diagram for the module is shown in Figure 51-1.

DS39739B-page 51-2

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
12-Bit A/D Converter Block Diagram

Internal Data Bus

AVDD
VR Select

AVSS
VREF+
VREF-

VR+
16

VR-

VBG

Comparator
VINH
VINL

AN0

VRS/H

VR+

DAC

AN1
12-Bit SAR

AN2

Conversion Logic

AN3
Data Formatting

AN4
VINH

AN5
MUX A

AN6
AN7

ADC1BUF0:
ADC1BUFn(3)

AN8

AD1CON1
VINL

AN9

AD1CON2
AD1CON3
AD1CON4
AD1CON5
AD1CHS
AD1CHITL
AD1CHITH

MUX B

AN(n-1)
ANn(1)
VBG(2)

VINH

AD1CSSL
AD1CSSH
AD1CTMENL
AD1CTMENH
AD1DMBUF

VINL

VBG/2(2)
VBG/6(2)
VDDCORE(2)

Sample Control

AVDD(2)
AVSS(2)
CTMU

Control Logic

Conversion Control

Input MUX Control

Pin Config. Control

(2)

Note 1:

Up to 32 analog channels may be implemented, depending on the particular device family and individual device pin
count. Some or all of these may be external channels, depending on the device. Refer to the specific device data
sheet for details.

2:

Internal analog channels are implemented with different options in different device families. Refer to the specific
device data sheet for details.

3:

The conversion buffer will always be at least the same size (in words) as the number of external channels, rounded
up to the next greater even number. Refer to the specific device data sheet for the exact number.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-3

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Figure 51-1:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.2

A/D TERMINOLOGY AND CONVERSION SEQUENCE

Sample time is the time that the A/D modules S/H amplifier is connected to the analog input pin.
The sample time may be started and ended automatically by the A/D Converters hardware or
under direct program control. There is a minimum sample time to ensure that the S/H amplifier
will give sufficient accuracy for the A/D conversion.
The conversion trigger ends the sampling time and begins an A/D conversion or a repeating
sequence. The conversion trigger sources can be taken from a variety of hardware sources or can
be controlled directly in software. One of the conversion trigger options is an auto-conversion,
which uses a counter and the A/D clock to set the time between auto-conversions. The
Auto-Sample mode and auto-conversion trigger can be used together to provide continuous, automatic conversions without software intervention. When automatic sampling is used, an extended
sampling interval is extended between the time the sampling ends and the conversion starts.
Conversion time is the time required for the A/D Converter to convert the voltage held by the
S/H amplifier. An A/D conversion requires one A/D clock cycle (TAD) to convert each bit of the
result, plus two additional clock cycles, or a total of 14 TAD cycles for a 12-bit conversion. When
the conversion is complete, the result is loaded into one of the A/D result buffers. The S/H can
be reconnected to the input pin and a CPU interrupt may be generated. The sum of the sample
time(s) and the A/D conversion time provides the total A/D sequence time. Figure 51-2 shows
the basic conversion sequence and the relationship between intervals.

Figure 51-2:

A/D Sample/Convert Sequence

Total A/D Sequence Time
Total A/D Sample Time
Sample Time

Extended Sampling Time(1)

A/D Conversion Time

S/H amplifier is connected to

the analog input pin for sampling.
Sampling ends (manual or
automatic trigger).
Input disconnected; S/H amplifier holds signal.
Conversion trigger starts A/D conversion.
Conversion complete, result is loaded
into A/D Buffer register.
Interrupt is generated (optional).

Note 1:

In Automatic Sampling modes, Extended Sampling Time is added to the sequence when the value for the
Auto-Sampling Time is greater than 0. Otherwise, sampling ends and conversion starts whenever the SAMP bit is
cleared.

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Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Operation as a State Machine

The A/D conversion process can be thought of in terms of a finite state machine (Figure 51-3).
The sample state represents the time that the input channel is connected to the S/H amplifier and
the signal is passed to the converter input. The convert state is transitory. The module enters this
state as soon as it exits the sample state and transitions to a different state when that is done.
The inactive state is the default state prior to module initialization and following a
software-controlled conversion; it can be avoided in operation by using Auto-Sample mode.
Machine states are identified by the state of several control and status bits in AD1CON1
(Register 51-1).
If the module is configured for Auto-Sample mode, the operation ping-pongs continuously
between the sample and convert states. The module automatically selects the input channels to
be sampled (if channel scanning is enabled), while the selected conversion trigger source paces
the entire operation. Any time that Auto-Sample mode is not used for conversion, it is available
for the sample state. The user needs to make certain that acquisition time is sufficient, in addition
to accounting for the normal concerns about system throughput.
Whenever the issue of sampling time is important, the significant event is the transition from
sample to convert state. This is the point where the Sample-and-Hold aperture closes, and it is
essentially the signal value at this instant, which is applied to the A/D for conversion to digital.
Figure 51-3:

A/D Module State Machine Model

Device Reset
INACTIVE

SAMP = 0
DONE = 1

1 or
SW
SAMP 01

ASAM = 0 and
HW
1
DONE 0

ASAM 0

SSRCx Trigger Events

SAMP = 1
DONE = x

SAMPLE

HW
1
ASAM = 1 and DONE 0

CONVERT

Legend:

HW = Automatic Hardware event; SW = Software Controlled event.

Note:

See Register 51-1 for definitions of the ASAM, SAMP, DONE and SSRC<3:0> bits.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

SAMP = 0
DONE = 0

DS39739B-page 51-5

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.2.1

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.3

REGISTERS
The 12-bit A/D Converter module uses up to 43 registers for its operation. All registers are
mapped in the data memory space.

51.3.1

Control Registers

Depending on the specific device, the module has up to twelve control and status registers:

AD1CON1: A/D Control Register 1

AD1CON2: A/D Control Register 2
AD1CON3: A/D Control Register 3
AD1CON4: A/D Control Register 4
AD1CON5: A/D Control Register 5
AD1CHS: A/D Input Channel Select Register
AD1CHITH and AD1CHITL: A/D Scan Compare Hit Registers
AD1CSSL and AD1CSSH: A/D Input Scan Select Registers
AD1CTMENH and AD1CTMENL: CTMU Enable Register

The AD1CON1, AD1CON2 and AD1CON3 registers (Register 51-1, Register 51-2 and
Register 51-3) control the overall operation of the A/D module. This includes enabling the
module, configuring the conversion clock and voltage reference sources, selecting the sampling
and conversion triggers, and manually controlling the sample/convert sequences. The
AD1CON4 register (Register 51-4) sets the DMA buffer size in Scatter/Gather mode. The
AD1CON5 register (Register 51-5) specifically controls features of Threshold Detect operation,
including its functioning in power-saving modes.
The AD1CHS register (Register 51-6) selects the input channels to be connected to the S/H
amplifier. It also allows the choice of input multiplexers and the selection of a reference source
for differential sampling.
The AD1CHITH and AD1CHITL registers (Register 51-7 and Register 51-8) are semaphore
registers used with Threshold Detect operations. The status of individual bits, or bit pairs in
some cases, indicate if a match condition has occurred. Their use is described in more detail
in Section 51.10 Threshold Detect Operation. AD1CHITL is always implemented,
whereas AD1CHITH may not be implemented in devices with 16 channels or less.
The AD1CSSH/L registers (Register 51-9 and Register 51-10) select the channels to be included
for sequential scanning.
The AD1CTMENH/L registers (Register 51-11 and Register 51-12) select the channel(s) to be
used by the CTMU during conversions. Selecting a particular channel allows the A/D Converter
to control the CTMU (particularly, its current source) and read its data through that channel.
AD1CTMENL is always implemented, whereas AD1CTMENH may not be implemented in
devices with 16 channels or less.

51.3.2

A/D Result Buffers

The module incorporates a multi-word, dual port RAM, called ADC1BUF. The buffer is composed
of at least the same number of word locations as there are external analog channels for a particular device, with a maximum number of 32. The number of buffer addresses is always even. Each
of the locations is mapped into the data memory space and is separately addressable.The buffer
locations are referred to as ADC1BUF0 through ADC1BUFn (up to 31).
The A/D result buffers are both readable and writable. When the module is active
(AD1CON1<15> = 1), the buffers are read-only, and store the results of A/D conversions. When
the module is inactive (AD1CON1<15> = 0), the buffers are both readable and writable. In this
state, writing to a buffer location programs a conversion threshold for Threshold Detect
operations, as described in Section 51.10.2 Setting Comparison Thresholds.
When Extended DMA operation is enabled (AD1CON1<11> = 1), conversion results are written
to AD1DMBUF, a 16-bit conversion buffer. Buffer contents are not cleared when the module is
deactivated with the ADON bit (AD1CON1<15>). Conversion results and any programmed
threshold values in the ADC1BUFn registers are maintained when ADON is set or cleared.

DS39739B-page 51-6

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Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
AD1CON1: A/D Control Register 1

R/W-0

U-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0/U

R/W-0

R/W-0

ADON

ADSIDL

DMABM(3,4)

DMAEN(3)

MODE12(1)

FORM1

FORM0

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

U-0

R/W-0

R/W-0 HSC

R/C-0 HSC

SSRC3(2)

SSRC2(2)

SSRC1(2)

SSRC0(2)

ASAM

SAMP

DONE

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:

C = Clearable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

HSC = Hardware Settable/Clearable bit

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

x = Bit is unknown

bit 15

ADON: A/D Operating Mode bit

1 = A/D Converter module is operating
0 = A/D Converter is off

bit 14

Unimplemented: Read as 0

bit 13

ADSIDL: Stop in Idle Mode bit

1 = Discontinue module operation when the device enters Idle mode
0 = Continue module operation in Idle mode

bit 12

DMABM: Extended DMA Buffer Mode Select bit(3,4)

1 = Extended Buffer mode: Conversion values are stored in the order in which they were converted.
0 = Scatter/Gather mode: Conversion values are stored according to the channel from which they were
converted.

bit 11

DMAEN: Extended DMA/Buffer Enable bit(3)

1 = Extended DMA and buffer features are enabled
0 = Extended features are disabled

bit 10

MODE12: 12-Bit Operation Mode bit(1)

1 = 12-bit A/D operation
0 = 10-bit A/D operation

bit 9-8

FORM<1:0>: Data Output Format bits (see the following formats)

11 = Fractional result, signed, left-justified
10 = Absolute fractional result, unsigned, left-justified
01 = Decimal result, signed, right-justified
00 = Absolute decimal result, unsigned, right-justified

Note 1:

2:
3:
4:

This bit is implemented only in modules with user-selectable resolution. For A/D modules with fixed, 10-bit
or 12-bit resolution, this bit is unimplemented and should be maintained as 1 or 0. Refer to the device
data sheet for the specific setting of this bit.
Sample clock trigger sources are defined differently for each device family; not all trigger sources may be
defined. Refer to the specific device data sheet for details.
DMAEN and DMABM are implemented only in devices with DMA. For devices without DMA, the bits are
unimplemented and read as 0. For more information, refer to the specific device data sheet.
This bit is only available when Extended DMA/Buffer features are available (DMAEN = 1).

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-7

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Register 51-1:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Register 51-1:

AD1CON1: A/D Control Register 1 (Continued)

SSRC<3:0>: Sample Clock Source Select bits(2)

1111 = The SAMP bit is cleared by a rising edge of Trigger Input 15
1110 = The SAMP bit is cleared by a rising edge of Trigger Input 14

bit 7-4

1001 = The SAMP bit is cleared by a rising edge of Trigger Input 9

1000 = The SAMP bit is cleared by a rising edge of Trigger Input 8
0111 = The SAMP bit is cleared after SAMC<4:0> number of TAD clocks, following the SAMP bit being
set (Auto-Convert mode); no Extended Sample Time is present
0110 = The SAMP bit is cleared by a rising edge of Trigger Input 6

0001 = The SAMP bit is cleared by a rising edge of Trigger Input 1

0000 = The SAMP bit must be cleared by software
bit 3

Unimplemented: Read as 0

bit 2

ASAM: A/D Sample Auto-Start bit

1 = Sampling begins immediately after the last conversion; SAMP bit is auto-set
0 = Sampling begins when the SAMP bit is manually set

bit 1

SAMP: A/D Sample Enable bit

1 = A/D Sample-and-Hold amplifiers are sampling
0 = A/D Sample-and-Hold amplifiers are holding

bit 0

DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit

1 = A/D conversion cycle is completed
0 = A/D conversion has not started or is in progress

Note 1:

2:
3:
4:

This bit is implemented only in modules with user-selectable resolution. For A/D modules with fixed, 10-bit
or 12-bit resolution, this bit is unimplemented and should be maintained as 1 or 0. Refer to the device
data sheet for the specific setting of this bit.
Sample clock trigger sources are defined differently for each device family; not all trigger sources may be
defined. Refer to the specific device data sheet for details.
DMAEN and DMABM are implemented only in devices with DMA. For devices without DMA, the bits are
unimplemented and read as 0. For more information, refer to the specific device data sheet.
This bit is only available when Extended DMA/Buffer features are available (DMAEN = 1).

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Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
AD1CON2: A/D Control Register 2

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

U-0

U-0

PVCFG1

PVCFG0

NVCFG0

OFFCAL

BUFREGEN

CSCNA

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

BUFS(1)

SMPI4(2)

SMPI3(2)

SMPI2(2)

SMPI1(2)

SMPI0(2)

BUFM(1)

ALTS

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

x = Bit is unknown

bit 15-14

PVCFG<1:0>: Converter Positive Voltage Reference Configuration bits

11 = Internal VRH2
10 = Internal VRH1
01 = External VREF+
00 = AVDD

bit 13

NVCFG0: Converter Negative Voltage Reference Configuration bits

1 = External VREF0 = AVSS

bit 12

OFFCAL: Offset Calibration Mode Select bit

1 = Inverting and non-inverting inputs of channel Sample-and-Hold are connected to AVSS
0 = Inverting and non-inverting inputs of channel Sample-and-Hold are connected to normal inputs

bit 11

BUFREGEN: A/D Buffer Register Enable bit

1 = Conversion result is loaded into buffer location determined by the converted channel
0 = A/D result buffer is treated as a FIFO

bit 10

CSCNA: MUX A Channel Scan Enable bit

1 = Scan inputs are selected by the AD1CSSH/AD1CSSL registers as the MUX A input(s)
0 = Do not scan inputs

bit 9-8

Unimplemented: Read as 0

bit 7

BUFS: Buffer Fill Status bit(1)

1 = A/D is filling the upper half of the buffer; user should access data in the lower half
0 = A/D is filling the lower half of the buffer; user should access data in the upper half

bit 6-2

SMPI<4:0>: Interrupt Sample/DMA Increment Rate Select bits(2)

When DMAEN = 1:
11111 = Increment the DMA address after completion of the 32nd sample/conversion operation
11110 = Increment the DMA address after completion of the 31st sample/conversion operation

00001 = Increment the DMA address after completion of the 2nd sample/conversion operation
00000 = Increment the DMA address after completion of each sample/conversion operation
When DMAEN = 0:
11111 = Interrupts at the completion of conversion for each 32nd sample
11110 = Interrupts at the completion of conversion for each 31st sample

00001 = Interrupts at the completion of conversion for every other sample

00000 = Interrupts at the completion of conversion for each sample
Note 1:
2:

Applicable only when the buffer is used in FIFO mode (BUFREGEN = 0). In addition, BUFS is only used
when BUFM = 1 and DMAEN = 0 (AD1CON1<11>), if implemented in the specific device family.
In devices where DMAEN (AD1CON1<11>) is unimplemented, the SMPIx bits always select the number
of sample/conversions per each interrupt.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-9

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Register 51-2:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Register 51-2:

AD1CON2: A/D Control Register 2 (Continued)

bit 1

BUFM: Buffer Fill Mode Select bit(1)

1 = Starts buffer filling at AD1BUF0 on first interrupt and AD1BUF(n/2) on next interrupt (Split Buffer
mode)
0 = Starts filling buffer at address, ADCBUF0, and each sequential address on successive interrupts
(FIFO mode)

bit 0

ALTS: Alternate Input Sample Mode Select bit

1 = Uses channel input selects for Sample A on first sample and Sample B on the next sample
0 = Always uses channel input selects for Sample A

Note 1:
2:

Applicable only when the buffer is used in FIFO mode (BUFREGEN = 0). In addition, BUFS is only used
when BUFM = 1 and DMAEN = 0 (AD1CON1<11>), if implemented in the specific device family.
In devices where DMAEN (AD1CON1<11>) is unimplemented, the SMPIx bits always select the number
of sample/conversions per each interrupt.

DS39739B-page 51-10

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Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
AD1CON3: A/D Control Register 3

R/W-0

R-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

ADRC

EXTSAM

PUMPEN(1)

SAMC4

SAMC3

SAMC2

SAMC1

SAMC0

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

ADCS7

ADCS6

ADCS5

ADCS4

ADCS3

ADCS2

ADCS1

ADCS0

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

bit 15

ADRC: A/D Conversion Clock Source bit

1 = RC clock
0 = Clock derived from system clock

bit 14

EXTSAM: Extended Sampling Time bit

1 = A/D is still sampling after SAMP = 0
0 = A/D is finished sampling

bit 13

PUMPEN: Charge Pump Enable bit(1)

1 = Charge pump for switches is enabled
0 = Charge pump for switches is disabled

bit 12-8

SAMC<4:0>: Auto-Sample Time Select bits

11111 = 31 TAD

x = Bit is unknown

00001 = 1 TAD
00000 = 0 TAD
bit 7-0

ADCS<7:0>: A/D Conversion Clock Select bits

11111111

= Reserved
01000000
00111111 = 64TCY = TAD

00000001 = 2TCY = TAD

00000000 = TCY = TAD
Note 1:

This feature is available on select devices only.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-11

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Register 51-3:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

AD1CON4: A/D Control Register 4(1)

Register 51-4:
U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

bit 15

bit 8

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

DMABL2(2)

DMABL1(2)

DMABL0(2)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

bit 15-3

Unimplemented: Read as 0

bit 2-0

DMABL<2:0>: DMA Buffer Size Select bits(2)

111 = Allocates 128 words of buffer to each analog input
110 = Allocates 64 words of buffer to each analog input
101 = Allocates 32 words of buffer to each analog input
100 = Allocates 16 words of buffer to each analog input
011 = Allocates 8 words of buffer to each analog input
010 = Allocates 4 words of buffer to each analog input
001 = Allocates 2 words of buffer to each analog input
000 = Allocates 1 word of buffer to each analog input

Note 1:
2:

x = Bit is unknown

AD1CON4 is not implemented on all devices. For more information, refer to the specific device data sheet.
The DMABL<2:0> bits are only used when AD1CON1<11> = 1; otherwise, their value is ignored.

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Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
AD1CON5: A/D Control Register 5

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

U-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

ASEN

LPEN

CTMREQ

BGREQ(1)

VRSREQ(1)

ASINT1(2)

ASINT0(2)

bit 15

bit 8

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

WM1

WM0

CM1

CM0

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

x = Bit is unknown

bit 15

ASEN: Auto-Scan Enable bit

1 = Auto-Scan is enabled
0 = Auto-Scan is disabld

bit 14

LPEN: Low-Power Enable bit

1 = Low power is enabled after scan
0 = Full power is enabled after scan

bit 13

CTMREQ: CTMU Request bit

1 = CTMU is enabled when the A/D is enabled and active
0 = CTMU is not enabled by the A/D

bit 12

BGREQ: Band Gap Request bit(1)

1 = Band gap is enabled when the A/D is enabled and active
0 = Band gap is not enabled by the A/D

bit 11

VRSREQ: VREG Scan Request bit(1)

1 = On-chip regulator is enabled when the A/D is enabled and active
0 = On-chip regulator is not enabled by the A/D

bit 10

Unimplemented: Read as 0

bit 9-8

ASINT<1:0>: Auto-Scan (Threshold Detect) Interrupt Mode bits(2)

11 = Interrupt after Threshold Detect sequence is completed and a valid compare has occurred
10 = Interrupt after valid compare has occurred
01 = Interrupt after Threshold Detect sequence is completed
00 = No interrupt

bit 7-4

Unimplemented: Read as 0

bit 3-2

WM<1:0>: Write Mode bits

11 = Reserved
10 = Auto-compare only (conversion results are not saved, but interrupts are generated when a valid
match occurs, as defined by the CMx and ASINTx bits)
01 = Convert and save (conversion results saved to locations as determined by register bits when a
match occurs, as defined by the CMx bits)
00 = Legacy operation (conversion data saved to location determined by buffer register bits)

Note 1:
2:

These bits are not implemented in all devices.

The ASINTx bits setting only takes effect when ASEN = 1 (AD1CON5<15>) and DMAEN = 0
(AD1CON1<11>). When DMAEN = 1, an interrupt is generated on every successful write to the ADCRESDMA
register (where implemented); otherwise, interrupt generation is governed by the SMPI<4:0> field.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-13

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Register 51-5:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Register 51-5:
bit 1-0

Note 1:
2:

AD1CON5: A/D Control Register 5 (Continued)

CM<1:0>: Compare Mode bits

11 = Outside Window mode (valid match occurs if the conversion result is outside of the window
defined by the corresponding buffer pair)
10 = Inside Window mode (valid match occurs if the conversion result is inside the window defined by
the corresponding buffer pair)
01 = Greater Than mode (valid match occurs if the result is greater than value in the corresponding
buffer register)
00 = Less Than mode (valid match occurs if the result is less than value in the corresponding buffer
register)
These bits are not implemented in all devices.
The ASINTx bits setting only takes effect when ASEN = 1 (AD1CON5<15>) and DMAEN = 0
(AD1CON1<11>). When DMAEN = 1, an interrupt is generated on every successful write to the ADCRESDMA
register (where implemented); otherwise, interrupt generation is governed by the SMPI<4:0> field.

DS39739B-page 51-14

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
AD1CHS: A/D Sample Select Register

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CH0NB2

CH0NB1

CH0NB0

CH0SB4

CH0SB3

CH0SB2

CH0SB1

CH0SB0

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CH0NA2

CH0NA1

CH0NA0

CH0SA4

CH0SA3

CH0SA2

CH0SA1

CH0SA0

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

x = Bit is unknown

bit 15-13

CH0NB<2:0>: Sample B Channel 0 Negative Input Select bits

The number of implemented inputs, and the bit combinations assigned to them, vary between device
families. In general, device analog ground and/or the negative external voltage reference (VREF-) is
assigned to 000. Inputs from other external analog channels or internal references may be assigned
to the other combinations. Refer to the specific device data sheet for a complete listing of implemented
inputs for a particular device.
Any bit combinations not explicitly listed in the device data sheet are unimplemented. Using an
unimplemented channel for a conversion will produce unpredictable results.

bit 12-8

CH0SB<4:0>: S/H Amplifier Positive Input Select for MUX B Multiplexer Setting bits
The number of implemented inputs, and the bit combinations assigned to them, vary significantly
between device families. In general, external analog inputs are sequentially assigned from 00000,
starting with AN0, potentially up to AN31 (11111).
If 32 external inputs are not implemented, inputs for internal band gap references, external voltage references, and other analog modules, such as the CTMU, are implemented following the external analog
channels. Refer to the specific device data sheet for a complete listing of implemented inputs for a
particular device.
If a sequential input is unimplemented, its corresponding bit value is also unimplemented. Also, any bit
combinations not explicitly listed in the device data sheet are unimplemented. Using an unimplemented
channel for a conversion will produce unpredictable results.

bit 7-5

CH0NA<2:0>: Sample A Channel 0 Negative Input Select bits

Same definitions as for CH0NB<2:0>.

bit 4-0

CH0SA<4:0>: Sample A Channel 0 Positive Input Select bits

Same definitions as for CH0SB<4:0>.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-15

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Register 51-6:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Register 51-7:

AD1CHITH: A/D Scan Compare Hit Register (High Word)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CHH31(1)

CHH30(1)

CHH29(1)

CHH28(1)

CHH27(1)

CHH26(1)

CHH25(1)

CHH24(1)

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CHH23(1)

CHH22(1)

CHH21(1)

CHH20(1)

CHH19(1)

CHH18(1)

CHH17(1)

CHH16(1)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

CHH<31:16>: A/D Compare Hit bits(1)

If CM<1:0> = 11:
1 = A/D Result Buffer n has been written with data or a match has occurred
0 = A/D Result Buffer n has not been written with data
For All Other Values of CM<1:0>:
1 = A match has occurred on A/D Result Channel n
0 = No match has occurred on A/D Result Channel n

bit 15-0

Note 1:

x = Bit is unknown

The actual number of channels available depends on which channels are implemented on a specific
device. Refer to the device data sheet for details. Unimplemented channels are read as 0.

Register 51-8:

AD1CHITL: A/D Scan Compare Hit Register (Low Word)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CHH15(1)

CHH14(1)

CHH13(1)

CHH12(1)

CHH11(1)

CHH10(1)

CHH9(1)

CHH8(1)

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CHH7(1)

CHH6(1)

CHH5(1)

CHH4(1)

CHH3(1)

CHH2(1)

CHH1(1)

CHH0(1)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

bit 15-0

Note 1:

x = Bit is unknown

CHH<15:0>: A/D Compare Hit bits(1)

If CM<1:0> = 11:
1 = A/D Result Buffer n has been written with data or a match has occurred
0 = A/D Result Buffer n has not been written with data
For All Other Values of CM<1:0>:
1 = A match has occurred on A/D Result Channel n
0 = No match has occurred on A/D Result Channel n
The actual number of channels available depends on which channels are implemented on a specific
device; refer to the specific device data sheet for details. Unimplemented channels are read as 0.

DS39739B-page 51-16

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
AD1CSSH: A/D Input Scan Select Register (High Word)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CSS31(1)

CSS30(1)

CSS29(1)

CSS28(1)

CSS27(1)

CSS26(1)

CSS25(1)

CSS24(1)

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CSS23(1)

CSS22(1)

CSS21(1)

CSS20(1)

CSS19(1)

CSS18(1)

CSS17(1)

CSS16(1)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

CSS<31:16>: A/D Input Scan Selection bits(1)

1 = Include corresponding channel for input scan
0 = Skip channel for input scan

bit 15-0

Note 1:

x = Bit is unknown

The actual number of channels available depends on which channels are implemented on a specific
device; refer to the specific device data sheet for details. Unimplemented channels are read as 0.
Do not select unimplemented channels for sampling, as indeterminate results may be produced.

Register 51-10:

AD1CSSL: A/D Input Scan Select Register (Low Word)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CSS15(1)

CSS14(1)

CSS13(1)

CSS12(1)

CSS11(1)

CSS10(1)

CSS9(1)

CSS8(1)

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CSS7(1)

CSS6(1)

CSS5(1)

CSS4(1)

CSS3(1)

CSS2(1)

CSS1(1)

CSS0(1)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

bit 15-0

Note 1:

x = Bit is unknown

CSS<15:0>: A/D Input Scan Selection bits(1)

1 = Include corresponding channel for input scan
0 = Skip channel for input scan
The actual number of channels available depends on which channels are implemented on a specific
device; refer to the specific device data sheet for details. Unimplemented channels are read as 0.
Do not select unimplemented channels for sampling, as indeterminate results may be produced.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-17

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Register 51-9:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Register 51-11:
R/W-0

AD1CTMENH: CTMU Enable Register (High Word)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CTMEN31(1) CTMEN30(1) CTMEN29(1) CTMEN28(1) CTMEN27(1) CTMEN26(1) CTMEN25(1) CTMEN24(1)

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CTMEN23(1) CTMEN22(1) CTMEN21(1) CTMEN20(1) CTMEN19(1) CTMEN18(1) CTMEN17(1) CTMEN16(1)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

x = Bit is unknown

CTMUEN<31:16>: CTMU Enabled During Conversion bits(1)

1 = CTMU is enabled and connected to the selected channel during conversion
0 = CTMU is not connected to this channel

bit 15-0

The actual number of channels available depends on which channels are implemented on a specific
device; refer to the specific device data sheet for details. Unimplemented channels are read as 0.

Note 1:

Register 51-12:
R/W-0
(1)

CTMEN15

AD1CTMENL: CTMU Enable Register (Low Word)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CTMEN14(1)

CTMEN13(1)

CTMEN12(1)

CTMUEN11(1)

CTMEN10(1)

CTMEN9(1)

CTMEN8(1)

bit 15

bit 8

R/W-0
CTMEN7

(1)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

CTMEN6(1)

CTMEN5(1)

CTMEN4(1)

CTMEN3(1)

CTMEN2(1)

CTMEN1(1)

CTMEN0(1)

bit 7

bit 0

Legend:
R = Readable bit

W = Writable bit

U = Unimplemented bit, read as 0

-n = Value at POR

1 = Bit is set

0 = Bit is cleared

bit 15-0

Note 1:

x = Bit is unknown

CTMUEN<15:0>: CTMU Enabled During Conversion bits(1)

1 = CTMU is enabled and connected to the selected channel during conversion
0 = CTMU is not connected to this channel
The actual number of channels available depends on which channels are implemented on a specific
device; refer to the specific device data sheet for details. Unimplemented channels are read as 0.

DS39739B-page 51-18

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
A/D MODULE CONFIGURATION
All of the registers described in the previous section must be configured for module operation to
be fully defined. An effective approach is first, to describe the signals and sequences for the particular application. Typically, it is an iterative process to assign signals to port pins, to establish
timing methods and to organize a scanning scheme, as well as to integrate the whole process
with the software design.
The various configuration and control functions of the module are distributed throughout the
modules six control registers. Control functions can be broadly sorted into four groups: input, timing,
conversion and output. Table 51-1 shows the register location of control or status bits by register.
Table 51-1:

A/D Module Functions by Registers and Bits

A/D Function

Register(s)

Input

AD1CON2

PVCFG<1:0>, NVCFG, OFFCAL, CSCNA, ALTS

AD1CON5

CTMREQ, BGREQ, VRSREQ

AD1CHS
AD1CSSH/L

Specific Bits

CH0NB<2:0>, CH0SB<4:0>, CH0NA<2:0>, CH0SA<4:0>

CSS<31:16>, CSS<15:0>(1)

AD1CTMENH/L CTMEN<31:16>, CTMEN<15:0>(1)

Conversion

AD1CON1

ADON, ADSIDL, SSRC<3:0>, ASAM, SAMP, DONE

AD1CON2

SMPI<4:0>

AD1CON3

EXTSAM

AD1CON5

ASEN, LPEN, ASINT<1:0>

Timing

AD1CON3

ADRC, SAMC<4:0>, ADCS<7:0>

Output

AD1CON1

FORM<1:0>, DMAEN, DMABM

AD1CON2

BUFS, BUFM, BUFREGEN

AD1CON4

DMABL<2:0>

AD1CON5

WM<1:0>, CM<1:0>

Note 1:

Note:

The number and location of implemented bits is device-specific. For more

information, refer to the specific device data sheet.
Do not write to the SSRCx, BUFS, SMPIx, BUFM and ALTS bits, or the AD1CON3
and AD1CSSL registers, while ADON = 1; otherwise, indeterminate conversion
data may result.

The following steps should be followed for performing an A/D conversion.

1.

Configure the A/D module:

Select the output resolution (if configurable)
Select the voltage reference source to match the expected range on analog inputs
Select the analog conversion clock to match the desired data rate with a processor clock
Determine how sampling will occur
Set the multiplexer input assignments
Select the desired sample/conversion sequence
Select the output data format
Select the output value destination
Select the number of readings per interrupt

2.

Configure the A/D interrupt (if required):

Clear the AD1IF bit
Select the A/D interrupt priority
Turn on the A/D module.

3.

The options for each configuration step are described in the subsequent sections.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-19

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.4

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.4.1

Selecting the Resolution

Most versions of the A/D module will have a fixed conversion resolution of either 12 bits (the
majority) or 10 bits. Where configuration is permitted, the MODE12 bit (AD1CON1<10>) controls
output resolution. Setting this bit selects 12-bit resolution.

51.4.2

Selecting the Voltage Reference Source

The voltage references for A/D conversions are selected using the PVCFG<1:0> and NVCFG
control bits (AD1CON2<15:13>). The upper voltage reference (VR+) may be AVDD, the external
VREF+ or an internal band gap reference voltage. The lower voltage reference (VR-) may be AVSS
or the VREF- input pin. The available options vary between device families.
The external voltage reference pins may be shared with the AN0 and AN1 inputs on low pin count
devices. The A/D Converter can still perform conversions on these pins when they are shared
with the VREF+ and VREF- input pins.
The voltages applied to the external reference pins must meet certain specifications. Refer to the
device data sheet for further details.

51.4.3

Selecting the A/D Conversion Clock

The A/D Converter has a maximum rate at which conversions may be completed. An analog
module clock, TAD, controls the conversion timing. The A/D conversion requires 14 clock periods
(14 TAD) for a 12-bit conversion and 12 clock periods (12 TAD) for a 10-bit conversion. The A/D
clock is derived from the device instruction clock.
The period of the A/D conversion clock is software selected using a 6-bit counter. There are
64 possible options for TAD, specified by the ADCSX bits in the AD1CON3 register. Equation 51-1
gives the TAD value as a function of the ADCSx control bits and the device instruction cycle clock
period, TCY. For correct A/D conversions, the A/D conversion clock (TAD) must be selected to
ensure a minimum TAD time, as specified by the device family data sheet.
Equation 51-1:

A/D Conversion Clock Period

TAD = TCY (ADCSx + 1)
ADCSX =

TAD
1
TCY

Note: Based on TCY = 2/FOSC; Doze mode and PLL are disabled.
The A/D Converter also has its own dedicated RC clock source that can be used to perform
conversions. The A/D RC clock source should be used when conversions are performed while
the device is in Sleep mode. The RC oscillator is selected by setting the ADRC bit
(AD1CON3<15>). When the ADRC bit is set, the ADCSx bits have no effect on A/D operation.

51.4.4

Configuring Analog Port Pins

The A/D module does not have an internal provision to configure port pins for analog operation.
Instead, input pins are configured as analog inputs through the Analog Select registers (ANSn,
where n is the port name). A pin is configured as an analog input when the corresponding ANSn
bit is set. By default, pins with multiplexed analog and digital functions are configured as analog
pins on device Reset.
For external analog inputs, both the ANSn register and the corresponding TRIS register bits control the operation of the A/D port pins. The port pins that will function as analog inputs must also
have their corresponding TRIS bits set, specifying the pins as inputs. After a device Reset, all
TRIS bits are set. If the I/O pin associated with an A/D channel is configured as a digital output
(TRIS bit is cleared), while the pin is configured for Analog mode, the port digital output level (VOH
or VOL) will be converted.
Note 1: When reading a PORT register, any pin configured as an analog input reads as 0.
2: Analog levels on any pin that is defined as a digital input may cause the input buffer
to consume current that is out of the devices specification.

DS39739B-page 51-20

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Input Channel Selection

The A/D Converter incorporates two independent sets of input multiplexers (MUX A and MUX B)
that allow users to choose which analog channels are to be sampled. The inputs specified by the
CH0SAx and CH0NAx bits are collectively called the MUX A inputs. The inputs specified by the
CH0SBx and CH0NBx bits are collectively called the MUX B inputs.
Functionally, MUX A and MUX B are very similar to each other. Both multiplexers allow any of
the analog input channels to be selected for individual sampling and allow selection of a negative
reference source for differential signals. In addition, MUX A can be configured for sequential
analog channel scanning. This is discussed in more detail in Section 51.4.5.1 Configuring
MUX A and MUX B Inputs and Section 51.4.5.3 Scanning Through Several Inputs.
Note:

51.4.5.1

Different PIC24F devices will have different numbers of analog inputs. Verify the
analog input availability against the particular devices data sheet.

CONFIGURING MUX A AND MUX B INPUTS

The user may select any one of up to 32 inputs available to the A/D Converter as the positive
input of the S/H amplifier. For MUX A, the CH0SA<4:0> bits (AD1CHS<4:0>) normally select the
analog channel for the positive input. For MUX B, the positive channel is selected by the
CH0SB<4:0> bits (AD1CHS<12:8>).
All of the external analog channels are available as positive inputs. In addition to the external
inputs, these may also include device supply voltage (AVDD), the logic core supply voltage
(VDDCORE), the internal band gap voltage (VBG) and/or multiples or fractions of VBG. One or more
additional input channels are used for the CTMU. These selections leave the A/D disconnected
from all other inputs. The options vary by device family; refer to the specific device data sheet for
details.
The CTMU input is selected by the AD1CTMENH/L registers. Setting a particular bit in one of
these registers effectively assigns the analog output from the CTMU to the corresponding A/D
input channel, automatically enabling the CTMU. Many devices will already have a CH0SAx bit
combination designated for use of the CTMU. This setting disconnects the converter from any
other load. This channel should be the one selected by the appropriate AD1CTMEN bit. If
another channel is selected, verify that any other analog sources are disconnected from that
channel; otherwise, erroneous readings may result.
For the negative (inverting) input of the amplifier, the user has up to eight options, selected by
the CH0NA<2:0> and CH0NB<2:0> bits (AD1CHS<7:5> and AD1CHS<15:13>, respectively).
Options typically include the device ground (AVSS), the current VR- source designated by the
NVCFG bit (AD1CON2<13>), and one or more of the external analog input channels. As with the
non-inverting inputs, the options vary by device family.

51.4.5.2

ALTERNATING MUX A AND MUX B INPUT SELECTIONS

By default, the A/D Converter only samples and converts the inputs selected by MUX A. The
ALTS bit (AD1CON2<0>) enables the module to alternate between two sets of inputs selected
by MUX A and MUX B during successive samples.
If the ALTS bit is 0, only the inputs specified by the CH0SAx and CH0NAx bits are selected for
sampling. When the ALTS bit is 1, the module will alternate between the MUX A inputs on one
sample and the MUX B inputs on the subsequent sample.
If the ALTS bit is 1 on the first sample/convert sequence, the inputs specified by the CH0SAx
and CH0NAx bits are selected for sampling. On the next sample/convert sequence, the inputs
specified by the CH0SBx and CH0NBx bits are selected for sampling. This pattern repeats for
subsequent sample conversion sequences.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-21

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.4.5

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.4.5.3

SCANNING THROUGH SEVERAL INPUTS

When using MUX A to select analog inputs, the A/D module has the ability to scan multiple
analog channels. When the CSCNA bit (AD1CON2<10>) is set, the CH0SA bits are ignored and
the channels specified by the AD1CSSL register are sequentially sampled.
Each bit in the AD1CSSL register and AD1CSSH register (when implemented) corresponds to
one of the analog channels. If a bit in the AD1CSSL or AD1CSSH register is set, the corresponding analog channel is included in the scan sequence. Inputs are always scanned from lower to
higher numbered inputs, starting at the first selected channel after each interrupt occurs.
Note 1: If the number of scanned inputs selected is greater than the number of samples
taken per interrupt, the higher numbered inputs will not be sampled.
2: If the CTMU channel is to be included in a scan operation, verify that the proper
analog input channel is selected and that the AD1CTMEN register(s) are correctly
configured. For more information, see Section 51.4.5.1 Configuring MUX A and
MUX B Inputs.
The AD1CSSH/L registers bits specify the positive input of the channel. The CH0NAx bits still
select the negative input of the channel during scanning.
Scanning is only available on the MUX A input selection. The MUX B input selection, as specified
by the CH0SBx bits, will still select the alternating input. When alternated sampling between
MUX A and MUX B is selected (ALTS = 1), the input will alternate between a set of scanning
inputs specified by the AD1CSSH/L registers, and a fixed input specified by the CH0SBx bits.
Automatic scanning can be used in conjunction with the Threshold Detect feature to determine
if one or more analog channels meet a predetermined set of conditions while the CPU is inactive.
This is described in detail in Section 51.10 Threshold Detect Operation.

51.4.5.4

INTERNAL CHANNELS IN LOW-POWER MODES

While the A/D module can scan and convert analog inputs in low-power modes, some internal
analog inputs may be unavailable in Sleep mode. The main examples are the CTMU module, the
internal band gap voltage source and the on-chip voltage regulator (for those devices that include
one). The A/D module provides a method to make these resources available automatically
through the CTMREQ, BGREQ and VRSREQ bits (AD1CON5<13:11>, respectively). Setting
one or more of these bits causes the corresponding internal analog source(s) to become active
during a channel scan.
The CTMREQ bit is available on all devices. The BGREQ bit is available on those devices that
make the internal band gap reference available to the A/D module as an input channel and/or as
VREF+.The VRSREQ bit is only available in device families that use an on-chip voltage regulator.

51.4.6

Enabling the Module

When the ADON bit (AD1CON1<15>) is set, the module is fully powered and functional. When
ADON is 0, the module is disabled. Although the digital and analog portions of the circuit are
turned off for maximum current savings, the contents of all registers are maintained.
Conversion data stored in the ADC1BUF registers will also be maintained, including any threshold values stored by the user. It may be necessary to re-initialize these registers to their proper
values before re-enabling the module.
When enabling the module by setting the ADON bit, the user must wait for the analog stages to
stabilize. For the stabilization time, refer to Section 51.18 Electrical Specifications.

DS39739B-page 51-22

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
INITIALIZATION
Example 51-1 shows a simple initialization code example for the A/D module. Operation in Idle
mode is disabled, output data is in unsigned fractional format, and AVDD and AVSS are used for
VR+ and VR-. The start of sampling, as well as the start of conversion (conversion trigger), are
performed directly in software. Scanning of inputs is disabled and an interrupt occurs after every
sample/convert sequence (one conversion result) with only one channel (AN0) being converted.
The A/D conversion clock is TCY/2.
In this particular configuration, all 16 analog input pins are set up as analog inputs. It is important
to note that with this A/D module, I/O pins are configured for analog or digital operation at the I/O
port with the ANSn Analog Select registers. The use of these registers is described in detail in
the I/O Port chapter of the specific device data sheet.
This example shows one method of controlling a sample/convert sequence by manually setting
and clearing the SAMP bit (AD1CON1<1>). This method, among others, is more fully discussed in Section 51.6 Controlling the Sampling Process and Section 51.7 Controlling
the Conversion Process.
Example 51-1:

A/D Initialization Code Example

AD1CON1 = 0x2200;

AD1CON2 = 0;

AD1CON3 = 0;
AD1CHS

= 0;

AD1CSSL = 0;
IFS0bits.AD1IF = 0;
//
//

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

Configure sample clock source

and conversion trigger mode.
Unsigned Fraction format (FORM<1:0>=10),
Manual conversion trigger (SSRC<3:0>=0000),
Manual start of sampling (ASAM=0),
No operation in Idle mode (ADSIDL=1),
S/H in Sample (SAMP = 1)
Configure A/D voltage reference
and buffer fill modes.
Vr+ and Vr- from AVdd and AVss(PVCFG<1:0>=00, NVCFG=0),
Inputs are not scanned,
Interrupt after every sample
Configure sample time = 1Tad,
A/D conversion clock as Tcy
Configure input channels,
S/H+ input is AN0,
S/H- input is Vr- (AVss).
No inputs are scanned.
Clear A/D conversion interrupt.

Configure A/D interrupt priority bits (AD1IP<2:0>) here, if

required. Default priority level is 4.

IEC0bits.AD1IE = 1;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;
AD1CON1bits.SAMP = 1;
Delay();
AD1CON1bits.SAMP = 0;

//
//
//
//
//
//

Enable A/D conversion interrupt

Turn on A/D
Start sampling the input
Ensure the correct sampling time has elapsed
before starting conversion.
End A/D sampling and start conversion

// Example code for A/D ISR:

void __attribute__ ((__interrupt__)) _ADC1Interrupt(void)
{
IFS0bits.AD1IF = 0;
}

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-23

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.5

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.6

CONTROLLING THE SAMPLING PROCESS

51.6.1

Manual Sampling

Setting the SAMP bit (AD1CON1<1>) while the ASAM bit (AD1CON1<2>) is clear causes the
A/D to begin sampling. Clearing the SAMP bit ends sampling and automatically begins the
conversion; however, there must be a sufficient delay between setting and clearing SAMP for the
sampling process to start (tPSS, Parameter AD61). Sampling will not resume until the SAMP bit
is once again set. For an example, see Figure 51-4.

51.6.2

Automatic Sampling

Setting the ASAM bit causes the A/D to automatically begin sampling after a conversion has
been completed. One of several options can be used as an event to end sampling and complete
the conversions. Sampling will continue on the next selected channel after the conversion in
progress has completed. For an example, see Figure 51-5.

51.6.3

Monitoring Sample Status

The SAMP bit indicates the sampling state of the A/D. Generally, when the SAMP bit clears,
indicating the end of sampling, the DONE bit is automatically cleared to indicate the start of
conversion. If SAMP is 0 while DONE is 1, the A/D is in an inactive state.

51.6.4

Aborting a Sample

While in Manual Sampling mode, clearing the SAMP bit will terminate sampling. If
SSRC<3:0> = 0000, it may also start a conversion automatically.
Clearing the ASAM bit while in Automatic Sampling mode will not terminate an ongoing
sample/convert sequence; however, sampling will not automatically resume after a subsequent
conversion.

51.7

CONTROLLING THE CONVERSION PROCESS

The conversion trigger source will terminate sampling and start a selected sequence of
conversions. The SSRC<3:0> bits (AD1CON1<7:4>) select the source of the conversion trigger.
Note 1: The available conversion trigger sources may vary depending on the PIC24F
device variant. Refer to the specific device data sheet for the available conversion
trigger sources.
2: The SSRCx selection bits should not be changed when the A/D module is enabled.
If the user wishes to change the conversion trigger source, disable the A/D module
first by clearing the ADON bit (AD1CON1<15>).

51.7.1

Manual Control

When SSRC<3:0> = 0000, the conversion trigger is under software control. Clearing the SAMP
bit (AD1CON1<1>) starts the conversion sequence.
Figure 51-4 is an example where setting the SAMP bit initiates sampling, and clearing the SAMP
bit terminates sampling and starts conversion. The user software must time the setting and
clearing of the SAMP bit to ensure adequate sampling time of the input signal.
Figure 51-5 is an example where setting the ASAM bit initiates automatic sampling, and clearing
the SAMP bit terminates sampling and starts conversion. After the conversion completes, the
module sets the SAMP bit and returns to the sample state. The user software must time the
clearing of the SAMP bit to ensure adequate sampling time of the input signal, understanding that
the time since previously clearing the SAMP bit includes the conversion time, which immediately
follows, as well as the next sampling time.

DS39739B-page 51-24

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Converting One Channel, Manual Sample Start, Manual Conversion Start

A/D CLK
TSAMP

TCONV

SAMP
DONE
ADC1BUF0
Instruction Execution

Example 51-2:

BSF AD1CON1, SAMP

BCF AD1CON1, SAMP

Converting One Channel, Manual Sample Start, Manual Conversion Start Code

int ADCValue;
ANSB
= 0x0001;
AD1CON1 = 0x0000;
AD1CHS = 0x0002;

//
//
//
//

AD1CSSL = 0;
AD1CON3 = 0x0002;
AD1CON2 = 0;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;

AN2 as analog, all other pins are digital

SAMP bit = 0 ends sampling and starts converting
Connect AN2 as S/H+ input
in this example AN2 is the input

// Manual Sample, Tad = 3Tcy

// turn ADC ON

while (1)
{
AD1CON1bits.SAMP = 1;
Delay();

// repeat continuously

AD1CON1bits.SAMP = 0;
while (!AD1CON1bits.DONE){};
ADCValue = ADC1BUF0;

//
//
//
//
//
//

start sampling...
Ensure the correct sampling time has elapsed
before starting conversion.
start converting
conversion done?
yes then get ADC value

Figure 51-5:

Converting One Channel, Automatic Sample Start, Manual Conversion Start

A/D CLK
TAD0

TSAMP

TCONV
TAD0

TSAMP

TCONV

SAMP
ADC1BUF0
BSF AD1CON1, ASAM

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

BCF AD1CON1, SAMP

BCF AD1CON1, SAMP

Instruction Execution

DS39739B-page 51-25

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Figure 51-4:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.7.2

Clocked Conversion Trigger

When ADRC = 1, the conversion trigger is under A/D clock control. The SAMCx bits
(AD1CON3<12:8>) select the number of TAD clock cycles between the start of sampling and the
start of conversion. After the start of sampling, the module will count a number of TAD clocks
specified by the SAMCx bits. The SAMCx bits must always be programmed for at least 1 clock
cycle to ensure sampling requirements are met.
Equation 51-2:

Clocked Conversion Trigger Time

TSMP = SAMC<4:0> * TAD

Figure 51-6 shows how to use the clocked conversion trigger with the sampling started by the
user software.
Converting One Channel, Manual Sample Start, TAD-Based Conversion Start

Figure 51-6:

A/D CLK
TSAMP

TCONV

SAMP
DONE
ADC1BUF0
Instruction Execution

Example 51-3:

BSF AD1CON1, SAMP

Converting One Channel, Manual Sample Start, TAD-Based Conversion Start Code

int ADCValue;
ANSB
= 0x1000;
AD1CON1 = 0x00E0;
AD1CHS = 0x000C;
AD1CSSL = 0;
AD1CON3 = 0x1F02;
AD1CON2 = 0;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;
while (1)
{
AD1CON1bits.SAMP = 1;
while (!AD1CON1bits.DONE){};
ADCValue = ADC1BUF0;
}

DS39739B-page 51-26

//
//
//
//
//

all PORTB = Digital; RB12 = analog

SSRC<2:0> = 111 implies internal counter ends sampling
and starts converting.
Connect AN12 as S/H input.
in this example AN12 is the input

// Sample time = 31Tad, Tad = 3Tcy

// turn ADC ON
// repeat continuously
//
//
//
//

start sampling, then after 31Tad go to conversion

conversion done?
yes then get ADC value
repeat

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
FREE-RUNNING SAMPLE CONVERSION SEQUENCE

Using the Auto-Convert Conversion Trigger mode (SSRC<3:0> = 0111), in combination with the
Auto-Sample Start mode (ASAM = 1), allows the A/D module to schedule sample/conversion
sequences with no intervention by the user or other device resources. This Clocked mode,
shown in Figure 51-7, allows continuous data collection after module initialization.
Note that all timing in this mode scales with TAD, either from the A/D internal RC clock or from
TCY (as prescaled by the ADCS<7:0> bits). In both cases, the SAMC<4:0> bits set the number
of TAD clocks in TSAMP. TCONV is fixed at 12 TAD.
Figure 51-7:

Converting One Channel, Auto-Sample Start, TAD-Based Conversion Start

A/D CLK
TSAMP

TCONV

TSAMP

TCONV

SAMP
Reset by
Software

DONE
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
Instruction Execution BSF AD1CON1, ASAM

Example 51-4:

Converting One Channel, Auto-Sample Start, TAD-Based Conversion Start Code

int ADCValue, count;

int *ADC16Ptr;
ANSB
= 0x0001;
AD1CON1 = 0x00E0;
AD1CHS = 0x0002;
AD1CSSL = 0;
AD1CON3 = 0x0F00;
AD1CON2 = 0x0004;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;
while (1)
{
ADCValue = 0;
ADC16Ptr = &ADC1BUF0;
IFS0bits.AD1IF = 0;
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 1;
while (!IFS0bits.AD1IF){};
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 0;
for(count = 0; count < 2; count++)
{
ADCValue = ADCValue + *ADC16Ptr++;
}
ADCValue = ADCValue >> 1;
}

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

//
//
//
//
//

AN2 as analog, all other pins are digital

SSRC bit = 111 implies internal counter
ends sampling and starts converting.
Connect RB2/AN2 as CH0 input..
in this example RB2/AN2 is the input

//
//
//
//

Sample time = 15Tad, Tad = Tcy

Set AD1IF after every 2 samples
turn ADC ON
repeat continuously

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

clear variable
initialize ADC1BUF pointer
clear ADC interrupt flag
auto start sampling for 31Tad
then go to conversion
conversion done?
yes then stop sample/convert
average the 2 ADC value

// repeat

DS39739B-page 51-27

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.7.2.1

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.7.2.2

SAMPLE TIME CONSIDERATIONS USING CLOCKED CONVERSION

TRIGGER AND AUTOMATIC SAMPLING

The user must ensure the sampling time satisfies the sampling requirements, as outlined in
Section 51.12 A/D Sampling Requirements. Assuming that the module is set for automatic
sampling and using a clocked conversion trigger, the sampling interval is specified by the
SAMCx bits.

51.7.3

Event Trigger Conversion Start

It is often desirable to synchronize the end of sampling and the start of conversion with some
other time event. Depending on the device family, the A/D module has up to 16 sources available
to use as a conversion trigger event. The event trigger is selected by the SSRC<3:0> bits
(AD1CON1<7:4>).
As noted, the available event triggers vary between device families. Refer to the specific device
data sheet for specific information. The examples that follow represent trigger sources that are
implemented in most devices. Note that the SSRCx bit assignments may vary in some devices.

51.7.3.1

EXTERNAL INT0 PIN TRIGGER

When SSRC<3:0> = 0001, the A/D conversion is triggered by an active transition on the INT0
pin. The pin may be programmed for either a rising edge input or a falling edge input.

51.7.3.2

GENERAL PURPOSE TIMER COMPARE TRIGGER

When SSRC<3:0> = 0010, the A/D is triggered by a match between the 32-bit timer pair,
TMR3/TMR2, and the 32-bit combined Period register, PR3/PR2. The match causes the timer to
generate a special A/D trigger event signal.
In some devices, this feature is also implemented for the TMR5/TMR4 timer pair. Refer to the
specific device data sheet for details.

51.7.3.3

SYNCHRONIZING A/D OPERATIONS TO INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL

EVENTS

The modes where an external event trigger pulse ends sampling and starts conversion may be
used in combination with auto-sampling (ASAM = 1) to cause the A/D to synchronize the sample
conversion events to the trigger pulse source. For example, in Figure 51-9, where
SSRC<3:0> = 0010 and ASAM = 1, the A/D will always end sampling and start conversions
synchronously with the timer compare trigger event. The A/D will have a sample conversion rate
that corresponds to the timer comparison event rate.

51.7.3.4

SAMPLE TIME CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMATIC

SAMPLING/CONVERSION SEQUENCES

Different sample/conversion sequences provide different available sampling times for the S/H
channel to acquire the analog signal. The user must ensure the sampling time satisfies the
sampling requirements, as outlined in Section 51.12 A/D Sampling Requirements.
Assuming that the module is set for automatic sampling, and an external trigger pulse is used as
the conversion trigger, the sampling interval is a portion of the trigger pulse interval. The sampling
time is the trigger pulse period, less the time required to complete the conversion.
Equation 51-3:

Calculating Available Sampling Time for Sequential Sampling

TSMP = Trigger Pulse Interval (TSEQ) Conversion Time (TCONV) = TSEQ TCONV

DS39739B-page 51-28

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Manual Sample Start, Conversion Trigger-Based Conversion Start

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Figure 51-8:

Conversion Trigger
A/D CLK
TSAMP

TCONV

SAMP
ADC1BUF0
Instruction Execution BSF AD1CON1, SAMP

Figure 51-9:

Auto-Sample Start, Conversion Trigger-Based Conversion Start

Conversion Trigger
A/D CLK
TSAMP

TCONV

TSAMP

TCONV

SAMP
Reset by
Software

DONE
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
BSF AD1CON1, ASAM

Example 51-5:

Instruction Execution

Converting One Channel, Auto-Sample Start, Conversion Trigger-Based Conversion Start Code

int ADCValue;
ANSB
= 0x0001;
AD1CON1 = 0x0040;
AD1CHS = 0x0002;
AD1CSSL = 0;
AD1CON3 = 0x0000;
AD1CON2 = 0x0004;
TMR3
= 0x0000;
PR3
= 0x3FFF;
T3CON
= 0x8010;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 1;
while (1)
{
while (!IFS0bits.AD1IF){};
ADCValue = ADC1BUF0;
IFS0bits.AD1IF = 0;
}

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

//
//
//
//
//

AN2 as analog, all other pins are digital

SSRC bit = 010 implies GP TMR3
compare ends sampling and starts converting.
Connect AN2 as CH0 input...
in this example AN2 is the input

// Sample time is TMR3, Tad = Tcy

// Set AD1IF after 2 conversions
// set TMR3 to time out every 125 ms

// turn ADC ON
// start auto sampling every 125 ms
// repeat continuously
// conversion done?
// yes then get first ADC value
// clear AD1IF

DS39739B-page 51-29

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.7.4

Monitoring Sample/Conversion Status

The DONE bit (AD1CON1<0>) indicates the conversion state of the A/D. Generally, when the
SAMP bit clears, indicating the end of sampling, the DONE bit is automatically cleared to indicate
the start of conversion. If SAMP is 0 while DONE is 1, the A/D is in an inactive state.
In some operational modes, the SAMP bit may also invoke and terminate sampling. In these
modes, the DONE bit cannot be used to terminate conversions in progress.

51.7.5

Generating A/D Interrupts

The SMPI<4:0> bits (AD1CON2<6:2>) control the generation of the A/D Interrupt Flag, AD1IF.
The A/D Interrupt Flag is set after the number of sample/conversion sequences is specified by
the SMPIx bits, after the start of sampling, and continues to recur after that number of samples.
The value specified by the SMPIx bits also corresponds to the number of data samples in the
buffer, up to the maximum of 16. To enable the interrupt, it is necessary to set the A/D Interrupt
Enable bit, AD1IE.
If DMAEN (AD1CON1<11>) is set, the interrupt is generated on every successful write to the
AD1DMBUF register. For more information, refer to Section 51.9 Extended DMA
Operations.
If auto-scan is enabled (AD1CON5<15> = 1), interrupt generation is controlled by the ASINTx
bits (AD1CON5<9:8>). For more information, refer to Section 51.10.4 Threshold Detect
Interrupts.

51.7.6

Aborting a Conversion

Clearing the ADON bit during a conversion will abort the current conversion. The A/D results buffer will not be updated with the partially completed A/D conversion sample; that is, the
corresponding ADC1BUF buffer location will continue to contain the value of the last completed
conversion (or the last value written to the buffer).

51.7.7

Offset Calibration

The module provides a simple calibration method to offset the effects of internal device noise.
While not always necessary, this may be helpful in situations where weak analog signals are
being converted. Calibration is performed by using the OFFCAL bit (AD1CON2<12>). This disconnects the S/H amplifier entirely from any inputs. With the OFFCAL bit set, a single reference
conversion is performed. The results of this conversion are value added by internal device noise.
This result can be stored by the application, then used as an offset value for future conversions.

51.8

A/D RESULTS BUFFER

As conversions are completed, the module writes the results of the conversions into the A/D
result buffer. This buffer is a RAM array of fixed word size, accessed through the SFR space. The
size of the buffer is determined by the number of external analog input channels on the device,
allowing one word for each channel. Depending on the device, additional buffer space may be
provided for one or more internal analog channels (e.g., band gap sources). The number of buffer
addresses is always even and always at least equal to the number of external channels.
User software may attempt to read each A/D conversion result as it is generated; however, this
might consume too much CPU time. Generally, to minimize software overhead, the module will
fill the buffer with results and then generate an interrupt when the buffer is filled.
Note:

DS39739B-page 51-30

This section describes buffer operation in Legacy mode (AD1CON5<3:2> = 00). Buffer operation is different when the Compare Only or Compare and Save modes are
used with the Threshold Detect feature. For more information, see Section 51.10
Threshold Detect Operation.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Number of Conversions Per Interrupt

The SMPI<4:0> bits select how many A/D conversions will take place before the CPU is
interrupted. This can vary from 1 to 16 samples per interrupt. The A/D Converter module always
starts writing its conversion results at the beginning of the buffer, after each interrupt. For
example, if SMPI<4:0> = 00000, the conversion results will always be written to the ADC1BUF0.
In this example, no other buffer locations would be used, since only one sequence per interrupt
is specified.

51.8.2

Buffer Fill Modes

The results buffer can be configured to operate in either of two modes: a standard FIFO mode,
compatible with the earlier 10-bit A/D module (default), or a Channel Indexed mode. The Fill
mode is selected by the BUFREGEN bit (AD1CON2<11>).

51.8.2.1

FIFO MODES

When BUFREGEN = 0, the results buffer operates in FIFO mode. The first conversion results,
after initiating conversions, is written to the first available buffer address. Subsequent conversions are written to the next sequential buffer location, continuing until the process is interrupted.
If allowed to continue without interrupts, the module would fill each location and then wrap around
to the first address, continuing the process.
The BUFM bit (AD1CON2<1>) controls how the buffer is filled. When BUFM is 1, the buffer is
split into two equal halves: a lower half (ADC1BUF0 through ADC1BUF[(n/2) 1]) and an upper
half (ADC1BUF[n/2] through ADC1BUFn), where n is the number of available analog channels
(both internal and external). The buffers will alternately receive the conversion results after each
interrupt event. The initial buffer used after BUFM is set is the lower group.
When BUFM is 0, the entire buffer is used for all conversion sequences.
Note:

When the BUFM bit is set, the user should not program the SMPIx bits to a value
that specifies more than (n/2) conversions per interrupt.

The decision to use the split buffer feature will depend upon how much time is available to move
the buffer contents after the interrupt, as determined by the application. If the application can
quickly unload a full buffer within the time it takes to sample and convert one channel, the BUFM
bit can be 0, and up to 16 conversions may be done per interrupt. The application will have one
sample/convert time before the first buffer location is overwritten.
If the processor cannot unload the buffer within the sample and conversion time, the BUFM bit
should be 1. For example, if SMPI<4:0> = 00111, then eight conversions will be loaded into the
lower half of the buffer, following which, an interrupt may occur. The next eight conversions will
be loaded into the upper half of the buffer. The processor will, therefore, have the entire time
between interrupts to move the eight conversions out of the buffer.

51.8.2.1.1 Buffer Fill Status

When the conversion result buffer is split (BUFM = 1), the BUFS status bit (AD1CON2<7>) indicates which half of the buffer that the A/D Converter is currently writing. If BUFS = 0, the A/D
Converter is filling the lower group and the user application should read conversion values from
the upper group. If BUFS = 1, the situation is reversed, and the user application should read
conversion values from the lower group.

51.8.2.2

CHANNEL INDEXED MODE

When BUFREGEN = 1, FIFO operation is disabled. In this Fill mode, the conversion result for
each channel is written only to the buffer location that corresponds to that channel. For example,
any conversions performed on AN0 are stored only in ADC1BUF0. The same holds true for AN1
and ADC1BUF1, and so on. Subsequent conversions on a particular channel that occur, prior to
an interrupt, will result in any previous data in that location being overwritten.
Channel Indexed mode is particularly useful when used with the Threshold Detect feature, as this
allows the user to easily test for a particular condition on a specific analog channel without creating an excess of CPU overhead. This is covered in more detail in Section 51.10 Threshold
Detect Operation.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-31

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.8.1

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.8.3

Buffer Data Formats

The results of each A/D conversion are 12 bits wide (optionally, 10 bits wide in some devices).
To maintain data format compatibility, the result of each conversion is automatically converted to
one of four selectable, 16-bit formats. The FORM<1:0> bits (AD1CON1<9:8>) select the format.
Figure 51-10 and Figure 51-11 show the data output formats that can be selected. Tables 51-2
through 51-5 show the numerical equivalents for the various conversion result codes.
Figure 51-10: A/D Output Data Formats (12-Bit)
RAM Contents:

d11 d10 d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Read to Bus:
Integer
Signed Integer

d11 d10 d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

d11 d11 d11 d11 d11 d10 d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Fractional (1.15)

d11 d10 d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Signed Fractional (1.15)

d11 d10 d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Table 51-2:
VIN/VREF

Numerical Equivalents of Various Result Codes: 12-Bit Integer Formats

12-Bit
Output Code

16-Bit Integer Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

16-Bit Signed Integer Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

4095/4096

1111 1111 1111

0000 1111 1111 1111

4095

0000 0111 1111 1111

2047

4094/4096

1111 1111 1110

0000 1111 1111 1110

4094

0000 0111 1111 1110

2046
1

2049/4096

1000 0000 0001

0000 1000 0000 0001

2049

0000 0000 0000 0001

2048/4096

1000 0000 0000

0000 1000 0000 0000

2048

0000 0000 0000 0000

2047/4096

0111 1111 1111

0000 0111 1111 1111

2047

1111 1111 1111 1111

-1

1/4096

0000 0000 0001

0000 0000 0000 0001

1111 1000 0000 0001

-2047

0/4096

0000 0000 0000

0000 0000 0000 0000

1111 1000 0000 0000

-2048

Table 51-3:

Numerical Equivalents of Various Result Codes: 12-Bit Fractional Formats

16-Bit Fractional Format/
Equivalent Decimal Value

16-Bit Signed Fractional Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

VIN/VREF

12-Bit
Output Code

4095/4096

1111 1111 1111

1111 1111 1111 0000

0.999

0111 1111 1111 0000

0.499

4094/4096

1111 1111 1110

1111 1111 1110 0000

0.998

0111 1111 1110 0000

0.498

2049/4096

1000 0000 0001

1000 0000 0001 0000

0.501

0000 0000 0001 0000

0.001

2048/4096

1000 0000 0000

1000 0000 0000 0000

0.500

0000 0000 0000 0000

0.000

2047/4096

0111 1111 1111

0111 1111 1111 0000

0.499

1111 1111 1111 0000

-0.001

1/4096

0000 0000 0001

0000 0000 0001 0000

0.001

1000 0000 0001 0000

-0.499

0/4096

0000 0000 0000

0000 0000 0000 0000

0.000

1000 0000 0000 0000

-0.500

DS39739B-page 51-32

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
A/D Output Data Formats (10-Bit)

RAM Contents:

d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Read to Bus:
Integer

Signed Integer

d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

d09 d09 d09 d09 d09 d09 d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Fractional (1.15)

d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Signed Fractional (1.15)

d09 d08 d07 d06 d05 d04 d03 d02 d01 d00

Table 51-4:

Numerical Equivalents of Various Result Codes: 10-Bit Integer Formats

VIN/VREF

10-Bit
Output Code

16-Bit Integer Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

16-Bit Signed Integer Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

1023/1024

11 1111 1111

0000 0011 1111 1111

1023

0000 0001 1111 1111

511

1022/1024

11 1111 1110

0000 0011 1111 1110

1022

0000 0001 1111 1110

510

513/1024

10 0000 0001

0000 0010 0000 0001

513

0000 0000 0000 0001

512/1024

10 0000 0000

0000 0010 0000 0000

512

0000 0000 0000 0000

511/1024

01 1111 1111

0000 0001 1111 1111

511

1111 1111 1111 1111

-1

1/1024

00 0000 0001

0000 0000 0000 0001

1111 1110 0000 0001

-511

0/1024

00 0000 0000

0000 0000 0000 0000

1111 1110 0000 0000

-512

Table 51-5:
VIN/VREF

Numerical Equivalents of Various Result Codes: 10-Bit Fractional Formats

10-Bit
Output Code

16-Bit Fractional Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

16-Bit Signed Fractional Format/

Equivalent Decimal Value

1023/1024

11 1111 1111

1111 1111 1100 0000

0.999

0111 1111 1100 0000

0.499

1022/1024

11 1111 1110

1111 1111 1000 0000

0.998

0111 1111 1000 0000

0.498

1000 0000 0100 0000

0.501

0000 0000 0100 0000

0.001

513/1024

10 0000 0001

512/1024

10 0000 0000

1000 0000 0000 0000

0.500

0000 0000 0000 0000

0.000

511/1024

01 1111 1111

0111 1111 1100 0000

0.499

1111 1111 1100 0000

-0.001

1/1024

00 0000 0001

0000 0000 0100 0000

0.001

1000 0000 0100 0000

-0.499

0/1024

00 0000 0000

0000 0000 0000 0000

0.000

1000 0000 0000 0000

-0.500

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-33

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Figure 51-11:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.9

EXTENDED DMA OPERATIONS

For DMA enabled modules, when DMAEN (AD1CON1<11>) = 1, the A/D conversion values are
able to be written to user-defined regions of data memory, expanding the conversion storage
beyond the ADC1BUFn buffer. This allows the ADC1BUFn buffer to maintain threshold values
while still storing conversion values. DMA operations also allocate dedicated memory to the
results of conversions on the upper channels, which do not have their own memory mapped
buffers inside the A/D module.
In Extended DMA operation, A/D conversion results are written to the AD1DMBUF register. An
interrupt is generated after a successful write to the AD1DMBUF register. This interrupt can be
used to trigger a DMA operation, writing the conversion value to the desired memory location.
Extended DMA operates in two modes: Extended Buffer mode and Scatter/Gather mode.
For more information on configuring a DMA channel for a memory operation, refer to Section 54.
Direct Memory Access Controller (DMA) (DS39742) in the PIC24F Family Reference Manual.

51.9.1

Extended Buffer Mode

Extended Buffer mode is enabled when DMABM (AD1CON1<12>) = 1. In this Buffer mode, the
DMA will assemble a buffer in memory in the order of conversions completed. It is useful for storing the results of conversions on the upper channels, which do not have their own memory
mapped buffers inside the A/D module. It can also be used to store the conversion results on any
A/D channel in any implemented address in data RAM. In Extended Buffer mode, in order to scan
multiple channels, the DMA must be configured for Peripheral Indirect mode. The DMADST
register points to the beginning of the buffer. The A/D module provides the inter-block address,
pointing to locations within the block of DMA data. The address to the buffer is formed from two
parts, ORed together. The DMA count and SMPIx bits (AD1CON2<6:2>) must be set to generate
an interrupt after the proper number of conversions. Conversion data is written to a destination
specified by the DMA Controller.
This allows users to implement dedicated storage for conversions of higher numbered channels,
which do not have their own memory mapped A/D buffer locations. When using Extended Buffer
mode, always set the BUFREGEN bit to disable FIFO operation. In addition, disable the Split
Buffer mode by clearing the BUFM bit.

51.9.2

Scatter/Gather Mode

When DMABM = 0, the A/D module is configured to function with the DMA Controller for
Scatter/Gather mode operations. The buffers are written in the order of the channels scanned.
The A/D module generates an 11-bit Indirect Address (IA). The IA is ORed with the destination
address in the DMA Controller to define where the A/D conversion data will be stored.
In Scatter/Gather mode, each analog channel is allocated a buffer for conversion data. Each
buffer is contiguous, and the size of each channels buffer is selected by the DMABLx bits
(AD1CON4<2:0>). The size options range from a single word per buffer to 128 words. The buffers are allocated to each channel, regardless of whether or not the channel will actually have
conversion data. The exception to this rule is when the buffer size per channel is large enough
that not all of the channels can be addressed (DMABL<2:0>= 110 or 111).
If Peripheral Indirect Addressing (PIA) is used, the Indirect Address (IA) is created by combining
the base address within a channel buffer with three to five bits (depending on the buffer size) to
identify the channel. The base address ranges from zero to seven bits wide, depending on the
buffer size. The address is right-padded with a 0 in order to maintain address alignment in the
data space. The concatenated channel and base address bits are then left-padded with zeroes,
as necessary, to complete the 11-bit IA.
The write address inside a channel buffer is controlled by the A/D module. The buffer location
counter is a simple counter. It is initialized to 0 when the A/D module is initialized. Its maximum
value is defined by the DMABLx bits. Upon reaching this maximum value, it rolls over back to 0.
It is incremented based on the SMPIx bits (AD1CON2<6:2>). Essentially, it is incremented when
the non-DMA version of the module would generate an A/D interrupt (for more information, refer
to Section 51.8.1 Number of Conversions Per Interrupt).

DS39739B-page 51-34

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51

As with PIA operations for any DMA-enabled module, the base destination address in the
DMADST register must be masked properly to accommodate the IA. Table 51-6 shows how complete addresses are formed. Note that the address masking varies for each buffer size option.
Because of masking requirements, some address ranges may not be available for certain buffer
sizes. Users should verify that the DMA base address is compatible with the buffer size selected.
Figure 51-12 shows how the parts of the address define the buffer locations in data memory. In
this case, the module allocates 256 bytes of data RAM (1000h to 1100h) for 32 buffers of four
words each. However, this is not a hard allocation and nothing prevents these locations from
being used for other purposes. For example, in the current case, if Analog Channels 2, 7 and 29
are being sampled and converted, conversion data will only be written to the channel buffers,
starting at 1008h, 1038h and 10F0h. The empty locations in PIA buffer space can be used for
any other purpose.
Note that the generated buffer address is not checked for out of bounds conditions. It is the users
responsibility to keep track of buffer locations and preventing data overwrites. Also, the number
of potential analog inputs, multiplied by the buffer size specified in the DMABLx bits, cannot
exceed the total DMA buffer area.
Table 51-6:

Indirect Address Generation in PIA Mode

DMABL<2:0>

Buffer Size Per

Channel (words)

Generated Offset
Address (lower 11 bits)

Available
Input
Channels

Allowable DMADST
Addresses

000

000 00cc ccc0

32

xxxx xxxx xx00 0000

001

000 0ccc ccn0

32

xxxx xxxx x000 0000

010

000 cccc cnn0

32

xxxx xxxx 0000 0000

011

00c cccc nnn0

32

xxxx xxx0 0000 0000

100

16

0cc cccn nnn0

32

xxxx xx00 0000 0000

101

32

ccc ccnn nnn0

32

xxxx x000 0000 0000

110

64

ccc cnnn nnn0

16

xxxx x000 0000 0000

111

128

ccc nnnn nnn0

xxxx x000 0000 0000

Legend: ccc = Channel number (three to five bits); n = Base buffer address (zero to seven bits);
x = User-definable range of DMADST for base address; 0 = Masked bits of DMADST for IA.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-35

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

The IA is configured to auto-increment during write operations according to the SMPI<4:0> bits
(AD1CON2<6:2>). There are three useful cases of the SMPIx bits for use with the DMA. When
the A/D is set up to store one conversion per channel, the SMPIx bits should be set to 00000.
This indicates that the address will increment every sample. If ALTS = 1, indicating alternating
analog input selections, then set SMPI<4:0> = 00001 to allow two samples per address
increment. When scanning is used, then the SMPIx bits should be set to the number of inputs
being scanned. So, for example, if AD1CSSL = 0xFFFF, indicating AN0-AN15 are being
scanned, then set SMPI<4:0> = 01111 to increment the address after 16 sample/conversion
sequences.

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Figure 51-12: Example of Buffer Address Generation in PIA Mode (4-Word Buffers Per Channel)

A/D Module

DMABL<2:0> = 010
(16-Word Buffer Size)

Data RAM

BBA Channel

ccccc (0-31)

000 cccc cnn0 (IA)

nn (0-3)
(Buffer Base Address)

1000h
1008h
1010h
1018h

Ch 7 Buffer (4 Words)
Ch 8 Buffer (4 Words)

1038h
1040h

Ch 29 Buffer (4 Words)
Ch 29 Buffer (4 Words)
Ch 31 Buffer (4 Words)

10F0h
10F8h
1100h

Destination
Range

1000h (DMA Base Address)

DMADST
(PIA Mode)

DMA Channel

Ch 0 Buffer (4 Words)
Ch 1 Buffer (4 Words)
Ch 2 Buffer (4 Words)
Ch 3 Buffer (4 Words)

Buffer Address
Channel Address
Address Mask
DMA Base Address
Ch 0, Word 0
Ch 0, Word 1
Ch 0, Word 2
Ch 0, Word 3
Ch 1, Word 0
Ch 1, Word 1
Ch 1, Word 2
Ch 1, Word 3

51.9.3

1000h
1002h
1004h
1006h
1008h
100Ah
100Ch
100Eh

0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001

0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000

0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000

0000
0010
0100
0110
1000
1010
1100
1110

Extended DMA Operation with Threshold Detect

When using the Threshold Detect operation with the Extended DMA, it is important to note that
the Write mode must be configured to convert and save (ASINT<1:0> = 01), or else the
converted values will not be saved in the desired memory location. Also, if a channel fails to
generate a valid comparison, the undesired value will not be written to memory, which will be
interpreted by the DMA as an incomplete DMA session. As such, the user should poll the
AD1CHITL and/or AD1CHITH register to determine if a given memory location contains valid
data. For more information on DMA operation, refer to Section 54. Direct Memory Access
Controller (DMA). To learn more about Threshold Detect operation, refer to Section 51.10
Threshold Detect Operation.

DS39739B-page 51-36

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.10

THRESHOLD DETECT OPERATION

Threshold Detect is a significant extension of the Auto-Scan feature offered in previous 10-bit
A/D modules. In addition to being able to repeatedly sample a predefined sequence of analog
channels, Threshold Detect allows the user to define match conditions based on the conversion
results and generate an interrupt based on these conditions. During normal operation, this can
potentially reduce the amount of CPU time spent on processing A/D interrupts. For low-power
applications, this can allow the CPU to remain inactive for longer periods, waking only when
specific analog conditions are met.
When selected by the user, Threshold Detect changes the operation of the A/D results buffer by
making it a read/write array for both conversion results and comparison (threshold) values. It also
brings into play the AD1CHIT registers, which are used to indicate match conditions. Independently selectable comparison and buffer storage settings make a wide range of operating
combinations possible.

51.10.1 Operating Modes

The operation of Threshold Detect is mostly controlled by the AD1CON5 register (Figure 51-5).
The ASEN bit (AD1CON5<15>) controls overall operation of Threshold Detect; setting this bit
enables the functionality.
As with Legacy Auto-Scan operation, the channels to be included are selected using the
AD1CSSH/L registers. Setting a particular bit in either register includes the corresponding channel in an automatic sequential scan. One or more channels may be selected. After the channels
have been selected, setting both the CSCNA and ASEN bits to enable a single scan of the
designated channels. The scan itself is triggered by the trigger source programmed by the
SSRC<3:0> bits.
Note:

Legacy Auto-Scan (i.e., sequential scanning of analog channels on MUX A, without

any comparison) is controlled by the CSCNA bit (AD1CON2<10>) and does not
depend on the ASEN bit to function

The LPEN bit (AD1CON5<14>) allows Threshold Detect to function with a low-power feature. By
design, Threshold Detect can perform comparison operations when the device is in Sleep or Idle
modes, waking the CPU when it generates an interrupt. Setting LPEN configures the device to
return to low-power operation after the interrupt has been serviced.
The Compare Mode bits, CM<1:0> (AD1CON5<1:0>), select the type of comparison to be
performed. Four types are available:

The result of the current conversion is greater than a reference threshold

The result of the current conversion is less than a reference threshold
The result of the current conversion is between two predefined thresholds (Inside Window)
The result of the current conversion is outside of the predefined thresholds (Outside Window)

The Write Mode bits, WM<1:0> (AD1CON5<3:2>), determine the disposition of the conversion.
Three options are available:
Discard the conversion after the comparison has been performed
Store the conversion after the comparison has been performed
Store the conversion without comparison (Legacy mode)

51.10.1.1 BUFFER OPERATION AND COMPARISONS

For Buffer Write modes that involve storing conversions (WM<1:0> = 0x), the BUFM and
BUFREGEN bits control how the buffer functions (as a channel indexed, single FIFO or split FIFO
buffer). However, when the compare and store option is selected (WM<1:0> = 01), using a FIFO
mode may overwrite the buffers of other channels and cause unpredictable comparison results.
For that reason, always use Channel Indexed Buffer mode (BUFREGEN = 1) when using the
compare and store option.

DS39739B-page 51-37

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.10.1.2 BUFFER OPERATION IN WINDOWED COMPARISONS
(CHANNEL MIRRORING)
The use of windowed comparisons changes the available options for the results buffer. To
accommodate the storage of two threshold values, the buffer is automatically split into halves,
similar to Split FIFO mode. Buffer addresses in each half are paired, with the lowest address in
one buffer, matched to the buffer address in the upper half. (For example, in a 16-word buffer,
ADC1BUF0 is paired with ADC1BUF9, ADC1BUF1 is paired with ADC1BUF10, and so on.) This
pairing is referred to as channel mirroring.
Mirroring can obviously be applied only to the lower A/D channels; for most devices, this corresponds to the lower half of the external analog channels. This does not mean that those buffer
locations cannot be used for other purposes. However, storing any other data in a particular
buffer location, where channel mirroring is being used, may result in misleading comparison
evaluations.

51.10.2 Setting Comparison Thresholds

The comparison thresholds for Threshold Detect are set by writing the desired values to an
appropriate location in the A/D results buffer. This can only be done when the module is
deactivated (AD1CON1<15> = 0).
The location of the threshold is determined by the comparison type. For simple greater than, and
less than, comparisons, the value is written to the buffer location corresponding to the input channel to be monitored. For example, if AN0 is to be monitored for a voltage over a certain level, the
ceiling threshold is stored in ADC1BUF0.
The location of the thresholds for windowed comparisons are written to two addresses. The lower
value is written to the address corresponding to the monitored channel. The upper value is stored
in the corresponding mirrored address in the upper half of the buffer. To expand on the previous
example, if the conversion on AN0 is to be a windowed comparison, the floor threshold is stored
in ADC1BUF0, while the ceiling threshold is stored in ADC1BUF9.

51.10.3 Compare Hit Registers

To determine if a particular event has occurred, the A/D module uses two registers to record
match events. These registers are referred to as the Compare Hit registers and are designated,
AD1CHITL and AD1CHITH. The registers map their individual bits sequentially to each of the (up
to) 32 analog channels. If a particular channel in a device is not implemented, the corresponding
Compare Hit bit (CHHn) is not implemented.
Each bit serves as an event semaphore for its corresponding channel. When the programmed
event occurs on that channel, the bit becomes set and stays set until it is cleared by the
application. It is the users responsibility to clear the bits after the application has evaluated them.
Depending on the event, more than one Compare Hit bit may be set. The significance of a set bit
must be interpreted by the application in the context of the Compare mode selected. Particular
examples are covered in Section 51.10.5 Comparison Mode Examples.

51.10.4 Threshold Detect Interrupts

The A/D module can generate an interrupt and set the AD1IF flag based on Threshold Detect
operation. This is based on completion of a Threshold Detect sequence and/or the occurrence
of a valid comparison. When Threshold Detect is enabled (ASEN = 1), A/D module interrupt
generation is governed by the ASINTx bits (AD1CON5<9:8>), superseding any configuration
implemented by the SMPIx bits (AD1CON2<6:2>). For information on alternative interrupt
settings, refer to Section 51.8.1 Number of Conversions Per Interrupt.
The Threshold Detect interrupt is configured by the ASINT<1:0> bits (AD1CON5<9:8>). Options
include interrupt after a scan sequence, interrupt after a scan sequence with a valid match,
interrupt after a valid match (without waiting for the sequence to end) or no interrupt.

DS39739B-page 51-38

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
The following examples show the effect of valid comparisons on the results buffer and the
Compare Hit registers. In each figure, changes within the registers are indicated in bold.
For the sake of simplicity, the examples assume a device with only 16 analog inputs. Devices
with a greater number of channels, and thus, larger results buffers and two Compare Hit
registers, will function in a similar fashion.
When using any comparison mode, always use channel indexed buffer storage
(BUFREGEN = 1). Otherwise, the threshold values for other channels may be
overwritten, resulting in unpredictable comparisons.

Note:

51.10.5.1 SIMPLE COMPARISONS (GREATER AND LESS THAN RESULTS)

When the Compare Mode bits, CM<1:0> (AD1CON5<1:0>), are programmed as 0x, the converter compares the sampled value to see if it is greater than (CM<1:0> = 01), or less than
(CM<1:0> = 00), the threshold value in the buffer location. If the condition is met, both of the
following occur:
The Compare Hit bit (CHHn) for the corresponding channel is set.
If the Write Mode bits, WM<1:0> (AD1CON5<3:2>), are programmed to 01, the converted
value is written to the buffer, replacing the threshold value. If WM<1:0> = 10, the converted
value is discarded.
The changes to the result buffer and the Compare Hit register are shown in Figure 51-13. Note
that they are the same for both types of simple comparison.
Figure 51-13: Simple Comparison Operations (Greater Than and Less Than)
Before Conversion and Comparison
ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

ADC1BUF12

ADC1BUF11

After Conversion and Comparison

Compare Only
(10)

Compare and
Store (01)

ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

ADC1BUF10

ADC1BUF12

ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF11

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF10

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF6

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF5

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF4

ADC1BUF6

ADC1BUF3

ADC1BUF5

ADC1BUF2

Threshold Value

ADC1BUF4

ADC1BUF1

ADC1BUF3

ADC1BUF0

ADC1BUF2

Threshold Value

Conversion Value

ADC1BUF1

ADC1BUF0

AD1CHITL

AD1CHITL

15

14

13

12

11

10

15

14

13

12

11

10

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-39

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.10.5 Comparison Mode Examples

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.10.5.2 INSIDE WINDOW COMPARISON
When the Compare Mode bits, CM<1:0>, are programmed as 10, the converter compares the
sampled value to see if it falls between the threshold values in the buffer and mirrored channel
location. Since the value in the mirrored channel location is always the greater value of the two
thresholds, the condition is met when:
Threshold 2 > Converted Value > Threshold 1
In this case, both of the following occur:
The Compare Hit bit (CHHn) for the corresponding channel is set; the Compare Hit bit for
the mirrored channel remains cleared.
If the Write Mode bits, WM<1:0> (AD1CON5<3:2>), are programmed to 01, the converted
value is written to the buffer, replacing the lower threshold value. If WM<1:0> = 10, the
converted value is discarded.
The changes to the result buffer and the Compare Hit register are shown in Figure 51-14.
Figure 51-14: Inside Window Comparison Operation
Before Conversion and Comparison
ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

After Conversion and Comparison

Compare Only
(10)

Compare and
Store (01)

ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

Threshold 2

ADC1BUF12

ADC1BUF11

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF10

Threshold 2

Threshold 2

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF6

ADC1BUF5

Threshold 1

ADC1BUF4

ADC1BUF3

ADC1BUF2

Threshold 1

Conversion Value

ADC1BUF1

ADC1BUF0

ADC1BUF12
ADC1BUF11
ADC1BUF10
ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF0

AD1CHITL

AD1CHITL

15

14

13

12

11

10

15

14

13

12

11

10

DS39739B-page 51-40

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
When the Compare Mode bits CM<1:0> are programmed as 11, the converter compares the
sampled value to see if it falls outside of the threshold values in the buffer and mirrored channel
location. Again, since the value in the mirrored channel location is always the greater value of
the two thresholds, the condition is met when either:
Converted Value >Threshold 2
or
Threshold 1 > Converted Value
In these cases, the following occurs:
The Compare Hit bit (CHHn) for the corresponding channel is set.
If the converted value is greater than Threshold 2, the CHHn bit for the mirrored channel is
also set. If it is less than Threshold 1, the mirrored channel bit remains 0.
If the Write Mode bits, WM<1:0> (AD1CON5<3:2>), are programmed to 01:
- If the converted value is above Threshold 2, the converted value is written to the
mirrored channel address, replacing the upper threshold value.
- If the converted value is below Threshold 1, the converted value is written to the
channel address, replacing the lower threshold value.
If WM<1:0> = 10, the converted value is discarded.
The changes to the result buffer and the Compare Hit register are shown in Figure 51-15 (over
the upper threshold) and Figure 51-16 (under the lower threshold).
Note that when a Windowed Comparison mode is selected and channel mirroring is enabled,
nothing prevents a conversion from another operation from being stored in the mirrored channel
location. In the previous examples of windowed operation, if AN10 is included in a Threshold
Detect operation, a conversion on AN10 might be tested against the upper threshold for AN2,
stored in that location. This could result in the threshold value being overwritten and/or the
CHH10 bit being set.
For this reason, users must always carefully consider the allocation and use of the upper analog
channels (both external and internal) when using Windowed Compare modes. Wherever
possible, exclude the upper analog channels for Threshold Detect operations, and convert and
test those channels in a separate routine.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-41

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.10.5.3 OUTSIDE WINDOW COMPARISON

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Figure 51-15: Outside Window Comparison Operation (Over Threshold 2)
Before Conversion and Comparison
ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

ADC1BUF12

ADC1BUF11

After Conversion and Comparison

Compare Only
(10)

Compare and
Store (01)

ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

ADC1BUF10

Threshold 2

ADC1BUF12

ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF11

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF10

Threshold 2

Conversion Value

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF6

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF5

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF4

ADC1BUF6

ADC1BUF3

ADC1BUF5

ADC1BUF2

Threshold 1

ADC1BUF4

ADC1BUF1

ADC1BUF3

ADC1BUF0

ADC1BUF2

Threshold 1

Threshold 1

ADC1BUF1

ADC1BUF0

AD1CHITL

AD1CHITL
15

14

13

12

11

10

15

DS39739B-page 51-42

14

13

12

11

10

8
0

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Before Conversion and Comparison
ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

After Conversion and Comparison

Compare Only
(10)

Compare and
Store (01)

ADC1BUF15

ADC1BUF14

ADC1BUF13

Threshold 2

ADC1BUF12

ADC1BUF11

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF10

Threshold 2

Threshold 2

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF8

ADC1BUF7

ADC1BUF6

ADC1BUF5

Threshold 1

ADC1BUF4

ADC1BUF3

ADC1BUF2

Threshold 1

Conversion Value

ADC1BUF1

ADC1BUF0

ADC1BUF12
ADC1BUF11
ADC1BUF10
ADC1BUF9

ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF0

AD1CHITL

AD1CHITL

15

14

13

12

11

10

15

14

13

12

11

10

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-43

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Figure 51-16: Outside Window Comparison Operation (Under Threshold 1)

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.11

CONVERSION SEQUENCE EXAMPLES

The following configuration examples show the A/D operation in different sampling and buffering
configurations. In each example, setting the ASAM bit starts automatic sampling. A conversion
trigger ends sampling and starts conversion.

51.11.1 Sampling and Converting a Single Channel Multiple Times

Figure 51-17 and Example 51-6 illustrate a basic configuration of the A/D. In this case, one A/D
input, AN0, will be sampled and converted. The results are stored in the ADC1BUFn buffer. This
process repeats 16 times until the buffer is full and then the module generates an interrupt. The
entire process will then repeat.
With the ALTS bit clear, only the MUX A inputs are active. The CH0SAx and CH0NAx bits are
specified (AN0 VR-) as the inputs to the Sample-and-Hold channel. All other input selection bits
are unused.
Figure 51-17: Converting One Channel 16 Times Per Interrupt
Conversion
Trigger
TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

A/D CLK
TCONV
Analog Input

AN0

TCONV
AN0

TCONV
AN0

TCONV
AN0

ASAM
SAMP
DONE
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUFE
ADC1BUFF
AD1IF
BSF AD1CON1, ASAM

DS39739B-page 51-44

Instruction Execution

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Sampling and Converting a Single Channel Multiple Times

int ADCValue, count;

int *ADC16Ptr;
ANSB
= 0x0001;
AD1CON1 = 0x00E0;
AD1CHS = 0x0000;
AD1CSSL = 0;
AD1CON3 = 0x0F00;
AD1CON2 = 0x003C;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;
while(1)
{
ADCValue = 0;
ADC16Ptr = &ADC1BUF0;
IFS0bits.AD1IF = 0;
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 1;

// Only AN0 as analog input

// Internal counter triggers conversion
// Connect AN0 as positive input
//
//
//
//

Sample time = 15Tad, Tad = Tcy

Set AD1IF after every 16 samples
turn ADC ON
repeat continuously

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

clear value
initialize ADC1BUF pointer
clear ADC interrupt flag
auto start sampling for 31Tad
then go to conversion
conversion done?
yes then stop sample/convert
average the 16 ADC value

while (!IFS0bits.AD1IF){};
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 0;
for (count = 0; count < 16; count++)
{
ADCValue = ADCValue + *ADC16Ptr++;
}
ADCValue = ADCValue >> 4;
// repeat

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-45

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

Example 51-6:

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Example 51-7:

Converting a Single Channel 16 Times Per Interrupt

A/D Configuration:

Select AN0 for S/H+ Input (CH0SA<4:0> = 00000)

Select VR- for S/H- Input (CH0NA<2:0> = 000)
Configure for No Input Scan (CSCNA = 0)
Use Only MUX A for Sampling (ALTS = 0)
Set AD1IF on Every 16th Sample (SMPI<4:0> = 01111)
Configure Buffers for Single, 16-Word Results (BUFM = 0)

Operational Sequence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 0h.

Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 1h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 2h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 3h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 4h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 5h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 6h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 7h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 8h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 9h.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer Ah.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer Bh.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer Ch.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer Dh.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer Eh.
Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer Fh.
Set AD1IF Flag (and generate interrupt, if enabled).
Repeat (1-16) After Return from Interrupt.

Results Stored in Buffer (after 2 cycles):

Buffer
Address
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF7
ADC1BUF8
ADC1BUF9
ADC1BUFA
ADC1BUFB
ADC1BUFC
ADC1BUFD
ADC1BUFE
ADC1BUFF

DS39739B-page 51-46

Buffer Contents
at 1st AD1IF Event
AN0, Sample 1
AN0, Sample 2
AN0, Sample 3
AN0, Sample 4
AN0, Sample 5
AN0, Sample 6
AN0, Sample 7
AN0, Sample 8
AN0, Sample 9
AN0, Sample 10
AN0, Sample 11
AN0, Sample 12
AN0, Sample 13
AN0, Sample 14
AN0, Sample 15
AN0, Sample 16

Buffer Contents
at 2nd AD1IF Event
AN0, Sample 17
AN0, Sample 18
AN0, Sample 19
AN0, Sample 20
AN0, Sample 21
AN0, Sample 22
AN0, Sample 23
AN0, Sample 24
AN0, Sample 25
AN0, Sample 26
AN0, Sample 27
AN0, Sample 28
AN0, Sample 29
AN0, Sample 30
AN0, Sample 31
AN0, Sample 32

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Figure 51-18 and Example 51-9 illustrate a typical setup, where all available analog input channels
are sampled and converted. In this instance, 16 analog inputs are assumed. The set CSCNA bit
specifies scanning of the A/D inputs to the S/H positive input. Other conditions are similar to those
located in Section 51.11.1 Sampling and Converting a Single Channel Multiple Times.
Initially, the AN0 input is sampled and converted. The result is stored in the ADC1BUFn buffer.
Then, the AN1 input is sampled and converted. This process of scanning the inputs repeats
16 times, until the buffer is full, and then the module generates an interrupt. The entire process
will then repeat.
Figure 51-18: Scanning All 16 Inputs Per Single Interrupt
Conversion
Trigger

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

A/D CLK
TCONV

TCONV

AN0

Analog Input

AN1

TCONV
AN14

TCONV
AN15

ASAM
SAMP
DONE
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUFE
ADC1BUFF
AD1IF
BSET AD1CON1, #ASAM

Example 51-8:

Sampling and Converting All Channels

int ADCValue, count;

int *ADC16Ptr;
ANSA
= 0xFFFF;
ANSB
= 0xFFFF;
ANSC
= 0xFFFF;
AD1CSSL = 0xFFFF;
AD1CON1 = 0x00E0;
AD1CON3 = 0x0F00;
AD1CON2 = 0x043C;
AD1CON1bits.ADON = 1;
while (1)
{
ADCValue = 0;
ADC16Ptr = &ADC1BUF0;
IFS0bits.AD1IF = 0;
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 1;

Instruction Execution

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

Configure all pins as analog inputs

(small-pincount device w/16 channels shown here)
Include all channels in scan
Internal counter triggers conversion
Sample time = 15Tad, Tad = Tcy
Set AD1IF after every 16 samples, enable scanning
turn ADC ON
repeat continuously

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

clear value
initialize ADC1BUF pointer
clear ADC interrupt flag
auto start sampling for 31Tad
then go to conversion
conversion done?
yes then stop sample/convert
average the 16 ADC value

while (!IFS0bits.AD1IF){};
AD1CON1bits.ASAM = 0;
for (count = 0; count < 16; count++)
{
ADCValue = ADCValue + *ADC16Ptr++;
}
ADCValue = ADCValue >> 4;
// repeat

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-47

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.11.2 A/D Conversions While Scanning Through All Analog Inputs

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Example 51-9:

Scanning and Converting All 16 Channels Per Single Interrupt

A/D Configuration:

Select Any Channel for S/H+ Input (CH0SA<4:0> = xxxxx)

Select VR- for S/H- Input (CH0NA<2:0> = 000)
Use Only MUX A for Sampling (ALTS = 0)
Configure MUX A for Input Scan (CSCNA = 1)
Include All Analog Channels in Scanning (AD1CSSL = 1111 1111 1111 1111)
Set AD1IF on Every 16th Sample (SMPI<4:0> = 01111)
Configure Buffers for Single, 16-Word Results (BUFM = 0)

Operational Sequence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Sample MUX A Input AN0; Convert and Write to Buffer 0h.

Sample MUX A Input AN1; Convert and Write to Buffer 1h.
Sample MUX A Input AN2; Convert and Write to Buffer 2h.
Sample MUX A Input AN3; Convert and Write to Buffer 3h.
Sample MUX A Input AN4; Convert and Write to Buffer 4h.
Sample MUX A Input AN5; Convert and Write to Buffer 5h.
Sample MUX A Input AN6; Convert and Write to Buffer 6h.
Sample MUX A Input AN7; Convert and Write to Buffer 7h.
Sample MUX A Input AN8; Convert and Write to Buffer 8h.
Sample MUX A Input AN9; Convert and Write to Buffer 9h.
Sample MUX A Input AN10; Convert and Write to Buffer Ah.
Sample MUX A Input AN11; Convert and Write to Buffer Bh.
Sample MUX A Input AN12; Convert and Write to Buffer Ch.
Sample MUX A Input AN13; Convert and Write to Buffer Dh.
Sample MUX A Input AN14; Convert and Write to Buffer Eh.
Sample MUX A Input AN15; Convert and Write to Buffer Fh.
Set AD1IF Flag (and generate interrupt, if enabled).
Repeat (1-16) after Return from Interrupt.

Results Stored in Buffer (after 2 cycles):

Buffer
Address
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF7
ADC1BUF8
ADC1BUF9
ADC1BUF10
ADC1BUF11
ADC1BUF12
ADC1BUF13
ADC1BUF14
ADC1BUF15

DS39739B-page 51-48

Buffer Contents
at 1st AD1IF Event
Sample 1 (AN0, Sample 1)
Sample 2 (AN1, Sample 1)
Sample 3 (AN2, Sample 1)
Sample 4 (AN3, Sample 1)
Sample 5 (AN4, Sample 1)
Sample 6 (AN5, Sample 1)
Sample 7 (AN6, Sample 1)
Sample 8 (AN7, Sample 1)
Sample 9 (AN8, Sample 1)
Sample 10 (AN9, Sample 1)
Sample 11 (AN10, Sample 1)
Sample 12 (AN11, Sample 1)
Sample 13 (AN12, Sample 1)
Sample 14 (AN13, Sample 1)
Sample 15 (AN14, Sample 1)
Sample 16 (AN15, Sample 1)

Buffer Contents
at 2nd AD1IF Event
Sample 17 (AN0, Sample 2)
Sample 18 (AN1, Sample 2)
Sample 19 (AN2, Sample 2)
Sample 20 (AN3, Sample 2)
Sample 21 (AN4, Sample 2)
Sample 22 (AN5, Sample 2)
Sample 23 (AN6, Sample 2)
Sample 24 (AN7, Sample 2)
Sample 25 (AN8, Sample 2)
Sample 26 (AN9, Sample 2)
Sample 27 (AN10, Sample 2)
Sample 28 (AN11, Sample 2)
Sample 29 (AN12, Sample 2)
Sample 30 (AN13, Sample 2)
Sample 31 (AN14, Sample 2)
Sample 32 (AN15, Sample 2)

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Figure 51-19 and Example 51-10 demonstrate using dual buffers and alternating the buffer fill.
Setting the BUFM bit enables dual buffers. In this example, an interrupt is generated after each
sample. The BUFM setting does not affect other operational parameters. First, the conversion
sequence starts filling the buffer at ADC1BUF0. After the first interrupt occurs, the buffer begins
to fill at ADC1BUF8. The BUFS status bit is toggled after each interrupt.
Figure 51-19: Converting a Single Channel, Once Per Interrupt, Using Dual, 8-Word Buffers
Conversion
Trigger

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

A/D CLK
TCONVTCONVTCONVTCONV
Analog Input

AN3

TCONVTCONVTCONVTCONV

TCONVTCONVTCONVTCONV

AN3

AN3

BCLR IFS0, #AD1IF

BCLR IFS0, #AD1IF

SAMP
BUFS
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF8
AD1IF
BSET AD1CON1, #ASAM

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Instruction Execution

DS39739B-page 51-49

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.11.3 Using Dual Buffers

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Example 51-10: Converting a Single Channel, Once Per Interrupt, Dual Buffer Mode
A/D Configuration:

Select AN3 for S/H+ Input (CH0SA<4:0> = 00011)

Select VR- for S/H- Input (CH0NA<2:0> = 000)
Configure for No Input Scan (CSCNA = 0)
Use Only MUX A for Sampling (ALTS = 0)
Set AD1IF on Every Sample (SMPI<4:0> = 00000)
Configure Buffer as Dual, 8-Word Segments (BUFM = 1)

Operational Sequence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sample MUX A Input, AN3; Convert and Write to Buffer 0h.

Set AD1IF Flag (and generate interrupt, if enabled); Write Access Automatically
Switches to Alternate Buffer.
Sample MUX A Input, AN3; Convert and Write to Buffer 8h.
Set AD1IF Flag (and generate interrupt, if enabled); Write Access Automatically
Switches to Alternate Buffer.
Repeat (1-4).

Results Stored in Buffer (after 2 cycles):

Buffer
Address
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF7
ADC1BUF8
ADC1BUF9
ADC1BUFA
ADC1BUFB
ADC1BUFC
ADC1BUFD
ADC1BUFE
ADC1BUFF

DS39739B-page 51-50

Buffer Contents
at 1st AD1IF Event
Sample 1 (AN3, Sample 1)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)

Buffer Contents
at 2nd AD1IF Event
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
Sample 2 (AN3, Sample 2)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
Figure 51-20 and Example 51-11 demonstrate alternate sampling of the inputs assigned to
MUX A and MUX B. Setting the ALTS bit enables alternating input selections. The first sample
uses the MUX A inputs specified by the CH0SAx and CH0NAx bits. The next sample uses the
MUX B inputs, specified by the CH0SBx and CH0NBx bits.
This example also demonstrates use of the dual, 8-word buffers. An interrupt occurs after every
8th sample, resulting in filling 8 words into the buffer on each interrupt.
Figure 51-20: Converting Two Inputs Using Alternating Input Selections
Conversion
Trigger

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

TSAMP

A/D CLK
TCONVTCONV
Analog
Input

AN1

TCONVTCONV
AN15

TCONVTCONV
AN15

TCONVTCONV
AN1

TCONVTCONV
AN15

ASAM
SAMP
Cleared
in Software

DONE
BUFS
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF7
ADC1BUF8
ADC1BUF9
ADC1BUFA
ADC1BUFB
AD1IF
Cleared by Software

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-51

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.11.4 Using Alternating MUX A and MUX B Input Selections

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

Example 51-11: Converting Two Inputs by Alternating MUX A and MUX B
A/D Configuration:

Select AN1 for MUX A S/H+ Input (CH0SA<4:0> = 00001)

Select VR- for MUX A S/H- Input (CH0NA<2:0> = 000)
Configure for No Input Scan (CSCNA = 0)
Select AN15 for MUX B S/H+ Input (CH0SB<4:0> = 11111)
Select VR- for MUX B S/H- Input (CH0NB<2:0> = 000)
Alternate MUX A and MUX B for Sampling (ALTS = 1)
Set AD1IF on Every 8th Sample (SMPI<4:0> = 00111)
Configure Buffer as Two, 8-Word Segments (BUFM = 1)

Operational Sequence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Sample MUX A Input AN1; Convert and Write to Buffer 0h.

Sample MUX B Input AN15; Convert and Write to Buffer 1h.
Sample MUX A Input AN1; Convert and Write to Buffer 2h.
Sample MUX B Input AN15; Convert and Write to Buffer 3h.
Sample MUX A Input AN1; Convert and Write to Buffer 4h.
Sample MUX B Input AN15; Convert and Write to Buffer 5h.
Sample MUX A Input AN1; Convert and Write to Buffer 6h.
Sample MUX B Input AN15; Convert and Write to Buffer 7h.
Set AD1IF Flag (and generate interrupt, if enabled); Write Access Automatically
Switches to Alternate Buffer.
10. Repeat (1-9); Resume Writing to Buffer with Buffer 8h (first address of alternate buffer).
Results Stored in Buffer (after 2 cycles):
Buffer
Address
ADC1BUF0
ADC1BUF1
ADC1BUF2
ADC1BUF3
ADC1BUF4
ADC1BUF5
ADC1BUF6
ADC1BUF7
ADC1BUF8
ADC1BUF9
ADC1BUFA
ADC1BUFB
ADC1BUFC
ADC1BUFD
ADC1BUFE
ADC1BUFF

DS39739B-page 51-52

Buffer Contents
at 1st AD1IF Event
Sample 1 (AN1, Sample 1)
Sample 2 (AN15, Sample 1)
Sample 3 (AN1, Sample 2)
Sample 4 (AN15, Sample 2)
Sample 5 (AN1, Sample 3)
Sample 6 (AN15, Sample 3)
Sample 7 (AN1, Sample 4)
Sample 8 (AN15, Sample 4)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)

Buffer Contents
at 2nd AD1IF Event
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
(undefined)
Sample 9 (AN1, Sample 5)
Sample 10 (AN15, Sample 5)
Sample 11 (AN1, Sample 6)
Sample 12 (AN15, Sample 6)
Sample 13 (AN1, Sample 7)
Sample 14 (AN15, Sample 7)
Sample 15 (AN1, Sample 8)
Sample 16 (AN15, Sample 8)

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
A/D SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
The Analog Input model of the 12-bit A/D Converter is shown in Figure 51-21. The total sampling
time for the A/D is a function of the holding capacitor charge time.
For the A/D Converter to meet its specified accuracy, the charge holding capacitor (CHOLD) must
be allowed to fully charge to the voltage level on the analog input pin. The source impedance
(RS), the interconnect impedance (RIC) and the internal sampling switch (RSS) impedance
combine to directly affect the time required to charge CHOLD. The combined impedance of the
analog sources must, therefore, be small enough to fully charge the holding capacitor within the
chosen sample time. To minimize the effects of pin leakage currents on the accuracy of the A/D
Converter, the maximum recommended source impedance, RS, is 2.5 k. After the analog input
channel is selected (changed), this sampling function must be completed prior to starting the
conversion. The internal holding capacitor will be in a discharged state prior to each sample
operation.
At least 1 TAD time period should be allowed between conversions for the sample time. For more
details, see Section 51.18 Electrical Specifications.
Figure 51-21: 12-Bit A/D Converter Analog Input Model
RIC 250
Rs
VA

ANx

Sampling
Switch
RSS

CPIN

ILEAKAGE
500 nA

RSS 3 k
CHOLD
= 4.4 pF
VSS

Legend: CPIN
= Input Capacitance
VT
= Threshold Voltage
ILEAKAGE = Leakage Current at the Pin due to
Various Junctions
RIC
= Interconnect Resistance
RSS
= Sampling Switch Resistance
CHOLD
= Sample/Hold Capacitance (from DAC)

Note: CPIN value depends on device package and is not tested. The effect of the CPIN is negligible if Rs 5 k.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-53

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.12

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.13

TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
The transfer functions of the A/D Converter, in 12-bit and 10-bit resolution, are shown in
Figure 51-22 and Figure 51-23, respectively. In both cases, the difference of the input voltages,
(VINH VINL), is compared to the reference, ((VR+) (VR-)).
For the 12-bit transfer function:

The first code transition occurs when the input voltage is ((VR+) (VR-))/4096 or 1.0 LSb.
The 0000 0000 0001 code is centered at VR- + (1.5 * ((VR+) (VR-))/4096).
The 0010 0000 0000 code is centered at VREFL + (2048.5 * ((VR+) (VR-))/4096).
An input voltage less than VR- + (((VR-) (VR-))/4096) converts as 0000 0000 0000.
An input voltage greater than (VR-) + (4096((VR+) (VR-))/4096) converts
as 1111 1111 1111.

Figure 51-22: 12-Bit A/D Transfer Function

Output Code
(Binary (Decimal))

1111 1111 1111 (4095)

1111 1111 1110 (4094)

0010 0000 0011 (2051)

0010 0000 0010 (2050)
0010 0000 0001 (2049)
0010 0000 0000 (2048)
0001 1111 1111 (2047)
0001 1111 1110 (2046)
0001 1111 1101 (2045)

0000 0000 0001 (1)

DS39739B-page 51-54

(VINH VINL)

VR+
4096

4095 * (VR + VR-)

VR- +

4096

VR- +

2048 * (VR+ VR-)

4096

VR- +

Voltage Level

VR+ VR-

0
VR-

0000 0000 0000 (0)

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51

The first code transition occurs when the input voltage is ((VR+) (VR-))/1024 or 1.0 LSb.
The 00 0000 0001 code is centered at VR- + (1.5 * (((VR+) (VR-))/1024).
The 10 0000 0000 code is centered at VREFL + (512.5 * (((VR+) (VR-))/1024).
An input voltage less than VR- + (((VR-) (VR-))/1024) converts as 00 0000 0000.
An input voltage greater than (VR-) + ((1023 (VR+)) (VR-))/1024) converts as 11 1111 1111.

Figure 51-23: 10-Bit A/D Transfer Function

Output Code
(Binary (Decimal))

11 1111 1111 (1023)

11 1111 1110 (1022)

10 0000 0011 (515)

10 0000 0010 (514)
10 0000 0001 (513)
10 0000 0000 (512)
01 1111 1111 (511)
01 1111 1110 (510)
01 1111 1101 (509)

00 0000 0001 (1)

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

(VINH VINL)

VR+
1024

1023 * (VR+ VR-)

VR- +

1024

VR- +

512 * (VR+ VR-)

1024

VR- +

Voltage Level

VR+ VR-

0
VR-

00 0000 0000 (0)

DS39739B-page 51-55

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

For the 10-bit transfer function (when 10-bit resolution is available):

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.14

A/D ACCURACY/ERROR
Refer to Section 51.20 Related Application Notes for a list of documents that discuss A/D
accuracy.

51.15

OPERATION DURING SLEEP AND IDLE MODES

Sleep and Idle modes are useful for minimizing conversion noise because the digital activity of
the CPU, buses and other peripherals is minimized.

51.15.1 CPU Sleep Mode Without RC A/D Clock

When the device enters Sleep mode, all clock sources to the module are shut down and stay at
logic 0.
If Sleep occurs in the middle of a conversion, the conversion is aborted unless the A/D is clocked
from its internal RC clock generator. The converter will not resume a partially completed
conversion on exiting from Sleep mode.
Register contents are not affected by the device entering or leaving Sleep mode.

51.15.2 CPU Sleep Mode With RC A/D Clock

The A/D module can operate during Sleep mode if the A/D clock source is set to the internal A/D
RC oscillator (ADRC = 1). This eliminates digital switching noise from the conversion. When the
conversion is completed, the DONE bit will be set and the result is loaded into the A/D Result
Buffer n, ADC1BUFn.
If the A/D interrupt is enabled (AD1IE = 1), the device will wake-up from Sleep when the A/D
interrupt occurs. Program execution will resume at the A/D Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) if the
A/D interrupt is greater than the current CPU priority. Otherwise, execution will continue from the
instruction after the PWRSAV instruction that placed the device in Sleep mode.
If the A/D interrupt is not enabled, the A/D module will then be turned off, although the ADON bit
will remain set.
To minimize the effects of digital noise on the A/D module operation, the user should select a
conversion trigger source that ensures the A/D conversion will take place in Sleep mode. The
automatic conversion trigger option can be used for sampling and conversion in Sleep
(SSRC<3:0> = 0111). To use the automatic conversion option, the ADON bit should be set in
the instruction prior to the PWRSAV instruction.
Note:

For the A/D module to operate in Sleep, the A/D clock source must be set to RC
(ADRC = 1).

51.15.3 A/D Operation During CPU Idle Mode

The ADSIDL bit (AD1CON1<13>) determines whether the module stops or continues operation
on Idle. If ADSIDL = 0, the module will continue normal operation when the device enters Idle
mode. If the A/D interrupt is enabled (AD1IE = 1), the device will wake-up from Idle mode when
the A/D interrupt occurs. Program execution will resume at the A/D Interrupt Service Routine
(ISR) if the A/D interrupt is greater than the current CPU priority. Otherwise, execution will
continue from the instruction after the PWRSAV instruction that placed the device in Idle mode.
If ADSIDL = 1, the module will stop in Idle. If the device enters Idle mode in the middle of a
conversion, the conversion is aborted. The converter will not resume a partially completed
conversion on exiting from Idle mode.

DS39739B-page 51-56

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
The Peripheral Module Disable (PMD) registers provide a method to disable the A/D module by
stopping all clock sources supplied to that module. When a peripheral is disabled via the appropriate PMDx control bit, the peripheral is in a minimum power consumption state. The control and
status registers associated with the peripheral will also be disabled, so writes to those registers
will have no effect and read values will be invalid. The A/D module is enabled only when the
ADC1MD bit in the PMDx register is cleared.

51.16

EFFECTS OF A RESET
A device Reset forces all registers to their Reset state. This forces the A/D module to be turned
off and any conversion in progress to be aborted. All pins that are multiplexed with analog inputs
will be configured as analog inputs. The corresponding TRIS bits will be set.
The values in the ADC1BUFn registers are not initialized during a Power-on Reset; they will
contain unknown data.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-57

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.15.4 Peripheral Module Disable (PMD) Register

REGISTER MAPS
A summary of the registers associated with the PIC24F 10-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect is provided in Table 51-7.

Table 51-7:
File Name

A/D Register Map

Bit 15

Bit 14

Bit 13

Bit 12

Bit 11

Bit 10

Bit 9

Bit 8

Bit 7

Bit 6

Bit 5

Bit 4

Bit 3

Bit 2

Bit 1

Bit 0

All
Resets

ADC1BUF0

A/D Data Buffer 0/Threshold Detect Value for AN0

xxxx

ADC1BUF1

A/D Data Buffer 1/Threshold Detect Value for AN1

xxxx

ADC1BUF2

A/D Data Buffer 2/Threshold Detect Value for AN2

xxxx

ADC1BUF3

A/D Data Buffer 3/Threshold Detect Value for AN3

xxxx

ADC1BUF4

A/D Data Buffer 4/Threshold Detect Value for AN4

xxxx

ADC1BUF5

A/D Data Buffer/Threshold Detect Value for AN5

xxxx

ADC1BUF6

A/D Data Buffer/Threshold Detect Value for AN6

xxxx

ADC1BUF7

A/D Data Buffer 7/Threshold Detect Value for AN7

xxxx

ADC1BUF8

A/D Data Buffer 8/Threshold Detect Value for AN8

xxxx

ADC1BUF9

A/D Data Buffer 9/Threshold Detect Value for AN9

xxxx

ADC1BUFn(1)

A/D Data Buffer n/Threshold Detect Value for ANn

xxxx

AD1CON1

ADON

ADSIDL

DMABM(2)

DMAEN(2)

MODE12(2)

FORM1

FORM0

SSRC3

SSRC2

SSRC1

SSRC0

ASAM

SAMP

DONE

0000

AD1CON2

PVCFG1

PVCFG0

NVCFG

OFFCAL

BUFREGEN

CSCNA

BUFS

SMPI4

SMPI3

SMPI2

SMPI1

SMPI0

BUFM

ALTS

0000

AD1CON3

ADRC

SAMC4

SAMC3

SAMC2

SAMC1

SAMC0

ADCS7

ADCS6

ADCS5

ADCS4

ADCS3

ADCS2

ADCS1

ADCS0

0000

AD1CON4(4)

EXTSAM PUMPEN(2)

DMABL2(2,5) DMABL1(2,5) DMABL0(2,5)

CH0NB2

CH0NB1

CH0NB0

CH0SB4

CH0SB3

CH0SB2

CH0SB1

CH0SB0

CH0NA2

CH0NA1

CH0NA0

CH0SA4

CH0SA3

CH0SA2

CH0SA1

CH0SA0

0000

AD1CSSH(3)

CSS31

CSS30

CSS29

CSS28

CSS27

CSS26

CSS25

CSS24

CSS23

CSS22

CSS21

CSS20

CSS19

CSS18

CSS17

CSS16

xxxx

AD1CSSL

CSS15

CSS14

CSS13

CSS12

CSS11

CSS10

CSS9

CSS8

CSS7

CSS6

CSS5

CSS4

CSS3

CSS2

CSS1

CSS0

0000

AD1CON5

ASEN

LPEN

CTMREQ

ASINT1

ASINT0

WM1

WM0

CM1

CM0

0000

AD1CHITH(3)

CHH31

CHH30

CHH29

CHH28

CHH27

CHH26

CHH25

CHH24

CHH23

CHH22

CHH21

CHH20

CHH19

CHH18

CHH17

CHH16

0000

ADCCHITL

CHH15

CHH14

CHH13

CHH12

CHH11

CHH10

CHH9

CHH8

CHH7

CHH6

CHH5

CHH4

CHH3

CHH2

CHH1

CHH0

0000

AD1CHS

BGREQ(2) VRSREQ(2)

0000

AD1CTMENH(3) CTMEN31 CTMEN30 CTMEN29 CTMEN28

CTMEN27

CTMEN26 CTMEN25 CTMEN24 CTMEN23 CTMEN22 CTMEN21 CTMEN20 CTMEN19

CTMEN18

CTMEN17

CTMEN16

0000

AD1CTMENL

CTMEN11

CTMEN10

CTMEN2

CTMEN1

CTMEN0

0000

CTMEN9

CTMEN8

CTMEN7

CTMEN6

CTMEN5

CTMEN4

CTMEN3

x = unknown value on Reset, = unimplemented, read as 0. Reset values are shown in hexadecimal.
The number of AD1BUF registers is equal to at least the number of external analog channels, rounded up the nearest even number. Refer to the specific device data sheet for the exact number.
These bits are not implemented in all devices. Refer to the specific device data sheet.
These registers and bits are implemented in devices with more than 16 analog channels only. Not all bits may be implemented in H registers. Refer to the specific device data sheet.
AD1CON4 is not implemented on all devices. For more information, refer to the specific device data sheet.
The DMABL<2:0> bits are only used when AD1CON1<11> = 1; otherwise, their value is ignored.

51

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

DS39739B-page 51-58

Legend:
Note 1:
2:
3:
4:
5:

CTMEN15 CTMEN14 CTMEN13 CTMEN12

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

51.17

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Figure 51-24: A/D Conversion Timing

BSET AD1CON1, SAMP

BCLR AD1CON1, SAMP

(Note 2)

131

Q3/Q4
132

A/D CLK

135

130

(1)

A/D DATA

... ...

OLD DATA

ADC1BUFn

NEW DATA

AD1IF

TCY

SAMP

SAMPLING STOPPED

Note 1: If the A/D clock source is selected as RC, a time of TCY is added before the A/D clock starts. This allows the SLEEP
instruction to be executed.
2: This is a minimal RC delay (typically 100 ns) which also disconnects the holding capacitor from the analog input.

Table 51-8:

A/D Conversion Requirements(4)

Param
Symbol
No.
AD61

tPSS

Characteristic
Sample Start Delay from Setting SAMP

Min

Typ

Max

Units

Conditions

TAD

300

ns

TOSC-based

250

ns

A/D RC mode

12
14

TAD

10-bit result
12-bit result (Note 1)

Acquisition Time

750

ns

(Note 2)

Switching Time from Convert to Sample

(Note 3)

Discharge Time

TAD

A/D Stabilization Time (from setting

ADON to setting SAMP)

300

ns

AD130 TAD

A/D Clock Period

AD131 TCNV

Conversion Time
(not including acquisition time)

AD132 TACQ
AD135 TSWC
AD137 TDIS

Note 1: The ADC1BUFn register may be read on the following TCY cycle.
2: The time for the holding capacitor to acquire the New input voltage when the voltage changes full scale
after the conversion (AVDD to AVSS or AVSS to AVDD).
3: On the following cycle of the device clock.
4: Specifications may change between devices. Refer to the family data sheet for information specific to a
given device.

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS39739B-page 51-59

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.18

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.19

DESIGN TIPS
Question 1:

How can I optimize the system performance of the A/D Converter?

Answer: There are three main things to consider in optimizing A/D performance:
1.

2.

3.

Make sure you are meeting all of the timing specifications. If you are turning the module
off and on, there is a minimum delay you must wait before taking a sample. If you are
changing input channels, there is a minimum delay you must wait for this as well, and
finally, there is TAD, which is the time selected for each bit conversion. This is selected in
AD1CON3 and should be within a certain range, as specified in Section 51.18 Electrical
Specifications. If TAD is too short, the result may not be fully converted before the conversion is terminated, and if TAD is made too long, the voltage on the sampling capacitor
can decay before the conversion is complete. These timing specifications are provided in
the Electrical Characteristics section of the device data sheets.
Often, the source impedance of the analog signal is high (greater than 2.5 k), so the
current drawn from the source by leakage, and to charge the sample capacitor, can affect
accuracy. If the input signal does not change too quickly, try putting a 0.1 F capacitor on
the analog input. This capacitor will charge to the analog voltage being sampled and
supply the instantaneous current needed to charge the internal holding capacitor.
Put the device into Sleep mode before the start of the A/D conversion. The RC clock
source selection is required for conversions in Sleep mode. This technique increases
accuracy, because digital noise from the CPU and other peripherals is minimized.

Question 2:

Do you know of a good reference on A/D Converters?

Answer: A good reference for understanding A/D conversions is the Analog-Digital Conversion
Handbook third edition, published by Prentice Hall (ISBN 0-13-03-2848-0).
Question 3:

My combination of channels/samples and samples/interrupt is greater than

the size of the buffer. What will happen to the buffer?

Answer: This configuration is not recommended. The buffer will contain unknown results.

DS39739B-page 51-60

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Section 51. 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect

51
RELATED APPLICATION NOTES
This section lists application notes that are related to this section of the manual. These
application notes may not be written specifically for the PIC24F device family, but the concepts
are pertinent and could be used with modification and possible limitations. The current
application notes related to the 12-Bit A/D Converter with Threshold Detect module are:
Title

Application Note #

Using the Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter

Four-Channel Digital Voltmeter with Display and Keyboard
Understanding A/D Converter Performance Specifications

Note:

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN546
AN557
AN693

Please visit the Microchip web site (www.microchip.com) for additional application
notes and code examples for the PIC24F family of devices.

DS39739B-page 51-61

12-Bit A/D Converter

w/Threshold Detect

51.20

PIC24F Family Reference Manual

51.21

REVISION HISTORY
Revision A (March 2011)
This is the initial released revision of this document.

Revision B (December 2011)

This revision includes the following updates:
Updated 12-Bit A/D Converter Block Diagram (see Figure 51-1)
Added AD1CON4 in Section 51.3.1 Control Registers
The following updates were made to the AD1CON1 register (see Register 51-1):
- Updated the definitions for DMAEN and DMABM bits
- Added Note 3 and Note 4
The following updates were made to the AD1CON2 register (see Register 51-2):
- Updated the definitions for bits 6-2 (SMPI<4:0>)
- Updated Note 1
- Added Note 2
Added new AD1CON4 register (see Register 51-4)
Added note in AD1CON5 register (see Register 51-5)
Added a new paragraph on the DMAEN bit in Section 51.7.5 Generating A/D
Interrupts
Added Section 51.9 Extended DMA Operations
Updated content in Section 51.10.4 Threshold Detect Interrupts
Updated code in Example 51-6
Updated code in Example 51-8

DS39739B-page 51-62

2011 Microchip Technology Inc.

Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:

Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.

Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.

There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
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Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
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Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
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DS39739B-page 51-63

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