VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. Define Object Oriented Analysis?

Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) is a method of analysis that examines
requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in
the
vocabulary of the problem domain.
2. What is meant by Object Oriented?
Object Oriented means we organize the software as a collection of
discrete
objects that incorporate both data structure and behavior.
3. Write the characteristics of an object.
Identity, classification, polymorphism, and inheritance.
4. What is a class?
A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a
common
behavior.
5. Name two types of object diagram.
Class diagram and instance diagram.
6. What is an attribute? Give example.
An attribute is a data value held by the objects in a class .Example:
name,
age and weight are attributes of Person class.
7. What is multiple inheritance?
When one class inherits its state (attributes) and behavior from more
than
one super class, it is referred to as multiple inheritances.
8. What is dynamic binding?
The process of determining (dynamically) at run time which functions
to
invoke is termed dynamic binding.
9. What is static binding?
The process of determining at compile time which functions to invoke
is
termed static binding.
10. Write the four quality measures for software development?
Correspondence, correctness, verification, and validation.
11. What is object persistence?
Objects have life time. They are created and can exist for a period of
time.
A file or a database can provide support for objects having a longer life
timelonger
than the duration of the process for which they were created. This
characteristic is called object persistence.
12. What is polymorphism? Give an example.

Polymorphism means that the same operation may behave differently

on
different classes. Ex. Move operation. (Behave differently on the
window class
and chess Piece class).
13. What is cardinality?
Cardinality specifies how many instances of one class may relate to a
single instance of an associated class.
14. What is a formal class or abstract class?
Formal or abstract classes have no instances but define the common
behaviors that can be inherited by more specific classes.
15. What is a meta-class?
A meta-class is a class about a class. They are normally used to
provide
instance variables and operations.
16. Define Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the process of compartmentalizing the elements of an
abstraction that constitute its structure and behavior.
17. What is the need of an Object diagram?
An object diagram is used to show the existence of objects and their
relationships in the logical design of a system.
18. What is state of an object?
The state of an object encompasses all of the properties of the object
plus
the current values of each of these properties.
19. Write some applications of object model?
They include Air traffic control, Animation, Avionics, Database, Robotics
etc.
20. Define Concurrency.
Concurrency is the property that distinguishes an active object from
one
that is not active.
21. Name the three general approaches for classification?
They are Classical categorization, Conceptual clustering and Prototype
theory.
22. Name the five levels of process maturity in OOD?
They are Initial, Repeatable, Defined, Managed and Optimized.
23. Name the two process used by Grady BOOCH in his OO
software development?
They are Macro and Micro development process.
24. Name the four steps in Micro development process?
They are Identify the classes and objects, Give semantics to the
classes,
Identify class and object relationships, Identify class and object
interfaces and
implementation.

25. What are the steps followed in macro development

process?
Conceptualization, analysis and development of the model, Design or
create the system architecture, evolution or implementation,
maintenance.
26. Short notes on OMT functional model.
OMT functional model uses dataflow diagram that shows the flow of
data
between different processes in a business .Data flow diagrams use four
primary
symbols. They are process, data flow, data store, external entity.
27. Names the diagrams of Booch Methodology.
Class diagram, object diagram, state transition diagram, module
diagram,
process diagram, interaction diagram.
28. Name the models in objectory.
Use case model, domain object model, analysis object model,
implementation model, test model.
29. What is unified modeling language?
Unified modeling language is a language for specifying, conducting,
visualizing and documenting the software system and its components.
30. Name the available layers of the three layered approach to
software development.
Business layer, access layer, view (user interface) layer.
31. Write the two responsibilities of access layer?
Translate Request, Translate result.
32. Write any two advantages of modeling?
The main reason for modeling is the reduction of complexity. The cost
of the
modeling analysis is much lower than the cost of similar
experimentation conducted
with real time.
33. What is Objectory?
Objectory, is a method or object-oriented development with the
specific
aim to fit the development of large, real-time systems
34. Define Static model?
It can be viewed as a snapshot of a systems parameters at rest or a
specific point in time. They are needed to represent the structural or
static aspect
of a system.
35. Define Dynamic model?
It can be viewed as a collection of procedures or behaviors that taken
together reflect the behavior of a system over time. Dynamic modeling
is the most

useful during the design and implementation phases of the system

development.
36. What is an association? Give one example.
An association is the relationship between the classes.
Ex person and company are the classes, works-for is the association
name.
Works_for

37. What is a qualifier? Give one example.

A qualifier is an association attribute. The qualifier rectangle is part of
the
association path, not part of the class.
Give one example.
38. What is a method?
A method is the implementation of an operation for a class.
39. What is a use case?
Use cases are scenarios for understanding system requirements. A use
case
is an interaction between users and a system.
40. Name the three types of relationships in a use case
diagram.
Communication, Uses, extends.
41. Write the two types of Implementation diagram?
Component diagram, deployment diagram.
42. What is an activity?
An activity is a set of operations that is executing during the entire
period
an object is in a state.
43. Write the guidelines for preparing the Documentation.
Common cover, 80-20 rule, Familiar vocabulary, make the document as
short as possible, organize the document.
Bank Account Person
Company Person
44. Name the types of relationships among the objects.
Association, super-sub structure, aggregation.
45. Write the guidelines for identifying the associations
A dependency between two or more classes may be association
A reference from one class to another is an association.
46. Name the two properties of a part of relationship.
Transitivity, Anti symmetry.
47. Write the Guidelines for identifying part of relationship.
Assembly, container, collection member
48. Define Prototype?
A prototype is a version of a software product developed in the early
stages of the products life cycle for specific, experimental purposes. A
prototype

enables you to fully understand how easy or difficult it will be to

implement some
of the features of the system.
49. Define pattern mining?
The process of looking for patterns to document is called pattern
mining
Some times called reverse architecture.
50. Define anti-patterns?
An anti-pattern represents a worst practice while a pattern represents
a
best Practice. Anti-patterns come in two varieties. Those describing a
bad solution
to a problem that resulted in a bad situation and Those describing how
to get out
of a bad situation.
51. Define patterns template?
Every pattern must be expressed in the form of a rule which is called
as a
Template. It should establish a relationship between a context, a
system of forces
which arises in the context, and a configuration.
52. Define proto-patterns?
If something appears to have all the requisite pattern components, it
should not be considered a pattern until it has been verified to be a
recurring
phenomenon .A proto-pattern is the pattern in waiting which is not
yet known
to recur.
53. Name the two categories of Quality assurance testing.
Error based testing, scenario based testing.
54. Define debugging.
Debugging is the process of finding out where something went wrong
and
correcting the code to eliminate the errors or bugs that cause
unexpected results.
55. Write the two types of path testing.
Statement testing coverage and Branch testing coverage.
56. What is a meta-model?
A meta-model is a model of modeling elements. UML graphic notations
can be used not only to describe the systems components but also to
describe a
model itself.
57. Define a Framework?
A frame work is a collection of classes that provide a set of services for
a
particular domain.

58. Write the differences between design patterns and

frameworks
Design patterns are more abstract than frameworks.
Design patterns are smaller architectural elements than frameworks.
Design patterns are less specialized than frameworks.
59. Define SQA?
SQA stands for Software Quality Assurance. This is the measure of
assuring the quality of the software products. The major activity done
here is
testing. The assurance process also follows the quality model called
the QAIMODEL
(Quality Assurance Institute Model).
60. What is V Testing?
V testing stands for Verification and Validation testing.
61. What is a quality?
Quality refers to the ability of products to meet the users needs and
expectations.
62. Name the two issues for software quality.
Validation or user satisfaction, and verification or quality assurance.
63. Define user satisfaction testing.
User satisfaction testing is the process of quantifying the usability test
with some measurable attributes of the test, such as functionality, cost
or ease of
use.
64. Define test plan.
A test plan is developed to detect and identify potential problems
before
delivering the software to its users.
65. Write the objectives of testing.
Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding
errors.
A good test case is the one that has a high probability of detecting an
as
yet undiscovered error.
A successful test case is the one that detects an as yet undiscovered
error.
66. What is cyclomatic complexity?
Cyclomatic complexity is software metric that provides a quantitative
measure of the logical complexity of a program. The value computed
for
cyclomatic complexity defines the number of independent paths in the
basis set of
program.
67. Define corollary?
Corollary is a proposition that follows from an axiom or another

proposition that has been proven.

68. Name the two axioms.
Axiom1: The independence axiom. Maintain the independence of
components.
Axiom2: The information axiom. Minimize the information content of
the
design.
69. Define coupling.
Coupling is a measure of the strength of association established by a
connection from one object or software component to another.
Coupling is a
binary relationship. Coupling deals with interactions between objects or
software
components.
70. Name the two types of coupling in the object oriented
design.
Interaction coupling and inheritance coupling.
71. Define cohesion.
Cohesion means the interactions within a single object or software
component.
72. Name the types of attributes.
Single value attribute, Multiplicity or multivalue attributes, Reference
to
another object or instance connection.
73. Write the syntax for presenting the attribute that was
suggested by UML.
visibility name : type_expression = initial _value
Where visibility is one of the following
+ public visibility
# protected visibility
- private visibility
type_expression - type of an attribute
Initial_value is a language dependent expression for the initial value of
a newly
created object.
74. Write the syntax for presenting the operation that was
suggested by UML
visibility name : (parameter_list): return _type_expression
Where visibility is one of the following
+ public visibility
# protected visibility
- private visibility
parameter- is a list of parameters.
Return_type_expression: is a language _dependent specification of the
Implementation of the value returned by the method.
75. What is a Faade?

Facade classes are the public classes in a package for public behavior.
76. Define DBMS?
A database management system (DBMS) is a program that enables the
creation and maintenance of a collection of related data.
77. What is database model?
Database model is a collection of logical constructs used to represent
the
data structure and data relationships within the database.
78. Name the two categories of database model?
Conceptual model and Implementation model.
79. Write the six categories for the life time of data
Transient results to the evaluation of expressions, variables involves in
procedure activation, global variables and variables that are
dynamically
allocated, data that exist between the execution of a program, data
that exist
between the versions of a program, data that outlive a program.
80. What is schema or metadata?
The fundamental characteristic of the database is that the DBMS
contains
not only the data but the complete definition of the data formats such
as data
structures, types and constraints, it manages. This description is
known as the
schema or metadata
81. Name the three types of data base model?
Hierarchical model, network model, relational model.
82. Define data definition language.
Data definition language (DDL) is a language used to describe the
structure of and relationships between objects stored in a database
.This structure
of information are termed as database schema.
83. Define data manipulation language.
Data manipulation language (DML) is a language that allows users to
access and manipulate (such as create, save, or destroy) data
organization.
84. When the transaction is said to commit.
The transaction is said to commit if all changes can be made
successfully
to the database.
85. When the transaction is said to abort.
The transaction is said to abort if all changes to the database can not
be
made successfully.
86. What is conservative or pessimistic policy?
The most conservative way to enforce serialization is to allow a user to

lock all objects or records when they are accessed and to release the
locks only
after a transaction commits. This approach is known as conservative or
pessimistic policy.
87. Describe client server computing.
The client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server
process
(program) requesting that the server perform a task (service).
88. Name the types of object relation mapping.
Table class mapping, Table multiple classes mapping, Table-Inherited
classes mapping, Tables-Inherited classes mapping.
89. Write the need of middleware.
The client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server
process
(program) requesting that the server perform a task (service). The key
element of
connectivity is the network operating system (NOS), also known as
middleware.
90. Mention the different forms of server.
File server, database server, transaction server, application server.
91. What is the use of application web server?
In a two-tier architecture, a client talks directly to a server, no
intervening
server. Three_ tier architecture introduces a server that is application
web server
between the client and the server to send and receive the messages.
92. Write the components of client server application.
User interface, business processing, database processing.
93. What is Object Oriented Database management system?
Object Oriented Database management system is a marriage of Object
Oriented programming and Database management system.
94. Define ODBC?
The Open Database connectivity is an application programming
interface
that provides solutions to the multidatabase programming interface.
95. What is the need of an Interaction diagram?
An Interaction diagram is used to trace the exception of a scenario in
the
same context of an object diagram.
96. What is the need of a Class diagram?
A class diagram is used to show the existence of classes and their
relationships in the logical view of a system.
97. What is Behavior of an object?
Behavior is how an object acts and reacts in terms of its state changes
and
message passing.

98. What are the characteristic features of an Interaction

diagram?
They include the representation of objects with its name and class
name. Each object has a life line. The order of messaging between
objects is well
defined.
99. Define forward engineering and revere engineering.
Forward engineering means creating a relational schema from an
existing
object model
Reverse engineering means creating an object model from an existing
relational database layout (schema).
100. What is Object request broker (ORB)?
Object request broker (ORB) Middle ware that implements a
communication channel through which applications can access object
interfaces
and request data and services.
101. What is distributed database?
In distributed database, different portions of the database reside on
different nodes (computers) and disk drives in the network. Each
portions of the
database is managed by a server, a process responsible for controlling
access and
retrieval of data from the database portion.
102. What does RAD stands for?
Rapid application development (RAD) is a set of tools and techniques
that
can be used to build an application faster than typically possible with
traditional
methods.
103. What are the traditional software development
methodologies?
Most traditional development methodologies are either algorithm
centric
or data centric.