1.

General Features
Characteristics
The gas-actuated protective relay is designed to detect faults as well as to
minimise the propagation of any damage, which might occur within oil-filled
transformers.
The relay is therefore particularly effective in case of:
- short-circuited core laminations
- broken-down core bolt insulation
- overheating of some part of the windings
- bad contacts
- short circuits between phases, turns
- earth faults
- puncture of bushing insulators inside tank
Furthermore the relay can prevent the development of conditions leading to a
fault in the transformer, such as the falling of the oil level due to leaks, or the
penetration of air as a result of defects in the oil circulating system.
The adoption of other forms of protection does not therefore exclude the use of
the gas-actuated Buchholz relay, as this device is the only means of detecting
incipient faults, which if unnoticed, can cause heavy failures.
Operating principle
The operation of the Buchholz relay is based upon the fact that every kind of
fault in an oil-filled transformer causes decomposition of the insulating material,
be it liquid or solid, due to overheating in the fault zone or to the action of an
intense electric field, and generation of bubble of gas.
These reach the relay (normally filled with oil) through the pipe connecting the
transformer to the conservator where the buchholz relay is mounted

2. Special features
Design of active part
The active part of relay is designed in order to permit the free passage of the
oil flow through the body, not any obstacle (except the flap that detects the oil
flow rate) such as the floats or any other apparatus is present between the
entry and the exit of the oil inside the relay.
The lower and the upper floats are isolated from flux of oil thus unattended
operation due to turbulence of oil are avoided.
On demand, a special device permit, in case of oil surge, to hold the trip
contact in his operated position making possible the relay be resettable only
manually.
Design of contacts
The relays are provided with magnetic switches which avoid unattended
closing of the contacts and the consequent mal-functioning of the relay,
whenever this is subject to severe vibrations.
Moreover, each contact is operated by 2 magnets displaced in a such way that
make a constant magnetic field around the contact itself, in this way contact is
is not influenced by external magnetic fields that are present on a transformer

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3. Operating features
Slight faults
When a slight or incipient fault occurs in the transformers, the small bubbles of
gas, which pass upwards towards the conservator, are trapped in the relay
housing, thus causing a decrease of the oil level inside the relay.
As a result, the upper float closes its magnetic switch, thus completing the
alarm circuit and operating an external alarm device.
Serious faults
Gas generation
When a serious fault occurs in the transformer, the gas generation is
violent and causes the oil to rush through the connecting pipe to the
conservator.
In the relay, this oil surge impinges on the flap fitted on the lower part
(located in front of the hole for the oil passage) and causes the closing
of its magnetic switch, completing the tripping circuit to the circuitbreaker and disconnecting the transformer.
The value of the oil speed required to operate the tripping device can
be varied by changing a counterweight fitted on the device itself or
changing its size.
Oil leak
An oil leak in the transformer causes the fall down of the oil level inside
the relay, thus operating first the alarm (upper) float and then the
tripping (lower) float, which will close their own circuits
Air inlet
The ingress of air into the transformer, arising from defects in the oil
circulating system or from other causes, operates the alarm float first
and after the trip contact.

4. Construction feature, Finish and Accessories

Construction features
The body and the cap of the buchholz relay are made of aluminium alloy
casting, oil tight weatherproof; the compact design, that means low weight,
small sizes, efficiency, is the result of a very long experience in manufacturing
relays. Two flanges on the body permit an easy connection of the relay to the
tubes; two large inspection windows made in trogamid (on request made in
tempered glass), with graduated scale, are fitted on both sides of the relay
housing (on request windows can be provided with sun shield protection).
A flat surface on the cap of the relay make it possible, using a spirit level, to
mount the relay with the proper inclination
Accessories
On the cap of the relay are provided petcock for the release of the gas, a pushbutton for testing the electrical circuits , a small valve for pneumatic test
(standard on Buchholz size 2 & 3 on request on Buchholz size 1) and a
cable box (which is cast integrally to the cap) with 2 cable gland entry size
M25x1.5.
On the bottom of the relay is provided a plug for draining of oil.
Finish
In standard execution, all cast parts are protected by one coat of epoxy primer
and one coat of polyurethane paint (total thickness 80 m), final colour RAL
7030 and screws and washer are in stainless steel; the protection degree of
the device is IP 55. Therefore the device is suitable for outdoor installation in
tropical climate and with industrial pollution.

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5. Contacts
General
The magnetic switches consist of two thin reed contact blades hermetically
sealed inside a glass capsule in an atmosphere of dry inert gas.
The reeds are made of a ferromagnetic material and are cantilevered into the
end of the capsule.
The tips of the reeds overlap and are separated by an air gap. The tips,
forming the contact surfaces, are coated with a contact material.
The switches are operated by a permanent magnet.
The operating principle of the magnetic switches is very simple: when a
magnet approaches the switch, the reeds close the circuit; when the magnets
moves away from the switch, the contact gets open.
Rated current
The rated current for normally open contacts is 2 A r.m.s. and 1 A for
changeover contacts;
The short time current is 10A r.m.s. for 30 ms
Breaking and making capacity

Normally Open Contacts

Voltage
Max
Breaking
Current
capacity
24V d.c. to 240V d.c.
2A
250W L/R<40ms
230V a.c.
2A
400VA cos>0,5

Change over Contacts

Voltage
Max
Breaking
Current
capacity
24V d.c. to 240V d.c.
1A
130W L/R<40ms
230V a.c.
1A
250VA cos>0,5

6. Wiring diagrams
Standard wiring diagrams
Standard wiring diagram available are:
Type A 2 N/O contacts (1 for alarm; 1 for trip signalling)
Type L 2 change-over contacts (1 for alarm; 1 for trip signalling)
Type G 3 N/O contacts (1 for alarm; 2 for trip signalling)
Special wiring diagrams
Special wiring diagram are available on demand on relays NB 50 & 80 mm like
Type S2 - 1 changeover contacts for alarm and 1 changeover contact plus 1
N/O contact for trip
Type S3 - 1 changeover contacts plus 1 N/O contact for alarm and 1
changeover contact for trip
Type S4 - 4 contacts N/O; 2 for alarm and 2 for trip
Type R - 2 changeover contacts with a device which hold the trip contact in
its position in case of oil surge operation; manual reset of the
contact by pushing the test button on top of relay (same as TU
system).

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7. Service conditions
Environmental conditions
Relays comply with following environmental conditions as classified in
EN60721-3-4
K
Z
B
C
S

Climatic conditions
Special climatic conditions
Biological conditions
Chemically active substances
Mechanically active substances

4K2
4Z2+4Z4+4Z7
4B1
4C2
4S3

Special mechanical conditions

Our buchholz relay can withstand to mechanical stresses without unattended
operation to the following stresses acc to EN 60721-3-4
- stationary sinusoidal vibration class 4M4
- non stationary vibration : a vertical shock of 100m/s2, with type 1 spectrum
Protection degree
Protection degree of the terminal box is IP65 acc to EN60529
Corrosion
The relay is designed to withstand to corrosion test acc to ASTM B 117 in salty
fog chamber for 200h
Pressure and vacuum resistance
The relay is designed to work continuously with an internal pressure of 50kPa
but is capable to withstand an overpressure of 250 kPa for 2 min and to
vacuum pressure of 2.5 kPa for 24h
Insulating liquid
The relay is designed for operate with transformer oil with viscosity range from
1 mm2/s to 1100 mm2/s
Working temperature
The relay is suitable for operation in transformer oil over temperature range
from minimum minus 40C to plus 115 C
The relay is suitable for operation in ambient air temperature range from
minimum minus 40C to plus 70 C
Special execution are available on demand
Mounting position
The relay is designed to operate properly on a pipe having an inclination from
horizontal between 2 and 5 degrees

8. Operational performance
Operating characteristics
Typical values of the oil speed required to operate the tripping element under
surge conditions and the volume of accumulated gas required to operate the
alarm float and trip contact , are:
Oil pipe connection
internal diameter

Alarm for gas

accumulation

25 mm
50 mm

15050 cm

Trip for steady oil

flow
10015 cm/s
10015 cm/s
(standard)

80 mm

300100 cm

Trip for gas

accumulation

15025 cm/s
(upon request)

after alarm contact

is operated and
before the oil
reaches lowest
point of pipe

20035 cm/s
(upon request)
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9. Installation
Mounting
The gas actuated relay is mounted on the connecting pipe between the
transformer and the conservator.
The pipe has to allow the easy flow to the relay of the gas arising from faults
inside the transformer, starting from the highest point on the transformer cover
and must not protrude inside into the transformer.
The pipe should not contain any right-angle elbows. Its diameter should
correspond to the diameter of the hole for the passage of oil of the relay.
The pipe must be arranged to slope upwards towards the conservator at an
angle of about 2 to 4 degrees to the horizontal (max 5 degrees).
The part of the pipe preceding the relay should be straight for a length equal to
at least five pipe diameters; the part of the pipe leading to the conservator
immediately adjacent to the relay should be straight for a length equal to at
least three pipe diameters.
A flat surface on the cap of the relay make it possible, using a spirit level, to
mount the relay with the proper inclination
The petcock at the top of the relay must be at a level below the bottom of the
conservator.
When mounting, the arrow engraved on the body of the relay must point in the
same direction as the oil flow to the conservator.
If the transformer is provided with an explosion vent or similar attachment, this
must be sealed in such a way that any gas liberated by the transformer does
not accumulate in the vent, otherwise the operation of the alarm float will be
delayed.
Setting to work
Once the relay has been mounted, unscrew the knurled cap which covers the
push-button for checking the circuits and remove the small wood spacer which
immobilises the alarm and tripping floats in their lower position, thereby
preventing their movement during transport.
Open up the gas release cock, located on the relay cover, to allow the relay to
fill up with oil.
The filling up and the position of the floats can be seen through the inspection
windows.
When the relay is filled with oil, close the gas release cock.
The electrical circuits must be connected as shown in the diagram
accompanying the relay.
Test of contacts
The relay is provided with a push-button, self resetting, for checking the
continuity of the electrical circuits.
The procedure for testing is very simple: unscrew the knurled cap pos.3 (see
drawing) which protect the push-button and press it slowly in order to activate
first the alarm contact and after the trip contact. When the push-button end his
stroke, release it slowly, in order to turn off the trip contact and after the alarm
contact.
It is possible to see the movement of the float through the inspection windows.
Maintenance
The buchholz relay does not need periodic maintenance; however it is
advisable to check regularly the electric contact and the freely movement of
float.

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10. Check after actuation of relay

Alarm signal
When the alarm signal is given, the colour of the gas should be observed
through the inspection-windows.
The gas may be released or samples can be taken for analysis. (If the relay is
supplied with our "Buchholz gas sampling apparatus RG3, this operation can
be carried out at eye-level).
It should be noted that:
- whitish gas
: it is caused by electric arcing in contact with paper, cotton
and silk
- yellowish gas : it is caused by wood and cardboard
- greyish gas
: it is caused by from a breakdown of the magnetic circuit
- black gas
: it is caused by from free arcing in the oil
Note that there may be air in the transformer during commissioning or after an
operation of oil refilling
In similar cases the alarm is only temporary and should end in a short period of
time.
Trip signal
If the relay disconnects the transformer, similar checks on the gas should be
made to determine the colour and the quantity of gas collected.
It is always good practice to make a gas analysis.
In any case, the transformer should not be immediately re-energized, as this
would increase the seriousness of the fault.
Note that tripping contact can be actuated also by oil leak; in that case refill oil
into conservator after discovered the cause of the oil fall before re-energizing
the transformer.

11. Test of gas on site

It can be executed only if a gas analyser is available

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12. Order instructions

When ordering a relay it is necessary to indicate (see table)
- Type
- Size
- Wiring diagram
- Oil flow rate
- Operating conditions
- Special requirements

CTRL CHAR

OPERATING
CONDITIONS

OIL FLOW RATE

WIRING DIAGRAM

S I Z E

T Y P E

E B 0 8 0 G 2 7 N

N
X
5
7
6
0
2
3
4
A
L
G
2
3
4
R
024
025
050
079
080

LEGENDA

STANDARD
SPECIAL
VERY LOW TEMPERATURE (-60C)
TROPICAL CONDITIONS AND
NORMAL CORROSIVE AMBIENT
VERY CORROSIVE AMBIENT (AISI316)
NORMAL AMBIENT AND
LOW TEMPERATURE (-40C)
100 cm/sec
150 cm/sec (only on size 2&3)
200 cm/sec (only on size 2&3)
2 N/O CONTACTS
2 SPDT CONTACTS
3 N/O CONTACTS
SPECIAL W.D. S2
SPECIAL W.D. S3
SPECIAL W.D. S4
2 SPDT contacts with manual resetting

SEE DRAWINGS

RELAY DIN STYLE

RELAY WITH FLANGE PN6

EB
ET
EU

RELAY ITALIAN STYLE

Example :
To order nr 3 buchholz relay type EB080 wiring diagram G; standard flow rate
(100cm/sec); tropical conditions please indicate the following :
Nr. 3 Buchholz relay type EB080G27N

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13. Accessories
Gas sampling device RG3.2

General features
The body is made of aluminium alloy casting; in order to check gas and
oil two large inspection windows made in trogamid (on request made in
tempered glass and with sunshield), are fitted on either side of the
casting.
Two petcock complete with hermeto joints are present for connection to
relay and one pneumatic valve for test and another petcock draining oil
complete the apparatus
Installation
The Buchholz gas sampling device "RG3" must be fitted on the
transformer tank, from the ground level, within handy height.
A copper tube (size 8 mm OD/ 6 mm ID) must be used to connect the
RG3.2 device, from the cock "12", to the top of the Buchholz relay,
cock "R"; for connecting the tube to the cocks, special unions "14" shall
be used. If using RG3.3 a second copper tube has to be used for
connecting cock T to cock 15.
When the RG3 apparatus has been mounted cocks R and T have to
remain open position
For filling the device with oil, open the cocks "R"; T; 15 and "12",
open the cock "2" and wait until oil has entirely filled the RG3 device,
then close cock "2" and 15; oil level inside RG3 may be controlled
through the inspection windows located on the two sides.
In the normal operating conditions, the gas sampling device, the
Buchholz relay and the connecting tube between them should be oil
filled.

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Operating instruction
Gas sampling from the Buchholz relay
Open oil drain cock "11" and watch through the RG3 windows until
gas is seen to have flown into the RG3 device; then close "11".
Now, the gas, formerly accumulated inside the Buchholz relay due to
some electrical failure inside the transformer, may be sampled for
examination or released, by opening the cock "2".
The gas should be totally released (i.e. until the RG3 is completely
filled again with oil) to reset the Buchholz relay in normal operating
conditions; in the case it is necessary to maintain the gas inside the
RG3, the shut-off cock "12" and "2" must be closed; cock "2" may be
reopened for sampling the gas for examination, or for gas release.
Checking of alarm circuits
Cock "12" in open position.
Inject air inside RG3.2 through the bottom valve "8" (after removing
the knurled protecting cap), using a bottle of compressed air or a
normal bicycle tyre pump, until the alarm signal (or signals) have been
set in operation.
To reset the Buchholz relay in normal operating conditions, follow
above instructions for gas sampling and release.
Checking trip circuits
Cock "12" in open position. Inject air inside RG3.2 through the
bottom valve "8" (after removing the knurled protecting cap), using a
bottle of compressed air or a normal bicycle tyre pump, until the trip
signal (or signals) have been set in operation.
To reset the Buchholz relay in normal operating conditions, follow
above instructions for gas sampling and release.
If test is executed on Buchholz relay EE type (NB 50 or 80 mm) an
RG3.3 is used and trip contact has to be checked as follows:
Cock "12" in closed position; cock 15 in open position. Inject air inside
RG3.3 through the bottom valve "8" (after removing the knurled
protecting cap), using a bottle of compressed air or a normal bicycle
tyre pump, until the trip signal (or signals) have been set in operation.
To reset the Buchholz relay in normal operating conditions, follow
above instructions for gas sampling and release.

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Throttle valves for buchholz relays

This kind of valves, metal to metal sealing, are used on power transformers
with the scope to allow the disconnection of the Buchholz relay from the
conservator or from the cover; they are preferred to the conventional gate
valves for their compact overall dimensions in the direction of the oil flow.
The throttle design and an accurate machining of all the components
minimise the oil leakage from the throttle in close position, during the
operations of disconnection of the relay with the transformer oil filled, it is
necessary to put small containers on the ground to collect the small
quantity of oil which flow out from the throttle; once the disconnection is
terminated, blind flanges must be put on the throttle valves.
All these valves have bodies made in steel ASTM A105 zincplated, painted
and carefully tooled; the design and the execution of the throttle ensures a
good oil proof; once the throttle is closed, the oil losses are very small (< 5
cc/60 every 25mm of the nominal diameter of the throttle); the drive shaft
can be locked by means of a small padlock in both the close/open
positions, which are also indicated by a label; the sealing gaskets on the
drive shaft can be easily changed, if necessary, as shown on the sketch in
the drawings.
All those valves are supplied with flange NBR sealing gaskets.

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Gas analyser for buchholz relays

If a gas analyser kit is available it is possible to have an idea of the cause

that generated the gas by checking the precipitate inside the test tube of
the gas analyser.
If gas is due only to oil decomposition, in the test tube 1 a white precipitate
is formed which, exposed to the light, slowly turns brown.
Should, however, in the test tube "2" a black precipitate be formed, this
means that the gases contain decomposition products of solid insulation,
such as cotton, paper, wood and the like.
In such a case, a coil deficiency has taken place.
In the case the Buchholz relay operation is caused by air (first installation
into work, total oil refilling, defect in the cooling system) there isn't any
formation of precipitate inside the tubes.
After the sample of the gases has been drawn, the cock should be closed
again, and the analyser housed in its container.

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14. Part denomination of relay

Pos. Part denomination

Material

Inspection window

Trogamid

Gas release cock

Brass

Push button for checking electric circuits

Brass

Terminal box

Aluminium alloy

Cable gland entry M25 M20

Brass nickel plated

Oil flow direction (from tank to conservator)

Oil drain plug

Brass

Pneumatic test device

Brass

Trip terminals

Brass

10

Alarm terminals

Brass

12

Plug M25x1.5

13

Window sunshield cover

Brass nickel plated

Aluminium

15

Earth screw

Brass

16

Cock for air injection test

Brass

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