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L7 - Engineering Method For Dynamic Aeroelasticity

This document summarizes the key elements and methods of engineering analysis for flutter and dynamic response of elastic wings. It discusses modeling of wing structures, solving methods like the p-k method, factors that affect flutter like stiffness and mass distribution. It also covers dynamic aeroelastic response analysis using frequency domain methods, aeroelastic design process and requirements in specifications to prevent flutter within the flight envelope. The overall aim is to understand dynamic aeroelasticity analysis for aeroelastic design and certification of aircraft structures.

Uploaded by

Abaziz Mousa OutlawZz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
74 views

L7 - Engineering Method For Dynamic Aeroelasticity

This document summarizes the key elements and methods of engineering analysis for flutter and dynamic response of elastic wings. It discusses modeling of wing structures, solving methods like the p-k method, factors that affect flutter like stiffness and mass distribution. It also covers dynamic aeroelastic response analysis using frequency domain methods, aeroelastic design process and requirements in specifications to prevent flutter within the flight envelope. The overall aim is to understand dynamic aeroelasticity analysis for aeroelastic design and certification of aircraft structures.

Uploaded by

Abaziz Mousa OutlawZz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

7th Engineering Method

for Dynamic Aeroelasticity

Xie Changchuan
2014 Autumn

Content
1Elements of structural dynamics
2Solving method for flutter
3Dynamic aeroelastic responce
4Aeroelastic design and specification

Main Aims
By a slender wing model, understanding the
methods of engineering analysis for flutter and
dynamic response of elastic wing. Realize the
jobs in aeroelastic design and the requirements
in specifications.
2

Elements of structural dynamics


y

Modeling the straight slender


wing as Euler beam along its
elastic line

Elastic
line

x
Wing deformation = bending + torsion of elastic line

Free vibration equation of Euler beam bending

d 2 h( y , t ) 2
2 h( y , t )
m( y )
]=0
+ 2 [ EI ( y )
2
2
dt
y
y

m( y ) mass of unit length


EI ( y ) bending stiffness

h(0, t ) = h(0, t ) = 0 h(l , t ) = [ EI ( y )h(0, t )] = 0


y

of section

Free vibration equation of column torsion

d ( y, t )
( y, t )
i( y)
+ GJ ( y )
=0
2
2
dt
y
2

(0, t ) = (0, t ) = 0

inertial moment

i ( y ) of unit length

GJ ( y ) torsion stiffness
of section

Elements of structural dynamics


General equation and mathematical principle of FEM
1All linear PDE
2Infinite DOF
3Separative space/time variables
4Analytical solutions for uniform beam and column

Equation
characters

Considering bending
Let

d 2 h( y , t ) 2
2 h( y , t )
m( y )
]=0
+ 2 [ EI ( y )
2
2
dt
y
y

h( y, t ) = fi ( y )qi (t )

(i = 1,2,3,, N ,, )

Trial function (variation of solution, Virtual displacement)

h( y, t ) = fi ( y ) qi (t )

(i = 1,2,3,, N ,, )

Operator

2
d 2 2
D = m( y ) 2 + 2 [ EI ( y ) 2 ]
y
y
dt

Dh, h = [ Dh( y, t )] h( y, t )dy = 0


0

2
0 {m( y)h( y, t ) + y 2 [ EI ( y)h( y, t )]} h( y, t )dy = 0
l

Then

Elements of structural dynamics


Integrate by part and substitute the boundary conditions, noting the
trial function satisfies the boundary conditions too.

0 m( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dy q(t ) + 0 EI ( y ) fi( y ) f j( y )dy q(t ) = 0


i , j =1

i , j =1

Mq(t ) + Kq (t ) = 0
l

M ij = m( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dy

Matrix of general mass,


real symmetry

K ij = EI ( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dy

Matrix of general
stiffness, real symmetry

q (t ) = q0et

2 Mq(t ) + Kq(t ) = 0
h0 ( y, t ) = fi ( y )q0i eit
i

(i = 1,2,3,, N ,, )
5

Elements of structural dynamics


Characters of
normal modes

The homogeneous equation has general solution. The specific


solution can be expressed by linear superposition of eigenvectors.

j = i j i = 1

Eigenvalues
Eigenvectors

Orthogonality
of normal modes

The jth natural


vibration frequency
The jth natural mode shape

i j
i j
0
0
i K j =
i M j =
2
K
M
i= j

=
M
i
=
j
ii i
ii
ii

Modal
truncation
Solution of Initial
value problem
Solution of
inhomogeneous problem

The equation is change to linear finite order


constant-coefficient ODE
According to the theory of linear system,
the general and specific solutions are given.

For static problems The PDE changes to linear finite order algebra equation
6

Elements of structural dynamics


FEM

For each beam element, still consider the general equation

lk
lk

0 m( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dyqi (t ) + 0 EI ( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dyqi (t ) = 0
i , j =1
i , j =1

fi ( y )

Let

be element shape function,

lk

M = m( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dy
e
ij

lk

K = EI ( y ) fi ( y ) f j ( y )dy
e
ij

For 2D
beam element

qi (t )

be general displacement

Matrix of element mass,


real symmetry

Matrix of element stiffness,


real symmetry

f ( y)

Usually selected as 3 order orthogonal polynomial,


in which there are 4 undetermined coefficients
2 nodal displacements and 2 rotations linearly express 4
coefficients. Then give out the element mass and
stiffness matrix which is deducted by nodal freedoms.

The global stiffness and mass matrix are assembled by the element
matrix according to the relationship of nodes.

Inter surface coupling of structure/aerodynamics


IPSInfinite Plate Spline
T

x
x
x
Given n grid coordinates in ND Euler
[1 2
i
N ]i

space and function values at them. WX

i
i
N =3
For a planar plate spline

i = 1,2,

,n

Function values are 1D deflection along the normal of plate

Spline function
N

p =1

i =1

W ( X ) = c1 + c p +1 x p + cN +1+i ri 2 ln(ri 2 + )

ri 2 = ( x p x pi )2
p =1

c1 , c2 ,

, cN +1+ n

undetermined coefficients

Precision parameter, set a small value based on


the smooth degree of surface
n

Introduce some supplement equations.

c
i =1

N +1+i

c
i =1

Then substitute the known grid coordinates


and function values to solve coefficients.

N +1+ i

=0

x pi = 0 ( p = 1,2,

,N)

C = A 1 W
8

Inter surface coupling of structure/aerodynamics


Given m grid coordinates to get
function values at them.

Wm = BC = BA 1W = PW

n
W
ri 2
2
= c p +1 + 2 cN +1+i [ln(ri + ) + 2
]( x p x pi )
Xp
ri +
i =1

1st partial
differential

( p = 1,2,

,N)

Used to calculate the normal vectors at given points


Displacement
interpolation

Give out the displacements at aero points (control points, )


from displacements at structural grids

In matrix form
Force
interpolation

U a = P U s

Give out the forces at structural grids from forces


at aero centers

Structural equivalence ---- Satisfy the equivalence of work, should not


use static equivalence method

U aT Fa = U sT Fs

Fs = PT Fa
9

Solving method of flutter


Basic equation From FEM, establish the equation in physical coordinates
of aeroelasticity

Mx + Kx = qA(k ) x
Using finite order modes
x =q

as general coordinates

Matrix of
mode shapes

General equation of aeroelasticity

M q + K q = q A q
Mq + Kq = qA(k )q

M
A

Matrix of general mass

Matrix of general stiffness

Matrix of general aerodynanic coefficient


b
=
k
It is a function of Ma and reduced frequency
V
For incompressible flow, it is not affected by Ma.

But Mach number and frequency at flutter point are still unknown,
the equation can not be solved directly.

10

Solving method of flutter


p-k
method

Assume the system


oscillated arbitrarily

p = + i

q = q0e
frequency,

pt

decay ratio

The aerodynamic coefficient matrix is still in harmonic form, which


is function of reduced frequency for incompressible flow.

b
p = p = k + ik = + ik i = 1
V
2
V
The equation
2
[
M
p
+ K + qA(k )]q = 0
2
written as
b

END

Solving process

11

Solving method of flutter


F

From calculation
results, there are I
pairs of (Vi pi)

p = + i
(Vi i )
(Vi

/(qi i )

Typical q- and q-curves

i ) /(qi i )
qF

12

Factors affecting flutter

Bending/torsion stiffness
increasing proportionally, flutter speed increases;
increasing separately, can not determine the trends of flutter speed

Relative position of weight, elastic and aero center


weight center moving forward, elastic center moving backward,
flutter speed increases

Mass/inertial effects
wing store, fuel tank

Aero surface shape


given wing span and area, increasing aspect ratio,
flutter speed increases

Flight altitude
air density decreasing, flutter speed/dynamic pressure increases

13

Factors affecting flutter

Compressibility of air (Mach number)


flutter concave in transonic
in supersonic, flutter speed increases with Ma increasing
Constant sound
speed line

VF/Ma
VF

Ma?1

Ma

Ma matching calculation
14

Frequency domain method of gust responce


Movement 2 Mq + iCq + Kq
equation
qQg wg General aerodynamics by gust

C
Solving
equation

= qA(k )q + qQg wg

General damping

q = qT 1Qg wg

T = 2 M + iC + K qA(k )
Modes superposition
u =q
u = q T Qg wg = G ( ) wg
1

G ( ) Function of frequency response between gust and displacement


15

Aeroelastic design of aircraft

Stage of concept design


Theoretical analysis
Experience of similar aircraft
Concept evaluation avoiding the failure in aeroelasticity
confirm the basic configuration, such as engine position

Stage of preliminary design


Rapid analysis approach Confirm basic stiffness distribution
make sure the extent of New Structure, MDO

Stage of detail design


Engineering approach Components and complete aircraft analysis,
GVT and model update, detail structure by MDO,
such as aeroelastic tailoring, compensation control
high precision verification and nonlinearity estimate

Stage of finalization and airworthy approval


Verify the analysis method, new structures, new techniques, ground test,
wind tunnel test, flight test by government or airworthiness department

Stage of new status and redesign


16

Overall design

Jobs in aeroelastic design

Empirical formula

Researching test
Simplified calculation
Parts & components
design
Normal modes

Flutter test model,


Stiffness & GVT,
Flutter tesr

Flutter analysis
Verified by test
Prototype of
aircraft
Update model

Stiffness & GVT

Flutter analysis to eliminate


problems in calculation

Model test in doubt case

Limitations to flight
Dynamic response calculation
verified by flight test

Flight vibration
& flutter test

Solve the problems


in flight test
Prototype verified

17

Requirements in specification
The airplane strength and stiffness specification is a directive document
in airplane design, which should be obeyed.
civil aviation FAR25,
utility airplane FAR23
strength and stiffness specification for military airplane
strength and stiffness specification for UAV
Critical mode
0

Equivalent air speed Vdl

Damping g

Required damping
g = 0.03
Flutter speed
1.15Vjx
Noncritical mode

Vjx

18

Requirements in specification
H

Conservative
boundary

Aeroelastic instability

Determined by flutter

Ma

Typical flight envelope of airplane

19

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