ACADEMIC REFERENCING

These guidelines should be followed for all relevant written work submitted at
CSSD, including portfolios, presentations, writing within films, for example. It is implicit
within most assessment criteria that work follows these conventions and will be
marked accordingly.
Presentation

Work should be word-processed (except sections of portfolios).

Number all pages.
Margins should be wide enough for markers comments and lines should be
double spaced (or single and a half spaced) if it is percentage weighted work.
Footnotes should be numbered numerically and placed at the bottom of the page.
Assignments should be easily accessible to the reader in terms of binding and
covers.
The final page should be a Bibliography which includes full bibliographic reference
to the sources used and cited in the essay.
The School uses the Harvard method of citation for bibliographic references.
Please use this method in all written work, using the guidelines below.

In text citations

When written, all titles of books, plays, journals, films, TV programmes etc. should
be italicised (not in " " marks).
Quotations of more than 3 lines should be indented at each end and followed by
an indication of their source: authors last name, date of publication and page
number/s. Quotation marks are not used for these indented quotations that are
more than three lines. (Indented quotations are always single spaced, not
doubled.)
Quotations of less than three lines should be incorporated into the flow of the text
and you do put these inside quotation marks.
Use square brackets [ ] to indicate your insertions into the quotation. Three full
stops ... shows part of the original text has been omitted by you.
Give the author's last name, the date of the publication and the page reference
after each and every quotation, except in the case of plays where line references
will do.
Put the date after each author referred to in brackets ( ), describing the
publication date of the source, except in the sole case of Shakespeare plays when
the title alone will suffice.
If you are citing a quotation within another text, your reference would read, for
example: (Hall in Giddens 1990: 54). The Hall text would not appear in the
bibliography.
If you are citing an idea or concept rather than an exact quotation, the reference
should be included (see Inglis citation in the example below).
Referencing a website in the text should follow the systems laid down for
referencing a text e.g. (Burka 1993). It is sometimes not possible to put a page
reference.
If you are using a lecturers ideas, these should be referenced in the same way a
text is. If you are using a quotation that a lecturer has used, you should cite it as
(Quilter 2006: 324 in Cookson: 10.4.07) where Cookson is the lecturer.

Always use the date of publication of the edition of the text that you are actually
using.

The following example includes quotations of over and under three lines and a citation
of a concept.
Example
Greiner (1955) makes tentative comparisons between film-making and other subjects.
She is clearly anxious about the status of popular media in the context of the
curriculum, despite her confidence in the educational value of such activities:
The preliminary stages [in composing a story] should be carefully
worked out steps and have a considerable bearing on the study
and practice of English and Art. The subsequent stages should take
into account these steps. (Greiner 1955: 7-8)
Later she attempts to argue that films are in some way equivalent (as discursive
forms, we might say) to drama, the novel, poetry, television and radio.
Juxtaposing this argument, there are others who would not agree: The film stands
alone as an art form. (Quilter 2006: 256) Perhaps here we are seeing the shift in
thinking that is symbolic of a postmodern critique of film (Inglis 2002: 67-72).
Footnotes
As a general rule, put important matters into the text and omit related items.
Footnotes are the place to explain:
research problems;
conflicts in the testimony of experts;
matters of importance that are not central to your discussion;
credit to people and sources not mentioned in the text;
other pertinent tangential matters.
They are not the place to put the reference. This is done in the main body of the text
(as demonstrated in the example above). Footnotes are single spaced.
Please remember that footnotes are included in the wordcount.
Appendices
You may wish to use appendices. This is the place for lengthy additional information
that is not immediately pertinent to your argument but supports your work. For
example:
transcripts of sections of interviews;
DVDs, art work or equivalent that accompany the assignment;
summaries of a line of thought that you have referred to. To describe it in detail in
your essay may be an unhelpful use of wordcount but you could choose to
describe it in an appendix;
extracts from important documents;
examples of questionnaires used.
Appendices should be labelled A, B, and so on. They can be single spaced.
Please remember that appendices are not included in the wordcount.

Bibliography
This should be laid out alphabetically by authors last name (and not in sections as it
is here). The basic format is: author, date, title, place of publication, publisher.
This will vary with, for example, website references (see below).
Sample entries:
Books
Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge, Polity.
Edited collection
Hirschop, K. & Shepherd, D. (eds.) (1989) Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, Manchester,
Manchester University Press.
Translated edition
Boal, A. (1992) Games for Actors and Non-Actors, (trans. A. Jackson) London,
Routledge.
Chapter in collection
Kirshenblat-Gimblett, B. (2002) Performance Studies in Bial, H. (ed.) The
Performance Studies Reader, London and New York, Routledge: 43-55.
[The page numbers are for the whole chapter.]
Journal article
Bigum, C. & Green, B. (1993) Aliens in the Classroom, Australian Journal of
Education, Vol. 37, No. 2: 119-141.
[Where a journal article is accessed online, add the website reference after the full
journal reference indicating that you accessed it online and add the date accessed.
See website reference below for date accessed information.]
A book by a corporate author (e.g. an organisation or a government
department)
National Campaign for the Arts (1998) Theatre in crisis: the plight of regional theatre,
London, National Campaign for the Arts.
Play
Shakespeare, W. (1953) Macbeth. Shakespeare: Twenty three plays and the
sonnets, T.M. Parrott (ed.), New York, Scribners.
Production/Art work
Royal Shakespeare Company (2007) Antony and Cleopatra, (W. Shakespeare)
Novello Theatre, London, 14.2.07.
Slater, E. The Made Bed, Tate Gallery, London, Jan-April, 2005.
Poem
Eliot, T.S. (1952) The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock, The Complete Poems and
Plays, New York, Harcourt.
Newspaper
Walters, D. (1991) Redefining Art from the Heart of Africa, Christian Science
Monitor, 22.7.91: 10-11.

Or
Fight Against Root Causes of Violence, Editorial, USA Today, 23.7.91: 10
An act of parliament
Great Britain (2004) Childrens Act 2004. Chapter 31 London, HMSO.
A Green/White paper
Department for Education and Skills (2003) The future of higher education, Cm 5735.
London, HMSO.
Film/TV/Radio.
Warner Bros. (1991) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.
The Commanders: Douglas MacArthur, New York, NBC-TV, 17.3.75.
Wyndham, J. (1957) The Midwich Cuckoos, (adapted by D. Rebellato) BBC Radio 4,
10.12.03.
Lectures
Brown, R. (2005) The Pleasures of Silence, Lecture, CSSD, 8.1.05.
Interviews
Teale, P. (2001) Interview discussing women directors in contemporary theatre,
17.10.01 (see transcript, Appendix B).
Thesis/dissertation
Abbey, K. (2005) To know or not to know: an investigation into the transpersonal
aspect of the therapeutic relationship, Unpublished MA dissertation, Central School
of Speech and Drama.
Website

Citing online resources can be particularly tricky. You need to try to give the same
information as with any other source, although it may not be given on the website;
plus you need to give a couple of additional things.
As with all bibliographic references, you are identifying the precise location for a
reader. You must identify the exact location within the site, so give the full url (the
address of the exact page you are citing) after the title of the page or article. As web
pages change frequently, you also need to include the date you accessed the page,
at the end of your citation. In example one, the date of the creation of the webpage is
not available; the access date is all that could be given.
Example one:
Wood, D. The history of the Embassy Theatre, www.cssd.ac.uk/Education/history
(accessed 26.07.04).
Where possible you should give the date of publication of the page, (as opposed to
the date on which you accessed it) which you should insert between the title of the
article and the url, as in example two. And where possible you should give the title of
the overall work (which may be the name of the website) after the name of the page

or article you are citing. Give this in italics as if it was the title of a book, as in
example two.
Example two:
http://www.utopia.com/talent/lpb/muddex/essay

Centre for English Language Education (2005) Study

Skills, Virtual Self Access Centre, http://vsac.cele.nottingham.ac.uk/study/ (accessed
12.07.05).
Example of a bibliography at the end of an assignment:
Auge, M. (1995) Non-Places, Oxford, Blackwell Verso.
Chaudhuri, U. (1994) There Must Be a Lot of Fish in That Lake: Towards an
Ecological Theatre, Theatre, Vol. 25: 23-31.
Derrida, J. (1996) Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, (trans. E. Prenowitz)
Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, M. (1986) Of Other Places, Diacritics, Vol. 16: 22-27.
Kaye, N. (2000) Site Specifics: Performance, Place and Documentation, London,
Routledge.
Kershaw, B. (2000) The Theatrical Biosphere and Ecologies of Performance, NTQ,
Vol. 62: 122-130.
Mason, B. (1992) Street Theatre and Other Outdoor Performances, London,
Routledge.
Open University (1999) Reading the Landscape, Programme D103, BBC, 15th
February.
Read, A. Estate: Performance, Architecture, Location, www.e-state.org.uk, (accessed
3.9.04).
Rushdie, S. (1992) Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991, New
York, Viking Penguin.
Schechner, R. (2002) Performance Studies: An Introduction, London, Routledge.
Thomson, P. (2002). Theatre and Research, Researching Drama and Theatre in
Education conference paper, University of Exeter, 10th April.
Please remember that the bibliography is not included in the wordcount.
THESE GUIDELINES CANNOT COVER EVERY EVENTUALITY. PLEASE ADAPT
THIS GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR ITEMS NOT COVERED ABOVE, REMAINING

CONSISTENT THROUGHOUT YOUR ASSIGNMENT. THESE CONVENTIONS

TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER ANY OTHERS FOR THE DURATION OF YOUR
DEGREE.
(For further interest, see the MHRA style guide which can be downloaded from:
http://www.mhra.org.uk).