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    Navon Experiment

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    aaryan
    Navon conducted a study to test whether global or local features are processed first in visual perception. In Experiment 3, subjects were shown stimuli consisting of large letters made up of small letters and were asked to identify either the large or small letters. Reaction times were faster when the large and small letters matched compared to when they conflicted, suggesting that global features are processed first even when attention is directed to local features. The results provide evidence that global perceptual processing takes precedence over local processing and cannot be ignored.

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    Navon Experiment

    Uploaded by

    aaryan
    448 views21 pages
    Navon conducted a study to test whether global or local features are processed first in visual perception. In Experiment 3, subjects were shown stimuli consisting of large letters made up of small letters and were asked to identify either the large or small letters. Reaction times were faster when the large and small letters matched compared to when they conflicted, suggesting that global features are processed first even when attention is directed to local features. The results provide evidence that global perceptual processing takes precedence over local processing and cannot be ignored.

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    Navon conducted a study to test whether global or local features are processed first in visual perception. In Experiment 3, subjects were shown stimuli consisting of large letters made up of small letters and were asked to identify either the large or small letters. Reaction times were faster when the large and small letters matched compared to when they conflicted, suggesting that global features are processed first even when attention is directed to local features. The results provide evidence that global perceptual processing takes precedence over local processing and cannot be ignored.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    448 views21 pages

    Navon Experiment

    Uploaded by

    aaryan
    Navon conducted a study to test whether global or local features are processed first in visual perception. In Experiment 3, subjects were shown stimuli consisting of large letters made up of small letters and were asked to identify either the large or small letters. Reaction times were faster when the large and small letters matched compared to when they conflicted, suggesting that global features are processed first even when attention is directed to local features. The results provide evidence that global perceptual processing takes precedence over local processing and cannot be ignored.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21
    At a glance
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    Navon conducted a series of experiments to test the idea that global features of visual stimuli are processed before local features. The results across the experiments supported this idea of global precedence in visual perception.

    Navon conducted the study to test the idea that global structuring of a visual scene precedes analysis of local features. He suggested, discussed and tested this principle of global precedence through a series of experiments.

    Across the experiments, Navon found that global features interfered with responses to local features but not vice versa. Global differences in patterns were also detected more often than local differences. Overall the results supported the notion that global processing occurs prior to analysis of local features.

    School of Psychology

    University of Nottingham

    Navons (1977) Study of Global vs. Local Perceptual


    Processing

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Title

    Forest Before Trees: The Precedence of Global Features in Visual


    Perception

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Abstract
    The idea that global structuring of a visual scene precedes analysis of local
    features is suggested, discussed and tested. In the first two experiments
    subjects were asked to respond to an auditorily presented name of a letter while
    looking at a visual stimulus that consisted of a large character (the global level)
    made out of small characters (the local level). The subjects auditory
    discrimination responses were subject to interference only by the global level
    and not by the local one. In Experiment 3 subjects were presented with large
    characters made out of small ones and they had to recognize either just the
    large characters or just the small ones. Whereas the identity of the small
    characters had no effect on recognition of the large ones, global cues which
    conflicted with the local ones did inhibit the responses to the local level. In
    Experiment 4 subjects were asked to judge whether pairs of simple patterns of
    geometrical forms which were presented for a brief duration were the same or
    different. The patterns within a pair could differ either at the global or the local
    level. It was found that global differences were detected more often than local
    differences. (pg. 353, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)
    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Introduction

    Navon structured his introduction using subheadings:


    Definitional Framework
    The Principle of Global Precedence
    Functional Importance of Global-to-Local Processing
    Some Empirical Evidence
    Subheadings are generally used for longer research reports.
    Generally you will not need them.

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    Definitional Framework

    This section begins:


    The interpreted contents of a scene can be viewed as a hierarchy
    of subscenes interrelated by spatial relationships (Winston, 1973;
    Palmer, 1975)

    Having introduced the area Navon provides more technical/theoretical


    detail
    He uses references to other work to show that this is not a new idea
    (hes avoiding plagiarism)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Principle of Global Precedence (1)

    The opening lines of Navons introduction are:


    Do we perceive a visual scene feature-by-feature? Or is the
    process instantaneous and simultaneous as some Gestalt
    psychologists believed? Or is it somewhere in between?

    By doing this he immediately sets the scene for the reader.

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Principle of Global Precedence (2)

    At the end of this section he states:


    The idea put forward in this paper is that perceptual processes are
    temporally organized so that they proceed from global structuring
    towards more and more fine-grained analysis.

    Navon makes very clear what his general theoretical claim is.

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    Functional Importance of Global-to-Local Processing

    Navon presents an argument about why this may be important to the


    cognitive system:
    In most real situations the task of the human perceptual processor
    is not just to account for given input but also to select which part of
    the surrounding stimulation is worth receiving, attending to, and
    processing.suggest that a multipass system, in which finegrained processing is guided by prior cursory processing, may be
    superior to a system that tries to find a coherent structure for all
    pieces of data simultaneously (pg. 355, Cognitive Psychology, 9,
    1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    Some Empirical Evidence

    In this section he provides evidence that supports his analysis. For


    example:
    The word-letter phenomenon (Reicher, 1969; Wheeler, 1970) is an
    excellent demonstration of how the mere presence of a higher-level
    perceptual unit improves later forced-choice recognition of its
    individual constituents over the case when they are presented
    alone.. (pg. 357, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The inevitability of Global Processing: Experiment 3 (1)

    For this experiment Navon makes clear what the research hypothesis
    is:
    We have already seen that in certain conditions when no specific
    demands are made to the viewer with regard to what should be
    recognized, his visual system is tuned to pick just the identity of the
    global pattern. What happens, however, when the viewer is told
    what to focus at and what to ignore? Can the viewer control his
    own perceptual processes? And if he does, can he ignore any
    aspect at will? (pg. 368, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    10

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The inevitability of Global Processing: Experiment 3 (2)

    Next he provides an explanation of the experiment he is going to conduct:


    The basic experimental idea is to use visual stimuli of the type used in
    Experiment, this time without any auditory stimuli, and to have subjects
    respond either just to the global level or just to the local level. The
    assumption is that if they are aware of the other level too, it should interfere
    with their performance. (pg. 368, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    Here Navon has specified a precise hypothesis which he will test in the
    experiment.

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    11

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Method Section

    Like most Method Sections there are subheading (though not the same
    as the School requires)
    Apparatus
    Stimuli
    Design & Procedure
    Subjects

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    12

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Apparatus (pg. 359)


    The equipment consisted of a display Tektronic oscilloscope with a
    fast decay phosphor (decays to 90% in .63 msec), a typewriter
    keyboard, a Krohn-Hite 3550R filter, etc
    Auditory and visual stimuli were generated and controlled by a PDP-9
    computer equipped with digital-to-analog converters, etc
    The display oscilloscope was positioned in front of the subject at eye
    level. Viewing distance was 50cm,etc

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    13

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Stimuli (pg. 365)

    Navon uses a figure to show the stimuli.

    Figure X: The set of stimuli used in the


    test session of experiment 2.

    But he also make sure that he refers to the stimuli in the text

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    14

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    Design and Procedure (1)


    In each trial of the experiment the subject saw a stimulus of the type
    presented in Fig. X. Each subject was run through two attention
    conditions: In the global-directed condition the subject was supposed
    to indicate whether the global character was H or S.In the localdirected condition the subject was supposed to indicate whether the
    element character was H or S. Each trial was proceeded by a 50-msec
    waning beep. The beep started simultaneously with the onset of a
    fixation point on the center of the oscilloscope that remain in the field
    for 500 msec. The stimulus followed the offset of the fixation
    immediately and it appeared randomly at either of the four quadrants of
    the oscilloscope.the stimulus was presented for 40msec and was
    immediately masked by a square of 33x33 dots.Both accuracy and
    latency measured from the onset of the stimulus were recorded for
    each trial. (pg. 369, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)
    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    15

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    Design and Procedure (2)


    Each subject was run individually in one session. There were 288 trials in a
    session. After every block of 36 trials the subject was given a rest period of
    about 20 sec. The necessary randomisations were done for each block
    independently. Each of the stimuli appeared six times in a block in a random
    fashion, and each spatial position at which the stimulus could appear was used
    nine times in a block in a random fashion. One attention condition was
    administered in the first six blocks, and the other one in the last six blocks. Half
    the subjects received the global-directed condition first, and the other half
    received it last. The first two blocks for each condition were considered as
    practice blocks. (pg. 369, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    16

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    Subjects
    Fourteen subjects were run. All of them were undergraduates at the
    University of California, San Diego, who participated in the experiment
    as part of their course requirement. The subjects were also paid a
    monetary bonus that depended heavily on accuracy and slightly on
    speed. The subjects were asked to be as fast as they could while
    making as few errors as possible. None of the subjects had
    participated in Experiments 1 or 2, and all had normal or fully corrected
    vision. (pg. 369, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    17

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Results (1)

    The results section begins with the descriptive statistics (including a measure of
    overall performance)

    The overall error percentage was 3.3% (pg. 369, Cognitive


    Psychology, 9, 1977)
    Mean Latencies to correct responses are plotted in Fig. * as a
    function of the attention condition and the consistency of the stimuli.
    (pg. 369, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    Navon does not give a measure of variability (dispersion)

    You must give a measure of dispersion


    A table rather than a graph makes this easier.

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    18

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Results (2)

    A table showing the means and standard deviations for the different
    attentional conditions for both task situations

    Global-directed

    Local-directed

    Consistent

    462 (39)

    573(43)

    Conflicting

    477 (40)

    664(52)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    19

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Results (3)

    Navon writes:
    All the differences are nonsignificant at the .05 level, except for the
    ones between the conflicting consistency condition to each of the
    other ones when attention is directed at the elements, p<.01 (pg.
    370, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)
    In the local-directed condition the mean latency in the conflicting
    trials was higher than the mean latency in consistent trials. (pg.
    370, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    20

    School of Psychology
    University of Nottingham

    The Discussion

    Navon begins his discussion of this experiment with:


    The results of this experiment indicate that the global pattern is responded
    to faster than the elements. Moreover, whereas people can voluntarily
    attend to the global pattern without being affected by the local features, they
    are not able to process the local features without being aware of the whole
    (pg. 371, Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)
    Later he states:
    the finding that attention cannot be efficiently diverted from the whole
    may be interpreted as support to the notion that global processing is a
    necessary stage of perception prior to more fine-grained analysis. (pg. 371,
    Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1977)

    C81 MPA - Practical Methods

    21

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