(Q1)

LAN vs MAN vs WAN

The terms LAN, MAN, WAN are terms widely used in Technology (Internet world). Here,
we will list out the differences between them. Read point to point differences between
LAN and MAN and WAN.
LAN
A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected
together, usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high
speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring or Ethernet). Most Indiana University
Bloomington departments are on LANs.
A LAN connection is a high-speed connection to a LAN. On the IUB campus, most
connections are either Ethernet (10 Mbps) or Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps), and a few
locations have Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) connections.

1. LAN (Local Area Network) is a group of computers and other network devices
which are connected together.
2. All the devices that are part of LAN are within a building or multiple building.
3. LAN network has very high speed mainly due to proximity of computer and
network devices.

4. LAN connection speeds can be 10Mbps or 100Mbps or 1000Mpbs also.

5. LAN uses Guided Media

MAN
A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects nodes located in the same metro area. For example, a
company located in the San Francisco Bay Area might have its buildings in San Francisco, Oakland
and San Jose linked together via a network.
One of the most common ways for organizations to build this kind of network is to use microwave
transmission technology. You might have seen a microwave antenna on a TV news van, extended
high in the air, beaming video and sound back to the main TV studio. It's also possible to wire
buildings together using fiber-optic cable, but as with WANs, most organizations that use wires will
lease them from another carrier. Laying cable themselves is quite expensive.

1. MAN ((Metropolitan Area Network) is a larger network of computers and other

network devices which are connected together usually spans serveral buildings
or large geographical area.
2. All the devices that are part of MAN are span across buildings or small town.
3. MAN network has lower speed compared to LAN.
4. MAN connection speeds can be 10Mbps or 100Mbps.
5. MAN uses Guided Media or Unguided media.
WAN

A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical

location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects
several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or
accessible to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is
an example of a worldwide public WAN.

1. WAN (Wide Area Network) is a group of computers and other network devices
which are connected together which is not restricted to a geographical location.
Internet is WAN
2. All the devices that are part of WAN have no geographical boundaries.
3. WAN speed varies based on geographical location of the servers. WAN connects
serveral LANs
4. WAN connection speeds can be 10Mbps or 100Mbps.
5. WAN mainly uses Guided Media or Unguided media. Its long distance
communications, which may or may not be provided by public packet network.

(Q2)
(i)Time Domain:
Time domain analysis is analyzing the data over a time period. Functions such as
electronic signals, market behaviors, and biological systems are some of the functions

that are analyzed using time domain analysis. For an electronic signal, the time domain
analysis is mainly based on the voltage time plot or the current time plot. In a time
domain analysis, the variable is always measured against time. There are several
devices used to analyze data on a time domain basis. The cathode ray oscilloscope
(CRO) is the most common device when analyzing electrical signals on a time domain.

(ii)Frequency Domain:
Frequency domain is a method used to analyze data. This refers to analyzing a
mathematical function or a signal with respect to the frequency. Frequency domain
analysis is widely used in fields such as control systems engineering, electronics and
statistics. Frequency domain analysis is mostly used to signals or functions that are
periodic over time. This does not mean that frequency domain analysis cannot be used
in signals that are not periodic.

The most important concept in the frequency domain analysis is the transformation.
Transformation is used to convert a time domain function to a frequency domain
function and vice versa. The most common transformation used in the frequency
domain is the Fourier transformations. Fourier transformation is used to convert a signal
of any shape into a sum of infinite number of sinusoidal waves. Since analyzing
sinusoidal functions is easier than analyzing general shaped functions, this method is
very useful and widely used.
All signals have a frequency domain representation and Fourier detailed the theory that
any real world waveform can be generated by the addition of sinusoidal waves. The
following diagram shows an example of this process:

(Q3)
why digital transmission(Tx) is preferred over analog
transmission(Tx)?
Digital transmissions are now preferred because the transmission of data is cleaner and more exact. The
three main reasons for opting for digital over analog is:

) Digital signals do not get corrupted by noise etc.. You are sending a series of numbers that represent the
signal of interest ( i.e. audio, video etc. )
) Digital signals typically use less bandwidth. This is just another way to say you can send and receive
more information, ( both audio, video ), into the same amount of space.
) Digital signals can be encrypted so that only the intended receiver is able to decode it, ( like pay per view
video, secure telephone etc. )

1. The main advantage of digital signals over analog signals is that the
precise signal level of the digital signal is not vital. This means that digital
signals are fairly immune to the imperfections of real electronic systems
which tend to spoil analog signals. As a result, digital CD's are much more
robust than analog LP's.
2. Codes are often used in the transmission of information. These codes can
be used either as a means of keeping the information secret or as a means
of breaking the information into pieces that are manageable by the
technology used to transmit the code, e.g. The letters and numbers to be
sent by a Morse code are coded into dots and dashes.
3. Digital signals can convey information with greater noise immunity,
because each information component (byte etc) is determined by the
presence or absence of a data bit (0 or one). Analog signals vary
continuously and their value is affected by all levels of noise.
4. Digital signals can be processed by digital circuit components, which are
cheap and easily produced in many components on a single chip. Again,
noise propagation through the demodulation system is minimized with digital
techniques.
5. Digital signals do not get corrupted by noise etc. You are sending a series
of numbers that represent the signal of interest (i.e. audio, video etc.)
6. Digital signals typically use less bandwidth. This is just another way to
say you can cram more information (audio, video) into the same space.
7. Digital can be encrypted so that only the intended receiver can decode it
(like pay per view video, secure telephone etc.)
8. Enables transmission of signals over a long distance.
9. Transmission is at a higher rate and with a wider broadband width.
10. It is more secure.
11. It is also easier to translate human audio and video signals and other
messages into machine language.
12. There is minimal electromagnetic interference in digital technology.
13. It enables multi-directional transmission simultaneously.

(Q4)

why parabolic shaped antenna used in terrestrial n/w antenna

A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the crosssectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like
a dishand is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic
antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to
direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only.
Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, that is, they can produce the
narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna type.[1][2] In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the parabolic
reflector must be much larger than thewavelength of the radio waves used,[2] so parabolic antennas
are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies,
at which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.Parabolic
antennas are used as high-gain antennas for point-to-point communications, in applications such
as microwave relay links that carry telephone and television signals between nearby cities,wireless
WAN/LAN links for data communications, satellite communications and spacecraft communication
antennas. They are also used in radio telescopes.
Some of the major advantages of the parabolic reflector antenna include the following:

High gain: Parabolic reflector antennas are able to provide very high levels of gain. The
larger the 'dish' in terms of wavelengths, the higher the gain.

High directivity: As with the gain, so too the parabolic reflector or dish antenna is able to
provide high levels of directivity. The higher the gain, the narrower the beamwidth. This can
be a significant advantage in applications where the power is only required to be directed
over a small area. This can prevent it, for example causing interference to other users, and
this is important when communicating with satellites because it enables satellites using the
same frequency bands to be separated by distance or more particularly by angle at the
antenna.

A parabolic shape has the property that paths taken from the feed point at the focus to the reflector
and then outwards are in parallel, but more importantly the paths taken are all the same length and
therefore the outgoing waveform will form a plane wave and the energy taken by all paths will all be
in phase.
This shape enables a very accurate beam to be obtained. In this way, the feed system forms the
actual radiating section of the antenna, and the reflecting parabolic surface is purely passive.
When looking at parabolic reflector antenna systems there are a number of parameters and terms
that are of importance:

Focus The focus or focal point of the parabolic reflector is the point at which any incoming
signals are concentrated. When radiating from this point the signals will be reflected by the

reflecting surface and travel in a parallel beam and to provide the required gain and
beamwidth.

Vertex This is the innermost point at the centre of the parabolic reflector.

Focal length The focal length of a parabolic antenna is the distance from its focus to its
vertex. Read more about the focal length

Aperture The aperture of a parabolic reflector is what may be termed its "opening" or the
area which it covers. For a circular reflector, this is described by its diameter. It can be
likened to the aperture of an optical lens.

Gain: The gain of the parabolic reflector is one of the key parameters and it depends on a
number of factors including the diameter of the dish, wavelength and other factors. Read
more about the parabolic reflector antenna gain.

Feed systems: The parabolic reflector or dish antenna can be fed in a variety of ways.
Axial or front feed, off axis, Cassegrain, and Gregorian are the four main methods.Read
more about Parabolic reflector feed types.

(Q5)

diffrenciate b/w Geo,MEo,Leo satellite

Satellite Systems can be classified based upon their orbits as low earth orbit, medium earth orbit &
geostationary earth orbit systems. Geostationary is also the highest earth orbit and hence, also
provides the greatest visibility using only a few satellites. The coverage region of a satellite is called
its footprint. This is the region from which the satellite is visible. Three geostationary satellite
footprints ensure complete coverage of the earth as shown:

Hence, there is permanent or 24 hour visibility of geostationary satellites without the need of
handoffs. While LEO & MEO satellites do not have 24 hour visibility as the satellites have smaller

footprints since they are closer to the earth (low satellite height). Hence, a larger number of satellites
are needed to cover the earth. Also, since each satellite has a small footprint, handoffs are also
required between satellites.
Major differences between LEO, MEO & GEO satellite systems:
Parameter

LEO

MEO

GEO

Satellite Height

500-1500 km

5000-12000 km

35,800 km

Orbital Period

10-40 minutes

2-8 hours

24 hours

Number of Satellites

40-80

8-20

Satellite Life

Short

Long

Long

Number of Handoffs

High

Low

Least(none)

Gateway Cost

Very Expensive

Expensive

Cheap

Propagation Loss

Least

High

Highest

Note

HEO refers to highly elliptical orbits which have a visibility of about 12 hours.

ICO or intermediate circular orbit is an example of MEO.

GPS satellites are not in Geostationary orbits but instead, they orbit twice for every rotation
of the earth at a height of 20, 000 km.

Handheld terminals have low sending power are hence use LEO for mobile communication.
LEO are also closest to the earth, have better signal strength and less time delay.

(Q6) why uplink and downlink frequencies used in satellite communication

Optimum frequency range for satellite communication is 1 to 10 GHz. The most

popular frequency band is referred to as 4/6 band, which uses 3.7 to 4.2 GHz for
down link and 5.925 to 6.425 for uplink transmissions. The 500 MHz bandwidth is
usually split over a dozen transponders, each with 36 MHz bandwidth. Each 36 MHz
bandwidth is shared by time division multiplexing. As this preferred band is already
saturated, the next highest band available is referred to as 12/14 GHz. It uses 14 to
14.5GHz for upward transmission and 11.7 to 12.2 GHz for downward transmissions.
Communication satellites have several unique properties. The most important is the
long communication delay for the round trip (about 270 ms) because of the long
distance (about 72,000 km) the signal has to travel between two earth stations. This
poses a number of problems, which are to be tackled for successful and reliable
communication.
The satellite gets power from solar cell. So, the transmitter is not being of higher
power. On the other hand the ground station can have much higher power. As we
want less attenuation and better signal-to-noise ratio, lower frequency is more
suitable for downlink and higher frequency is commonly used for uplink.