TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

DEFINITIONS:
Population: It is the set or collection of objects, actual or hypothetical under study. Mainly
population consists of sets of numbers, measurements or observations which are of interest.
Size: The size of the population n is the number of objects or observations in the population.
Sampling: This is the process of drawing samples from a given population.
Statistic: Any function of the random variables constituting a random sample is called a statistic.
Large Sampling: If n > 30, the sampling is said to be large sampling, otherwise it is small
sampling.
Statistical Inference: This deals with the methods of drawing valid or logical generalizations
and predictions about the population using the information contained in the sample alone.
Testing of Hypothesis:
A statistical hypothesis, or just hypothesis, is a claim or assertion either about the value of a
single parameter (population characteristic or characteristic of a probability distribution), about
the values of several parameters, or about the form of an entire probability distribution. One
example of a hypothesis is the claim, where m is the true average inside diameter of a certain
type of PVC pipe. Another example is the statement, where p is the proportion of defective
circuit boards among all circuit boards produced by a certain manufacturer. If m1 and m2 denote
the true average breaking strengths of two different types of twine, one hypothesis is the
assertion that, and another is the statement. Yet another example of a hypothesis is the assertion
that the stopping distance under particular conditions has a normal distribution. The process of
deciding whether to accept or reject the the hypothesis is called the testing of hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis: The null hypothesis formulated for the sake of rejecting it under the
assumptions is true, is called null hypothesis. and is denoted by H0.
Alternative Hypothesis: The opposite of null hypothesis is called alternative hypothesis, and is
denoted by H1.
Level of significance: The probability level below which we reject the hypothesis is called level
of significance.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

TESTING OF HYPOTHESES - LARGE SAMPLE - SINGLE MEAN

Critical Region

Steps in Testing of Hypothesis

1. Identify the parameter of interest and describe it in the context of the problem situation.
2. Determine the null value and state the null hypothesis.
3. State the appropriate alternative hypothesis.
4. Give the formula for the computed value of the test statistic (substituting the null value and the
known values of any other parameters, but not those of any samplebased quantities).
5. State the rejection region for the selected significance level a.
6. Compute any necessary sample quantities, substitute into the formula for the test statistic
value, and compute that value.
7. Decide whether H0 should be rejected, and state this conclusion in the problem context.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

Two Types of Errors

Decision Table
Null Hypothesis
True
Type I Error
Correct Decision

Decision
Reject H0
Accept H0

False.
Correct Decision
Type II Error

Definition: A Type I error for a statistical test occurs if you reject the null hypothesis when it is
true. The probability of making Type I error is denoted by .
A Type II error for a statistical test occurs if you accept the null hypothesis when it is false. The
probability of making Type II error is denoted by .

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS FOR LARGE SAMPLES

Critical value Table for Z Test
Test
Two tail
Right tail
Left tail

Level of significance
2%
5%
2.33
1.96
2.33
1.96
-2.33
-1.96

1%
2.575
2.575
-2.575

10%
1.645
1.645
-1.645

PROBLEM
1) The diameter of a mechanical component is normally distributed with a mean of
approximately 28cm.A standard deviation is found from the samples to be 0.25cm. A sample of
30 components gave mean 27.02. Test the hypotheses for mean = 27.02 against mean 27.02.
SOLUTION
H0: = 27.02 [There is no difference between sample and population mean]
H1: 27.02 [TTT] Two Tail Test
Assume Level Of Significance = 5%
Test of statistic:
 = 

 



= 1%

Given = 28, n = 30, x = 27.02 and = 0.25

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ


 = 

.  
.


ZC = -21.47
Conclusion
|ZC| = 21.47
= 5%
Z= Z0.05= 1.96 [TTT]
|ZC| > 1.96
Reject H0
= 1%
Z= Z0.01 = 2.58 [TTT]
|ZC| > 2.58
Reject H0
H0 is rejected in both cases.
The difference between x and is significant.

2) A trucking firm is suspicious of the claim that the average lifetime of certain tires is atleast
28,000 miles. To check this claim, the firm puts 40 of these tires on its truck and gets mean
lifetime of 27,463 mils with a standard deviation of 1,348 miles. What can it conclude if the
probability a Type I error is to be at most 0.01%?
Soln:
Ho: = x (there is no difference in population mean and sample mean)
H1: > x (There is significance difference in population mean and sample mean)
Left Tail Test.
LOS: =0.01

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

Test Statistic:
 = 

 = 

 



 



Conclusion:
Z=-1.645
Zc< Z
Accept Ho
3) Benzene in the air workers breathe can cause cancer. Samples are taken to check the benzene
content of the air. 35 specimens of air from one location in the plant gave a mean content of
0.760 ppm, and the standard deviation of benzene content was estimated on the basis of the
sample to be 0.45 ppm. Benzene contents in this case are found to be normally distributed.
Is there evidence at the 1% level of significance that the true mean of benzene content is equal to
1.00 ppm?
Soln:
Ho: benzene content is equal to 1.00 ppm
H1: benzene content is less than 1.00 ppm
Left Tail Test.
Given: = 1 ppm, n = 35 x = 0.76 ppm, = 0.45 ppm
l.o.s = 1%
Test Statistic:
 = 

 = 

.
.


 



= - 3.15

Z 0.01 = -2.33
Zc < Z 0.01
Accept Ho

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS - LARGE SAMPLE - DIFFERENCE OF MEANS

Null Hypothesis :  : ###
!" = !
###$

Test Statistic Value : %& =

'"  '
!
!$
$

)
)
( " + $
*"

*$

Alternative Hypothesis

Rejection Region for Level

###$
" : ###
!" < !

% %. (lower tailed)

###$
" : ###
!" > !

% %. (upper-tailed)

###$
" : ###
!" !

either % %. . or % %. (two tailed)

$

PROBLEMS
1) 41 cars equipped with standard carburettors were for gas usage and yielded an average
of 8.1 km/litre with a standard deviation of 1.2 km/litre.21 of these cars were then chosen
randomly, fitted with special carburettors and tested, yielding an average of 8.8km/litre
with a standard deviation of 0.9 km/litre . At the 5% level of significance , does the new
carburettor decrease gas usage?

DATA GIVEN:
n = 41
n = 21

x = 8.1 km/litre
x =8.8 km/litre

=1.2 km/litre
= 0.9 km/litre
=5%

SOLUTION:

H : x = x

( no change )
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

H : x > x

( new carburettor decreases gas usage )

Thus , from H , it is a right tailed test.

Since = 5% , Z = 1.645
5=

6 779


:6; +; 9
<

<

6..9


:6. +.= 9




.

= .>+.
= - 9.5
Z > Z at 5 % significance level.

Now,

Thus H is rejected and H is accepted .

Thus, the new carburettors decrease gas usage.

2) An investigation of 2 kinds of photocopying machine showed that 80 failures of 1st kind

of machine took average of 75.2 mins to repair with S.D of 20 mins when 80 failures of 2nd
machine took average of 82.8 mins to repair with S.D of 22 mins.Test the null hypothesis
" = $ against "@ $ at 5% L.O.S.
GIVEN:

A =75.2
B =20

C =80

A =82.8
B =22

C =80

1)D : A = A [There is no difference between two means]

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

2)D: A A [two tail test]

3)Level of significance =5%

4)Test statistics (5 )=
=

>.  .

 
 

:E F + G



: F + G

|5 | =2.89

   

where B =

H E  +H E 
H +H

= -2.89

5)Table value:|5J |=1.96

CONCLUSION:
since|5 | > |5J |

Reject D

Therefore, the difference between A andA is significant at 5%L.O.S

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS - LARGE SAMPLE - TEST FOR SINGLE PROPORTION
Null Hypothesis:  : K = L
Test Statistic:
=

6MN9
6OP9


where K = * , P = probability of success of population.

Alternative Hypothesis

Rejection Region for Level

" : K > L

% %. (upper-tailed)

" : K < L
" : K L

% %. (lower tailed)

either % %. . or % %. (two tailed)

$

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

PROBLEMS
1) A manufacture of light bulbs claims that on the average 2% of the bulbs manufactured
by him are defective. A random sample of 400 bulbs contained 13 defectives.on the basis of
this sample can you support the manufacturers claim at 5% LOS.
Solution:
H0: P = 0.02 i.e .2% of the products are defective
H1: p > P.
One tailed test(right tailed) test is to be used.
Let LOS be 5%.therefore ,Z=1.645

=

6MN9
6OP9
:


, where R =





= 0.0325

P=0.02, Q=1 - P=0.98

=

60.0325 0.029
:60.02 0.989
400

Z=1.785
Z=1.79(approx)
Z > Z
Therefore H0 is rejected
Therefore the claim cannot be supported.
2) A foundry produces steel forgings used in automobile manufacturing. We wish to test
the hypothesis that the fraction conforming or fallout from this process is 10%. In a
random sample of 250 forgings, 41 were found to be nonconforming. What are your
conclusions using =0.05?
Solution:
H0:P=0.1 i.e.10%of the products are conforming.
H1:pP.
Two tailed test is to be used.
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

Let LOS be 5% .Therefore, Z=1.96

=

6MN9
6OP9
:


, where R =



= > = 0.164

Z=(p-P)/(PQ)/n
Where p=x/n=41/250=0.164
P=0.1, Q=1-P=1-0.1=0.9

=

60.164 0.19
:60.1 0.99
250

Z=3.37
|Z|=3.37, Z=1.79(approx)
|Z| > |Z|
H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.
Thus the foundry produces steel forgings were found to be nonconforming.

3) A new rocket launching is considered for deployment of small and short range rockets.
The existing system has 80% successful launches. A sample of 40 experimental launches is
made with new system and 34 are successful. Would you claim that the new system is
better?
Soln:
Given: n=40,

x=34,

P=80%

Also n > 30 .So, this is Test for Large Samples and Test for Single proportion.


P==>=0.8

 

Q=1-P =1->=> =0.2







p= H ==  = 0.8

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

10

1) Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no difference between proportions. p = P

2) Alternate Hypothesis (H1: There is difference between proportions. p>P
This is Single Right tail test.
3) Level of Significance(LOS):
=5% =0.05 (Assuming)
4) Test Statistic (Zc):
Zc =

Zc=

MN
OP


.>.
:

Zc=

..


.>

._


.>

Zc=. >>>
Zc=0.791
4) Conclusion:
Z=Z0.05=1.645
If =1%
Z=2.33

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

11

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS - LARGE SAMPLE - TEST FOR DIFFERENCE OF

PROPORTIONS
Null Hypothesis:  : K" = K$
Test Statistic:
=

where K" =

!"

*"

, K$ =

!$

*$

6M M 9
6OP9


, P = probability of success of population. L =

*" !" +*$ !$

*" +*$

Alternative Hypothesis

Rejection Region for Level

" : K" > K$

% %. (upper-tailed)

" : K" < K"

% %. (lower tailed)

" : K" K$

either % %. . or % %. (two tailed)

$

1) A study shows that 16 out of 200 submersible pumps produced on one assembly line
required extensive adjustments before they could be shipped,while the same was true for 14
of 400 pumps produced on another assembly line.At 0.01 LOS,does this support the claim
that the second production line does superior work?
Solution:
16 fails out of 200
R =

184
= 0.92
200

14 fails out of 400



R =  = 0.965
H0: p1 = p2
H1: p1 < p2 One tailed (left tailed) test is to be used.
Let LOS be 0.01.i.e Z = -2.33,
`=

H M +H M
H +H

= 0.95

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

12

P=0.95
Q=0.05

Formula:

=

=

R1 R

:`a F 1 + 1 G
b1 b2
0.92 0.965

:60.95 0.059 F 1 + 1 G
200 400

=

=

0.045

:0.0475 F 600 G
80000

.> 
>.

= 2.3893.

Now |Z| > |Z|

The difference between p1 and p2 is significant.
i.e.H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.
i.e., This does not support the claim that the second production line.
2) A study shows that 16 out of 200 submersible pumps produced on one assembly line
required extensive adjustments before they could be shipped, while the same was true for
14 of 400 pumps produced on another assembly line. At 0.01 LOS,does this support the
claim that the second production line does superior work?
Solution:
In sample ( 1) 16 fails out of 200.


So, R = 

p1=0.92

H0: p1 = p2

In sample (2) 14 fails out of 400



R = 

p2 = 0.965

H1: p1 < p2 One tailed (left tailed) test is to be used.

Let LOS be 0.01.i.e Z = -2.33,
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

13

`=
`=

A + A
C + C

184 + 386
600

`=

P=0.95

570
600

Q=0.05

Formula:

=

=

R R

:`a F

1
1
+ G
C C

0.92 0.965

:60.95 0.059 F 1 + 1 G
200 400

=

=

0.045

:0.0475 F 600 G
80000

.> 
>.

= 2.3893.

Now |Z|>|Z|
The difference between : p1 & p2 is significant.
i.e.H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.
i.e., this does not support the claim that the second production line.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

14

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS -SMALL SAMPLE - TEST FOR SINGLE MEAN

'=e
Null Hypothesis:  : !

Test Statistic: f =
'=
where !

population.

!
*

'9 $ , k =
, k = 6! !
"

"

*"

Alteative Hypothesis

6 9
g
:
h

or f =

6 9
i


6! !
'9$ , P = probability of success of
Rejection Region for Level

'>e
" : !

% %. (upper-tailed)

'<e
" : !

% %. (lower tailed)

'e
" : !

either % %. . or % %. (two tailed)

$

1) High sulphur content in steel is very undesirable, giving corrosion problems among
other disadvantages. If the sulphur content becomes too high, steps have to be taken. Five
successive independent specimens in a steel-making process give values of % sulphur of
0.0307, 0.0324, 0.0314, 0.0311, and 0.0307. Do the data give evidence at 5% los that the true
mean % sulphur is above 0.0300?
Soln.
Given data =0.0300, n = 5
Null Hypothesis H0: = 0.0300
Alternative Hypothesis H1: 0.0300
Calculation of sample mean and standard deviation:
x

x-

(x-)2

0.0307

-0.00056

3.136*10-7

0.0324

+0.00114

1.2996*10-6

0.0314

-0.00014

1.96*10-8

0.0311

-0.00016

2.56*10-8

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

15

0.0307

-0.00056

3.136*10-7

x = 0.1563

6A A 9= -2.8*10-4

6A A 9 =19.72*10-7

A = = 0.03126


A = 0.03126,

f=
f=

 

B =

6 ###
 9
H

.  .
l.h


t = 3.25
t= 4.02
t > t0.05=2.31
Conclusion: Hence, the Null Hypothesis is rejected. The mean of data differ from true mean %
sulphur of 0.0300.
2) The average daily amount of scrap from a particular manufacturing process is 25.5 kg
with a standard deviation of 1.6 kg .A modification of the process is tried in an attempt to
reduce this amount .During a 10 day trial period ,the kg of scrap produced each day were
25,21.9,23.5,25.2,22,23,24.5,25,26.1,22.8. From the nature of the modification no change in
day to day variability of the amount of scrap will result. The normal distribution will
apply. A first glance at the figures suggest that the modification is effective in reducing he
scrap level .Does a significant test confirm this at the 1% level.
SOLUTION:
=25.5 kg
s=1.6 kg
n=10
The mean of the sample is given by,

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

16

 m

X= =
H



=23.9

H0: X=
H1: X
Two tail test is to be used .Let LOS be 1%.
n

E/H

t=

.m >.>

.

./

t=.> = -3.00
t0.01=3.16
=n-1=9; |f| < f.
3 < 3.16
H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected at 1% level.
3) The standard deviation of a particular dimension on a machine part is known to be
0.0053 inches. Four parts coming off the production line are measured giving readings of
2.747, 2.740, 2.750, and 2.749 inches. The population mean is supposed to be 2.740 inches.
The normal distribution applies. Is the sample mean significantly larger than 2.740 inches
at the 1% level of significance?
GIVEN:
Standard deviation s= 0.0053 inches
n=4
population mean = 2.740 inches
SOLUTION:

x =H Ap


=( 2.747+2.740+2.750+2.749)
= 2.7465 inches
D : A = q
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

17

There is no difference between sample & population mean

D : : A > q

One tail (Right tail) test is to be used. Let LOS be 1%.

t=

r

g
h

6 .> .9

.>

.
s69

. 

=2.32

f = 2.32
= n-1

= 4-1
=3
Let L.O.S be 1%

For =3 f. = 5.841 ( from t-table)

We see that |f| < f. ( =3)
Therefore ,D is accepted.
CONCLUSION:
There is no difference between sample and population mean .

4) A manufacturer of fluorescent lamps claims that his lamps have an average luminous flux of
3,600 lm at rated voltage and frequency and that 90% of all lamps produced by an automatic
process have a luminous flux higher than 3,300 lm. The luminous flux of the lamps follows a
normal distribution. What standard deviation is implied by the manufacturers claim? Assume
that this standard deviation does not change. A random sample of l0 lamps is tested and gives a
sample mean of 3,470 lm. At the 5% level of significance can we conclude that the mean
luminous flux is significantly less than what the manufacturer claims? State your null hypothesis
and alternative hypothesis.
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

18

Solution
Let X be a random Variable, corresponding to the lumens of the bulb
Population Mean q = 3600

`6t > 33009 = 0.9

`63300 < t < 9 = 0.9

This follows Normal distribution
Convert this to Standard Normal Distribution

=
Thus

tq
v

3300 3600
`w
<
< x = 0.9
v
` w0 <
<

From table

300
x = 0.4
v

300
= 1.28
v

v = 234.375
The small sample test follows t distribution
Assume H0: There is no difference in the population and sample mean
Assume H1: The Population mean is greater than the sample mean (Right tail Test)
Assume LOS: LOS=0.05 at DOF=10-1=9
Test statistic:
f=
=


.l


= 0.945

A q
v
C

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

19

This value is greater than the table value t0.05,9=2.626

Thus Accept H0.
We accept alternate hypothesis. And the claim of the company is false.

5) A new process has been developed for applying photoresist to 125-mm silicon wafers used in
manufacturing integrated circuits. The wafers were tested, and the following photoresist
thickness measurements ( angstroms X 1000) were observed: 13.3987, 13.3957, 13.3902,
13.4015, 14.4001, 13.3918, 13.3965, and 13.3925. Test the hypothesis that mean thickness is
13.4 X 1000 angstroms. use l.o.s of significance as 5%.
Ans:

6)The output of a power supply is assumed to be normally distributed. Sixteen observations

taken on voltages are as follows: 10.35, 9.3, 10.0, 9.96, 11.65, 12.00, 11.25, 9.58, 11.54, 9.95,
10.28, 8.37, 10.44, 9.25, 9.38, and 10.85. Test the hypothesis that mean voltage is equal to 12 V
against a two sided alternative using 5% l.o.s.
Solution:

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

20

7) A process of making certain ball bearing is under control if the diameter of the bearing has
mean of 0.5 cm. I f a random sample of 10 of these bearings has a mean diameter of 0.5060 cm.
and s.d of 0.0040 cm, is the calim under control?

H 0 : x = , H 1 : x > = 0.005.
f=

 
g


= 4.7434

t = 3.25
t > t Reject H0

f. >,> = 2.57

|f| > f. >,>

H0 is rejected.
8) The electrical resistances of components are measured as they are produced. A sample of six
items gives a sample mean of 2.62 ohms and a sample standard deviation of 0.121 ohms. If the
population mean is 2.80 ohms. Test the hypothesis that whether there is any significant
difference in mean resistance at 5% l.o.s.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

21

SMALL SAMPLE - TEST FOR DIFFERENCE OF MEANS

###$
Null Hypothesis:  : ###
!" = !

Test Statistic: f =
'=
where !

population.

!
*

####
####9
6

g  g 
:  + 
 

'9 $ , k =
, k = 6! !
"

"

*"

Alteative Hypothesis

or t =

x1 x2
n1 s12 + n2 s2 2 1 1

n + n 2 n + n
2
2
1
1

6! !
'9$ , P = probability of success of
Rejection Region for Level

'>e
" : !

% %. (upper-tailed)

'<e
" : !

% %. (lower tailed)

'e
" : !

either % %. . or % %. (two tailed)

$

PROBLEMS
1) Consider the following problem. The Engineering Department at Sims Software, Inc.,
recently developed two chemical solutions designed to increase the usable life of computer
disks. A sample of disks treated with first solution lasted 86, 78, 66, 83, 84, 81, 84, 109, 65,
and 102 hours. Those treated with the second solution lasted 91, 71, 75, 76, 87, 79, 73, 76,
79, 78, 87, 90, 76, and 72 hours. At the 0.10 significance level, can we conclude that there is
a difference in the length of time the two types of treatment lasted?
SOLUTION: In this problem, we do not know the mean and standard deviation for the samples.
Thus, we calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of the samples before beginning our
5-step procedure. Using the TI-84 calculator or Statdisk, we find the means and standard
deviations (rounded to one-decimal place accuracy) as listed in the table below.

Treatment Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation

1

10

83.8

13.7

14

79.3

6.7

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

22

Step 1

Null hypothesis : D : A
### = A
###
From there is a difference, we write the alternate hypothesis as
Step 2

D : A
### A
###
Step 3.
Select a level of significance.
Stated in the problem as 10% or = 0.10
Step 4: Test Statistic
Since the two sets of data are not related or paired or matched, we consider the two samples to be
independent.
Thus, we calculate the test statistic with the following formula.
t=

t=

(x

x2

s12 s 22
+
n1 n2

(83.8 79.3)
13.7 2 6.7 2
+
10
14

= 0.9599

For the degrees of freedom, we use the smaller of n1 1 or n2 1. Since n1 1 = 10 1 = 9 and

n2 1 = 14 1 = 13, we use df = 9 and = 0.10 for a two-tailed test to find critical values
t0.10,9,13 = 1.833, from Table
Since the computed t = 0.960 is between the critical t-values of 1.833 and 1.833, we do not
reject the null hypothesis that the means are statistically the same or equal at the 10% level of
significance. Thus, we conclude that the lengths of time the two types of treatment lasted are
equal.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

23

2. Two companies produce resistors. Resistors from company A give a sample of size 9 with
sample mean 4025 ohms and estimated standard deviation 42.6 ohms. A shipment from
company B gives a sample of size l3 with sample mean 3980 ohms and estimated standard
deviation 30.6 ohms. Resistances are approximately normally distributed.
At 5% level of significance, is there a difference in the mean values of the resistors produced by
the two companies?
Solution:
Given:

A = 4025
###

= 4000
n1 = 9

;A
### = 3980

n2 = 13

; s1 = 42.6
; s2 = 30.6

n1 < 30

n2 < 30

So this is test for small sample and normally distributed. So, t-test for difference mean.
A = A
###
###(
There is no difference in mean )

H0 :

A A
###
### ( There is difference in mean )

H1 :

( Two tail test)

f=
B =
f=

####
  


:E  F + G


where B =

6m9 . +69.

m+

6H 9E  +6H 9E 

H +H 

= 1287.72

4025 3980

:1287.72 F1 + 1 G
9 12

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

24

t = 2.89
Table value:
= n1 + n2 -2
One tail,

= 20

so t(,) = t0.05,20 = 2.09

Since t > t,
So H0 is rejected.

3) Two chemical processes for manufacturing the same product are being compared under
the same conditions. Yield from Process A gives an average value of 96.2 from six runs, and
the estimated standard deviation of yield is 2.75. Yield from Process B gives an average
value of 93.3 from seven runs, and the estimated standard deviation is 3.35. Yields follow a
normal distribution. Is the difference between the mean yields statistically significant? Use
the 5% level of significance, and show rejection regions for the difference of mean yields on
a sketch. (12E11)
Solution:
Here x1 = 96.2 , s1 = 2.75, n1 = 6, n2 = 7, x 2 = 93.3 , s 2 = 3.35.

H 0 : x1 = x2

H 1 : x1 x2

and

Two tail test to be used. LOS = 5%.

t=

x1 x2
n1 s12 + n2 s2 2 1 1

n + n 2 n + n
2
2
1
1
96.2 93.3
(6 (2.75) 2 ) + (7 (3.35) 2 ) 1 1

+
6+72

6 7

2.9
45.375 + 78.558

(0.309)
11

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

25

2.9
1.865

t = 1.55
Also = n1 + n2 2 = 6 + 7 2 = 11

= 11 , = 0.05
From
t , = t 0.05,11 = 2.20

the

t-table,

t < t ( 0.05,11)
So H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected.
That is two sample means are do not differ significantly at 5% LOS.

4) Two companies produce resistors with a nominal resistance of 4000 ohms. Resistors
from company A give a sample of size 9 with sample mean 4025 ohms and estimated
standard deviation 42.6 ohms. A shipment from company B gives a sample of size l3 with
sample mean 3980 ohms and estimated standard deviation 30.6 ohms. Resistances are
approximately normally distributed.
At 5% level of significance, is there a difference in the mean values of the resistors produced by
the two companies?
Soln:
Given:

A = 4025
###

= 4000

n1 = 9

;A
### = 3980

n2 = 13

; s1 = 42.6
; s2 = 30.6

n1 < 30

n2 < 30

So this is test for small sample and normally distributed. So, t-test for difference mean.
H0 :
H1 :

A = A
###
###(
There is no difference in mean )
A A
###
### ( There is difference in mean )

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

26

( Two tail test)

= 5% = 0.05

LOS:
f=

B =
f=

####
  


where B =

:E F + G



6m9 . +69.

m+

6H 9E  +6H 9E 

H +H 

= 1287.72

4025 3980

:1287.72 F1 + 1 G
9 12
t = 2.89

Table value:
= n1 + n2 -2
One tail,

so

= 20
t(,) = t0.05,20 = 2.09

Since t > t,
So H0 is rejected.

SMALL SAMPLE - DIFFERENCE OF VARIANCES

1) Two different lighting techniques are compared by measuring the intensity of light at selected
locations in areas lighted by the two methods.If 15 measurement in the first area ad a S.D of 2.7
foot candles and 21 measurement in the second area had a S.D of 4.2 foot candles can it be
concluded that the lighting in the second area is less uniform?Use 5% l.o.s.

Solution:

Given: S=2.7 foot candle,

S =4.2 foot candle, n =1, n =21, =5%

First we set up a null hypothesis

H :

 =

H : @

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

27

}

 = }

h

>

= >
>



= 1.07
}

=}

h

= 



=1.05
 >


F=


.
.>

=1.01
F=1.01

F.>,6, 9 =2.28
F < F

Accept Null Hypothesis

Yes.It can be concluded that the lighting in the second is less uniform.

3)The following are the Brinell hardness values obtained for samples of two magnesium
alloys before testing.
Alloy 1:

66.3

63.5

64.9

61.8

64.3

64.7

65.1

64.5

68.4

63.2

Alloy 2:

71.3

60.4

62.6

63.9

68.8

70.1

64.8

68.9

65.8

66.2

Test whether the two samples came from same normal population.
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

28

Solution:
Mean ###
A =
=



H

.


=64.67

A
### =
=

A
C

 .


= 66.28

B =



B2 =

H 

H

=15.80
H

F H G


F H G

= 10.93

H E 

v =

H 

6>.9

= 17.56

v =

H E 

H 

6.m9

= 12.14

=
=

v
v

.>
.

= 1.44
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

29

H0 )" = )$

H1 )" )$

.F 0.05, (9,9)=1.58
Accept Ho
t= 6!" !$9 (k"$ k$$ )/* "
= ". " 17.56-12.14/9
=2.20
. t(., $* $)
. t5%(18)= $. ""
Reject Ho
They are not from same population

CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

1. Three different shops are used to repair electric motors. One hundred motors were sent for sent
for each shop. When a motor is returned, it is put in use and then the repair is classified as
complete, requiring an adjustment or an incomplete repair. The column totals are fixed 100 each
and the grand total is 300. Shop I produced 78 complete repairs, 15 minor adjustments, and 7
incomplete repairs. Shop II produced 56, 30, and 14 respectively; while Shop III produced 54,31,
15 complete, minor adjustment, and incomplete repairs respectively. Is here any significant
difference between repairs and Shops at 5% l.o.s.
Solution:
Given data

shop I

Shop II

Shop III

Total

78

56

54

188

Repair with Minor 15

adjustment

30

31

76

Without repair

14

15

36

Repaired

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

30

Total

100

100

100

300

H0-There is no significance difference between the shop and repair

H1- There is significance difference between shop and repair
Oi

Ei

Oi Ei

78

(188*100)/300=62.6

15.4

( )
p
3.780

56

(188*100)/300=62.6

6.6

0.695

54

(188*100)/300=62.6

8.6

1.180

51

(76*100)/300=25.3

10.3

4.193

30

(76*100)/300=25.3

4.7

0.873

31

(76*100)/300=25.3

5.7

1.284

(36*100)/300=12

2.083

14

(36*100)/300=12

0.333

15

(36*100)/300=12

0.750
= 15.171

At 5% l.o.s. from table value, with d.o.f. (=8) = 15.507

Calculated value =15.171
Calculated value< table value
H0 is accepted.

2) The following table gives the two wheeler accidents occurred during one week.
Days:

Sun

Accidents: 14

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Sat

16

12

11

14

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

31

Can you say that the accidents are uniformly distributed over the week?

Use 5% LOS.

Solution:
H0: Accidents occur uniformly over the week.
H1 : Accidents does not occur uniformly over the week.
l.o.s = 5%
Total number of accidents=84
Based on H0 the expected number of accidents on any day=847=12
Oi
Ei

14
12
$ =

16
12

8
12

12
12

11
12

9
12

14
12

69$

=1/12(4+16+16+0+1+9+4)
=4.166
Since Ei= Oi,
d.o.s = = 7-1=6.

From the $ table, $. ( =6)=12.592.

Since $ < $. , H0 is accepted .That is accidents may be regarded to occur uniformly over the
week.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

32

3. The following table shows the opinions of voters before and after a Prime Minister election.
Before

After

Total

79

91

170

For Opposition Party 84

66

150

Undecided

37

43

80

Total

200

200

400

For Ruling Party

Test at 5% LOS whether there has been any change of opinion of voters.

Solution:
H0:NULL HYPOTHESIS:OPINION OF VOTERS ARE INDEPENDENT
DEGRESS OF FREEDOM: =(2-1)(3-1)=(1)(2)=2
20.05 (=2)=5.991

6 9

ROUNDED E

79
91

170*200/400
170*200/400

85
85

(-6)2/85=0.42
62/85=0.42

84
66

150*200/400
150*200/400

75
75

92/75=1.08
(-9)2/75=1.08

37
43

80*200/400
80*200/400

40
40

(-3)2/40=0.25
32//40=0.25
2=6.5

Since 2 > 20.05, H0 is rejected. That is, there has been change in the opinion of voters.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

33

4) To determine whether there really is a relationship between an employees performance in the

companys training program and their ultimate success in the job, the company takes a sample of
400 cases from its extensive files and obtain the following results.
Performance
Success
in
job
(Employers
Poor
raring)
Average
Very Good

Below
Average

Average

Above
Average

23

60

29

28

79

60

49

63

Use 1% l.o.s to test the hypothesis that is there any relation between performance in the training
and the success in the jobs.
Sol:
Setup null hypothesis:
Ho: There is no relation between performance in the training and the success in the jobs.
H1: There is a relation between performance in the training and the success in the jobs.
Test Statistic : =

69

2 Table:
O

rounded E O - E (O- E)2

23
60
29
28
79
60
9
49
63

17
53
43
25
78
63
18
57
46

6
7
-14
3
1
-3
-9
-8
17

36
49
196
9
1
9
81
64
289
2 =

6 9

2.11765
0.92453
4.55814
0.36
0.01282
0.14286
4.5
1.12281
6.28261
20.0214

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

34

Calculated value for 2= 20.0214

Table value for 2 (0.05,4)=9.488
Calculated value is greater than the table value.
Therefore, there is a relation between performance in the training and the success in the jobs.

5) Absenteeism of Fourth Semester students from Mathematics IV classes is a major concern to

math instructor because missing class appears to increase. The instructor wondered whether the
absentee rate was the same for every day of the school week. He took a sample of absent
students from three of their Mathematics IV classes during one week of the term. The results of
the survey appear in the table.
Day
No. of Students
Absent

Mon day
28

Tuesday
22

Wednesday
18

Thursday
20

Friday
32

Determine the null and alternate hypotheses needed to run a goodness-of-fit test.
Solution:
H0 : The absentee rate was the same for every day of the school week.
H1 : the absentee rate was not the same for every day of the school week
l.o.s : = 5%

H EHE

ARf BCfB = H E =

Observed No.
of Students
Absent
Expected
(O E)
6 9$

 
>

= 24

28

22

18

20

32

24
4
0.667

24
-2
0.167

24
-6
1.5

24
-4
o.667

24
8
2.667

= 4.084

Table value 2 (0.05, 4) = 9.488

Since 2 < 2 (0.05, 4).
Accept Null Hypothesis.
The absentee rate was uniformly distributed over all week days.
LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

35

PART A QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Define critical region and acceptance region.

Mention the steps in the process of testing of hypotheses.
Discuss the properties of Chi-Square Distribution.
What is Type I and Type II error?
Mention the properties of normal distribution curve.
Retell the properties of t distribution curve.
Distinguish between level of significance and degrees of freedom.
Mention the properties of F distribution.
In a sample of 600 parts manufactured by a factory, the number of defective parts was
found to be 45. The company claims that only 5% of their products is defective. Is the
claim tenable at 5% LOS.?
10. To Check 108 ambulance services claim that at least 40% of its calls are life threatening
emergencies, a random sample was taken from its files and it was found that only 49 out
of 150 calls were life threatening emergencies. Can you justify the claim at 5% LOS.
11. State the advantages of (a) t- distribution (b) F distribution (c) Chi square distribution.
12. Mention the two types in Chi square test.
13. What do you mean by goodness of fit.

LECTURE NOTES ON TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- BY Dr. V.GNANARAJ

36