Lecture 11 - Module 2 The X-Ray Tube: Part Three - Anode Design

3G03
Lecture 11 - Module 2
The X-Ray Tube
Part Three - Anode Design
OCT 9 2014
Monday, 6 October, 14
(Fall 2014)
Overview
Stationary.
Rotating.
Induction motor.
X-ray tube failures.

Bushberg, Fig 6-12
Anode Configurations
Bushberg, Fig 6-11
Stationary
Rotating
No molybdenum stem
Stationary Anode
Bushberg, Fig 6-11
Tungsten insert
embedded in a Cu
block.
W = 2-3 mm thick.
Square or rectangle in
shape.
Anode angle 15 to 20
deg
low heat loading capabilities

Stationary Anode
Cu serves dual role.
Role 1: heat dissipation
Role 2: support
Bushberg, Fig 6-11
Stationary Anode
Limitations
Small SA.
not much space for the e- to interact so we
have a lower output
Heat dissipation rate.

copper isn't that efficient of a conductor
Bushberg, Fig 6-11
High tube current and power.

WE CAN'T USE HIGH TUBE CURRENT AND POWER
Stationary Anode
Limitations
Metal expansion when heated.
DIFFERENT RATES ie not at the same time

Cu and W will expand at ____________.
DIFFERENT COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION

Cu and W have different ________________.
so they expand at different rates so their ability
to change shape and form vary
damage caused to the copper and the anode itself are very noticeable since they are so different
Stationary Anode
Application.
Dental x-ray
________________
Mobile imaging (mobilettes)

_________________
Bushberg, Fig 6-11
Stationary vs.
Rotating Anodes
Actual target area for stationary anodes.
1mm x 4mm = 4mm2
Small target area.
High exposures are limited

Bushberg, Fig 6-11
Stationary vs.
Rotating Anodes
Rotating anode
Diameter = 15cm.
Radius = 7cm.
Width of the focal track =

4mm
Bushberg, Fig 6-13
Total target area = 2 x x Radius

10
Rotating Anode
Total target area = 2 x x Radius
2 x x 70mm x 4mm = 1760mm2
500x more surface area! that's a lot!!!!

Provides approximately __________________.
11
Rotating Anode
Capable of withstanding heat generated by____

higher exposures
_____.
Normal: 3000-3600 and High Exposure: 9000-10000

Rotational speed _______
rpm
Allows beam to interact with a much larger

area.
Electrons bombard a constant changing area of

target.
12
Bushong, Fig 6-13
13
Anode Diameters
focal track length

Diameter of the W discs determines __________.
Affects the maximum permissible load.

the larger the disc is, the more heat loading can occur
Typical disc diameters are 75, 100, or 125mm
14
Induction Motor
How does the anode rotate inside an enclosure with
no mechanical connection to the outside?
Induction motor.
2 principle parts. rotor and stator

Separated by glass or metal
15
Induction Motor
Outside the enclosure
Bushong, Fig 6-15
Consists of a series of electromagnets.

aka stator
Equally spaced around the neck of the tube
16
Induction Motor
Inside the enclosure
Bushong, Fig 6-15
Shaft made of barslaminated

of Cu
and soft iron.
together
Fabricated into one mass.
17
Bushong, Fig 6-15

18
18
Induction Motor
Works on electromagnetic
induction.
Current in each stator

magnetic field
winding induces a ________
in the rotor.
This current induces an

opposing magnetic field in
rotor
the _________
that pushes it
and causes it to spin.
Bushong, Fig 6-15
19
Induction Motor
When the exposure button is depressed, there

delay
is a short _______.
anode
This allows the ______
to accelerate to its
designated rpm.
filament
Also allows the ______
to heat up.
20
Radiation
Most heat is dissipated by infrared radiation.
Radiates it out to the glass enclosure.

which is surrounded by the oil bath
Transfers to oil bath.

some of the heat gets conducted back through the molybdenum stem.
21
Conduction
The oil bath conducts the heat away from the

glass enclosure.
Some heat is conducted of the neck of the

anode to the rotor.
22
Convection
Takes the heat away from the oil bath to the

tube housing and then to room air.
All 3 modes takes place in dissipating the

heat from the anode.
23
Bushong, Fig 6-25
24
X-Ray Tube Failures

The length of x-ray tube life is primarily under the
technologist
control of the __________.
highest possible kV with the

Tube life can be extended by using _________.
lowest possible mAs
- decrease exposure length and
decrease the amount of photons
produced
Heat
Radiation, conduction and convection.

- all of these contribute to heat loading and we want to decrease that
25
X-Ray Tube Failures

When temperature of the anode is excessive
during a single exposure, localized surface
melting
pitting
______ & ______......
Surface irregularities result in ..

degraded images
If the temperature of the anode rises too

rapidly . melting cracking surface irregularities you may not see with the eye
26
Summary
Differentiate between key properties of
stationary and rotating anodes.
Describe the difference in the design process
between the two types of anodes.
Describe ways to reduce tube failures
27

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3G03

X-ray tube failures.

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

low heat loading capabilities

Role 1: heat dissipation

Heat dissipation rate.

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

High tube current and power.

Metal expansion when heated.

DIFFERENT RATES ie not at the same time

DIFFERENT COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION

Mobile imaging (mobilettes)

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Small target area.

High exposures are limited

Width of the focal track =

Bushberg, Fig 6-13

Total target area = 2 x x Radius

2 x x 70mm x 4mm = 1760mm2

500x more surface area! that's a lot!!!!

Capable of withstanding heat generated by____

Normal: 3000-3600 and High Exposure: 9000-10000

Allows beam to interact with a much larger

Electrons bombard a constant changing area of

Bushong, Fig 6-13

focal track length

Affects the maximum permissible load.

Typical disc diameters are 75, 100, or 125mm

2 principle parts. rotor and stator

Bushong, Fig 6-15

Consists of a series of electromagnets.

Bushong, Fig 6-15

Shaft made of barslaminated

Bushong, Fig 6-15

Current in each stator

This current induces an

Bushong, Fig 6-15

When the exposure button is depressed, there

Radiates it out to the glass enclosure.

Transfers to oil bath.

The oil bath conducts the heat away from the

Some heat is conducted of the neck of the

Takes the heat away from the oil bath to the

All 3 modes takes place in dissipating the

Bushong, Fig 6-25

X-Ray Tube Failures

highest possible kV with the

Radiation, conduction and convection.

X-Ray Tube Failures

Surface irregularities result in ..

If the temperature of the anode rises too

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