Medical Physics
Medical Physics
Sir Pasha
As Physics
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Energy of a
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f →
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Remote Sensing .
Diagnosis
-
checking fenaybneathigrat .
Technique
observing the
patient
inwardly
-
Surgery .
scan
Techniques Ultrasound
-
AAR I .
mere
X-rays : .
Ingrate
•
X-rays are
produced by bombarding
metal targets with high electrons
speed .
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• When high speed electrons strike a
of
electromagnetic spectrum .
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cathode mode
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The spectrum consists of
two
components
i
) There is a antinous distribution g
lengths with cut
sharp off
wave a -
length x rays
of
wave
g
-
is
produced .
•
There isminimum wavelength
a
whole
where the
energy of the electron
is converted into
a
energy og photon .
R E of
- electron -
Energy of =
he
photon I
ii
) why sharp peaks observed
are with
the continuous distribution q wavelength .
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• These
peaks correspond to the
line atoms
emission
spectrum of The
electrons that
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.
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electron
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X-rays are used
¥ to obtain
'
shadow '
① Sharpness sharpness : -
is concerned with
stardom
Tith which the edges 8
can be determine .
A
sharp the
image
implies that edges the of organs
are
clearly defined .
② be
'
Contrast : .
An image may
s unless there is a marked
q
difference
the
in
image
the
degree
between
g blackening
organ and on
another he
.
the
information that can
gained is limited .
Improving sharpness target
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anode
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i Using lesser area
of
O O
b b.
poor 19sharpness
IT
Better Shaef ness
as lessee pdekbd shadow as greater partial
shadow .
lead
)
it Use
of a
grid in
front of
me photographic film
.
I
lead
grid
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P In
improve contrast , a contrast
order to
medium for example
"
may be used .
• The contrast
of
the image produced
on
photographic film is
effected
by exposure time ,
X -
ray
penetration and x-ray scattering
beam with in the
patients tody .
be
contrast
may improved bywith
backing the
photographic film
material
a
florescent .
Attenuation rays and
of a -
Ultrasound in matter.
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Has linear
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absorption coefficient
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theres parallel beam
q n -
say is
produced .
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scan destiny & priciple) : .
built up
*
pixels
The are
from
measurement of X-ray intensity
made
directions
along a series
around the
different
ofsection
of the body .
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THE 4:17
Utraoud : .
•
90 the frequency of the
applied
voltage is the same as the natural
vibration
frequency of
of the crystal ,
resonance occurs and the oscillations
have maximum
amplitude
.
• The dimensions of the crystal can
be such that the oscillations are
in the ultrasonic range ( ire .
surrounding medium .
the
pressure variations alter the
positions of positive and negative
ions in the
crystal that induces
opposite charge on silver electrodes
producing a potential difference btw
This varying difference then
them .
can
2- ,
Z
,
I =
Ir t Ie
For
known
any medium ,
a quantity
as the specific Acoustic
medium E) is defined as the
product of its
bound
density
that
and the
speed of in medium
Z = 8 x C
incident
When a wave is
normally
on
mediums
a
boundary Hw two
having acoustic
impedances 2-
, and 2-2 the
( Irl I )
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II
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23+2,5=4
=
(
ultra
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e
From the data in
it can be seen
previous
that
table
( Z)
,
This is why a
is
coupling
used that
medium
such as a gel
fills any spaces between the
ka
I = I
.
e-
ka absorption coefficient of
the medium through which
the waves have passed through .
Explain the main
principles
behind the
Ultrasound
use
of
to obtain diagnostic image
or
information q inside the body .
*
pulse ultrasound is sent
g
to the
body
* a
coupling set is placed b/w
the transducer & skin .
boundaries
• These are relieved (detected
at surface by transducer .
•
intensity
Reflected nature gives information
about the
8 the
boundary .
* Signals are
processed and
displayed