CL-2006Operating LAB- 01

Introduction to Linux Operating System

System
and its ba
sic commands
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND
EMERGING SCIENCES

Spring 2023

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Contents: Introduction:.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Linux Vs Windows:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Linux Components:......................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Linux Shell:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Linux Command:............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Basic Linux Commands:.................................................................................................................................................................. 4

1. Terminal Related Commands:................................................................................................................................................ 5

2. System Related Commands:................................................................................................................................................... 7

3. Network Related Commands:.............................................................................................................................................. 12

4. Managing Files & Directories:.............................................................................................................................................. 14

5. Wildcards:............................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Lab Tasks:................................................................................................................................................................................. 23

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Introduction:
Linux is an open source operating system (OS). An operating system is the software that directly
manages a system’s hardware and resources, like CPU, memory, and storage. The OS sits between
applications and hardware and makes the connections between all of your software and the physical
resources that do the work.

Linux Vs Windows:
Windows is widely used operating system while Linux has its own advantages. Following are the
advantages discussed in the table below.
LINUX WINDOWS

Linux is an open source operating system i.e. Windows OS is a commercial operating system
user can change source code as per requirement and its closed source i.e. its source code is
inaccessible.
Linux has Monolithic kernel i.e. Whole operating Windows has a hybrid kernel i.e. Combination of
system works in the kernel space. microkernel and monolithic kernel.

File names are case-sensitive in Linux. File names are not case-sensitive in Windows.

Booting can be done from any disk. Booting can only be done from the prime disk.

Linux is highly reliable and secure. It has a Windows is less reliable than Linux. Over the
deeprooted emphasis on process management, recent years, Windows reliability has been
system security, and uptime. improved a lot. However, it still has some system
instabilities and security weaknesses because of
its oversimplified design.

Linux Components:
Major components of Linux are:

• Kernel
• System user space
• Applications Kernel:

Kernel is the base component of the OS. Without it, the OS doesn’t work. The kernel manages the
system’s resources and communicates with the hardware. It’s responsible for memory, process, and
file management.

System user space:

System user space is the administrative layer for system-level tasks like configuration and software
installation. This includes the shell or command line, processes that run in the background, and the
desktop environment.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Applications:

A type of software that lets you perform a task. Applications include everything from desktop tools and
programming languages to multiuser business suites. Most Linux distributions offer a central database
to search for and download additional apps.

Linux Shell:
Shell is a program that receives commands from the user and gives it to the OS to process, and it
shows the output. Shell is command line interface (CLI), a console that interacts with the system via
texts and processes. It’s similar to the Command Prompt application in Windows.

Linux Command:
A Linux command is a program or utility that runs on shell. Linux commands are executed on Terminal
by pressing ‘Enter’ at the end of the line. User can run commands to perform various tasks, from
package installation to user management and file manipulation.

Linux command’s general syntax looks like:

CommandName [option(s)] [parameter(s)]

A command may contain an option or a parameter. In some cases, it can still run without them. These
are the three most common parts of a command:

• CommandName is the rule that you want to perform.

• Option or flag modifies a command’s operation. To invoke it, use hyphens (–) or double
hyphens (—).

Parameter or argument specifies any necessary information for the command.

Basic Linux Commands:

From here the reader is exposed to the basic Linux commands. All the commands have to be tried in
the terminal. Throughout the lab manuals Ubuntu will be used for explaining the concepts.

NOTE: All Linux commands are case sensitive i.e. ‘cp’ is not equivalent to ‘CP’. Also, all the files and
directories in linux are case sensitive so for example ‘/etc/hosts’ is not equivalent to ‘/etc/Hosts’ and so
hosts and Hosts are two different files in the same directory. When executing multiple commands in a
single line, use ; to separate them.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 1. Terminal Related Commands:
Following are the terminal related commands:

1. man
2. clear
3. exit
4. history
5. echo
6. alias, unalias
7. |
8. &&

1. man command

The man command provides a user manual of any commands or utilities you can run in Terminal,
including the name, description, and options.

It consists of nine sections:

1. Executable programs or shell commands

2. System calls
3. Library calls
4. Games
5. Special files
6. File formats and conventions
7. System administration commands
8. Kernel routines
9. Miscellaneous
To display the complete manual, enter:

man man[command_name]

For example, you want to access the manual for the ls command:

man ls

Enter this command if you want to specify the displayed section: man

[option] [section_number] [command_name]

For instance, you want to see section 2 of the ls command manual

man man 2 ls

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 2. clear command

Enter the clear command to clean the Terminal screen.

3. exit command

Enter the exit command to exit the terminal.

4. history command

With history, the system will list up to 500 previously executed commands, allowing you to reuse
them without re-entering. Keep in mind that only users with sudo privileges can execute this
command. How this utility runs also depends on which Linux shell you use. To run it, enter the
command below:

history [option]

This command supports many options, such as:

-c clears the complete history list.

-d offset deletes the history entry at the OFFSET position.

-a appends history lines.

5. echo command

The echo command is a built-in utility that displays a line of text or string using the standard output.
Here’s the basic syntax: echo

[option] [string]

For example, you can display the text Hostinger Tutorials by entering:

echo “Hostinger Tutorials”

This command supports many options, such as:

-n displays the output without the trailing newline.

-e enables the interpretation of the following backslash escapes:

\a plays sound alert.

\b removes spaces in between a text.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

\c produces no further output.

-E displays the default option and disables the interpretation of backslash escapes.

6. alias, unalias commands alias allows you to create a shortcut with the same functionality as a

command, file name, or text.

When executed, it instructs the shell to replace one string with another.

To use the alias command, enter this syntax:

alias Name=String

For example, you want to make e the alias for the exit command:

alias e=exit

On the other hand, the unalias command deletes an existing alias.

Here’s what the general syntax looks like:

unalias [alias_name]

7. |
If a user in Linux likes to combine two or more commands, pipes is the option. Pipe is
represented by the symbol ‘|’

8. &&

And command && is used to only allow the next command to run if the previous one is successful.

2. System Related Commands:

Commands related to system includes some basic commands and commands for managing users and
groups in Linux that require root access.

 Basic System Related Commands:

Following are the basic system related commands:

1. date
2. shutdown, poweroff , reboot
3. ps
4. kill
5. df

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 6. du
7. top
8. htop
9. uname

1. date command
The date command will display the system date.

2. shutdown, poweroff and reboot commands:

Command Switch Description Example Output

The system will

None Power off the computer shutdown now shutdown now
shutdown for
maintenance
shutdown –r
-r Reboots after shutdown None
now
poweroff none Shutdowns computer sudo poweroff None
reboot none Restarts computer sudo reboot None

3. ps command

The process status or ps command produces a snapshot of all running processes in your system. The
static results are taken from the virtual files in the /proc file system.

Executing the ps command without an option or argument will list the running processes in the shell
along with:

• The unique process ID (PID)

• The type of the terminal (TTY)
• The running time (TIME)
• The command that launches the process (CMD) Here are some acceptable options you can

use:

-T displays all processes associated with the current shell session.

-u username lists processes associated with a specific user.

-A or -e shows all the running processes.

4. kill command

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 Use the kill command to terminate an unresponsive program manually. It will signal misbehaving
applications and instruct them to close their processes.

To kill a program, you must know its process identification number (PID). If you don’t know the PID,
run the following command:

ps ux

After knowing what signal to use and the program’s PID, enter the following syntax:

kill [signal_option] pid

There are 64 signals that you can use, but these two are among the most commonly used:

SIGTERM requests a program to stop running and gives it some time to save all of its progress.
The system will use this by default if you don’t specify the signal when entering the kill
command.
SIGKILL forces programs to stop, and you will lose unsaved progress.
For example, the program’s PID is 63773, and you want to force it to stop:

kill SIGKILL 63773 5.

df command

Use the df command to report the system’s disk space usage, shown in percentage and kilobyte (KB).
Here’s the general syntax:

df [options] [file]

For example, enter the following command if you want to see the current directory’s system disk space
usage in a human-readable format:

df -h

These are some acceptable options to use:

df -m displays information on the file system usage in MBs.

df -k displays file system usage in KBs. df -T shows the file

system type in a new column.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 6. du command

If you want to check how much space a file or a directory takes up, use the du command. You can run
this command to identify which part of the system uses the storage excessively.

Remember, you must specify the directory path when using the du command. For example, to check
/home/user/Documents enter: du /home/user/Documents

Adding a flag to the du command will modify the operation, such as:

-s offers the total size of a specified folder.

-m provides folder and file information in MB -

k displays information in KB.

-h informs the last modification date of the displayed folders and files.

7. top command

The top command in Linux Terminal will display all the running processes and a dynamic real-time view
of the current system. It sums up the resource utilization, from CPU to memory usage.

The top command can also help you identify and terminate a process that may use too many system
resources.

8. htop command

The htop command is an interactive program that monitors system resources and server processes in
real time. It is available on most Linux distributions, and you can install it using the default package
manager.

Compared to the top command, htop has many improvements and additional features, such as mouse
operation and visual indicators. To use it, run the following command:

htop [options]

You can also add options, such as:

-d or –delay shows the delay between updates in tenths of seconds.

-C or –no-color enables the monochrome mode.

-h or –help displays the help message and exit.

To run the command, simply enter top into the CLI.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 9. uname command

The uname or unix name command will print detailed information about your Linux system and
hardware. This includes the machine name, operating system, and kernel. To run this command,
simply enter uname into your CLI.

Here’s the basic syntax:

uname [option]

These are the acceptable options to use:

-a prints all the system information.

-s prints the kernel name.

-n prints the system’s node hostname.

 Managing users and groups in Linux:

For root privilege, sudo command is used.

sudo command

Short for superuser do, sudo is one of the most popular basic Linux commands that lets you perform
tasks that require administrative or root permissions.

When using sudo, the system will prompt users to authenticate themselves with a password. Then, the
Linux system will log a timestamp as a tracker. By default, every root user can run sudo commands for
15 minutes/session.

If you try to run sudo in the command line without authenticating yourself, the system will log the
activity as a security event.

Here’s the general syntax:

sudo (command)

You can also add an option, such as:

-k or –reset-timestamp invalidates the timestamp file.

-g or –group=group runs commands as a specified group name or ID.

-h or –host=host runs commands on the host.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

For managing users and groups following commands are used in Linux and it requires root access.

1. useradd
2. addgroup
3. adduser
4. usermod
5. deluser
6. passwd
su username -

Managing Users and Groups in Linux (root user only)

None Creates a new user useradd abc User Created
useradd profile or
update existing
user
information
None Add a group to the addgrou Adding group
addgroup system p `example' (GID 1003)
example ...
Done.
None Creates a user account adduser Ask for password and
that can be used for login usernam some data
e along with
confirmation and
adduser creates the account
--ingroup Creates user account adduser -- Same as adduser
and add that user in a ingroup sudo <username> and also
group specified abc it adds the user to the
group
usermod -a -G Modify an existing user Usermod –a – Add already existing
G sudo abc user to already
existing group
deluser None Deletes the user from the deluser abc Removing user
system `abc' ... Done.
--group Deletes the group deluser --group Removing
from the system example group `example'
... Done.
-- Removes the user along deluser - Removing files ...
removehome with its home folder removehome Removing user
directory abc `abc'
...
Done.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 None Change password passwd OR passwd:
passwd of the current passwd abc passwor d
logged in user or updated
user specified successfully

3. Network Related Commands:

Linux terminal provides commands for interfacing with networks, some of the basic commands are: 1.

ping

2. wget
3. hostname
4. ip

1. ping command

The ping command is one of the most used basic Linux commands for checking whether a network or
a server is reachable. In addition, it is used to troubleshoot various connectivity issues.

Here’s the general format:

ping [option] [hostname_or_IP_address]

For example, you want to know whether you can connect to Google and measure its response time:

ping google.com

2. wget command

The Linux command line lets you download files from the internet using the wget command. It works in
the background without hindering other running processes.

The wget command retrieves files using HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols. It can perform recursive
downloads, which transfer website parts by following directory structures and links, creating local
versions of the web pages.

To use it, enter the following command:

wget [option] [url]

For example, enter the following command to download the latest version of WordPress:

wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 3. hostname command
Run the hostname command to know the system’s hostname. You can execute it with or without
an option. Here’s the general syntax:

hostname [option]

There are many optional flags to use, including:

-a or –alias displays the hostname’s alias.

-A or –all-fqdns displays the machine’s Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).

-i or –ip-address displays the machine’s IP address.

For example, enter the following command to know your computer’s IP address:

hostname –i

4. ip command

The ip command is a Linux net-tool for system and network administrators. IP stands for Internet
Protocol and as the name suggests, the tool is used for configuring network interfaces.

Older Linux distributions used the ifconfig command, which operates similarly. However, ifconfig has a
limited range of capabilities compared to the ip command.

To Use the ip command enter:

ip [OPTION] OBJECT {COMMAND | help}

OBJECTS (or subcommands) that you will use most often include:

1. link (l) – used to display and modify network interfaces.

2. address (addr/a) – used to display and modify protocol addresses (IP, IPv6).

3. route (r) – used to display and alter the routing table.

4. neigh (n) – used to display and manipulate neighbor objects (ARP table).

4. Managing Files & Directories:

 Basic Commands for Files & Directory:

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

  pwd command

Use the pwd command to find the path of your current working directory. Simply entering pwd will
return the full current path – a path of all the directories that starts with a forward slash (/). For
example, /home/username.

The pwd command uses the following syntax: pwd

[option]

It has two acceptable options:

-L or –logical prints environment variable content, including symbolic links.

-P or –physical prints the actual path of the current directory.

 cd command

To navigate through the Linux files and directories, use the cd command. Depending on your current
working directory, it requires either the full path or the directory name.

Running this command without an option will take you to the home folder. Keep in mind that only users
with sudo privileges can execute it.

Let’s say you’re in /home/username/Documents and want to go to Photos, a subdirectory of

Documents. To do so, enter the following command:

cd Photos

If you want to switch to a completely new directory, for example, /home/username/Movies, you have to
enter cd followed by the directory’s absolute path: cd /home/username/Movies

Here are some shortcuts to help you navigate:

cd ~[username] goes to another user’s home directory.

cd .. moves one directory up. cd- moves to your

previous directory.

 ls command

The ls command lists files and directories within a system. Running it without a flag or parameter will
show the current working directory’s content

To see other directories’ content, type ls followed by the desired path. For example, to view files in the
Documents folder, enter:

ls /home/username/Documents

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Here are some options you can use with the ls command:

ls -R lists all the files in the subdirectories. ls -a shows

hidden files in addition to the visible ones.

ls -lh shows the file sizes in easily readable formats, such as MB, GB, and TB.

 mkdir command

Use the mkdir command to create one or multiple directories at once and set permissions for each of
them. The user executing this command must have the privilege to make a new folder in the parent
directory, or they may receive a permission denied error.

Here’s the basic syntax:

mkdir [option] directory_name

For example, you want to create a directory called Music:

mkdir Music

To make a new directory called Songs inside Music, use this command:

mkdir Music/Songs

The mkdir command accepts many options, such as:

-p or –parents create a directory between two existing folders. For example, mkdir -p
Music/2020/Songs will make the new “2020” directory.

-m sets the file permissions. For instance, to create a directory with full read, write, and execute
permissions for all users, enter mkdir -m777 directory_name.

-v prints a message for each created directory.

 rmdir command

To permanently delete an empty directory, use the rmdir command. Remember that the user running
this command should have sudo privileges in the parent directory.

For example, you want to remove an empty subdirectory named personal1 and its main folder mydir:

rmdir -p mydir/personal1

 cp command

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Use the cp command to copy files or directories and their content. Take a look at the following use
cases.

To copy one file from the current directory to another, enter cp followed by the file name and the
destination directory. For example:

cp filename.txt /home/username/Documents

To copy files to a directory, enter the file names followed by the destination directory:

cp filename1.txt filename2.txt filename3.txt /home/username/Documents

To copy the content of a file to a new file in the same directory, enter cp followed by the source file and
the destination file:

cp filename1.txt filename2.txt

To copy an entire directory, pass the -R flag before typing the source directory, followed by the
destination directory:

cp -R /home/username/Documents /home/username/Documents_backup

 mv command

The primary use of the mv command is to move and rename files and directories. Additionally, it
doesn’t produce an output upon execution.

Simply type mv followed by the filename and the destination directory. For example, you want to move
filename.txt to the /home/username/Documents directory: mv filename.txt
/home/username/Documents. You can also use the mv command to rename a file:

mv old_filename.txt new_filename.txt

 rm command

The rm command is used to delete files within a directory. Make sure that the user performing this
command has write permissions.

Remember the directory’s location as this will remove the file(s) and you can’t undo it.

Here’s the general syntax:

rm filename

To remove multiple files, enter the following command:

rm filename1 filename2 filename3

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Here are some acceptable options you can add:

-i prompts system confirmation before deleting a file.

-f allows the system to remove without a confirmation.

-r deletes files and directories recursively.

 File Editor and creation commands:

 touch command

The touch command allows you to create an empty file or generate and modify a timestamp in the
Linux command line.

For example, enter the following command to create an HTML file named Web in the Documents
directory:

touch /home/username/Documents/Web.html

 cat command

Concatenate, or cat, is one of the most frequently used Linux commands. It lists, combines, and writes
file content to the standard output. To run the cat command, type cat followed by the file name and its
extension. For instance: cat filename.txt.

Here are other ways to use the cat command: cat

> filename.txt creates a new file.

cat filename1.txt filename2.txt > filename3.txt merges filename1.txt and filename2.txt and stores the
output in filename3.txt.

 nano, vi, jed commands

Linux allows users to edit and manage files via a text editor, such as nano, vi, or jed. nano and vi come
with the operating system, while jed has to be installed.

The nano command denotes keywords and can work with most languages. To use it, enter the
following command: nano [filename] vi uses two operating modes to work – insert and command.
insert is used to edit and create a text file. On the other hand, the command performs operations, such
as saving, opening, copying, and pasting a file.

To use vi on a file, enter:

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

vi [filename]

jed has a drop-down menu interface that allows users to perform actions without entering keyboard
combinations or commands. Like vi, it has modes to load modules or plugins to write specific texts.

To open the program, simply enter jed to the command line.

• Search commands:

 locate command

The locate command can find a file in the database system.

Moreover, adding the -i argument will turn off case sensitivity, so you can search for a file even if you
don’t remember its exact name.

To look for content that contains two or more words, use an asterisk (*). For example:

locate -i school*not

The command will search for files that contain the words school and note, whether they use uppercase
or lowercase letters.

 find command

Use the find command to search for files within a specific directory and perform subsequent operations.
Here’s the general syntax:

find [option] [path] [expression]

For example, you want to look for a file called notes.txt within the home directory and its subfolders:

find /home -name notes.txt

Here are other variations when using find:

find -name filename.txt to find files in the current directory. find

./ -type d -name directoryname to look for directories.

 grep command

Another basic Linux command on the list is grep or global regular expression print. It lets you find a
word by searching through all the texts in a specific file.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Once the grep command finds a match, it prints all lines that contain the specific pattern. This
command helps filter through large log files.

For example, you want to search for the word blue in the notepad.txt file:

grep blue notepad.txt

The command’s output will display lines that contain blue.

• Displaying Output Commands:

 head command

The head command allows you to view the first ten lines of a text. Adding an option lets you change the
number of lines shown. The head command is also used to output piped data to the CLI.

Here’s the general syntax:

head [option] [file]

For instance, you want to view the first ten lines of note.txt, located in the current directory:

head note.txt

Below are some options you can add:

-n or –lines prints the first customized number of lines. For example, enter head -n 5 filename.txt to
show the first five lines of filename.txt.

-c or –bytes prints the first customized number of bytes of each file.

-q or –quiet will not print headers specifying the file name.

 tail command

The tail command displays the last ten lines of a file. It allows users to check whether a file has new
data or to read error messages.

Here’s the general format:

tail [option] [file]

For example, you want to show the last ten lines of the colors.txt file:

tail -n colors.txt

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

  cat command

Concatenate, or cat, is one of the most frequently used Linux commands. It lists, combines, and writes
file content to the standard output. To run the cat command, type cat followed by the file name and its
extension. For instance: cat filename.txt.

Here are other ways to use the cat command: cat

> filename.txt creates a new file.

cat filename1.txt filename2.txt > filename3.txt merges filename1.txt and filename2.txt and stores the
output in filename3.txt.

tac filename.txt displays content in reverse order.

 File Directory Permissions & Ownership Commands:

 chmod command

chmod is a common command that modifies a file or directory’s read, write, and execute permissions.
In Linux, each file is associated with three user classes – owner, group member, and others.

Here’s the basic syntax:

chmod [option] [permission] [file_name]

For example, the owner is currently the only one with full permissions to change note.txt. To allow
group members and others to read, write, and execute the file, change it to the -rwxrwxrwx permission
type, whose numeric value is 777:

chmod 777 note.txt

This command supports many options, including:

-c or –changes displays information when a change is made.

-f or –silent suppresses the error messages.

-v or –verbose displays a diagnostic for each processed file.

 chown command

The chown command lets you change the ownership of a file, directory, or symbolic link to a specified username.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

Here’s the basic format: chown

[option] owner[:group] file(s)

For example, you want to make linuxuser2 the owner of filename.txt:

chown linuxuser2 filename.txt

5. Wildcards:

Following are the wildcards used in Linux shell terminal.

1. * - will match against none or one or a string of more than a character

2. ? - can be used to match one character
3. [] - matches one specified character out of a group of characters
WildCard ‘*’
• ‘ls file*’ - list all the files in current directory starting with filename ‘file’.
• ‘ls *2.txt’ - list all the files in current directory ending with ‘2.txt’
WildCard ‘?’
• ‘ls file.tx?’ - list all the files that begins with ‘file.tx’
WildCard ‘[]’
• ‘ls rmt[12345]’ - list all the file that begins with ‘rmt’ and has a 1,2,3,4 or 5 after it.

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands

 Lab Activity  
1) User Account  
a. Create a group name ‘OSLAB02’  
b. Create a user account ‘OSUser1’ and ‘OSUser2’ and add it to the group
which is created in ‘a’  
c. Also add the newly created user to group ‘sudo’  
d. Login into that user using terminal  

2) Create the following directories with one command. dirOSLAB -> subDir -> 
subsubdir -> OSLAB2  

3) Write 2 C program one prints “I love Operating System” and other prints “I love 
Linux”. Compile and Run both programs and print the output to two different
files.  After then combine both the files in one new file using a single command.  

4) Perform the following activity  

a. Create user ‘abc’  
b. Create a file ‘file1.txt’  
c. Change the owner of the file to newly created user “abc”  
d. Rename a file ‘file1.txt’  
e. Create a file with timestamp  
f. Make a copy of /proc directory  
g. Write a command to delete non-empty directories.  
h. Create a dummy file and then change the ownership of the dummy file. 
i. Determine the process id of the user from which you are logged in and
then  terminate that process. What happens after terminating the particular
process  id?  
j. List all files in system having string ‘lab’ in their filenames.  
k. Determine the storage capacity utilized in system.  

5) Perform the following 

a. List the files in the directory "/bin" that end in "sh".  
b. On one line, use the "cd" command to first go to your home directory then to 
the "<rollnumber>" subdirectory. [Ans: cd /home; cd <rollnumber>] 
c. What command lists the files in the current directory that begin with upper  case
letters? 
d. If they do not already exist, create three new directories "Letters", "Programs", 
and "Misc" using a single command 
e. Copy all files in the current directory whose names contain the character string 
"let" into the subdirectory "Letters". 
f. Copy all files in the current directory whose names end in ".c" or ".h" into the 
subdirectory "Programs".  
g. Copy all files in the current directory whose names contain the character 
strings "notes" or "misc" into the subdirectory "Misc".  
h. Copy all files which begin with "copy.me" into the "OS" subdirectory. Move all 
files which begin with "move.me" into the "OS" subdirectory. 
I. Delete all files which contain the sequence "del

Lab#01 Introduction to Linux operating System and its basic commands