1

Japanese Audio Flashcard Lessons 3-2-15

Lesson 1
Please show the passport. Use the te or de form of
the verb.
Pasupooto o misete kudasai.
(o, sometimes written as wo, is used to show that
the preceding term is a direct object)
(some verbs have te forms, and others have de forms;
misete is the te form of the plain speech verb
miseru = to show)
(kudasai = please; kudasai is often preceded by the
te or de form of a verb. Kudasai is the imperative
form of kudasaru, a humble verb meaning to give,
used when an outside person gives to you or to
someone in your in-group; so this could also mean
show the passport and give or show the passport,
would you?)
Yes. In this context, this means OK or here you
go.
Hai.
Its Michael Webb huh.
Maikeru Uebbu san desu ne.
(san is an honorific term used after another
persons name)
(ne is translated in these lessons as 'huh' or 'right?')
(desu means it is; its plain speech form is da)
Yeah. Its so.
Ee. Soo desu.
Is it sightseeing, is it work? In this lesson, use
kankoo to mean sightseeing.
Kankoo desu ka shigoto desu ka.
(ka is used to indicate question mark)
(cf. kenbutsu, also = sightseeing; cf. kankoku = S.
Korea) (cf. means compare)
(you will find occasional suggested mnemonics in
this transcript, written in italics; heres one for
kankoo: sightseers will see canned corn)
It isnt sightseeing. Its work. Use ja.
Kankoo ja arimasen. Shigoto desu.
(ja = short form of dewa, used in the phrase dewa
arimasen = ja arimasen = something is not
something else; for example, ano hito wa
baabarasan ja arimasen = ano hito wa baabarasan
dewa arimsen = 'as for that person over there, it is not
Barbara.') (arimasu = the masu form of the plain
speech verb aru = to exist; the masu form is more
polite than the plain speech form; arimasen is the
negative form of arimasu; by itself, it means
'doesn't exist.' However,when arimasen is combined
with ja or dewa, its meaning changes from 'something
doesn't exist' to 'something isn't something else.')
Please open the suitcase.
Suutsukeesu o akete kudasai. (akete is the te form of
akeru, to open)
Yes, go ahead.
Hai, doozo. (doozo = go ahead, sometimes translated

as please; in this case it means go ahead and look

in my suitcase)
As for this, what is it?
Kore wa nan desu ka.
(kore = this, sore = that, are = that over there)
(nan = nani = what)
[this sentence illustrates sentence pattern A: it
begins with a noun or pronoun followed by wa
(indicating a topic and translated as as for) and
then goes on to ask a question about, or make a
comment on, this topic see the document Ga vs.
Wa on the website; in this sentence, kore is the
topic, and the subject is the silent pronoun it]
Is it medicine?
Kusuri desu ka. (after a cursory exam, the doctor
gave me some medicine)
No, it isnt medicine. Use ja.
Iie, kusuri ja arimasen.
Well, what is it?
Ja, nan desu ka. (ja and dewa can also mean well)
Its honey.
Hachimitsu desu.
Show me please. Me is understood.
Misete kudasai.
Thanks. Yes, its good for sure. Use doomo to mean
thanks in these lessons.
Doomo. Hai, ii desu yo.
(ii is an i adjective meaning good; i adjectives
end in i)
(yo, used for emphasis, is translated for sure in
these lessons)
Ah, as for that, what is it?
Aa, sore wa, nan desu ka.
Which is it?
Dore desu ka. (dore = which)
Its that. What is it? Please open it. It is
understood
Sore desu. Nan desu ka. Akete kudasai.
As for this... Say, as for the truth, its ham.
Kore wa... Ano, jitsu wa, hamu desu.
(jitsu = the truth; jitsu wa = to tell the truth, in fact,
really)
Is it ham? As for ham, its bad for sure.
Hamu desu ka. Hamu wa, dame desu yo.
As for this, its medicine.
Kore wa, kusuri desu.
As for this, is it medicine?
Kore wa, kusuri desu ka.
Yes, its medicine.
Hai, kusuri desu.
Yes, its so.
Hai, soo desu.
No, it isnt medicine. Use dewa.
Iie, kusuri dewa arimasen.
No, it isnt medicine. Use ja.
Iie, kusuri ja arimasen.
Lesson 1.

2
Lesson 1. No, it isnt so. Use dewa.
Iie, soo dewa arimasen.
No, it isnt so. Use ja.
Iie, soo ja arimasen.
No, its different, meaning the other persons
statement is incorrect.
Iie, chigaimasu. (chigaimasu = the masu form of
chigau = to differ)
As for this, what is it?
Kore wa, nan desu ka.
Its medicine.
Kusuri desu.
I dont know/understand.
Wakarimasen. (wakarimasen = negative form of
wakarimasu = wakaru = to know/understand)
As for this, its a map.
Kore wa, chizu desu. (theres cheese on this map)
As for that, its a post office.
Sore wa, yuubinkyoku desu.
As for that over there, its a hospital.
Are wa, byooin desu.
This, please show me.
Kore o misete kudasai.
That, please show me.
Sore o misete kudasai.
That over there, please show me.
Are o misete kudasai.
Which is it?
Dore desu ka.
That.
Sore.
This?
Kore?
As for medicine, which is it?
Kusuri wa, dore desu ka.
Its this.
Kore desu.
As for that over there, what is it?
Are wa, nan desu ka.
Which is it?
Dore desu ka.
Its that over there.
Are desu.
Ah, as for that over there, its the subway.
Aa, are wa, chikatetsu desu.
As for this, what is it?
Kore wa, nan desu ka.
As for that, its a map.
Sore wa, chizu desu.
As for the department store, which is it?
Depaato wa, dore desu ka.
As for the department store, its that over there.
Depaato wa, are desu.
Please show me that.
Sore o misete kudasai.
Is it this?

Kore desu ka.

No.
Iie.
Is it this?
Kore desu ka.
Well, is it this?
Ja, kore desu ka.
Yeah, its that.
Ee, sore desu.
As for this, is it medicine, is it honey?
Kore wa, kusuri desu ka, hachimitsu desu ka.
Its honey
Hachimitsu desu.
Is it Barbara? Is it Michael?
Baabarasan desu ka, maikerusan desu ka.
Its Michael.
Maikerusan desu.
Is it sightseeing? Is it work?
Kankoo desu ka. Shigoto desu ka.
Its sightseeing.
Kankoo desu.
As for this, is it whiskey?
Kore wa, uisukii desu ka.
No, its wine.
Iie, wain desu.
Is it a post office? Is it a hospital?
Yuubinkyoku desu ka. Byooin desu ka.
Its a hospital.
Byooin desu.
Excuse me. As for that, is it a pen? Is it a pencil?
Sumimasen. Sore wa, pen desu ka, enpitsu desu ka.
Is it this? As for this, its a pencil.
Kore desu ka. Kore wa, enpitsu desu.
Is that so? Thanks.
Soo desu ka. Doomo.
Show me the book.
Hon o misete.
Show me the book please.
Hon o misete kudasai.
Wont you show the book and give? Use te to mean
and. Use kudasaru, a humble verb meaning to give to
me or someone in my in-group.
Hon o misete kudasaimasen ka.
(the te or de form of a verb can add the meaning
and to the verb)
(kudasaimasu = the masu form of kudasaru;
kudasaimasen = the negative form of kudasaimasu)
(wont you ... and give? means wont you do it for
me?)
Yes.
Hai.
Yeah.
Ee.
Yeah. Use a grunt
Un.
Yeah, its good for sure.
Lesson 1.

3
Lesson 1.
Ee, ii desu yo.
Its good for sure. Yes. Go ahead.
Ii desu yo. Hai. Doozo.
Yes, I understood. This implies that I will do it.
Hai. Wakarimashita. (wakaru = to know/understand;
wakarimasu = the masu form of wakaru; to make
the past form of a masu verb, change masu to
mashita; wakarimashita = the past form of
wakarimasu; deshita is the past form of desu; datta
is the past form of da)
No, its bad. Meaning, I cant do it.
Iie, dame desu.
No, its irritating. Meaning, I absolutely refuse.
Iie, iya desu.
Say, a little bit... Use chotto to mean a little bit.
Meaning, Im refusing politely.
Ano, chotto...
Bad, but... Use warui to mean bad. Use kedo to
mean but. Meaning, I really cant.
Warui kedo...
Excuse me. In this case, this means Im sorry. I
cant do it.
Sumimasen.
An excuse doesnt exist, but... Use ga to mean but.
Use plain speech. Soften this. This phrase means,
Im sorry, but I cant do it.
(ga can also mean but)
Mooshiwake nain desu ga... (this also means theres
no excuse or Im sorry)
(mooshiwake = humble word for excuse; moosu =
mooshimasu = humble form of iimasu = to say;
wake = reason; the reason I didnt come was that I
was at a wake; cf. iiwake, also means excuse)
(nai = plain speech form of arimasen = does not
exist)
(In order to make your speech more friendly, you can
soften the word nai, as well as i adjectives and
plain speech verbs, by adding n or no to them.
If you soften a word by using n, you must follow
it with the copula desu or da.)
Thanks
Doomo
Thank you.
Arigatoo
Thanks a lot
Doomo arigatoo
Thank you a lot for what you did.
Arigatoo gozaimashita. (gozaimashita is the past
form of gozaimasu = to humbly exist)
No, meaning dont mention it.
Iie.
Youre welcome.
Doo itashimashite. (doo itashimashite = youre
welcome, its nothing or dont mention it)
The following is an informal conversation between
friends. Show me for a second. Me is understood.

Chotto misete.
O.K. Use a grunt.
Un.
Thank you.
Arigatoo.
The following is a more formal conversation. Please
show the passport.
Pasupooto o misete kudasai.
Yes, meaning here you go.
Hai.
Thanks.
Doomo.
Here is another formal conversation. Excuse me, but
one more time, wont you write the name and give?
Use a humble verb meaning to give to me or
someone in my in-group.
Sumimasen ga, moo ichido namae o kaite
kudasaimasenka.
(moo = another, more, again; can also mean
already)
(do = times; ichido = 1 time, nido = 2 times, sando
= 3 times, etc.)
(kaku = to write; the te form is kaite)
Yeah, its good for sure.
Ee, ii desu yo.
Thank you very much for what you did.
Doomo arigatoo gozaimashita.
No, youre welcome.
Iie, doo itashimashite.
Please wait for a moment.
Chotto matte kudasai. (matsu = to wait)
Please drink the medicine.
Kusuri o nonde kudasai. (nomu = to drink)
Please read the book.
Hon o yonde kudasai. (yomu = to read)
Please read the letter.
Tegami o yonde kudasai.
Please write the name.
Namae o kaite kudasai. (kaku = to write)
Please open the suitcase.
Sutsukeesu o akete kudasai. (akeru = to open)
Please show the passport.
Pasupooto o misete kudasai.
Please pick up the honey. This could also mean,
please pass the honey.
Hachimitsu o totte kudasai. (toru = to take, to pass;
also = to take a picture)
Please lend me the pen. Me is understood.
Pen o kashite kudasai. (kasu = to lend)
Please lend me some money.
Okane o kashite kudasai.
Please eat the sushi.
Sushi o tabete kudasai. (taberu = to eat)
Lesson 2
Say, Its a discourtesy, but is it Webb,

Lesson 2.

4
Lesson 2.
meaning are you Webb?
Anoo, shitsurei desu ga, Uebbu-san desu ka.
(shitsurei = discourtesy)
Yes, its so. Who is it? Use a polite
word for who.
Hai, soo desu. Donata desu ka.
(donata and dare both mean who; donata is
more polite)
Its Abe Industries Tsuchida.
Abe sangyoo no tsuchida desu. (Tsuchida would not
use san after his own name)
(no is used to show possession or belonging)
Ah, is it Abe Industries Tsuchida?
Aa, abe sangyoo no tsuchida san desu ka.
How do you do? Go ahead be good to me. Use a 2word version of the second sentence.
Hajimemashite. Doozo yoroshiku.
(hajimeru = hajimemasu = to start; hajimemashite is
the te form which in this case means how do you
do?; since the te form of a verb can add the
meaning and, hajimemashite could also be
understood to mean I will start and ..., but its best
to memorize this word as meaning simply how do
you do?) (yoroshiku is an adverb derived from the
polite adjective yoroshii = good, so doozo yoroshiku
can be understood as go ahead, in a good way, or
please be good to me; it is often translated as
pleased to meet you)
The pleasures all mine. Please be good to me. Use
a 2-word version of the second sentence. As for this
way, is it the honorable wife?
Kochira koso. Doozo yoroshiku. Kochira wa,
okusan desu ka. (kochira koso = the pleasure is
mine) (the kochira in the 3rd sentence means this
way, sochira = that way, achira = that way over
there)
(okusan = someone elses wife; kanai or
tsuma = my wife)
(kochira wa, okusan desu ka
illustrates sentence pattern A)
Yes, its the wifes Barbara. (meaning, my wife
Barbara)
Hai. Kanai no Baabara desu.
How do you do? Im Barbara. Please be good to me.
Use the 4-word version of please be good to me.
Hajimemashite, Baabara desu. Doozo yoroshiku
onegai shimasu. (This 4-word version of please be
good to me is more polite and is used more by
women.) (negau = to beg or pray; suru = shimasu =
to do. To form a humble verb construction, referring
to actions that you perform, put o in front of the verb
stem, and follow the verb stem with suru or shimasu.
Onegai shimasu = I will do humble begging,
usually translated as please or if you please or
I beg)
Tsuchida, as for a bank, at where does it exist?
Tsuchida san, ginkoo wa, doko ni arimasu ka.
(doko = where)

(use wa rather than ga because bank is the topic;

the subject is the silent pronoun it; this sentence
illustrates sentence pattern A)
Its a bank, huh.
Ginkoo desu ne.
Uh, at this roads far end, theres a bookstore. Use
toori. End is understood. Meaning, its down the
road.
Eeto, kono toori no mukoo ni, honya ga arimasu.
(kono = this, sono = that, ano = that over there;
these terms are always followed by a noun, unlike
the equivalent kore, sore and are) (toori = street)
(mukoo ni = at farther away; mukoo = opposite side;
the muck is on the opposite side of the river) (use ya
after a product to indicate a store selling that
product, e.g., hon = book, honya = bookstore)
(arimasu = aru = exist, used for inanimate objects
including plants; when you say that something
exists in a particular place, follow the place
description with the particle ni)
(Use ga rather than wa in this sentence because 1)
youre talking about a particular bookstore, 2) youre
introducing the idea of the bookstore, and 3) youre
using arimasu to say that something exists.)
As for the bank, its that bookstores neighbor.
Ginkoo wa sono honya no tonari desu. (use wa
because bank is the topic of the sentence; the silent
pronoun it is the subject; sentence pattern A )
Its the bookstores neighbor, huh.
Honya no tonari desu ne.
As for that bookstore, is it big?
Sono honya wa, ookii desu ka.
No, it isnt big, but you will soon know/understand it,
for sure. It is understood.
Iie, ookiku arimasen ga, sugu wakarimasu yo.
(ookii is an i adjective; to make the negative form
of an i adjective, remove the final i and add ku;
then add arimasen or nai) (sugu = soon)
Is that so? Thanks a lot.
Soo desu ka. Doomo arigatoo.
Well, I will go and come. Use te to mean and.
Ja, itte kimasu. (iku = ikimasu = to go; kuru =
kimasu = to come)
(itte kimasu is a standard expression that you
use when you leave a place and intend to come
back)
Im sorry to have kept you waiting. Hey, my wife
doesnt exist, huh. Where is she?
Omatase shimashita. Are! Kanai ga imasen ne.
Doko desu ka.
(omatase shimashita is a standard polite phrase used
when one is late; o is a polite prefix which can
mean either honorable or humble; mataseru =
to make someone wait = the causative tense of matsu
= to wait; matase is the stem, or the pre-masu form,
of mataseru; the stem of a verb,
Lesson 2.

5
Lesson 2.
preceded by o and followed by
shimasu, is often used in making humble
expressions see lesson 21) (shimashita is the
past tense of shimasu = suru = to do, so this phrase
means, I humbly made you wait) (use ga rather than
wa because youre introducing the wife into the
conversation, and youre using imasu) (imasen =
negative form of imasu = iru = to exist, used for
animate objects like people and animals, but not
plants and trees)
Barbara exists in that place over theres jewelry store,
for sure.
Baabara san wa, asoko no hoosekiya ni imasu yo.
(use wa because Barbara has already been introduced
as a topic into the conversation)
(koko = here, soko = there; asoko = over there)
(hooseki = precious, jewel)
Eh! As for that, terrible. Which store is it?
E! sore wa taihen! Dono mise desu ka.
(dono = which, and its always followed by a noun;
dore also = which, but its used by itself, without a
noun)
Is it that over there places small store?
Asoko no chiisai mise desu ka.
(chiisai = small, an i adjective)
No, its not that small store over there. That over
there is a restaurant. From now on, use ja rather than
dewa in these lessons, unless otherwise stated.
Iie, ano chiisai mise ja arimasen. Are wa resutoran
desu. (use wa because the topic that over there has
already been introduced)
Its the that fronts pretty store, meaning the pretty
store in front of that.
Sono mae no, kirei na mise desu.
(mae = front)
(kirei = pretty = a na adjective; when you use it to
modify a noun, follow it with na)
Well, soon I will call and come. Use de to mean and.
Ja, sugu yonde kimasu. (yobu = call, invite, send for;
call to say that the yogurt burned)
As for today, the weather is good.
Kyoo wa, tenki ga ii desu. (use ga because youre
introducing the weather topic) (there are ten keys to
predicting the weather)
As for the bank, it exists at over there.
Ginkoo wa, asoko ni arimasu. (use wa because the
speaker assumes that the bank has already been
introduced into conversation; sentence pattern A)
(contrast this with ginkoo ga asoko ni arimasu = the
bank exists over there, or there is a bank over there;
in this case the speaker assumes that the listener
doesnt know about the bank and is introducing the
subject)
As for my wife, its Barbara. Use watashi no.
Watashi no kanai wa, baabara desu. (use wa because
youre assuming that your listeners already know you

have a wife; if you wanted to introduce the concept

that you have a wife, you could say kanai ga imasu)
As for that person over there, the eyes are big.
Ano hito wa, me ga ookii desu. (this illustrates
sentence pattern B, in which a topic is followed by
wa, and then a subject is followed by ga)
As for the bookstore, where is it?
Honya wa, doko desu ka. (sentence pattern A) (doko
ni arimasu ka, also OK)
Its over there.
Asoko desu. (asoko ni arimasu, also OK)
As for that, whose suitcase is it?
Sore wa, dare no suutsukeesu desu ka. (sentence
pattern A)
Its my suitcase.
Watashi no suutsukeesu desu.
Which is Michaels passport?
Dore ga maikerusan no pasupooto desu ka. (use ga
because youre asking a question using an
interrogative pronoun, i.e. dore, as the subject)
(interrogative pronouns include dore = which?,
nani = what?, doko = where?, dare = who?,
dooshite = why?, doo = how?, ikutsu = how many?,
ikura = how much?, itsu = when?)
This is Michaels passport.
Kore ga maikerusan no pasupooto desu. (use ga
because youre answering a question formed with
an interrogative pronoun, i.e., dore, as the subject)
As for Michaels passport, which is it?
Maikerusan no pasupooto wa, dore desu ka.
(sentence pattern A)
Which person is Barbara?
Dono hito ga baabarasan desu ka. (use ga because
youre asking a question using dono hito which
functions like the interrogative pronoun dare)
(baabarasan wa, dono hito desu ka, also OK)
That person over there is Barbara.
Ano hito ga baabarasan desu. (use ga because youre
answering a question formed with an interrogative
pronoun)
As for Barbara, its that person over there.
Baabarasan wa, ano hito desu. (sentence pattern A)
That person over there is not Barbara.
Ano hito wa baabarasan ja arimasen. (pattern A)
The banks neighbor is not a restaurant.
Ginkoo no tonari wa resutoran ja arimasen. (sentence
pattern A)
That store over there is small.
Ano mise wa chiisai desu.
That store over there is small. Plain speech.
Ano mise wa chiisai. (dont use da after i adjectives)
This store is not small.
Kono mise wa chiisaku arimasen.
(the ku form of ii adjectives is used before
negative words like nai and arimasen; to convert
an i adjective into the ku form, remove
Lesson 2.

6
Lesson 2.
the final i and add ku)
This store is not small. Plain speech. Use desu.
Kono mise wa chiisaku nai desu.
(nai is the plain speech form of arimasen)
(the word desu makes the expression more polite, but
desu is omitted after i adjectives when using plain
speech)
This store is not small. Plain speech. Dont use desu.
Kono mise wa chiisakunai.
As for that over there, its a small store.
Are wa, chiisai mise desu.
That store over there is quiet.
Ano mise wa shizuka desu.
(shizuka = quiet, a na adjective)
To make the negative form of a na adjective, like
shizuka, follow the adjective with ja arimasen,
dewa arimasen, ja nai or dewa nai. Ja is the plain
speech form of dewa. This store is not quiet. Use ja
arimasen.
Kono mise wa shizuka ja arimasen.
This store is not quiet. Use dewa arimasen.
Kono mise wa shizuka dewa arimasen.
This store is not quiet. Use plain speech. Use desu.
Kono mise wa shizuka ja nai desu.
This store is not quiet. Use plain speech. Dont use
desu.
Kono mise wa shizuka ja nai.
That over there is a quiet store.
Are wa shizuka na mise desu.
Here are some i adjectives. Small
Chiisai
Big
Ookii
Cheap
Yasui
Expensive
Takai
Low
Hikui (hicks are low on the social scale)
High or tall
Takai
New
Atarashii
Old
Furui
Difficult
Muzukashii
Easy
Yasashii
Wide or spacious
Hiroi (the hero lives in a spacious apartment)
Narrow or small
Semai (its narrow in the semi truck where I live)
Good
Ii
Bad

Warui
Delicious
Oishii
Unappetizing
Mazui
Near or close
Chikai
Far
Tooi
Here are some na adjectives. Convenient
Benri
Inconvenient
Fuben
Quiet
Shizuka
Noisy
Urusai (some na adjectives look like i adjectives, but
they arent; you will gradually learn which
adjectives fall in each category)
Clean or pretty
Kirei
Dirty
Kitanai
This personal computer is very convenient.
Kono pasokon wa totemo benri desu. (totemo = very)
As for today, are the circumstances good, meaning is
it convenient for you? Use the expression tsugoo ga
ii.
Kyoo wa tsugoo ga ii desu ka. (tsugoo ga ii is an
expression used to say that a persons
circumstances are good, meaning that there is
time available)
This book is new.
Kono hon wa atarashii desu.
As for this, its a new book.
Kore wa, atarashii hon desu.
This book isn't old.
Kono hon wa furuku arimasen
Is this apple delicious?
Kono ringo wa oishii desu ka. (Ringo eats apples)
Yes, its delicious.
Hai, oishii desu.
No, it isnt delicious.
Iie, oishiku arimasen.
No, it isnt delicious. Plain speech, dont use desu.
Iie, oishikunai.
Are those shoes expensive?
Sono kutsu wa takai desu ka.
No, they arent expensive.
Iie, takaku arimasen.
No, they arent expensive. Use plain speech to say
not expensive. Use desu.
Iie, takakunai desu.
Is this river clean?
Kono kawa wa kirei desu ka. (kirei = clean or pretty)
No, it isnt clean.
Lesson 2.

7
Lesson 2. Iie, kirei ja arimasen. (kirei is a na
adjective)
No, it isnt clean. Plain speech. Dont use desu.
Iie, kirei ja nai.
As for the test, is it difficult? Use tesuto.
Tesuto wa, muzukashii desu ka.
No, it isnt difficult.
Iie, muzukashiku arimasen.
No, it isnt difficult. Use plain speech to say not
difficult. Use desu.
Iie, muzukashikunai desu.
Which are Michaels shoes?
Dore ga maikerusan no kutsu desu ka.
Its these new shoes.
Kono atarashii kutsu desu.
As for the Tokyo subway, is it inconvenient?
Tookyoo no chikatetsu wa, fuben desu ka.
No, it isnt inconvenient. Its convenient, for sure.
Iie, fuben ja arimasen. Benri desu yo.
Is your room spacious?
Anata no heya wa hiroi desu ka. (not OK to use
ookii when referring to the size of a room)
Yeah, its spacious.
Ee, hiroi desu.
No, it isnt spacious.
Iie, hiroku arimasen.
No, it isnt spacious. Plain speech. Dont use desu.
Iie, hirokunai.
Is your room quiet?
Anata no heya wa shizuka desu ka.
No, it isnt quiet.
Iie, shizuka ja arimasen.
Yes, its quiet.
Hai, shizuka desu.
As for the Japanese language, is it easy?
Nihongo wa yasashii desu ka.
No, it isnt easy.
Iie, yasashiku arimasen.
No, it isnt easy. Plain speech. Use desu.
Iie, yasashikunai desu.
Yes, its easy.
Hai, yasashii desu.
Are Japanese prices cheap? Use bukka.
Nihon no bukka wa yasui desu ka
No, they arent cheap. Plain speech. Dont use desu.
Iie, yasukunai.
Are kanji difficult?
Kanji wa, muzukashii desu ka.
No, they arent difficult.
Iie, muzukashiku arimasen.
No, they arent difficult. Use plain speech with desu.
Iie, muzukashikunai desu.
Is your Japanese language book new?
Anata no nihongo no hon wa atarashii desu ka.
Yeah, its new.
Ee, atarashii desu.

No, it isnt new.

Iie, atarashiku arimasen.
No, it isnt new. Plain speech. Dont use desu.
Iie, atarashikunai.
As for this room, how is it?
Kono heya wa, doo desu ka.
Thats so, huh. In this case, this means let me see.
Soo desu ne.
It's a little small or tight, huh. (referring to a room)
Use chotto.
Chotto semai desu ne. (cannot use chiisai to describe
a room; must use semai)
Is that so?
Soo desu ka.
Well, as for this one, how is it?
Ja, kore wa, doo desu ka.
This one isn't small or tight, for sure.
Kore wa semaku arimasen yo (ga, not OK here)
Thats so huh. Its spacious but its a little expensive,
for sure. Use chotto.
Soo desu ne. Hiroi desu ga, chotto takai desu yo.
As for the bank, where does it exist?
Ginkoo wa, doko ni arimasu ka.
It exists at the bookstores neighbor, meaning next to
the bookstore.
Honya no tonari ni arimasu.
As for the Japanese language book, where does it
exist?
Nihongo no hon wa, doko ni arimasu ka.
It exists on that places desks top, meaning on top of
that desk.
Soko no tsukue no ue ni arimasu. (ue = above or top,
shita = below or bottom)
As for the pen, does it exist here?
Pen wa, koko ni arimasu ka.
No, the pen doesnt exist here.
Iie, pen wa koko ni arimasen.
It exists in that place over theres desks inside.
Asoko no tsukue no naka ni arimasu. (naka =
inside; soto = outside)
As for Michael, now, where does he exist?
Maikerusan wa, ima, doko ni imasu ka.
Does he exist at school?
Gakkoo ni imasu ka.
No, he exists at the airport.
Iie, kuukoo ni imasu. (I wore my cool coat at the
airport)
Where is the bank? Use desu.
Ginkoo wa, doko desu ka.
Its there.
Soko desu.
Where is Barbara? Use desu.
Baabarasan wa doko desu ka.
As for Barbara, its the jewelry store, meaning shes
in the jewelry store.
Baabarasan wa hoosekiya desu.
Lesson 2.

8
Lesson 2. On the far side of the post office, a
hospital exists. Side is understood.
Yuubinkyoku no mukoo ni byooin ga arimasu. (OK
to substitute mukoogawa for mukoo; gawa = side)
At the schools neighbors bank, Michael exists.
Gakkoo no tonari no ginkoo ni, maikerusan ga imasu.
At the desks top, Barbaras pen exists.
Tsukue no ue ni, baabarasan no pen ga arimasu.
As for Tsuchida, where does he exist?
Tsuchida san wa, doko ni imasu ka.
As for Barbaras bag, where does it exist? Use baggu.
Baabarasan no baggu wa, doko ni arimasu ka.
In front of the desk
Tsukue no mae
Behind the desk
Tsukue no ushiro
Above the desk or on top of the desk
Tsukue no ue
Under the desk
Tsukue no shita
Around the desk
Tsukue no mawari
Close to the desk. Use soba.
Tsukue no soba
Near the desk (literally, the desks closely)
Tsukue no chikaku. (chikaku is the adverbial form of
chikai = near or close, but chikaku is also used as a
locative expression meaning close to; another
example of a locative expression is mae = front)
It exists on the far side of the desk. Side is
understood.
Tsukue no mukoo ni arimasu. (mukoogawa = far
side, also OK)
As for the telephone, its beside the desk. Use yoko.
Denwa wa tsukue no yoko desu.
The desks right side. Side is understood.
Tsukue no migi. (migi = right; hidari = left)
(migigawa = right side, also OK)
The desks left side. Side is understood.
Tsukue no hidari. (hidarigawa = left side, also OK)
The bookstores neighbor, meaning next to or next
door.
Honya no tonari
The boxs inside.
Hako no naka
The boxs middle
Hako no mannaka.
As for the phone, where does it exist?
Denwa wa, doko ni arimasu ka.
Is it the phone?
Denwa desu ka.
As for the phone, it exists beside the desk. Use yoko.
Denwa wa, tsukue no yoko ni arimasu.
As for the cat, it exists below the desk.
Neko wa, tsukue no shita ni imasu.
As for the dog, it exists at the boxs inside.

Inu wa, hako no naka ni imasu.

As for the eye glasses, they exist on the TVs top.
Megane wa, terebi no ue ni arimasu.
As for the hospital, it exists at the post offices rear.
Byooin wa, yuubinkyoku no ushiro ni arimasu.
As for the benches, they exist at the fountains
around, meaning around the fountain.
Benchi wa, funsui no mawari ni arimasu. (mawari =
around; this comes from mawaru = to turn or spin)
(funsui = fountain; we have fun in the sun in the
fountain)
At the flower shops left, what exists?
Hanaya no hidari ni, nani ga arimasu ka.
At the hospitals closely, what exists?
Byooin no chikaku ni, nani ga arimasu ka.
At Barbaras proximity, what exists? Use soba. This
thing is animate.
Baabara san no soba ni, nani ga imasu ka.
A dog exists.
Inu ga imasu.
As for here, its a park.
Koko wa, kooen desu. (kore wa, kooen desu, if you
mean this is a park, is not OK in Japanese)
Around the park, big buildings, a lot, exist. Use
tatemono.
Kooen no mawari ni ookii tatemono ga takusan
arimasu.
As for the parks inside, its quiet.
Kooen no naka wa shizuka desu
In the middle of the park, a fountain exists.
Kooen no mannaka ni funsui ga arimasu
Around the fountain, benches exist.
Funsui no mawari ni benchi ga arimasu.
At the benches rear, big trees exist.
Benchi no ushiro ni, ookii ki ga arimasu.
On the big trees underneath bench, Barbara exists.
Ookii ki no shita no benchi ni, Barbara-san ga imasu.
Lesson 3
Now, its 3:00, huh.
Ima, sanji desu ne.
Well, lets go.
Ja, ikimashoo. (the shoo ending replaces the su
ending on a masu verb like ikimasu when you
want to say lets do something or when you want
to say I shall do something; the shoo ending is
also used to convert the word desu to the word
deshoo = it probably is)
Yeah, from here, as far as the hotel, about how long
will it take?
Ee. Koko kara, hoteru made, dono kurai kakarimasu
ka. (gurai, also OK) (kurai = about, approximately,
almost, something like; often softened to gurai)
(kakarimasu = kakaru = take when referring to
time, or cost when referring to money)
Thats so, huh. Meaning, let me see. Lesson 3.

9
Lesson 3.
Soo desu ne.
By car, it will take about 2 hours.
Kuruma de, nijikan gurai kakarimasu. (kurai, not
OK; it sounds too harsh with nijikan) (jikan = time,
hours; ichijikan = 1 hour, nijikan = 2 hours, etc.)
To a great degree, its far, huh.
Zuibun, tooi desu ne. (zuibun = extremely, to a great
degree)
As for a train, does it exist?
Densha wa, arimasu ka.
A train also exists, but it isnt very convenient.
Densha mo arimasu ga, amari benri ja arimasen.
(mo = also; it replaces wa and ga when used after
a subject or topic)
(amari = not very, in negative constructions; very
much or excessively, in positive constructions)
As for today, lets go by taxi.
Kyoo wa, takushii de ikimashoo. (de = by means of)
Thats so huh. Lets do so.
Soo desu ne. Soo shimashoo.
The street is being uncrowded, huh.
Michi ga suite imasu ne. (suku = to be uncrowded)
(the te or de form of a verb can carry the meaning
ing when combined with iru or imasu; such
verbs can be used with both animate and
inanimate objects)
Yeah, it isnt being very crowded, huh. Use amari.
Ee, amari konde imasen ne. (konde is the de form of
komu = to get crowded)
Ah! Is that over there visible, meaning can you see
it?
A! Are ga miemasu ka. (ga is always used with
mieru = something can be seen)
Which is it?
Dore desu ka.
Is it that big building over there?
Ano ookii tatemono desu ka.
No, it isnt that building over there.
Iie, ano tatemono ja arimasen.
It's that neighbor, meaning its next to that. Use
tonari.
Sono tonari desu.
What is it?
Nan desu ka.
Its Disneyland for sure.
Dizuniirando desu yo.
Ah, is that over thereTokyo Disneyland?
Aa, are ga tookyoo Dizuniirando desu ka. (ga is used
for emphasis)
Its big, huh.
Ookii desu ne.
Yeah, its very big for sure.
Ee, totemo ookii desu yo.
Barbara, sometime together lets go.
Baabarasan, itsuka issho ni ikimashoo. (itsu = when;
itsuka = sometime, dokoka = somewhere, dareka =

someone; nanika = something) (issho ni = together)

Its interesting for sure.
Omoshiroi desu yo. (omoshiroi = interesting, fun,
funny)
Yeah, lets do so.
Ee, soo shimashoo.
From Narita airport, as for as far as Tokyo, is it
close?
Narita kuukoo kara tookyoo made wa, chikai desu ka.
As for today, are the streets being crowded?
Kyoo wa, michi ga konde imasu ka.
As for Narita, its a new airport, but it's a bit
inconvenient. Use sukoshi.
Narita wa atarashii kuukoo desu ga, sukoshi fuben
desu.
A bus also exists, but it takes time.
Basu mo arimasu ga, jikan ga kakarimasu. (use ga
with kakaru, e.g., okane ga kakaru = it costs money)
As for Tokyo, its interesting, but the prices are high.
Use bukka.
Tookyoo wa, omoshiroi desu ga, bukka ga takai desu.
(even though prices are plural in English, use ga
because youre referring to the specific prices in
effect now)
As for Tokyo, its interesting, but ... This hanging
but implies that theres also something not so good
about Tokyo.
Tookyoo wa omoshiroi desu ga ...
Sushi is good, but its expensive.
Sushi wa oishii desu ga, takai desu.
Japan is tight or narrow, but people a lot exist.
Nihon wa semai desu ga, hito ga takusan imasu.
The Japanese language is difficult, but its interesting.
Nihongo wa muzukashii desu ga, omoshiroi desu.
This magazine is old, but that magazine over there is
new.
Kono zasshi wa furui desu ga, ano zasshi wa atarashii
desu. (use wa twice, because youre comparing 2
contrasting topics)
Taxis are convenient, but they are expensive.
Takushii wa benri desu ga, takai desu.
Here is quiet, but over there is noisy.
Koko wa shizuka desu ga, asoko wa urusai desu.
(not OK to substitute kore wa or kore ga for koko wa)
Today the circumstances are good, but tomorrow
theyre bad. Use dame.
Kyoo wa tsugoo ga ii desu ga, ashita wa dame desu.
This restaurant is expensive, but that restaurant over
there is cheap.
Kono resutoran wa takai desu ga, ano resutoran wa
yasui desu.
Is the work interesting?
Shigoto wa omoshiroi desu ka.
Yeah, its interesting, but its very busy.
Ee, omoshiroi desu ga, totemo isogashii desu.
Is a personal computer convenient?
Lesson 3.

10
Lesson 3.
Pasokon wa benri desu ka.
Yeah, its convenient, but its difficult.
Ee, benri desu ga, muzukashii desu.
To say very or extremely, in positive
constructions, you may use either totemo or
zuibun. As for that person over there, she is a very
pretty person. Use totemo.
Ano hito wa, totemo kirei na hito desu.
As for that person over there, she is a very pretty
person. Use zuibun.
Ano hito wa, zuibun kirei na hito desu.
As for today, cars are very numerous. Use totemo.
Kyoo wa, kuruma ga totemo ooi desu. (ooi =
numerous, an ii adjective)
As for today, cars are very numerous. Use zuibun.
Kyoo wa, kuruma ga zuibun ooi desu.
Amari, when used in negative constructions,
means not very. As for the weather, it isnt very
good. Use yoku arimasen.
Tenki wa, amari yoku arimasen. (ii = good = an i
adjective; to make the adverbial ku form of this
adjective, dont say iku; instead use the similar
word yoi = good, and convert this to yoku)
As for this TV, it isnt very expensive.
Kono terebi wa, amari takaku arimasen.
No, it isnt very interesting.
Iie, amari omoshiroku arimasen.
The Japanese language book isnt very new.
Nihongo no hon wa amari atarashiku arimasen.
Hiragana isnt very difficult.
Hiragana wa amari muzukashiku arimasen.
Tokyos streets are not very clean.
Tookyoo no michi wa amari kirei ja arimasen. (this
can also mean, not very pretty)(kirei is a na adjective)
From my house, as far as school, is not very far.
Watashi no ie kara, gakkoo made, amari tooku
arimasen.
I drink, or I will drink. In this section, use the masu
form of verbs.
Nomimasu. (from nomu)
I dont drink, or I wont drink.
Nomimasen.
I wake up, or I will wake up
Okimasu. (from okiru) (this can also mean I get up
or I will get up)
I dont wake up, or I wont wake up.
Okimasen.
I read, or I will read.
Yomimasu. (from yomu)
I dont read, or I wont read.
Yomimasen.
I write, or I will write.
Kakimasu. (from kaku)
I dont write, or I wont write.
Kakimasen.
I buy, or I will buy.

Kaimasu. (from kau)

I dont buy, or I wont buy.
Kaimasen.
I wait, or I will wait.
Machimasu. (from matsu)
I dont wait, or I wont wait.
Machimasen.
I return, or I will return.
Kaerimasu. (from kaeru)
I dont return, or I wont return.
Kaerimasen.
I go, or I will go.
Ikimasu. (from iku)
I dont go, or I wont go.
Ikimasen.
I open, or I will open.
Akemasu. (from akeru)
I dont open, or I wont open.
Akemasen.
I eat, or I will eat.
Tabemasu. (from taberu)
I dont sleep, or I wont sleep.
Tabemasen.
I sleep, or I will sleep.
Nemasu. (from neru)
I dont sleep, or I wont sleep.
Nemasen.
I see or watch, or I will see or watch.
Mimasu. (from miru)
I dont see or watch, or I wont see or watch.
Mimasen.
I show, or I will show.
Misemasu. (from miseru)
I dont show, or I wont show.
Misemasen.
I do, or I will do.
Shimasu. (from suru)
I dont do, or I wont do.
Shimasen.
Every day, I go to Tokyo.
Mainichi, tookyoo ni ikimasu. (tookyoo e ikimasu,
also OK; you may use either ni or e to mean
to; e means toward and refers to the direction of
movement, while ni means to and refers to the
destination itself, but you may consider the words
interchangeable when using them for this meaning)
Tomorrow, I will go to Tokyo.
Ashita, tookyoo ni ikimasu.
Tomorrow, I will not go to Tokyo.
Ashita, tyookyoo ni ikimasen.
I always read books.
Itsumo hon o yomimasu. (itsu = when; itsuka =
sometime; itsumo = always in positive
constructions, never in negative constructions;
itsudemo = anytime)
I write my name, or I will write
Lesson 3.

10

11
Lesson 3.
my name. My is understood.
Namae o kakimasu.
I take medicine, or I will take medicine.
Kusuri o nomimasu. (nomimasu also = to drink)
Every day, I go to the park, but, as for today, I will
not go. Use e to mean to.
Mainichi kooen e ikimasu ga, kyoo wa ikimasen.
From Tokyo station, as far as Nikko, by train, it takes
about 2 hours.
Tookyoo eki kara nikkoo made densha de nijikan
gurai kakarimasu.
The airport is being crowded, but the streets are being
uncrowded.
Kuukoo wa konde imasu ga, michi wa suite imasu.
(use wa twice to contrast 2 competing topics)
At under the desk, what exists? Refer to an animate
object.
Tsukue no shita ni, nani ga imasu ka. (use ga
because youre using an interrogative pronoun, nani,
as the subject)
A cat exists.
Neko ga imasu.
The taxi will go to Michaels house.
Takushii ga maikerusan no ie e ikimasu. (ie ni, also
OK)
Zero. 2 responses.
Zero. Rei.
One
Ichi
Two
Ni
Three
San
Four. 2 responses.
Yon. Shi.
Five
Go
Six
Roku
Seven. 2 responses.
Nana. Shichi.
Eight.
Hachi.
Nine. 2 responses.
Ku. Kyuu.
Ten.
Juu.
Eleven.
Juu-ichi.
Twelve.
Juu-ni.
Nineteen. 2 responses.
Juu-ku. Juu-kyuu.
Twenty
Ni-juu
Thirty

San-juu
Forty
Yon-juu
Fifty
Go-juu
Sixty
Roku-juu
Seventy. 2 responses.
Shichi-juu, nana-juu
Eighty
Hachi-juu
Ninety
Kyuu-juu
100
Hyaku
101
Hyaku-ichi
111
Hyaku-juu-ichi
200
Ni-hyaku
300
San-byaku
400
Yon-hyaku
500
Go-hyaku
600
Rop-pyaku
700
Nana-hyaku
800
Hap-pyaku
900
Kyuu-hyaku
1000
Sen
1001
Sen-ichi
1111
Sen-hyaku-juu-ichi
2000
Ni-sen
2222
Ni-sen-ni-hyaku-ni-juu-ni
3000
San-zen
4000
Yon-sen
5000
Go-sen
6000
Roku-sen
7000
Nana-sen
8000

Lesson 3.

11

12
Lesson 3. Hassen
9000
Kyuu-sen
10,000
Ichi-man
20,000
Ni-man
33,333
San-man san-zen san-byaku sanjuu san
100,000
Juu-man
444,444
Yonjuu-yon-man yon-sen yon-hyaku yon-juu yon
1,000,000
Hyaku-man
10,000,000
Sen-man
100,000,000
Ichi-oku
1 billion
Juu-oku
10 billion
Hyaku-oku
1:00
Ichi-ji
2:00
Ni-ji
3:00
San-ji
4:00
Yo-ji
5:00
Go-ji
6:00
Roku-ji
7:00
Shichiji (nanaji, not OK)
8:00
Hachi-ji
9:00
Ku-ji (kyuu-ji, not OK)
10:00
Juu-ji
11:00
Juuichi-ji
12:00
Juuni-ji
One minute
Ippun
2 minutes
Nifun
3 minutes
Sanpun
4 minutes
Yonpun (yonfun, also OK)
5 minutes

Gofun
6 minutes
Roppun
7 minutes
Nanafun (shichifun, not OK)
8 minutes
Happun
9 minutes
Kyuufun
10 minutes. 2 responses
Jippun. Juppun.
30 minutes. 2 responses.
Sanjippun. Sanjuppun
One hour
Ichijikan (kan = duration)
2 hours
Nijikan
3 hours
Sanjikan
4 hours
Yojikan (yonjikan, not OK)
5 hours
Gojikan
6 hours
Rokujikan
7 hours. 2 responses.
Shichijikan. Nanajikan.
8 hours
Hachijikan
9 hours
Ku-jikan (kyuu-jikan, not OK)
10 hours
Juujikan
30 hours
Sanjuujikan
Now, what time is it?
Ima, nanji desu ka.
Its 10:42
Juuji yonjuu nifun desu.
About 3:00, I will go to Narita airport.
Sanji goro, narita kuukoo e ikimasu. (Goro means
approximately but is only used with time of day,
time of year, etc. Kurai, or gurai, can be used
after nouns in general to mean approximately.)
(kuukoo ni ikimasu, also OK)
At tomorrows 4:00 p.m., I will meet Michael.
Ashita no gogo yoji ni, maikerusan ni aimasu.
Exactly 1:00
Choodo ichiji
3:15
Sanji juugofun
15 minutes following 3:00
Sanji juugofun tsugi
5:27 a.m.
Gozen goji nijuunanafun
8:30
Lesson 3.

12

13
Lesson 3.
Hachiji sanjuppun (sanjippun, also
OK)
Half past 8:00
Hachiji han
Here are 3 ways to say 3:45 p.m. First, 15:45
Juugoji yonjuu gofun
3:45 p.m.
Gogo sanji yonjuu gofun
15 minutes before 4:00 p.m.
Gogo yoji juugofun mae
At 3:00, I will meet Barbara.
Sanji ni, baabarasan ni aimasu. (ni is used to mean
at a particular time; ni is also used before the
verb au = to meet, to indicate the person who is
met)
From Tokyo station as far as Disneyland, about how
much does it take?
Tookyoo eki kara dizuniirando made, dono kurai
kakarimasu ka. (kakarimasu = kakaru = take
when referring to time, or cost when referring to
money) (dono gurai, also OK)
By bus, it takes 35 minutes.
Basu de, sanjuu gofun kakarimasu.
Every day, how many hours work do you do?
Mainichi, nanjikan shigoto o shimasu ka. (kan =
duration, e.g. ichijikan = 1 hour duration,
ichinenkan = 1 year duration, etc.; jikan also = time)
I do 8 hours work.
Hachijikan shigoto o shimasu. (shigoto o hachijikan
shimasu, also OK)
From Tokyo until Shizuoka, by bullet train, about
how much is it? (meaning, how much time does it
take?)
Tookyoo kara, shizuoka made, shinkansen de, dono
kurai desu ka. (dono gurai, also OK)
Its about 1 hours
Ichijikan han gurai desu. (kurai, not OK, in this case)
Sigh. I dont know/understand exactly.
Saa. Chotto wakarimasen. (cf. choodo ichiji =
exactly 1:00) (not OK to substitute choodo here)
As for time (literally hour duration), about how much
does it take?
Jikan wa, dono kurai kakarimasu ka. (gurai, also OK)
As for money, about how much does it cost? Use
dono.
Okane wa, dono kurai kakarimasu ka. (dono gurai,
also OK; ikura gurai, also OK)
As for Tanaka, every day, at what time does he sleep,
meaning go to bed?
Tanaka san wa, mainichi, nanji ni nemasu ka.
As for Tanaka, every day, at what time does he get
up?
Tanaka san wa, mainichi, nanji ni okimasu ka.
As for Tanaka, every day, how many hours does he
sleep.
Tanaka san wa, mainichi, nanjikan nemasu ka.

As for Tanaka, every day, how many hours does he

do work?
Tanaka san wa, mainichi, nanjikan shigoto o shimasu
ka.
As for the lunch rest, meaning lunch break, from
what time until what time is it?
Hiruyasumi wa, nanji kara nanji made desu ka.
As for the lunch break, how many hours is it?
Hiruyasumi wa, nanjikan desu ka.
As for Tanaka, at what time does he leave the home?
Tanaka san wa, nanji ni uchi o demasu ka.
As for Tanaka, at what time does he return to the
home?
Tanaka san wa, nanji ni uchi ni kaerimasu ka.
As for Tanaka, every day, how many hours does he
watch TV?
Tanaka san wa, mainichi, nanjikan terebi o mimasu
ka.
As for Tanaka, every day, how many hours does he
do Englishs study?
Tanaka san wa, mainichi, nanjikan eigo no benkyoo o
shimasu ka.
From Tanakas home as far as the company, about
how long does it take?
Tanaka san no uchi kara kaisha made, dono kurai
kakarimasu ka.
As for Tanaka, about what time does he eat
breakfast?
Tanaka san wa, nanji goro asagohan o tabemasu ka.
From Narita, until the hotel, by car, about how long
does it take?
Narita kara hoteru made kuruma de dono kurai
kakarimasu ka.
At what time, will you return to the home (meaning,
your home)?
Nanji ni uchi ni kaerimasu ka.
To Tanaka I sent a letter.
Tanaka san ni tegami o dashimashita. (from dasu)
Where does Barbara exist?
Baabarasan wa doko ni imasu ka.
At 9:00 I will meet Michael.
Kuji ni maikerusan ni aimasu.
Excuse me. From Tokyo until Shin-osaka, by bullet
train, about how long does it take?
Sumimasen. Tookyoo kara shin oosaka made
shinkansen de dono kurai kakarimasu ka. (gurai, also
OK)
Its about 3 hours.
Sanjikan gurai desu. (kurai, not OK)
Shall we go by train, shall we go by taxi?
Densha de ikimashoo ka takushii de ikimashoo ka.
The train is a little inconvenient. Use chotto.
Densha wa chotto fuben desu.
Lets go by taxi.
Takushii de ikimashoo.
Well, lets do so.
Lesson 3.

13

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Lesson 3.
Jaa, so shimashoo.
Shall we drink beer?
Biiru o nomimashoo ka.
Yeah, its good huh.
Ee, ii desu ne.
Its good, huh. But a little bit, as for now.
Ii desu ne. Demo chotto, ima wa. (this is a soft
refusal)
Will we not drink beer?
Biiru o nomimasen ka.
Yeah, lets drink.
Ee, nomimashoo.
Will we not do tennis?
Tenisu o shimasen ka.
Yeah, lets do.
Ee, shimashoo.
Its too bad, but a little, a job exists and ... Use te to
mean and.
Zannen desu ga, chotto, yo ga atte... (zannen =
disappointing, regrettable) (yoo = job, yooji = errand;
yooi = preparations)
Its 5:00. Shall we return to the home?
Goji desu. Uchi e kaerimashoo ka.
Yeah, lets return.
Ee, kaerimashoo.
Yeah, but, a little bit ...
Ee, demo chotto ... (this is a soft refusal)
Its 12:00. Shall we eat lunch?
Juuniji desu. Hirugohan o tabemashoo ka.
Its difficult.
Muzukashii desu.
Shall we ask the teacher?
Sensei ni kikimashoo ka. (from kiku = to ask; kiku
also = to listen)
It will rain.
Ame ga furimasu.
Shall we go by taxi?
Takushii de ikimashoo ka.
Its Tanakas birthday.
Tanaka san no tanjoobi desu.
Shall we do a party?
Paatii o shimashoo ka.
As for tomorrow, a test exists. Use tesuto.
Ashita wa tesuto ga arimasu.
Shall we study together?
Issho ni benkyoo shimashoo ka.
As for at Tokyos closely, Naritaairport exists.
Tookyoo no chikaku ni wa, narita kuukoo ga arimasu.
Haneda airport also exists.
Haneda kuukoo mo arimasu.
Haneda Airport is a domestic airlines' airport.
Haneda kuukoo wa kokunai sen no kuukoo desu.
(kokunai = domestic; domestic is koku nai [no
country], i.e., not a foreign country; koku = country)
(sen = transportation line or track; also = line)
Narita Airport is an international airlines' airport.

Narita kuukoo wa kokusai sen no kuukoo desu.

(kokusai = international; (when she visited an
international koku [country], she sighed)
Haneda exists south of Tokyo.
Haneda wa tookyoo no minami ni arimasu. (tookyoo
no minami desu, also OK) (kita = north, minami =
south, higashi = east, nishi = west)
From Tokyo, by monorail, it takes about 30 minutes.
Tookyoo kara, monoreeru de, sanjippun gurai
kakarimasu.
Its very close.
Totemo chikai desu.
Its convenient.
Benri desu.
Narita Airport exists east of Tokyo.
Narita kuukoo wa tookyoo no higashi ni arimasu.
Its a very big airport, but its a little far. Use sukoshi.
Totemo ookii kuukoo desu ga, sukoshi tooi desu.
From Tokyo, as far as Narita, by car, it takes about 2
hours.
Tookyoo kara narita made kuruma de nijikan gurai
kakarimasu.
There is also a train, but it's a little inconvenient. Use
sukoshi.
Densha mo arimasu ga, sukoshi fuben desu
I'll say once again.
Moo ichido iimasu. (from iu = to say)
Lesson 4
Sigh, we arrived.
Saa, tsukimashita. (from tsuku = to arrive)
As for here, its Tokyo International Hotel.
Koko wa, tookyoo intaanashonaru hoteru desu. (kore
wa, generally not OK to use for a location like a hotel,
unless you are pointing at the hotel and explaining
something about it)
Tsuchida, as for me, I got a little tired. Use chotto.
Tsuchida san, watashi wa, chotto tsukaremashita.
(from tsukareru = to get tired)
It would be better to rest a bit, huh. Use sukoshi.
Sukoshi yasunda hoo ga ii desu ne.
(the idea it would be better to do such and such
is expressed by using the plain past tense of a verb
followed by hoo ga ii)
(from yasumu = to rest; polite past tense =
yasumimashita; plain past tense = yasunda)
Webb also?
Uebbu san mo.
As for me, its OK.
Watashi wa, daijoobu desu.
Inside the plane, I slept well.
Hikooki no naka de yoku nemashita. (neru = to sleep)
[use de with active verbs; with inactive verbs,
like neru = sleep, use ni to mean at & de to mean
in; you can say koki ni nete kudasai = please sleep
at here; other inactive verbs: mattsu
Lesson 4.

14

15
Lesson 4. = wait, dekiru = be able to, suteru =
throw away, ochiru = fall, tomaru = stop
(intransitive), tomeru = stop (transitive), tatsu =
stand; nokoru = stay behind, only used with ni]
Michael sleeps well anywhere.
Maikeru wa dokodemo yoku nemasu. (Barbara
doesnt use san after her husbands name when
discussing him with a 3rd party) (use wa because
Michael has already been introduced into the
conversation) (doko = where; dokodemo =
anywhere; dokoka = somewhere; dokomo =
everywhere in positive constructions, nowhere in
negative constructions)
As for the other day he was sleeping in front of
honorable guests, for sure. Use kono aida.
Kono aida wa, okyaku san no mae de nete imashita
yo. (aida = interval; kono aida = the other day) (mae
ni, not OK; use de with neru)
Really? As for that, its super, huh.
Use hee.
Hee, sore wa sugoi desu ne.
Wouldn't it be better to do check in soon? Soften the
word good. Use plain speech to say wouldnt.
Sugu chiekkuin o shita hoo ga iin ja nai desu ka
Yeah, I shall do so.
Ee, soo shimashoo.
As for me, I'll be waiting here.
Watashi wa koko de matte imasu. (koko ni also OK,
if referring to someone else, e.g., Maikerusan wa
koko ni matte imasu)
Sorry to have kept you waiting.
Omatase shimashita.
As for Barbara, she is taking a shower, but she will
come soon.
Baabara wa shawaa o abite imasu ga, sugu kimasu.
(from abiru = to take shower or bath; drink a beer in
the shower)
Is that so? Well, let's wait at the bar.
Soo desu ka. Ja, baa de machimashoo. (from matsu
= to wait)
By the way, what was the airplanes meal?
Tokoro de, hikooki no shokuji wa nan deshita ka.
(tokoro de = by the way)
Was it meat, was it fish?
Niku deshita ka sakana deshita ka.
It wasnt fish.
Sakana ja arimasen deshita.
It was meat and vegetables.
Niku to yasai deshita. (to = and; it can also mean
with)
In that case, as for dinner, fish is good, right? Use
sore jaa. Use yuushoku.
Sore jaa, yuushoku wa sakana ga ii desu ne. (sore jaa
= sore dewa = in that case) (cf. chuushoku = lunch,
chooshoku = breakfast) (cf. bangohan also = dinner)
(this sentence is an example of sentence pattern B)

As for Michael, is honorable sushi liked, meaning do

you like it?
Maikerusan wa, osushi ga suki desu ka. (its
common and polite to address people in this way, as
though they were not present)
(suki desu = it is liked; the item being liked is
usually followed by ga)
Yeah, it is liked, meaning I like it.
Ee, suki desu.
As for Barbara?
Baabarasan wa.
The wife also likes it.
Kanai mo suki desu.
As for before, she didnt like it very much, but as for
now, she eats anything.
Mae wa amari suki ja arimasen deshita ga, ima wa
nandemo tabemasu. (nandemo = anything, nanika
= something, nanimo = nothing in negative
constructions; minna, mina or subete =
everything)
Is that so?
Soo desu ka.
Well, shall we go to a sushi store?
Jaa, sushiya ni ikimashoo ka.
Its good huh.
Ii desu ne.
Who got tired?
Dare ga tsukuremashita ka.
Barbara got tired.
Baabarasan ga tuskuremashita.
Who slept inside the plane?
Dare ga hikooki no naka de nemashita ka.
Its Michael.
Maikerusan desu.
As for Barbara, what is she doing?
Baabarasan wa, nani o shite imasu ka.
She is taking a shower.
Shawaa o abite imasu.
As for Tsuchida and Michael, at where are they
waiting for Barbara?
Tsuchida san to maikeru san wa, doko de baabarasan
o matte imasu ka.
They are waiting at a bar.
Baa de matte imasu.
As for the planes meal,what was it?
Hikooki no shokuji wa, nan deshita ka.
It was meat and vegetables.
Niku to yasai deshita.
As for dinner, what will they eat? Use yuushoku.
Yuushoku wa, nani o tabemasu ka.
As for Michael, does he like sushi?
Maikerusan wa, sushi ga suki desu ka.
As for here, its a hotel.
Koko wa, hoteru desu.
As for here, it isnt a hotel. 2 responses, using polite
speech and plain speech. Use ja for
Lesson 4.

15

16
Lesson 4.
both responses.
Koko wa hoteru ja arimasen.
Koko wa hoteru ja nai.
As for here, its quiet.
Koko wa, shizuka desu.
As for here, it isnt quiet. 2 responses, both using ja.
Koko wa, shizuka ja arimasen. Koko wa shizuka ja
nai.
As for here, its tight or narrow.
Koko wa, semai desu.
As for here, it isnt tight or narrow. 2 responses, one
using polite speech and one plain speech with desu.
Koko wa semaku arimasen. Koko wa semaku nai
desu. (OK to omit desu)
As for here, it was a hotel.
Koko wa, hoteru deshita.
As for here, it wasnt a hotel.
Koko wa, hoteru ja arimasen deshita.
As for here, it was quiet.
Koko wa, shizuka deshita.
As for here, it wasnt quiet.
Koko wa shizuka ja arimasen deshita.
As for here, it was not tight or narrow.
Koko wa, semaku arimasen deshita. (semakunai
deshita, not OK)
Nai, meaning does not exist, is the plain speech
form of arimasen. In some cases, nai can be
translated as not. To form the past form of nai,
drop the final i and add katta, making nakatta.
As for here, it was not tight or narrow. Plain speech.
Use desu.
Koko wa, semaku nakatta desu. (semakunai deshita,
not OK; semaku arimasen deshita, OK)
In the same way that you make the past form of nai,
to form the past plain speech form of an i
adjective, drop the final i and add katta; this is
often followed by desu, but, in plain speech, desu
is omitted. It was expensive. Plain speech.
Takakatta. (takakunai deshita, not OK; takaku
arimasen deshita, OK, if using polite speech)
It was big. Plain speech.
Ookikatta. (ookikunai deshita, not OK)
It was difficult. Plain speech.
Muzukashikatta. (muzukashii deshita, not OK)
The airplanes meal was meat.
Hikooki no shokuji wa niku deshita.
It was not fish.
Sakana ja arimasen deshita.
Now I'm an employee of Abe Industries.
Ima abe sangyoo no shain desu
As for before, I was an employee of Tanaka
Industries.
Mae wa tanaka sangyoo no shain deshita.
As for here, as for before, it was a park.
Koko wa, mae wa, kooen deshita.
It was very quiet.

Totemo shizuka deshita.

It wasn't noisy like this.
Konna ni urusaku arimasen deshita. (konna = like
this, sonna = like that, anna = like that over there,
donna = what kind of; when you add ni to any of
these adjectives, they become adverbs, modifying
a verb or another adjective)
As for yesterdays party, it was very pleasant.
Kinoo no paati wa totemo tanoshikatta desu.
(tanoshii = pleasant, an i adjective; tanoshii deshita,
not OK)
Before it was big, but now it isn't big.
Mae wa ookikatta desu ga, ima wa ookiku arimasen.
(use wa twice because youre contrasting 2
competing topics) (not OK to substitute ookii deshita
for ookikatta)
Its small.
Chiisai desu.
As for yesterday, it was Sunday.
Kinoo wa, nichiyoobi deshita.
As for yesterday, was it busy?
Kinoo wa, isogashikatta desu ka. (isogashii deshita,
not OK)
As for yesterday, was it good weather?
Kinoo wa, ii tenki deshita ka.
As for yesterday, was it rain?
Kinoo wa, ame deshita ka.
Was last night's TV interesting?
Yuube no terebi wa omoshirokatta desu ka
(omoshiroi deshita, not OK)
Was last night cold?
Yuube wa samukatta desu ka (samui deshita, not OK)
As for me, every day, I study.
Watashi wa, mainichi benkyoo shimasu.
As for me, always, inside the train, I read a book.
Watashi wa, itsumo, densha no naka de, hon o
yomimasu.
As for me, tomorrow, I will do tennis.
Watashi wa, ashita, tenisu o shimasu.
As for me, this morning, I ate bread.
Watashi wa, kesa, pan o tabemashita.
As for me, yesterday, I saw a movie.
Watashi wa, kinoo, eiga o mimashita.
As for Michael, he sleeps often, but as for in the
taxis inside, he did not sleep.
Maikerusan wa yoku nemasu ga, takushii no naka de
wa nemasen deshita.
As for me, I got a little tired. Use chotto.
Watashi wa, chotto tsukaremashita.
Sigh, we arrived.
Saa, tsukimashita.
The train arrived for sure.
Densha ga tsukimashita yo.
As for today, what shall we do?
Kyoo wa, nani o shimashoo ka.
Lets do tennis.
Lesson 4.

16

17
Lesson 4. Tenisu o shimashoo.
Is it tennis?
Tenisu desu ka.
Yesterday we did it for sure.
Kinoo shimashita yo.
As for today, lets go for the purpose of a movie.
Kyoo wa, eiga ni ikimashoo. (use ni after an
activity to indicate doing something for a purpose,
e.g. kaimono ni ikimasu = to go for shopping)
I drive. Use doraibu.
Doraibu o shimasu.
I swim in the pool.
Puuru de oyogimasu. (from oyogu = to swim)
As for me, I was born in a New Jerseys small town.
Watashi wa, nyuujaajii no chiisai machi de
umaremashita. (from umareru = to be born)
Until 10-years-old I existed there.
Juusai made soko ni imashita. (sai = counter for
years of age) (jissai made, also OK)
11-year-olds time, I went to New York.
Juuissai no toki, nyuuyooku e
ikimashita. (toki = time at which something occurs)
And then, I went to a New Yorks school. Use
soshite.
Soshite, nyuuyooku no gakkoo e ikimashita.
As for me, I liked school a lot. Use totemo.
Watashi wa, gakkoo ga totemo suki deshita.
Friends, a lot, existed.
Tomodachi ga takusan imashita.
At university, I studied economics and the Japanese
language.
Daigaku de, keizai to nihongo o benkyoo shimashita.
Im reading a book.
Hon o yonde imasu.
Im not reading a book.
Hon o yonde imasen.
I was reading a book.
Hon on yonde imashita.
I wasnt reading a book.
Hon o yonde imasen deshita.
As for Barbara, she is taking a shower in the room,
but she will soon come.
Baabara san wa, heya de shawaa o abite imasu ga,
sugu kimasu.
Lets be waiting at the bar.
Baa de matte imashoo.
As for Michael, at the planes inside, he was not
reading a book.
Maikerusan wa, hikooki no naka de, hon o yonde
imasen deshita.
He was sleeping.
Nete imashita.
In ordinary speech, te imasu is often shortened to
temasu, and de imasu is shortened to demasu. He
is reading a book. Shortened for speech.
Hon o yondemasu.

He is not reading a book. Shortened for speech.

Hon o yondemasen.
Hello (use the hello used when starting to speak on
the phone, or when trying to get someones attention).
Its me.
Moshimoshi. Watashi desu.
Ah, Nakamura. Hello. (use the usual expression for
hello)
Aa, nakamurasan. Konnichi wa. (this hello is the
greeting used in everyday speech, in late morning
through late afternoon)
I beg Yamada, meaning Id like to speak to her).
Yamada san o onegai shimasu.
As for Yamada, now, she is typing. Use utsu.
Yamada san wa, ima, taipu o utte imasu. (from utsu
= to strike; I utilized a submarine to strike him)
Is that so?
Soo desu ka.
Well, again, of later, I will do a phone call.
Ja, mata, ato de, denwa shimasu. (denwa o shimasu,
also OK)
As for this, its my pen.
Kore wa, watashi no pen desu.
That also is my pen.
Sore mo watashi no pen desu.
That over there also is my pen.
Are mo watashi no pen desu.
All are my pens. Use zenbu.
Zenbu watashi no pen desu. (zenbu ga, also OK, but
it sounds strange here)
As for me, Im an American.
Watashi wa amerikajin desu.
I also am an American.
Watashi mo amerikajin desu.
As for me, I understand English also, Spanish also,
Japanese also.
Watashi wa eigo mo, supeingo mo, nihongo mo
wakarimasu.
As for me, I will go to Kyoto.
Watashi wa, kyooto e ikimasu.
I will go to Osaka also.
Oosaka e mo ikimasu.
As for flower shops, also at there, also at over there
they exist.
Hanaya wa soko ni mo asoko ni mo arimasu.
As for the telephone, it exists in front of the tobacco
shop.
Denwa wa, tabakoya no mae ni arimasu.
And then, in front of the bank also it exists. Use sore
kara.
Sore kara, ginkoo no mae ni mo arimasu.
This is a Japanese languages dictionary.
Kore wa nihongo no jisho desu. (people jeered the
show that was based on dictionary words)
A woman exists next to the phone. Use yoko.
Onna no hito ga denwa no yoko ni
Lesson 4.

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Lesson 4. imasu. (onna = female, otoko = male;
onna no hito = woman; otoko no hito = man)
As for flowers, they exist on top of the desk.
Hana wa, tsukue no ue ni arimasu.
As for yesterday, I ate sukiyaki.
Kinoo wa, sukiyaki o tabemashita.
At below the desk, what exists?
Tsukue no shita ni, nani ga arimasu ka.
A box and a bag exist. Use baggu.
Hako to baggu ga arimasu.
On top of the desk, what exists?
Tsukue no ue ni, nani ga arimasu ka.
A book, and a notebook and a pen and a pencil exist.
Hon to nooto to pen to enpitsu ga arimasu.
As for Tsuchida, to whom did he call on the phone?
Tsuchida san wa, dare ni denwa o kakemashita ka.
(from kakeru = kakemasu = to make a phone call; cf.
denwa [o] shimasu = to do a phone call; both
expressions have the same meaning but are translated
differently in these lessons)
Wheres wine is delicious, meaning which countrys
wine?
Doko no wain ga oishii desu ka.
As for me, I like sushi.
Watashi wa, sushi ga suki desu.
As for Maria, she dislikes sushi.
Mariasan wa, sushi ga kirai desu.
As for Maria, she doesnt like sushi.
Mariasan wa, sushi ga suki ja arimasen.
As for me, I like tennis, but I dont like long-distance
running.
Watashi wa, tenisu wa suki desu ga, marason wa suki
ja arimasen. (use wa for contrasting expressions)
Michael, as for tempura, do you like it?
Maikerusan, tenpura wa suki desu ka.
Well, I dont dislike it, but ... Use maa to mean well.
Maa, kirai ja arimasen ga ...
You had better for sure.
Hoo ga ii desu yo.
It would probably be better to ...
Hoo ga ii deshoo.
Wouldnt be better to? Soften the word good.
Hoo ga iin ja arimasen ka.
Its so, huh. Meaning OK.
Soo desu ne. (this signifies agreement)
Yeah, Ill do so.
Ee. Soo shimasu.
Its so, huh. But ... Use demo.
Soo desu ne. demo ... (a soft refusal)
Yeah, but. A little bit. Use chotto.
Ee, demo, chotto ... (a soft refusal)
Wouldn't it be better to open the window? Soften the
word good.
Mado o aketa hoo ga iin ja arimasen ka. (from akeru
= to open)
Thats so, huh.

Soo desu ne.

What's wrong; literally, how did it happen?
Doo shimashita ka
A little, the stomach ... Use chotto. Stomach is the
subject.
Chotto, onaka ga ...
Well, you'd better go to the hospital. Use yo,
meaning for sure, after all the you had better
phrases in this section.
Ja, byooin ni itta hoo ga ii desu yo
Yeah, Ill do so.
Ee, soo shimasu
Wouldn't it be better if you waited about an hour?
Soften the word good.
Ichi jikan gurai matta hoo ga iin ja arimasen ka.
Yeah, but I'll go now.
Ee, demo ima ikimasu.
I forgot a book.
Hon o wasuremashita. (from wasureru = to forget; I
was sure that I would forget, and I did)
You'd better borrow from a friend. Use ni rather than
kara.
Tomodachi ni karita hoo ga ii desu yo. (from kariru
= to borrow)
I don't understand the street. In this case, this means
I dont understand the way.
Michi ga wakarimasen. (michi here means the
way)
You'd better look at a map.
Chizu o mita hoo ga ii desu yo.
The stomach hurts.
Onaka ga itai desu. (itai desu = to hurt)
You'd better go to the hospital.
Byooin ni itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
I lost money.
Okane o nakushimashita. (nakusu = nakushimasu =
to lose, naked ku klux klansman sheet was lost;
nokosu = to leave behind; nokoru = to stay behind)
You'd better go to the police.
Keisatsu e itta hoo ga ii desu yo. (keisatsu = police;
keisatsukan = omawarisan = policeman)
I don't understand the Japanese language.
Nihongo ga wakarimasen.
You'd better study at a school.
Gakkoo de benkyoo shita hoo ga ii desu yo.
The wife is sick.
Kanai ga byooki desu. (tsuma considered bookish)
(kanai wa is also OK)
You'd better go to the hospital.
Byooin ni itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
I got a little tired. Use chotto.
Chotto tsukaremashita. (I got tired carrying the tsuki
[moon] on the carrera [road in Spanish]) (from
tsukareru; cf. tsukuru = to make or produce, to
prepare food)
It would be better to return home early.
Lesson 4.

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Lesson 4. Hayaku uchi e kaetta hoo ga ii desu yo.
(hayai = early, fast, an i adjective; osoi = late, slow)
It would be better to leave home early.
Hayaku uchi o deta hoo ga ii desu yo. (from deru =
to leave)
It would be better to rest a while. Use sukoshi.
Sukoshi yasunda hoo ga ii desu yo.
It would be better to sleep early.
Hayaku neta hoo ga ii desu yo.
The streets are crowded.
Michi ga konde imasu.
It would be better to go by train.
Densha de itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
I caught a cold.
Kaze o hikimashita. (from hiku = to pull or to catch a
cold)
It would be better to take medicine.
Kusuri o nonda hoo ga ii desu yo.
Tomorrow a test exists. Use tesuto.
Ashita tesuto ga arimasu.
It would be better to study soon.
Sugu benkyoo shita hoo ga ii desu yo.
As for sushi, do you like it?
Sushi wa, suki desu ka.
Yes, I like it.
Hai, suki desu.
No, I dont like it.
Iie, suki ja arimasen.
In Japanese, yes and no are used differently in
response to negative questions, compared to the way
they are used in English. As for sushi, dont you like
it?
Sushi wa, suki ja arimasen ka.
Yes, I dont like it.
Hai, suki ja arimasen.
No, I like it.
Iie, suki desu.
Michael, as for Sundays, always, what do you do?
Maikerusan, nichiyoobi wa, itsumo, nani o shimasu
ka.
As for sports, do you not do them?
Supootsu wa, shimasen ka.
I sleep leisurely.
Yukkuri nemasu. (yukkuri = slowly, taking time)
What kind of programs, meaning TV programs, do
you like? Use donna.
Donna bangumi ga suki desu ka. (donna = what kind
of) (in Singapore, the TV program is about banning
gum) (OK to substitute nan no for donna)
It's news. I watch CNNs news often.
Nyuusu desu. CNN no nyuusu o yoku mimasu.
(yoku = well; it also = often)
I danced for about an hour and a half.
Ichiji kan han gurai odorimashita. (from odoru)
In that case, you got a little tired, huh. Use sore ja.
Use sukoshi.

Sore ja, sukoshi tsukaremashita ne

It's Italian cooking.
Itaria ryoori desu. (Leo really likes my cooking)
But it was very pleasant.
Demo totemo tanoshikatta desu.
Lesson 5
As for drinks, what is good?
Nomimono wa nani ga ii desu ka
As for today, since its warm, I want to drink beer,
huh.
Kyoo wa atatakai kara, biiru ga nomitai desu ne.
(kara can mean because or since) (Use tai after a
verb stem to mean desire. Often the resulting
verb is followed by desu.) (biiru o, also OK)
I also, beer is good, meaning Ill also have beer.
Watashi mo, biiru ga ii desu.
As for sushi, what would you like to eat?
Sushi wa nani o tabetai desu ka. (nani ga, also OK)
Thats so huh, meaning let me see.
Soo desu ne.
As for me, fatty tuna.
Watashi wa, toro.
Well, as for me, shrimp is good. Plain speech. Use a
womans word for emphasis.
Jaa, watashi wa ebi ga ii wa. (wa is used by women
for emphasis)
Excuse me. Beer, 3 bottles.
Sumimasen. Biiru o sanbon. (use o after beer
because youre asking for it, so its an object; hon is
a counter for long thin objects like bottles, e.g.,
ippon, nihon, sanbon etc.)
And then, fatty tuna two and shrimp one I beg. Use
sore kara. Use Japanese counting numbers.
Sore kara, toro o futatsu to ebi o hitotsu onegai
shimasu. (Japanese numbers are used for counting
objects up to 10, e.g., hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu etc.)
It was a feast.
Gochisoo sama deshita. (this is a standard expression
said at the end of a meal)
No. Youre welcome.
Iie. Doo itashimashite.
How is it, as for Tokyo sushi?
Doo desu ka, tookyoo no sushi wa.
Yeah, it was very delicious. Use a womans word for
emphasis. Dont use desu.
Ee, totemo oishikatta wa.
Extremely, people are numerous, huh. Use hito. Use
ooi.
Zuibun hito ga ooi desu ne. (oozei means a crowd of
people; oozei is a noun, not an adjective; OK to
substitute oozei for ooi here)
Why is it?
Dooshite desu ka.
Its because today is the Friday after payday for sure.
Use dakara.
Lesson 5.

19

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Lesson 5. Kyoo wa kyuuryoobi no ato no kinyoobi
dakara desu yo. (dakara = desu kara; after an i
adjective, you may not use da, and you may not
use dakara after an i adjective either) (kyuuryoo =
salary; I use my salary to buy curios)
Shall we walk a little? Use sukoshi.
Sukoshi arukimashoo ka. (from aruku = to walk)
Its good, huh.
Ii desu ne.
By the way, now, what time is it?
Tokoro de, ima nanji desu ka.
Er ... Ah, its 10:10 for sure.
Eeto. Aa, juuji jippun desu yo. (juppun, also OK)
Is that so? As for New York, now, its morning huh.
Soo desu ka. Nyuuyooku wa, ima, asa desu ne.
Yeah. Its mornings about 8:00, huh.
Ee. Asa no hachiji goro desu ne.
In that case, because the parents are worried, for a
moment, I'd like to do a phone call at the hotel,
but ... Use sore ja. Use plain speech to say are
worried. Soften the last verb.
Sore ja, ryoshin ga shinpai shite iru kara, chotto
hoteru de denwa o shitain desu ga. (must use ga after
ryoshin because its in a subordinate clause)
(shinpai suru = to get worried; a shiny pie is a worry
pie)
Well, let's return to the hotel soon.
Ja, sugu hoteru ni kaerimashoo
As for you, where did you come from?
Anata wa doko kara kimashita ka.
As for me, its Tokyo.
Watashi wa tookyoo desu.
As for sushi what will you eat?
Sushi wa nani o tabemasu ka
As for me, its shrimp.
Watashi wa ebi desu.
As for me, fatty tuna.
Watashi wa toro.
As for the phone number, what number is it?
Denwa bango wa nanban desu ka. (ban = number,
turn)
03-3251-0479
Zero san no san ni go ichi no zero yon nana kyuu.
Please tell me.
Oshiete kudasai. (from oshieru = to teach, show or
tell)
Say, please tell me your home phone number.
Anoo, anata no uchi no denwa bango o oshiete
kudasai.
One bottle
Ippon (hon is used to count long slender objects)
Two bottles
Nihon
3 bottles
Sanbon
4 bottles

Yonhon
5 bottles
Gohon
6 bottles
Roppon
7 bottles. 2 responses
Shichihon, nanahon
8 bottles. 2 responses
Happon, hachihon
9 bottles
Kyuuhon
10 bottles. 2 responses
Juppon, jippon
How many bottles?
Nanbon
One object.
Hitotsu
2 objects
Futatsu
3 objects
Mittsu (cf. muttsu = 6)
4 objects
Yottsu
5 objects
Itsutsu
6 objects
Muttsu (cf. mittsu = 3)
7 objects
Nanatsu
8 objects
Yattsu
9 objects
Kokonotsu
10 objects
Too
How many objects?
Ikutsu
Yesterday, beer, how many bottles did you drink?
Kinoo biiru o nanbon nomimashita ka.
I drank 3 bottles.
Sanbon nomimashita.
Yesterday, sushi, how many did you eat?
Kinoo sushi o ikutsu tabemashita ka.
I ate 3 fatty tuna and 5 shrimp.
Toro o mittsu to ebi o itsutsu tabemashita. (ikutsu =
how many, how old; itsuka = 5th of the month;
itsutsu = five)
As for Barbara, she ate about 10.
Barbara wa too gurai tabemashita.
(You dont need to use the particles wo or ga after
objects if you follow them with numbers.)
Beer 3 bottles, please.
Biiru sanbon kudasai. (biiru o, also OK)
Beer 3 bottles exist.
Biiru sanbon arimasu. (biiru ga, also OK)
1990
Lesson 5.

20

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Lesson 5. Sen kyuu hyaku kyuu juu nen.
1990 (the 2nd year of the Heisei era)
Heisei ni nen.
January
Ichigatsu
February
Nigatsu
March
Sangatsu
April
Shigatsu
May
Gogatsu
June
Rokugatsu
July
Shichigatsu
August
Hachigatsu
September
Kugatsu
October
Juugatsu
November
Juuichigatsu
December
Juunigatsu
What year?
Nan nen
What month?
Nan gatsu
What day?
Nan nichi
First of the month
Tsuitachi
Second of the month
Futsuka
Third of the month
Mikka
Fourth of the month
Yokka (cf. yooka = 8th of the month)
Fifth of the month
Itsuka
Sixth of the month
Muika
Seventh of the month
Nanoka
Eighth of the month
Yooka (cf. yokka = 4th of the month)
Ninth of the month
Kokonoka
Tenth of the month
Tooka
Eleventh of the month
Juu ichi nichi
Twelfth of the month

Juu ni nichi
Fourteenth of the month
Juu yokka (after the 12th, the 14th, the 20th & the 24th
are the only exceptions, e.g. 13th = juu san nichi; 15th
= juu go nichi, 19th = juu ku nichi)
Twentieth of the month
Hatsuka
Twenty-fourth of the month
Nijuu yokka
When is your birthday?
Anata no tanjoobi wa itsu desu ka.
Its August 6th.
Hachi gatsu muika desu.
Sunday
Nichiyoobi
Monday
Getsuyoobi
Tuesday
Kayoobi
Wednesday
Suiyoobi
Thursday
Mokuyoobi
Friday
Kinyoobi
Saturday
Doyoobi
What day of the week?
Nanyoobi
What day of the week is March 10th?
San gatsu tooka wa nan yoobi desu ka.
Its Saturday.
Doyoobi desu.
The day before yesterday
Ototoi
Yesterday
Kinoo
Today
Kyoo
Tomorrow
Ashita
The day after tomorrow
Asatte
Last week
Senshuu
This week
Konshuu
Next week
Raishuu
The week after next.
Saraishuu
Last month
Sengetsu
This month
Kongetsu
Next month
Lesson 5.

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Lesson 5. Raigetsu
The month after next
Saraigetsu
The year before last
Ototoshi
Last year
Kyonen
This year
Kotoshi
Next year
Rainen
The year after next
Sarainen
We went to a sushi bar the day before yesterday.
Ototoi sushiya ni ikimashita.
We are going again this coming Saturday as well.
Kondo no doyoobi mo mata ikimasu.
We went to Disneyland last Sunday.
Kono mae no nichiyoobi ni dizuniilando ni
ikimashita.
We are going to go again on the 14th of next month.
Raigetsu no juuyokka ni mata ikimasu.
What month, day and day of the week is it today?
Kyoo wa nan gatsu nan nichi nan yoobi desu ka.
What day of the week was the Girl's (or Doll's)
Festival?
Hinamatsuri wa nan yoobi deshita ka. (hina = a type
of Japanese doll; matsuri = festival)
What will you do on next Sunday?
Kondo no nichiyoobi ni nani o shimasu ka.
Is it this Saturday?
Kondo no doyoobi desu ka.
What day (of the month) is Saturday of next week?
Raishuu no doyoobi wa nan nichi desu ka.
As for this years Christmas, what day of the week is
it?
Kotoshi no kurisumasu wa nan yoobi desu ka.
I write. Plain speech.
Kaku
I want to write. Plain speech.
Kakitai
I dont want to write. Plain speech.
Kakitakunai. (tai is inflected like an i adjective)
I wanted to write. Plain speech.
Kakitakatta. (the past form of tai is inflected like an i
adjective)
I want to eat sushi (2 different responses).
Sushi o tabetai desu. Sushi ga tabetai desu.
As for me, as for beer, I don't want to drink it.
Watashi wa biiru wa nomitaku arimasen
I want to drink juice (2 different responses).
Juusu o nomitai desu. Juusu ga nomitai desu.
Tomorrow, Id like to rest, but (soften this).
Meaning, Id like to be off.
Ashita yasumitain desu ga.
Hiroko, do you want to go to the mountains?

Hiroko san, yama ni ikitai desu ka.

No, I dont want to go.
Iie, ikitaku arimasen.
Hiroko, wont you go to the mountains?
Hiroko san, yama ni ikimasen ka.
Yeah, but a little bit, the circumstances are bad.
Soften this. Use chotto.
Ee, demo chotto tsugoo ga waruin desu.
An auxiliary verb that is combined w/ an adjective to
mean that another person seems to have certain
feelings.
Garu [Add garu to the stem of an i adjective (the
part remaining after removing the final i) or to a na
adjective. For example, if you add garu to the stem
of tabetai, you can say things like sushi o tabetagatte
imasu = he appears to want to eat sushi.]
Apparently, Tanaka wants to meet you, for sure.
Tanaka san ga anata ni aitagatte imasu yo. (Tanaka
san wa, also OK) (add garu to the stem of aitai)
What kind of music do you want to listen to?
Donna ongaku o kikitai desu ka. (ongaku ga, also
OK)
As for on next weeks Sunday, what kinds of things
would you like to do?
Raishuu no nichiyoobi ni wa donna koto o shitai desu
ka. (koto ga, also OK) (koto = intangible things or
facts, mono = tangible things)
Whom would you like to meet?
Dare ni aitai desu ka
At this years summer, what kinds of things would
you like to do?
Kotoshi no natsu ni donna koto o shitai desu ka.
(koto ga, also OK)
What kinds of sports would you like to play?
Donna supootsu o shitai desu ka. (supootsu ga, also
OK)
Where would you like to travel?
Doko ni ryokoo shitai desu ka
What kinds of books would you like to read?
Donna hon ga yomitai desu ka. (hon o, also OK)
Will you go to school tomorrow? (plain speech)
Ashita gakkoo e iku
I will write a letter. 2 responses. In this lesson, when
2 responses are requested, use plain speech & then
polite speech.
Tegami o kaku. Tegami o kakimasu.
I won't write a letter. 2 responses.
Tegami o kakanai. Tegami o kakimasen.
I wrote a letter. 2 responses.
Tegami o kaita. Tegami o kakimashita.
I didn't write a letter.. 2 responses.
Tegami o kakanakatta. Tegami o kakimasen deshita.
I will eat rice. Plain form.
Gohan o taberu.
I won't eat rice. Plain form.
Gohan o tabenai.
Lesson 5.

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Lesson 5. I ate rice. Plain form.
Gohan o tabeta.
I didn't eat rice. Plain form.
Gohan o tabenakatta.
I will buy some water. Plain form.
Mizu o kau
I won't buy some water. Plain form.
Mizu o kawanai. (w/ verbs ending in u, remove u
and add w before negative endings)
I bought some water. Plain form.
Mizu o katta
I didn't buy some water. Plain form.
Mizu o kawanakatta
Leo will come. Plain form. Dont use san after Leo
in the next 4 responses.
Leo ga kuru.
Leo will not come. Plain form.
Leo ga konai.
Leo came. Plain form.
Leo ga kita.
Leo didn't come. Plain form.
Leo ga konakatta.
I will do that. Plain form.
Sore o suru
I will not do that. Plain form.
Sore o shinai.
I did that. Plain form.
Sore o shita.
I didn't do that. Plain form.
Sore o shinakatta
I will go. (plain form)
Iku
I won't go. (plain form)
Ikanai
I went. (plain form)
Itta
I didn't go. (plain form)
Ikanakatta
She is young.
Kanojo wa wakai desu.
She isn't young. 2 responses. Dont use desu.
Kanojo wa wakakunai. Kanojo wa wakaku arimasen.
She was young. 2 responses, with & without desu.
Kanojo wa wakakatta. Kanojo wa wakakatta desu.
(wakai deshita, not OK)
She wasn't young. 2 responses.
Kanojo wa wakakunakatta. Kanojo wa wakaku
arimasen deshita
He is healthy. 2 responses.
Kare wa genki da. Kare wa genki desu.
He was healthy. 2 responses.
Kare wa genki datta. Kare wa genki deshita.
He is not healthy. 2 responses.
Kare wa genki ja nai. Kare wa genki ja arimasen. (ja
nai desu, also OK; ja arimasen desu, not OK)
He was not healthy. 2 responses.

Kare wa genki ja nakatta. Kare wa genki ja arimasen

deshita.
That person is a male. (plain speech)
Sono hito wa otoko da.
That person was a male. (plain speech)
Sono hito wa otoko datta.
That person is not a male. (plain speech)
Sono hito wa otoko ja nai.
That person was not a male. (plain speech)
Sono hito wa otoko ja nakatta.
Tomoko will talk. For the next section of about 35
responses, dont use san after names. Also, use plain
speech.
Tomoko ga hanasu.
Tomoko will not talk.
Tomoko ga hanasanai.
Tomoko talked.
Tomoko ga hanashita.
Tomoko didn't talk.
Tomoko ga hanasanakatta
Keiko will say so.
Keiko ga soo iu.
Keiko won't say so.
Keiko ga soo iwanai.
Keiko said so.
Keiko ga soo iita
Keiko didn't say so.
Keiko ga soo iwanakatta.
Leo will wait.
Leo san ga matsu.
Leo won't wait.
Leo san ga matanai.
Leo waited.
Leo ga matta.
Leo didn't wait.
Leo ga matanakatta.
Yoko will drink.
Yoko ga nomu.
Yoko won't drink.
Yoko ga nomanai.
Yoko drank.
Yoko ga nonda.
Yoko didn't drink.
Yoko ga nomanakatta.
John will sing.
John ga utau.
John won't sing.
John ga utawanai.
John sang.
John ga utatta.
John didn't sing.
John ga utawanakatta.
Bob will understand.
Bob ga wakaru.
Bob won't understand.
Bob ga wakaranai.
Lesson 5.

23

24
Lesson 5.
Bob understood.
Bob ga wakatta.
Bob didn't understand.
Bob ga wakaranakatta.
Junko will eat.
Junko ga taberu.
Junko won't eat.
Junko ga tabenai.
Junko ate.
Junko ga tabeta.
Junko didn't eat.
Junko ga tabenakatta.
I'll put it in a box.
Hako ni ireru.
I won't put it in a box.
Hako ni irenai.
I put it in a box.
Hako ni ireta.
I didn't put it in a box.
Hako ni irenakatta.
The baby will be born
Akachan ga umareru.
The baby won't be born.
Akachan ga umarenai.
The baby was born.
Akachan ga umareta.
The baby wasn't born.
Akachan ga umarenakatta.
Because. (2 different responses, the first is used
more for objective reasons, the second more to
express personal opinions)
Node, kara
A word used before node which replaces da
Na (cannot use da or desu before node;
ii tenki da node is incorrect; must say ii tenki na
node)
Since good weather is, let's go to the park. 2
responses, using dakara and node.
Ii tenki dakara kooen e ikimashoo. Ii tenki na node,
kooen e ikimashoo.
Because the view was pretty, we took a picture. Use
keshiki. Use plain speech in the 1st clause. Use kara.
Keshiki ga kirei datta kara shashin o torimashita.
(datta node is OK) (keshiki; shiki = 4 seasons; as I
look at this view, I say que [what a in Spanish]
shiki!)
As for heres sushi, since delicious, let's eat here.
Use kara.
Koko no sushi wa oishii kara koko de tabemashoo.
(node is OK) (koko wa sushi ga oishii node, or kara,
is OK; koko ni tabemashoo, not OK)
Let's eat here. Because heres sushi delicious. Dont
use desu. Use kara.
Koko de tabemashoo. Koko no sushi wa oishii kara.
(node is OK)
Since it's hot, please open the window. Use node.

Atsui node mado o akete kudasai. (atsui na node, not

OK; dont use da or na after an i adjective) (kara is
OK, don't use atsukute because you cant use te to
mean since when you're calling for action)
Because I'm a student, there isnt much money. Use
node.
Gakusei na node amari okane ga arimasen. (dakara is
OK, instead of na node) (wa is OK but ga is better)
(okane ga amari arimasen, also OK)
Because the streets were crowded, I was delayed.
Use node.
Michi ga konde ita node okuremashita. (OK to omit
ita node) cf. okurimashita = sent it.
Why didn't you eat that fish?
Dooshite sono sakana o tabemasen deshita ka
It's because it wasn't very delicious. Use plain speech
to say it wasnt very delicious. Use kara.
Amari oishikunakatta kara desu. (OK to say amari
oishiku arimasen deshita kara desu, or amari oishiku
arimasen deshita node; cannot say node desu, but
its OK to say kara desu)
Yesterday you didn't come to the company, huh.
Why is it? Use naze.
Kinoo kaisha ni kimasen deshita ne. Naze desu ka.
(OK to say dooshite desu ka) (naze and dooshite
both mean why?)
It's because I caught a cold. Use plain speech to say
I caught a cold. Use kara.
Kaze o hiita kara desu. (OK to say kaze o hiita node
cannot say node desu)
Why were you delayed?
Dooshite okuremashita ka
Excuse me. Because the streets were crowded. Use
node. Plain speech. Note that although you can
say kara desu, you can never say node desu.
Sumimasen. Michi ga konde ita node. (OK to say
michi ga konde ita kara, or michi ga konde ita kara
desu)
Because I got tired, already I'm going to bed. Use
plain speech to say I got tired. 2 different responses,
using kara and node.
Tsukareta kara/node moo nemasu. (not OK to say
tsukareta de moo nemasu) cf. tsukureta = I made
something.
As for today, I'm sleepy.
Kyoo wa nemui desu
Because I want to buy a TV, I'm going to Akihabara.
Use node.
Terebi o kaitai node akihabara e ikimasu. (not OK to
say terebi o kaitai de ...) (terebi ga kaitai node, not
wrong, but sounds strange, since it seems that the TV
is wanting to buy; watashi wa terebi ga kaitai, OK)
Tsuchida's diary
Tsuchida san no nikki
I went to a sushi place. (plain speech)
Sushiya e itta.
Lesson 5.

24

25
Lesson 5.
Its because Michael also Barbara also
like sushi. Use dakara. Plain speech.
Maikeru san mo baabara san mo sushi ga suki dakara
da. (cannot say ... suki na node da)
We ate a lot. (plain speech)
Takusan tabeta.
We also drank beer. (plain speech)
Biiru mo nonda.
It was very delicious. (plain speech) Dont use desu.
Totemo oishikatta.
Because the parents are worried, we called on the
phone. Use node. Plain speech.
Ryooshin ga shinpai shite iru node denwa o kaketa.
(cannot say just ... shinpai shite itte ... shite itta
node is OK)
It was about 10 o'clock. (plain speech)
Juuji goro datta.
Because I forgot the receipt, I went to the sushi place
once again. (plain speech) Use node.
Ryooshuusho o wasureta node, moo ichido sushiya e
itta. (a receipt for Leos shoes)
Because it is (or was) night, as for this time, it was
uncrowded. (plain speech); use node.
Yoru na node kondo wa suite ita. (OK to say yoru
datta kara, or yoru dakara)
Because I got hungry, I ate a little
more there. Plain speech. Use node.
Onaka ga suita node, moo sukoshi soko de tabeta.
It was expensive. (plain speech) Dont use desu.
Takakatta.
As for Tsuchida, why did he return to the sushi
place? Use dooshite. Use modoru.
Tsuchida san wa dooshite sushiya e modorimashita
ka.
Lesson 6
Webb, as for the work, how was it?
Uebbusan, shigoto wa, doo deshita ka.
Its my first day, so I got a little tired. Use saisho.
Use dakara. Use chotto.
Saisho no hi dakara, chotto tsukaremashita
But it was interesting for sure.
Demo, omoshirokatta desu yo.
As for the offices people, how are they? Use ofisu.
Use hito.
Ofisu no hito wa doo desu ka
Yeah, all of them were kind and cheerful people.
Dont use wa or ga. Use de to mean and. Use
hitotachi.
Eh, minna shinsetsu de, akarui hitotachi deshita.
(don't use subete or zenbu with people unless
followed by no, e.g. subete no hito) (tachi is a
suffix used to make a noun plural; however, hito
by itself can mean either person or people)
As for that, it was good, huh.
Sore wa, yokatta desu ne.

Besides, young and pretty women, a lot exist, right?

Use de or te to mean and.
Sore ni, wakakute kireina onna no hito ga takusan
imasu ne.
Thats probably so.
Soo deshoo.
But, as for to Barbara, it's a secret for sure.
Demo baabara ni wa himitsu desu yo. (its a secret
that he meets you)
By the way, as for tomorrow, its vacation huh.
Tokoro de, ashita wa, yasumi desu ne.
As for Michael, what will you do?
Maikerusan wa, nani o shimasu ka.
Yeah, I will go to a Ginzas department store.
Ee, ginza no depaato e ikimasu.
Since we will move to an apartment, various things
are needed, for sure. Use plain speech to say we will
move. Use node. Soften the last verb.
Apaato e hikkosu node, iroiro na mono ga irun desu
yo. (iru can mean to need or to exist; use ga w/ iru)
(mono = tangible thing; koto = intangible thing)
You didn't bring them from America, eh? Soften this.
America kara motte konakattan desu ne. (motte
kuru = to bring; motte iku = to take)
That, we did bring, but since Barbara new ones seems
to be wanting thing it is. Use sono to mean that.
Soften the word bring. Barbara is the subject. Use
no to make the noun phrase new ones. Use
hoshigatte iru to mean seems to be wanting. Use
mono to mean thing.
Sono ... motte kitan desu ga, baabara ga atarashii no
o hoshigatte iru mono desu kara. (sono here means
well...) (baabara wa, also OK) (to make a noun
phrase with an i adjective, add no to the adjective,
e.g. atarashii no = the new one; with a na
adjective, add no after na, e.g. shizuka na no = the
quiet one; with a verb, add no to the verb, e.g.,
katta no = the purchased one) (the verb hoshii is
typically preceded by ga, but the verb hoshigaru, to
appear to desire, is preceded by wo) (in addition to
meaning tangible thing, mono has other idiomatic
meanings; here it means something like because
and suggests an emotional component to Michaels
complaint)
Clerk. Welcome.
Tenin. Irasshaimase.
I desire these white sheets, but as for a larger size,
doesnt it exist? Use n soften the first verb. Use no
to soften word size.
Kono shiroi shiitsu ga hoshiin desu ga, motto ookii
saizu no wa arimasen ka. (no is to soften, OK to
omit)
Its a big one, huh. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Ookii no desu ne. (meaning, you want a big one, huh)
Please honorably wait a moment.
Chotto omachi kudasai. (to form
Lesson 6.

25

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Lesson 6.
an honorific form of a verb request,
in order to ask someone to do something in
business or official situations, put o before the
verb stem and follow the verb stem with kudasai)
This is the largest size. Use nan to soften this.
Kore ga ichiban ookii saizu nan desu. (ichiban = #1;
ichiban ookii = the biggest)
Is that so? Well, its fine. Use kekkoo to mean fine
in polite speech.
Soo desu ka. Ja, kekkoo desu. (use daijoobu to mean
fine in more informal speech)
Thanks a lot.
Doomo arigatoo.
I desire an iron, but what kind of things exist? Soften
the first clause. Use mono.
Airon ga hoshiin desu ga, donna mono ga arimasu ka
Yes. Various exist. Go ahead, honorably look please.
Hai, iroiro arimasu. Doozo goran kudasai. (goran =
polite word meaning honorably look)
As for that iron, how much is it?
Sono airon wa, ikura desu ka.
Its 15,000 yen.
Ichiman gosenyen desu.
Its a little expensive, huh.
Chotto takai desu ne.
As for a little more cheap and light one, doesnt it
exist? Use no to make a noun phrase.
Moo sukoshi yasukute karui no wa arimasen ka.
(karui = light; Caruso had a light voice)
Well then, as for this type, how is it? Use sore de wa.
Use konna to mean this type. Use no with this
adverb to make a noun phrase. Use a polite word for
how.
Sore de wa, konna no wa ikaga desu ka. (sore de wa
= sore ja = well then, in that case) (OK to
substitute konna mono for konna no)
(ikaga = polite version of doo = why?)
As for this one, its light and durable.
Kore wa karukute joobu desu.
The honorable price also isn't very expensive. Use
nedan. Use amari.
Onedan mo amari takaku arimasen.
Well, with this is fine.
Ja, kore de kekkoo desu.
This one please.
Kore o kudasai.
Yes. Thank you a lot.
Hai. Arigatoo gozaimasu.
As for Michaels first days work, how was it?
Maikerusan no saisho no hi no shigoto wa, doo
deshita ka. (saisho = first, saigo = end; the side show
comes first; Saigon was at the end of the trip)
As for the offices people, how were they? Use hito.
Ofisu no hito wa, doo deshita ka.
Why did you take off from the company yesterday?
Soften this.

Dooshite kinoo kaisha o yasundan desu ka.

(yasumimashita = yasunda) (yasumitan, not OK; no
such word)
The wife was sick. Soften this.
Kanai ga byooki dattan desu. (if you soften a verb,
you must always use the plain speech form of the
verb and follow it with desu [or sometimes da])
Work didnt finish. Soften this.
Shigoto ga owaranakattan desu
Colloquial word that replaces naze.
Nan de
How come you study so much? Soften this.
Nande sonna ni benkyoo surun desu ka
It's because there's a test tomorrow. Use tesuto. Use
plain speech with desu.
Ashita testo ga aru kara desu. (generally speaking,
use plain speech in subordinate clauses)
Its a test tomorrow. Use nan to soften this.
Ashita testo nan desu
Isn't this your hat? Use plain speech to say isnt
this and soften this phrase.
Kore wa anata no booshi ja nain desu ka
What's the matter? Soften this.
Doo shitan desu ka
The head hurts. Soften this.
Atama ga itain desu
You're doing some difficult kanji, huh. Soften this.
Muzukashii kanji o shite irun desu ne
I consulted on a dictionary. (2 responses, one normal
and one implying an explanation, meaning, for the 2nd
response, soften it)
Jisho o hikimashita. Jisho o hiitan desu. (hiku = to
pull, consult) (cf. hikkosu = to move)
Why were you delayed? Soften this.
Dooshite okuretan desu ka
The streets were crowded. (2 responses, one normal
and one implying an explanation)
Michi ga konde imashita. Michi ga konde ittan desu.
(cannot say konde desu or konde dattan, cannot say
konde iru dattan)
Why will you not come to school tomorrow? Use
naze. Soften this.
Naze ashita gakkoo ni konain desu ka
My father is coming from the hometown. Use kuni
to mean hometown. (2 responses, one normal and
one implying an explanation)
Kuni kara chichi ga kimasu. Kuni kara chichi ga
kurun desu. (OK to substitute inaka for kuni)
Why didn't you buy it? Soften this.
Dooshite kawanakkatan desu ka
It was expensive. (2 responses, one normal and one
implying an explanation)
Takakatta desu. Takakattan desu.
As for Japanese language study, its difficult. But its
very pleasant. Use demo.
Nihongo no benkyoo wa, muzukashii
Lesson 6.

26

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Lesson 6. desu. Demo, totemo tanoshii desu.
(demo is used only at the beginning of a sentence)
As for this iron, cheap, but its very durable. Dont
use desu. Use kedo.
Kono airon wa yasui kedo totemo joobu desu. (yasui
desu kedo, not OK)
Tokyo is interesting. But the prices are high, huh.
Use bukka. Use keredomo.
Tookyoo wa omoshiroi desu. Keredomo, bukka ga
takai desu ne. (bukka wa, also OK) (Tookyoo ga,
not OK, unless you are specifically contrasting
Tokyo with another place)
I waited until 10:00. However, as for Tanaka, he
didnt come. Use shikashi.
Juuji made machimashita. Shikashi, Tanakasan wa
kimasen deshita. (shikashi is used only at the
beginning of a sentence) (shikashi is bookish)
As for me, I like sushi, but, as for Smith, he dislikes
it.
Watashi wa sushi ga suki desu ga, sumisusan wa kirai
desu.
I watched it, but it wasn't interesting. Use keredo.
Plain speech. Use desu.
Mimashita keredo omishorokunakatta desu.
It wasn't delicious. Plain speech. Dont use desu.
Oishikunakatta.
The room is spacious but ... (the word but changes
the word room to a topic)
Heya wa hiroi desu ga ...(but sometimes you may say
heya ga hiroi desu ga, depending on the meaning)
I drink coffee but ... (the word but changes the word
coffee to a topic)
Koohii wa nomimasu ga ... (but sometimes you may
say koohii o nomimasu ga, depending on the
meaning)
I will go to France, but I will not go to Germany.
Furansu ni wa ikimasu ga, doitsu ni wa ikimasen.
(use wa twice because youre comparing contrasted
elements)
In Japan he's famous, but in the U.S. he's not famous.
Nihon de wa yuumei desu ga, amerika de wa yuumei
ja arimasen. (generally, use de with desu, e.g. with
yumei desu or natsu desu; this actually means of
Japan, hes famous...; in Japan doesnt make sense
in Japanese when talking about concepts like famous)
When you are juxtaposing two verbs in one
sentence and want to insert the term and
between them, which form of the first verb should
you use?
The te or de form.
When you want to insert the term and after an i
adjective, remove the final i and add
Kute
Its spacious and well-lighted.
Hirokute akarui desu.
They're clean and very convenient. In the next 2

responses, use de to mean and.

Kirei de totemo benri desu.
Michael is an American and a company employee.
Maikeru san wa amerika jin de kaishain desu. (here
de means both desu and and)
As for at Tanaka's home, a Cadillac and a Benz exist,
and two honorable maids exist. Use te between the 2
clauses to mean and.
Tanaka san no uchi ni wa, kyadelakku to bentsu ga
atte, otetsudai san ga futari imasu.
As for my company the pay good. Moreover
vacation also, a lot, exists. Plain speech.
Watashi no kaisha wa kyuuryoo ga ii. Sore ni yasumi
mo takusan aru.
The subways are crowded but they are convenient.
Use keredo. (note: don't use the te or de form to
combine two contrasting expressions)
Chikatetsu wa konde iru keredo, benri desu.
As for these sheets, they are white and big.
Kono shiitsu wa shirokute ookii desu.
One person
Hitori
Two people
Futari
Three people
San nin.
Four people
Yo nin (yonnin, also OK)
Five people
Go nin
10 people
Juu nin
1,000 people
Sen nin
How many people?
Nan nin?
One animal or insect
Ippiki
2 animals or insects
Nihiki (animals can give you hickeys)
3 animals or insects
Sanbiki
2 dogs exist
Inu ga nihiki imasu.
Please show me some white sheets.
Shiroi shiitsu o misete kudasai.
Blue ones exist, but white ones dont exist. Use no to
make noun phrases.
Aoi no wa arimasu ga, shiroi no wa arimasen.
Please go ahead and take the ones you like. Use no
to make a noun phrase.
Doozo suki na no o totte kudasai. (suki is used as a
na adjective)
As for this, whose car is it?
Kore wa, dare no kuruma desu ka.
It's mine. I bought it yesterday.
Lesson 6.

27

28
Lesson 6.
Soften this.
Watashi no desu. Kinoo kattan desu.
Barbara's suitcase exists, but Michael's doesnt exist.
Baabara san no suutsukeesu wa arimasu ga, maikeru
san no wa arimasen. (use wa with contrasting
expressions)
I'll drink the French one.
Furansu no o nomimasu.
This briefcase is Barbara's.
Kono kaban wa baabara san no desu. (use wa rather
than ga because kono already makes it specific)
Excuse me, please show me a scarf.
Sumimasen. Mafura o misete kudasai.
A plain one exists, but a loud one doesnt exist.
Jimi na no wa arimasu ga, hade na no wa arimasen.
(Jimmy Carter is plain; Hades is loud)
Something is fine. Something is understood in the
next 3 responses. Use the polite word kekkoo.
De kekkoo desu
Is something all right? Use the somewhat less polite
word ii.
De ii desu ka
Is something all right? Use the polite word yoroshii.
De yoroshii desu ka. (de kekkoo desu ka, also OK)
Now this size only it is, but .. Soften this using nan.
Meaning, now this is the only size we have, but...
Ima kono saizu dake nan desu ga.
Well, that will be all right. Use ii to mean all right
unless otherwise stated.
Ja, sore de ii desu.
The meeting, when shall we do? Will Thursday be
all right? Use yoroshii.
Kaigi o itsu shimashoo ka. Mokuyoobi de yoroshii
desu ka.
Yeah, that will be fine. Use kekkoo.
Ee, sore de kekkoo desu.
Now, as for neckties, we have red ones and blue ones,
but other ones dont exist. Use no 3 times to make
noun clauses. Soften the last clause.
Ima, nekutai wa, akai no to aoi no wa arimasu ga,
hoka no wa nain desu. (not OK to substitute betsu
for hoka here; hoka means something other than
but betsu means something different or
something classified differently)
I'd like to do a meeting, but is the 10th all right?
Soften the 1st clause.
Kaigi o shitain desu ga, tooka de ii desu ka.
As for drinks, what is good?
Nomimono wa nani ga ii desu ka.
Would sukiyaki be all right?
Sukiyaki de ii desu ka.
Since there are two tangerines, go ahead with one.
Dont use wo after the word one.
Mikan ga futatsu arimasu kara, hitotsu doozo. (use
ga because you're using kara, i.e., its a subordinate
clause)

As for me, because good with the small one, you

please eat the big one. You is the subject.
Watashi wa chiisai no de ii kara, anata ga ookii no o
tabete kudasai. (anata wa also OK)
Sunday circumstances are good, but, as for Saturdays,
its work. Sunday is the subject. Soften this with n
and nan.
Nichiyoobi ga tsugoo ga iin desu ga, doyoobi wa
shigoto nan desu. (nichiyoobi wa is also OK, but ga
is more specific; doyoobi wa implies that I always
work on Saturdays)
Sumos tickets exist, but, as for me, because I don't
like it much, go ahead (i.e., take them). Soften the 1st
clause. Use node. Plain speech.
Sumoo no kippu ga arun desu ga, watashi wa amari
suki ja nai node, doozo.
There are some for the 17th and some for the 18th.
Juu shichi nichi no to juu hachi nichi no ga arimasu.
(OK to substitute wa for ga, but ga sounds better)
Since I'm going to Osaka on the 17th, I'll be good with
the ones for the 18th. Plain speech. Use na as an
intensifier.
Juu shichi nichi ni oosaka ni iku kara, juu hachi nichi
no de ii na.
This, how much, meaning, how much does it cost?
(plain speech)
Kore ikura
This, how much is it?
Kore, ikura desu ka.
It's 1000 yen (formal speech)
Sen en de gozaimasu. (de gozaimasu = a very polite
form of desu; gozaimasu = polite form of arimasu)
As for these pencils, of four, they are 200 yen. Use
de to mean of.
Kono enpitsu wa yonhon de nihyaku en desu.
As for a larger one, doesnt it exist?
Motto okii no wa arimasen ka
A little cheaper one would be good, but. Cheaper
one is the subject. Soften the word good. Use kedo.
Moo sukoshi yasui no ga iin desu kedo ...
I desire a little lighter one, but ... Soften this
statement. Use kedo.
Moo sukoshi karui no ga hoshiin desu kedo
This please, meaning Id like this one.
Kore o kudasai.
With this will be fine. (two responses, using ii and
kekkoo)
Kore de ii desu. Kore de kekkoo desu.
I want this one. Literally, this one is good.
Kore ga ii desu. (use ga when choosing from a
group; use wa if all are good) (Kore ni shimasu, also
OK)
Well, I'll decide on this.
Ja, sore ni shimasu. (ni suru = to decide)
No, thank you. (literally, no, its fine)
Iie, kekkoo desu.
Lesson 6.

28

29
Lesson 6. Well, I don't need it.
Jaa, irimasen
Well, again, at next time, Ill do it.
Ja, mata kondo ni shimasu. (not OK to omit ni)
As for this apple, how much is it, meaning how much
does it cost?
Kono ringo wa, ikura desu ka.
It's 150 yen each.
Hitotsu hyaku go ju en desu
It's a little expensive, huh? As for this ways one?
Use chotto. Use a short form of this way.
Chotto takai desu ne. Kotchi no wa. (put the accent
on chi in kotchi)
As for that, one, its 1000 yen, meaning its 1000 yen
apiece.
Sore wa, hitotsu, sen yen desu.
Well, those, five please, meaning please give me five.
And then, tangerines, a pile please. Use sore kara.
Jaa sore o itsutsu kudasai. Sore kara mikan o
hitoyama kudasai. (yama = counter for piles or heaps;
yama also = mountain)
Thank you a lot. Altogether, its 1000 yen.
Arigatoo gozaimasu. Zenbu de, sen yen desu.
Michael's diary
Maikeru no nikki
As for today, with Barbara, together, we went to a
Ginzas department store. Use plain speech for all of
the entries in Michaels diary.
Kyoo wa, baabara to, issho ni, ginza no depaato ni
itta.
It was a large and pretty department store. Use ookii.
Ookikute kireina depaato datta.
Besides, the clerks also were kind.
Sore ni, tenin mo shinsetsu datta.
However, as for the prices, they were high. Use
keredomo. Use nedan.
Keredomo, nedan wa takakatta. (ga is also OK)
(bukka, not OK, means prices in general) (keredo
also OK, but not as good to start a sentence)
As for Barbara, she bought an 11,000-yen Japanesemade iron.
Baabara wa ichiman issen en no nihonsei no airon o
katta.
The iron is light and durable, but its a little small.
Use sukoshi. Use da in the 1st clause, but dont use
da or desu in the 2nd clause.
Airon wa karukute joobu da ga, sukoshi chiisai.
It pleases me.
Ki ni iru. (Im keen on it.)
It can't be helped.
Shikata ga nai.
A little larger one was good, but because Barbara was
pleased, it can't be helped. Use no to soften the
phrase, Barbara was pleased. Use dakara. There
are 3 subjects in this sentence.
Moo sukoshi ookii no ga yokatta ga, baabara ga, ki ni

itta no dakara, shikata ga nai.

At the return, because a small store existed, I also
entered. Use a mans word for I. Use node.
Kaeri ni chiisai mise ga atta node, boku mo haitta.
(in some cases, you can form a noun from the stem
form, i.e., the pre-masu form, of a verb; e.g., kaeri
= the return, derives from kaerimasu = to return)
In a tight place, because people, a lot, existed, it was
crowded. Use takusan. Use node. Plain speech.
Semai tokoro ni, hito ga takusan ita node, konde ita.
(hito ga oozei is also OK) (semai tokoro de, not OK;
use ni with iru & ita)
The clerks were not very kind, but it was super cheap.
Use de wa rather than ja. Dont use desu.
Tenin wa amari shinsetsu dewa nakatta ga, sugoku
yasukatta. (tenin wa implies more than one clerk)
Lesson 7
As for tomorrow, Im planning to go for the purpose
of alien registration, but ... Use nan to soften this.
Ashita wa gaikokujin tooroku ni ikutsumori nan desu
ga (tooroku = registration; registration is held from
too to roku [10 to 6])
Are you knowing the registrations place? Use
basho.
Tooroku no basho o shitte imasu ka. (we held a bash
at the place)
Yeah, its the Minato wards ward office, right?
Eh, Minatoku no kuyakusho desu ne. (yakusho =
public office; hold a yak show at the public office)
Have you ever gone?
Itta koto ga arimasu ka. (itta koto ga aru = have
ever gone)
No, I havent. Plain speech. Soften this.
Iie, nain desu.
As for tomorrow, since its Saturday, its until 12
oclock, for sure. Use dakara.
Ashita wa dooyobi dakara, juuni ji made desu yo.
It might be crowded, for sure.
Konde iru kamoshiremasen yo. (kamoshiremasen =
kamoshirenai = theres a chance that)
Greatly, will I probably wait? Use daibu.
Daibu, matsu deshoo ka.
Since you will wait probably , it would be better to
leave home early, huh
Matsu deshoo kara, hayaku uchi o deta hoo ga ii desu
ne.
By the way, as for transportation, would the subway
probably be good, or would the bus probably be
good?
Tokoro de, norimono wa, chikatetsu ga ii deshoo ka,
soretomo basu ga ii deshoo ka. (OK to substitute no
hoo ga for ga, or basu de no hoo ga) (not OK to
substitute wa for the 2 gas in this sentence)
As for by subway, not to go would probably be better.
Chikatetsu de wa ikanai hoo ga ii
Lesson 7.

29

30
Lesson 7.
deshoo. (OK to omit wa, which is
used only in negative constructions, e.g., cannot say
chikatetsu de wa itta hoo ga)
The subway is a little inconvenient, for sure. Use
sukoshi. Use nan to soften this.
Chikatetsu wa sukoshi fuben nan desu yo.
After leaving the station, it will take about 10
minutes walking. Emphasize that the 2nd action
follows the 1st by using both the te form and kara.
Eki o dete kara, aruite jippun gurai kakarimasu.
(juupun, also OK)
As for alien registration, did it finish?
Gaikokujin tooroku wa owarimashita ka.
That, to tell the truth, not yet. That is the subject.
Use nan to soften this.
Sore ga jitsu wa, mada nan desu.
Eh! How question did it do? Meaning, what
happened? Soften this.
Eh, dooka shitan desu ka. (dooka = somehow; can
also mean please, e.g. dooka tetsudatte kudasai =
please help me, please; dooka ki o tsukete, please be
careful; iku kadooka = whether or not Ill go; dooka
to omou = questionable I think) (cf. dooshitan desu
ka = whats going on?, with a similar meaning)
I went, but since it was very crowded, I couldnt do it.
Soften this twice. Use node.
Ittan desu ga, totemo konde ita node, dekinakattan
desu.
At what time did you leave the house? Soften this.
Ie o nanji ni detan desu ka.
The following sentence is divided into 2 parts. Part 1.
That, I planned to leave at 9 oclock, but since it was
raining... That is the subject. Soften the phrase I
planned to leave. Use node. Plain speech.
Sore ga, kuji ni derutsumori dattan desu ga, ame ga
futte ita node ...
Part 2. I wait until it will stop, and I left about 10
oclock. Use yamu. Soften the verb I left. Plain
speech.
Yamu made matte, juuji goro detan desu. (yamu =
stop, intransitive; the cows stop eating yams)
At then, as for to the ward office, at what time did
you arrive? Use sore de.
Sore de, kuyakusho ni wa nanji ni tsukimashita ka.
It was following 11 oclock. Soften this.
Juu ichi ji tsugi dattan desu.
Therefore, on the Saturday the week after next, I plan
to go one more time. Use desu kara.
Desu kara, sarai shuu no doyoobi ni, moo ichido
ikutsumori desu. (mata ichido, also OK, but sounds a
little strange)
The Saturday on the week after next is a national
holiday, for sure.
Sarai shuu no doyoobi wa shukujitsu desu yo. (on
national holidays we practice a shucks form of
jiujitsu; cf. kyuujitsu = national holiday; on holidays,

we practice a cool form of jiujitsu)

I didnt know.
Shirimasen deshita.
Inconvenienced. Plain speech. Use an intensifier.
Komatta naa. (from komaru, to be in a fix, to be
perplexed, naa used at the end of a sentence is an
intensifier)
Tomorrow morning, it would be better
to take time off from the company and go, for sure.
Ashita no asa, kaisha o yasunde itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
Surely it will probably be uncrowded.
Kitto suite iru deshoo. (suku = thin out, be
transparent)
In that case, morning, after going to the ward office,
Ill come to the company. Use sore jaa. Use te kara.
Sore jaa, asa, kuyakusho ni itte kara, kaisha ni
kimasu.
Why is it better not to go by subway? Use no to
soften this.
Dooshite chikatetsu de ikanai hoo ga ii no desu ka.
Why, as for Michael, was the alien registration not
able to be accomplished? Soften this.
Dooshite Maikeru san wa gaikokujin tooroku ga
dekinattan desu ka. (dekimasen deshita ka, also OK)
Until what time will you be at the company?
Nanji made kaisha ni imasu ka.
Ill be there until this work will finish. There is
understood.
Kono shigoto ga owaru made imasu.
Lets wait until the rain stops.
Ame ga yamu made machimashoo.
As for the New York parents, until I call on the
phone, they were worried. I is the subject.
Nyuuyooku no ryoshin wa, watashi ga denwa o
kakeru made, shinpai shite imashita. (cannot say
watashi wa, since it's in a subordinate clause)
Until when will you wait?
Itsu made machimasu ka.
Ill wait until the friend comes.
Tomodachi ga kuru made machimasu.
Until when will you rest the company? (meaning,
take time off)
Itsu made kaisha o yasumimasu ka.
Until the illness heals, I will rest the company.
Byooki ga naoru made kaisha o yasumimasu.
As for the rain, until when will it precipitate?
Ame wa itsu made furimasu ka. (ame ga, not OK;
too specific here; but ame ga furimasu, by itself, is
OK)
It will precipitate until tomorrow morning.
Ashita no asa made furimasu.
Until when will you be in Japan?
Itsu made Nihon ni imasu ka.
Until I graduate the university, I will be.
Daigaku o sotsugyoo suru made imasu. (sot, sue,
geo; a sot, Sue graduated in
Lesson 7.

30

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Lesson 7.
geography)
Until when will you labor?
Itsu made hatarakimasu ka.
Until the child is born.
Kodomo ga umareru made.
Until when will you study Japanese?
Itsu made nihongo o benkyoo shimasu ka.
Until kanji a lot I memorize.
Kanji o takusan oboeru made.
Until I arrive at the summit, I will walk for 2 hours.
Choojoo ni tsuku made ni ji kan arukimasu.
(Margaret Cho and Joe at the summit) (not OK to
say choojoo made tsuku made, use ni with tsuku)
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Sushi o tabeta koto ga arimasu ka.
No, I havent eaten it yet.
Iie, mada tabeta koto wa arimasen. (ga, also OK)
German Ive studied, but French I havent.
Doitsugo wa benkyoo shita koto ga arimasu ga,
furansugo wa arimasen. (use wa for contrasting
expressions)
Have you ever met Tanaka? Colloquial speech. To
form this expression, use plain speech. Dont use wa,
ga or ka.
Tanaka san ni atta koto aru.
I can do Japanese. Plain speech.
Nihongo ga dekiru.
Ive seen this movie. Plain speech.
Kono eiga o mita koto ga aru.
Have you seen a Japanese festival?
Nihon no omatsuri o mita koto ga arimasu ka.
(Matsumoto will surely be at the fair)
No, I havent. Its starting, meaning this is my first
time.
Iie, arimasen. Hajimete desu. (examples using
hajimete: kono omatsuri wa hajimete desu, kono
resutoran wa hajimete desu, kono resutoran wa
hajimete kimashita) (kore ga hajimete desu, OK;
kondo ga, hajimete desu, OK; kono toki ga, hajimete
desu, not OK)
Have you ever eaten fermented soybeans?
Nattoo o tabeta koto ga arimasu ka. (Nat King Cole
ate fermented soybeans and spilled them on his toe)
No, I havent. What kind of flavor does it do?
Soften the second clause.
Iie, arimasen. Donna aji ga surun desu ka. (agile
deer tasted good) (donna aji desu ka is OK) (it tastes
salty = shiokkarai aji ga shimasu)
Yeah, I plan to go.
Ee, ikutsumori desu.
No, I plan not to go. (a mild statement)
Iie, ikanai tsumori desu.
60. No, an intention of going doesnt exist. (a strong
statement)
Iie, ikutsumori wa arimasen. (ga also OK, but only
if talking about someone elses intention)

From next month, I plan to study French.

Raigetsu kara furansugo o benkyoo surutsumori desu.
As for yesterday, why didnt you come? Soften this.
Kinoo wa dooshite konakattan desu ka. (dooshite
kimasen deshita ka, also OK)
I planned to go, but since I caught a cold, I existed at
home. Use node.
Ikutsumori deshita ga, kaze o hiita node, uchi ni
imashita.
As for Sunday, what will you do?
Nichiyoobi wa nani o shimasu ka.
In particular, I will not do anything. Use betsu.
Betsu ni, nani mo shimasen. (toku ni is OK)
In particular, plans do not exist. Use toku.
Toku ni, yotei wa arimasen. (betsu ni is OK)
I dont know/ understand yet.
Mada wakarimasen.
What are you planning to do tonight?
Konban nani o surutsumori desu ka.
As for this Sunday how are you planning to do it?
(meaning, what are you planning to do?)
Kondo no nichiyoobi wa, doo surutsumori desu ka.
I will clean the house. Use plain speech for the next
3 responses.
Iie o sooji suru. (ie o sooji o suru, not OK too
many os but ie no sooji o suru, OK)
Ill do part-time work at a department store.
Depaato de arubaito o suru.
I will continue Japanese study.
Nihongo no benkyoo o tsuzukeru. (at the tsuki
[moon], zoo kennels continue) (tsuzukeru = continue,
transitive; tsuzuku = continue, intransitive)(cf. tsuku
= to arrive)
After I go to the ward office, I will come to the
company. Use te kara.
Kuyakusho ni itte kara, kaisha ni kimasu. (not OK to
substitute iku or itta for itte here)
Im going to return home and do a phone call.
Uchi ni kaette denwa o shimasu.
I went to a sushi place and ate fatty tuna.
Sushi-ya ni itte toro o tabemashita.
After I study, Ill play. Use te kara.
Benkyoo o shite kara asobimasu.
After returning to the hotel, Im going to call on the
phone to the New York parents. Use te kara.
Hoteru ni kaette kara, nyuuyooku no ryoshin ni
denwa o kakemasu.
After that, we went shopping. Use sore kara.
Sore kara kaimono ni ikimashita.
As for today, morning, after getting up, what did you
do? Use te kara.
Kyoo wa, asa, okite kara, nani o shimashita ka.
I took a shower, drank coffee, read the newspaper,
and from there left home. Use sore kara.
Shawaa o abite, koohii o nonde, shinbun o yonde,
sore kara, uchi o demashita.
Lesson 7.

31

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Lesson 7.
Ill return home and take a shower.
Uchi ni kaette, shawaa o abimasu.
Ill go to the barbershop and cut my hair. Plain
speech.
Tokoya ni itte, kami o kiru. [in the barbershop, they
will toco [touch in Spanish] Yasukos hair)
After I do the homework, Ill sleep. Use te kara.
Shukudai o shite kara, nemasu.
After I open the window, Ill clean. Use te kara.
Mado o akete kara, sooji o suru. (kado = corner)
Surely probably, meaning Im sure that.
Kitto ... deshoo.
Its very likely probably.
Osoraku deshoo. (probably the oso [bear in Spanish]
will rake you with his claws) (cf. shibaraku = for
awhile)
Probably probably.
Tabun deshoo.
Theres a chance that Two responses, using polite
speech and plain speech.
Kamoshiremasen Kamoshirenai
Throughout the morning, it will rain, but, as for the
afternoon, it will probably clear up.
Gozen-chuu ame ga furimasu ga, gogo wa hareru
deshoo. (asa-chuu and asa-juu, not OK)
As for that over there, surely its a Japanese car,
probably.
Are wa kitto nihon no kuruma deshoo.
As for tomorrow, its very likely it will be hot,
probably..
Ashita wa, osoraku atsui deshoo. (osoraku ashita wa
atsui deshoo, also OK)
As for Tanaka, he will probably probably come.
Tanaka-san wa, tabun kuru deshoo.
Tsuchida might not like hamburgers.
Tsuchida-san wa, hanbaagu ga, suki ja nai
kamoshiremasen.
Michael might have gone to the ward office
yesterday.
Maikeru-san wa kinoo kuyakusho ni itta
kamoshiremasen.
The word to use instead of deshoo when you want to
say that you yourself might do something
Kamoshirenai
As for Tanaka, he will come probably.
Tanaka-san wa kuru deshoo.
As for Tanaka, he will come, isnt it, probably?
Soften the word come. Use ka at the end.
Tanaka-san wa, kurun ja nai deshoo ka. (kurun ja nai
ka, also OK, but kurun ja nai ka deshoo, not OK)
Since he has gone, surely he knows/ understands,
probably. Use plain speech except for deshoo at the
end.
Itta koto ga aru kara, kitto wakaru deshoo. (kitto
wakaru kamoshirenai, also OK, but this means
certainly he might know)

As for Michael, on Tuesday, he went to the Minato

wards ward office and did alien registration.
Maikeru san wa kayoobi ni, Minato ku no kuyakusho
ni itte, gaikokujin tooroku o shimashita.
Michael has gone to the ward office at before.
Maikeru san wa mae ni kuyakusho ni itta koto ga
arimasu.
As for that time, since it was crowded, he wasnt able
to do the registration. Use node.
Sono toki wa, konde ita node, tooroku ga dekimasen
deshita.
Again, since it might be crowded, as for Tuesday, he
left home early. Use plain speech in the subordinate
clause. Use node.
Mata, konde iru kamoshirenai node, kayoobi wa,
hayaku, uchi o demashita.
Since the subways are inconvenient, he went by bus.
Use node and therefore use a substitute for desu.
Chikatetsu wa fuben na node, basu de ikimashita.
At the ward office, he wrote the address and name
and passport number to paper and put it out, meaning,
turned it in.
Kuyakusho de juusho to, namae to, pasupooto no
bangoo o, kami ni kaite dashimashita.
He showed his passport and waited a little. Use
sukoshi.
Pasupooto o misete, sukoshi, machimashita.
He waited until 10 oclock, received his alien
registration paper and returned.
Juuji made matte, gaikokujin tooroku sho o moratte,
kaerimashita. (this sho = same kanji as kaku)
Foreigners always have this registration paper.
Gaikokujin wa itsumo kono tooroku sho o motte
imasu.
As for Michael, why, on Tuesday, did he go to the
ward office? Use naze. Use no to soften this.
Maikeru san wa naze kayoobi ni kuyaku sho ni itta
no desu ka. (Maikeru san wa kuyakusho ni itta no
wa, naze desu ka, also OK) (this sho = same kanji as
tokoro)
As for Michael, why did he leave home early? Use
naze. Use no to soften this.
Maikeru san wa naze uchi o hayaku deta no desu ka.
(cannot omit no here, but OK to say naze uchi o
hayaku demashita ka; naze uchi o hayaku deta ka
isnt wrong but sounds awkward by itself)
Sunny
Hare
Cloudy
Kumori
Partly cloudy; literally, sunny, as for again, cloudy
Hare mata wa kumori. (mata wa = or)
To do fishing
Tsuri o suru (the tsuki [moon] shining on Lee fishing)
Lesson 7.

32

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Lesson 8
Well, to humble ahead, Ill commit a discourtesy,
meaning Ill go first.
Ja, osaki ni, shitsurei shimasu. (always osaki, never
saki in this usage, regardless of who goes first; if you
want the other person to go first, say osaki ni doozo,
or doozo osaki ni)
Thanks for your honorable fatigue.
Otsukare sama deshita. (oats carrying makes me
tired) (tsukare = weariness, fatigue)
As for Webb, by what will he return?
Uebbu san wa nani de kaerimasu ka.
As for me, its the subway.
Watashi wa chikatetsu desu.
By the way, as for Roppongis honorable home, how
is it?
Tokoro de, Roppongi no otaku wa doo desu ka.
Its convenient, but since, as for that place over there,
even at night the cars are numerous, it's loud for sure.
(use hen; use mo rather than demo to mean even, use
te to mean since; soften this)
Benri desu ga, ano hen wa yoru mo kuruma ga
ookute urusain desu yo. (yoru demo, also OK see
Lesson 23, Question 146)
Its probably so, huh.
Soo deshoo ne.
To commute
Tsuukin suru. (commute by the light of the moon
with your kin)
Moreover, since the commuters trains get crowded,
they're probably terrible. Use de to mean since.
Sore ni tsuukin no densha wa konde taihen deshoo.
Yeah, truly.
Ee, honto ni.
Cant something probably be done?
Nan toka naranai deshoo ka. (nan [which]toka [10]
naranai [didn't become], and cant something be
done about it?)
Where is the honorable home? Use a polite word for
where.
Otaku wa dochira desu ka. (dochira = where or
which)
At four months ago, I moved to Urawa for sure
(soften this).
Yonkagetsu mae ni Urawa e hikkoshitan desu yo.
(hikkoshi suru = hikkoshimasu = to move; for hicks,
its kosher to move a lot)
Is it far compared to before? (soften this)
Mae yori tooin desu ka.
Yeah, it's quite far. Use daibu.
Ee, daibu tooi desu. (a dai [large] boo is quite loud)
Since I transfer all of 3 times, it takes close to two
hours. Use do. Say, literally, 2 hours closely.
Generally speaking, use plain speech in subordinate
clauses, unless otherwise indicated.
Sando mo norikaeru kara, nijikan chikaku

kakarimasu. (cf. norikosu = to miss a stop)

Eh! Two whole hours.
Eh! Nijikan mo.
Does it take that long? (soften this)
Sonna ni kakarun desu ka.
Its terrible, huh.
Taihen desu ne.
Car vs. train, which is faster? Dont use hoo ga.
Kuruma to densha to, dochira ga hayai desu ka.
When you think about it, the train is probably faster.
Use hoo ga to show comparisons unless otherwise
stated.
Yappari, densha no hoo ga hayai deshoo. (when I
think about it, I like to yap and pare ice) (use dochira
rather than dore because there are only two choices)
Because the streets get crowded.
Michi ga komimasu kara.
Going vs. returning, which gets more crowded?
Dont use hoo ga.
Iki to kaeri to, dochira ga komimasu ka. (from
komu) (iku to kaeru, not OK) (use dochira, rather
than dore, when talking about 2 choices)
Going is more awful I think, for sure.
Iki no hoo ga, hidoi to omoimasu yo. (to is used
indicate quotation marks)
Hey. As for in Japan, inside the trains, college
students and salarymen etc. are reading comics, I
heard, but it's true, huh? Use hee. Dont use tachi.
Use nan to soften this.
Hee. Nihon de wa, densha no naka de, daigakusei ya
sarariiman ga, manga o yonde iru to kikimashita ga,
honto nan desu nee.
You probably got surprised. Use plain speech to say
you got surprised.
Bikkuri shita deshoo. (surprised a bee eats curry)
While listening to music with earphones, there are
also newspaper-reading people, right? Use nagara.
Use hito.
Iyahon de ongaku o kiki nagara, shinbun o yonde iru
hito mo imasu ne. (nagara = while; use it after the
stem form of a verb) (while Nagaina ran)
And then there are also sleeping people, right? Use
sore kara. Use hito.
Sore kara nete iru hito mo imasu ne.
As for me, while I look at advertisements, I'm
studying kanji and katakana etc. words, but ... Use
nagara. Use kedo.
Watashi wa kookoku o mi nagara, kanji ya katakana
no kotoba o benkyoo shite imasu kedo. (cold koku
[countries] have more ads)
Ah, as for Webb, its a diligent student, right?
Aa, Uebbu san wa benkyooka desu ne. (ga, not OK)
But advertisements for weekly magazines are
probably difficult, right?
Demo, shuukanshi no kookoku wa muzukashii
deshoo ne. (a shoe can shield your
Lesson 8.

33

34
Lesson 8. foot better than a weekly magazine)
Yeah, since words that I don't know, a lot, exist, its
difficult, right? Use te to mean since.
Ee, shiranai kotoba ga takusan atte muzukashii desu
ne.
But its not as much as a Japanese language textbook,
for sure. In these lessons, use hodo rather than yori
for comparisons when using negative verbs.
Demo, nihongo no kyookasho hodo ja arimasen yo.
(kyookai [churches], are shown in art textbooks)
(One meaning for hodo = not as ... as; when this
hodo is preceded by a noun, the verb must be
negative.)
I guess... after all... when you think about it. 2
responses. The first colloquial and the second more
formal.
Yappari. Yahari.
Are Webb's homes surroundings quiet?
Uebbu san no uchi no mawari wa shizuka desu ka.
As for Webb, inside the train, why did he get
surprised?
Uebbu san wa, densha no naka de, dooshite bikkuri
shimashita ka.
A person who reads a newspaper.
Shinbun o yomu hito.
A person who read a newspaper.
Shinbun o yonda hito.
A person who doesn't read a newspaper.
Shinbun o yomanai hito.
A person who didn't read a newspaper.
Shinbun o yomanakatta hito.
A person who has long hair.
Kami ga nagai hito.
A person who had long hair.
Kami ga nagakatta hito.
A person who doesn't have long hair.
Kami ga nagakunai hito.
A person who didn't have long hair.
Kami ga nagakunakatta hito.
A person for whom Sunday is a holiday. Use no
instead of da before person.
Nichiyoobi ga yasumi no hito. (you can use datta to
modify a noun, but not da; use no instead)
(nichiyoobi ga yasumi na hito, not OK)
A person for whom Sunday was a holiday.
Nichiyoobi ga yasumi datta hito.
A person for whom Sunday is not a holiday.
Nichiyoobi ga yasumi ja nai hito.
A person for whom Sunday was not a holiday.
Nichiyoobi ga yasumi ja nakatta hito.
A person who likes sushi.
Sushi ga suki na hito. (suki is a na adjective)
A person who liked sushi.
Sushi ga suki datta hito.
A person who doesn't like sushi.
Sushi ga suki ja nai hito. (sushi wa, not OK)

A person who didn't like sushi.

Sushi ga suki ja nakatta hito.
A person who is reading a book inside a train.
Densha no naka de hon o yonde iru hito.
A book Tanaka bought yesterday.
Tanaka san ga kinoo kata hon.
A place where ice cream is being sold. Use tokoro.
Aisukuriimu o utte iru tokoro.
A person whose Japanese is not very good.
Nihongo ga amari joozu ja nai hito.
A person with big eyes and a high nose.
Me ga ookikute hana ga takai hito. (ookii me to hana
ga takai hito, also OK) (ookii me to takai hana no
hito, also OK)
A book that Michael bought. 2 different responses,
using ga and no after Michael. Dont use san.
Maikeru ga katta hon. Maikeru no katta hon.
A person with long legs. 2 different responses.
Ashi ga nagai hito. Ashi no nagai hito.
A person without a car. 2 different responses.
Kuruma ga nai hito. (wa, not OK if referring to one
person, but OK if referring to people in general)
Kuruma no nai hito. (kuruma ja nai hito = a person
who isnt a car)
On the bench, the person talking to a friend is Hanada.
Benchi de tomodachi to hanashite iru hito wa Hanada
san desu.
The person near the fountain taking a picture is
Hayashi. Use soba.
Funsui no soba de shashin o totte iru hito wa Hayashi
san desu.
Who is the person painting a picture?
E o kaite iru hito wa dare desu ka.
The activity of skipping rope.
Nawatobi. (naval waves affecting ships and tobi
[jumping] require rope; tobimasu = to jump or fly)
The girl beside the pool skipping rope is little Hanako.
Use yoko.
Puuru no yoko de nawatobi o shite iru onna no ko wa
Hanako chan desu.
The iron Barbara bought was 11,000 yen. (2
different responses)
Baabarasan ga katta airon wa ichiman issen yen
deshita. Baabarasan no katta airon wa ichiman issen
yen deshita.
That dictionary is small and convenient. Use te to
mean and.
Sono jisho wa chisakute benri desu.
As for that kind of people, they go to a police box
and inquire. Use hito. Use tazuneru.
Sonna hito wa kooban ni itte tazunemasu. (cf. kookan
= exchange; kookoku = advertisement) (from
tazuneru, to inquire, call on someone) (inquire why
use taser in a zoo while animals neru [sleep])
That restaurant was cheap and delicious.
Sono resutoran wa yasukute
Lesson 8.

34

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Lesson 8.
oishikatta desu.
Barbara, come quickly. (plain speech)
Baabara hayaku kite.
Because the train gets crowded, it's terrible. Use de to
mean because.
Densha ga konde, taihen desu. (ga implies youre
referring to particular trains)
Because the train gets crowded, its terrible. Use kara.
Densha ga komu kara, taihen desu.
Because there are many cars, it's noisy (soften this).
Use te or de to mean since or because in the next 4
responses.
Kuruma ga ookute, urusain desu. (ga implies youre
talking about particular cars)
Since the room is big, the feeling is good, huh.
Heya ga hirokute, kimochi ga ii desu ne. (a kimono
with cheese in it feels slimy) (kibun implies healthrelated feelings)
Since I like sushi, I often go to a sushi place. I is
understood.
Sushi ga suki de, yoku, sushiya e ikimasu.
Since I was sick, I missed school. Use de.
Byooki de, gakkoo o yasumimashita.
Since the surroundings are noisy, I can't study. Use
node.
Mawari ga urusai node, benkyoo ga dekimasen.
(mawari wa, not OK, too general) (cannot say
mawari ga urusai de; however, OK to say mawari ga
urusakute)
Since Japanese summers are hot, it's terrible. Use te.
Nihon no natsu wa atsukute taihen desu. (can say
nihon no natsu wa atsui node) (ga not OK; youre
talking about summer in general)
As for me, since I like beer, I drink it often. Use de.
Watashi wa biiru ga suki de, yoku nomimasu. (can
say biiru ga suki na node, or biiru ga suki dakara)
Since I don't understand kanji, I get inconvenienced.
Use te.
Kanji ga wakaranakute, komarimasu. (cf.
tomarimasu = to stay, e.g., at a hotel) (can say kanji
ga wakaranai node or kanji ga wakaranai kara)
Since the ward office was being crowded, I couldn't
do alien registration. Use te.
Kuyakushoo ga konde itte, gaikokujin tooroku ga
dekimasen deshita. (cannot say konde alone, can say
konde ita node or konde ita kara)
Since Tokyo prices are high, I got surprised. Use
bukka. Use node.
Tookyoo no bukka ga takai node, bikkuri shimashita.
(bukka wa, not OK, too general) (OK to say bukka ga
takakakute) (takai na node, not OK; never use na
node after an i adjective)
Are the honorable homes surroundings quiet?
Otaku no mawari wa shizuka desu ka.
Yeah, since it's quiet, it's a good place, for sure. Use
de.

Ee, shizuka de ii tokoro desu yo.

83b. Yeah, since it's quiet, it's a good place, for sure.
Use dakara.
Ee, shizuka dakara, ii tokoro desu yo.
83c. Yeah, since it's quiet, it's a good place, for sure.
Use node.
Ee, shizuka na node, ii tokoro desu yo. (not OK to
omit na)
No, since there are a lot of cars, it's noisy. Use te.
Iie, kuruma ga ookute, urusai desu.
Japanese candy is sweet.
Nihon no okashi wa amai desu. [cf. umai = clever,
skillful, successful, delicious (usually, only men &
boys use umai to mean delicious)]
I like it because it's lively or bustling. Use de.
Nigiyaka de suki desu. (we do onigiri yaki [burning]
after dinner, and it's lively; yaku = to burn)
As for us, while listening to music, we did a meal.
Watashitachi wa ongaku o kiki nagara, shokuji o
shimashita.
As for Michael, while he looks at advertisements, he
does kanjis study.
Maikeru san wa kookoku o mi nagara, kanji no
benkyoo o shimasu. (maikeru san ga, also OK)
Chattering, or a talkative person
Oshaberi (OSHA strawberries aroused some chatter)
(cf. shaberu = to talk, chat)
As for Michael and Nomura, while doing chattering,
they walked.
Maikeru san to Nomura san wa oshaberi o shi nagara,
arukimashita. (OK to substitute ga for wa)
To sing a song
Uta o utau.
one year
Ichinen
one month
Ikka getsu
two months
Nika getsu
three months
Sanka getsu
four months
Yonka getsu
five months
Goka getsu
six months
Rokka getsu
seven months
Nanaka getsu (shichikagetsu, also OK)
eight months (2 responses)
Hakka getsu. Hachika getsu.
nine months
Kyuuka getsu (kukagetsu, also OK)
ten months (2 responses)
Jikka getsu. Jukka getsu.
14 months
Lesson 8.

35

36
Lesson 8.
Juuyonka getsu
20 months (2 responses)
Nijikka getsu. Nijuuka getsu.
Ten weeks (2 responses)
Jisshuukan. Jusshukan.
Twenty weeks (2 responses)
Nijisshuukan. Nijusshukan.
How many years?
Nan nen.
How many months?
Nanka getsu.
How many weeks?
Nanshuukan.
How many days?
Nan nichi.
When expressing quantity with time units, kan,
meaning duration, is required for... 2 responses.
Weeks and hours
Kan is optional for... 4 responses.
Years, months, days and minutes (Note: you
cant say ichinichikan; instead just say ichinichi if
you want to say 1 days duration)
When did you do moving?
Itsu hikkoshi shimashita ka. (hikkoshi o shimashita,
also OK) (hikkoshimashita, also OK)
I did moving at 4 months ago.
Yonkagetsu mae ni hikkoshi shimashita. (hikkoshi o
shimashita, also OK) (hikkoshimashita, also OK)
When will you move?
Itsu hikkoshimasu ka.
I'll move at in 2 weeks. 2 different responses, using
ato and go.
Nishuukan ato ni hikkoshimasu. Nishuukan go ni
hikkoshimasu. (ato nishuukan ni, not OK; ato
nishuukan de, OK)
Do not use the optional kan, e.g., futsuka kan,
meaning 2 days duration, before
Mae ni, ato ni, or go ni (or ato de) (mae de is only
used when referring to location, e.g., eki no mae de)
I'm going for the purpose of a 3-day durations trip.
Mikkakan no ryokoo ni ikimasu.
I came to Japan at 3 days ago.
Mikka mae ni Nihon ni kimashita.
How many weeks duration is summer vacation?
Natsu yasumi wa nanshuukan desu ka.
When did your parents get married?
Anata no ryooshin wa itsu kekkon shimashita ka.
Use this particle after a number or quantity for
emphasis, to indicate that it is more than
expected; or with negative verbs, to indicate that
it is less than expected
Mo
123. I transfer all of 3 times! Use do.
Sando mo norikaemasu.
It takes 2 full hours!
Nijikan mo kakarimasu.

It doesn't even take 10 minutes!

Jippun mo kakarimasen.
As for new ones, not even one exists.
Atarashii no wa, hitotsu mo arimasen.
From Narita to the hotel takes 3 hours.
Narita kara hoteru made sanjikan kakarimasu.
128. Eh, 3 whole hours? Does it take that long?
(soften this)
Ee, sanjikan mo. Sonna ni kakarun desu ka.
129. A Japanese wedding costs 3 million yen.
Nihon no kekkonshiki wa sanbyakuman yen
kakarimasu. (shiki means 4 seasons or ceremony)
130. I have 3 cars.
Kuruma o san dai motte imasu. (dai = counter for
cars & other manufactured items)
131. Etcetera. 3 responses
Ya. Nado. Toka (Ralph Nader tokes up, etcetera)
132. There are people listening to music, people
reading comics, etc. Use ya to mean etc. unless
otherwise indicated.
Ongaku o kiite iru hito ya, manga o yonde iru hito ga
imasu.
133. As for at the airport, there are banks, restaurants,
etc. Use ya and nado.
Kuukoo ni wa ginkoo ya resutoran nado ga arimasu.
134. Sheets etc., an iron etc., I bought various things.
Use toka twice
Shitsu toka, airon toka, iroiro na mono o kaimashita.
135. For example
Tatoeba
136. What kind of place would you like to go to?
Donna tokoro e ikitai desu ka.
137. Let me see. Hot springs are and not too far
place, for example, to Hakone, Izu, etc., I'd like to go,
huh. Use te to mean and. Use ya.
Soo desu nee. Onsen ga atte, amari tookunai tokoro,
tatoeba Hakone ya Izu e ikitai desu ne.
138. Laundry soap.
Senzai (sentaku [laundry] zapped by I) cf. sekken =
soap; cf. genzai = present time
139. toilet paper
Toiretto peepaa
140. cosmetics
Keshoohin [Ken showed the Hindus some cosmetics]
141. carrot
Ninjin (ninjas jeans are orange, like carrots)
142. cabbage
Kyabetsu
143. potato
Jagaimo (Jagger ai shite iru [loves]to more potatoes)
144. lettuce
Letasu
145. eggplant. 2 responses
Nasu or nasubi (nasty surprise was an eggplant,
nasty surprise was a bee plus an eggplant)
146. onion
Lesson 8.

36

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Lesson 8
Tamanegi (a tamago[egg] necking
with an onion)
147. soccer
Sakka
148. baseball
Yakyuu
149. pingpong
Takkyuu (I'll take you to ping pong) (pinpon, also
OK)
150. rugby
Ragubii
151. bookshelf
Hondana (bookcase like a Honda)
152. radio-cassette player
Rajikase
153. CD
Shiidii
154. B is bigger than A. Dont use hoo ga.
B wa A yori ookii desu.
155. A vs. B, which is better? (2 different responses,
without and with hoo ga)
A to B to, dochira ga ii desu ka. A to B to, dochira
no hoo ga ii desu ka. (cannot substitute dore for
dochira in these sentences, even if 3 or more choices;
cannot say dore no hoo ga or dare no hoo ga)
156. Compared to A, B is more expensive. Use hoo
ga.
A yori B no hoo ga takai desu.
157. A is not as expensive as B. Use plain speech
with desu. Dont use hoo ga.
A wa B hodo takakunai desu. (OK to use yori
instead of hodo in this sort of sentence)
158. A also, B also, are expensive.
A mo B mo takai desu.
159. The trains are faster than a car. Dont use hoo
ga.
Densha wa kuruma yori hayai desu. (densha no hoo
ga, kuruma yori, also OK)
160. Train v. car, which is faster? Use hoo ga.
Densha to kuruma to, dochira no hoo ga hayai desu
ka. (dochira ga, also OK)
161. Compared to a car, the train is faster. Use hoo
ga.
Kuruma yori, densha no hoo ga hayai desu. (kuruma
yori, densha ga hayai desu, also OK, not as good)
161b. As for the train, compared to a car, it is fast.
Dont use hoo ga.
Densha wa, kuruma yori, hayai desu.
162. Cars, compared to trains, are not as fast.
Kuruma wa, densha hodo, hayaku arimasen.
163. Sushi vs. tempura, which do you like better?
Dont use hoo ga. Use dochi. (plain speech)
Sushi to tenpura to, dochi ga suki.
164. I like tempura better. Use hoo ga. (plain
speech)
Tenpura no hoo ga suki.

165. I like sushi also, tempura also. Plain speech,

Sushi mo tenpura mo suki.
165b. I like both. Use dochira. Plain speech.
Dochira mo suki. (dochi de mo suki, dore demo suki,
both also OK)
166. Is Yokohama big?
Yokohama wa ookii desu ka. (hiroi also OK, but
hiroi refers to area, while ookii refers to population)
167. Yeah, but compared to Tokyo, Osaka, etc., it
isnt big.
Ee, demo Tookyoo ya Oosaka hodo ookiku arimasen.
168. Yeah, it's big, but not compared to Tokyo.
Ee, ookii desu ga, Tookyoo hodo ja arimasen.
169. a great amount of time or distance etc.
Zutto (zoo tower is at a great distance) (cf. zuibun =
very, extremely)
170. As for salary, compared to a division manager,
a president is a great deal more. Use hoo ga for the
next 7 responses.
Kyuryoo wa, buchoo yori shachoo no hoo ga, zutto
ooii desu. (Shachoo wa, buchoo yori, kyuryoo ga
zutto ooii desu, also OK) (OK to substitute daibu for
zutto here, but zuibun sounds strange)
171. As for the roads, compared to Monday, they are
more crowded on Sundays. Use michi. Use motto.
Michi wa getsuyoobi yori nichiyoobi no hoo ga
motto konde imasu. (OK to omit motto)
172. Compared to to go by bus, to go by car is a little
faster. Use chotto.
Basu de iku yori, kuruma de iku hoo ga, chotto hayai
desu. (cannot say iku no hoo ga) (iki yori, iki hoo ga,
not OK)
173. As for to Osaka, compared to the bullet train,
the airplane is two hours faster.
Oosaka e wa, shinkansen yori, hikooki no hoo ga,
nijikan hayai desu.
174. As for allowances, compared to me, my older
brother is 1000 yen more. Use a mans word for me.
Kozukai wa, boku yori, ani no hoo ga, sen yen ooi
desu. (Kozue gives Kyle an allowance)
175. Everest v. Mt. Fuji, which is higher?
Eberesuto to fujisan to, dochira no hoo ga takai desu
ka.
176. Everest is much higher.
Eberesuto no hoo ga zutto takai desu.
177. Mt. Fuji is not as tall as Everest. Dont use hoo
ga.
Fujisan wa Eberesuto hodo takaku arimasen. (yori is
also OK)
178. People who like Japanese food vs. people who
like Western food , which are more numerous?
Dont use hoo ga.
Washoku ga suki na hito to, yooshoku ga suki na hito
to, dochira ga ooi desu ka.
179. As for summers travel, compared to the people
who went to the ocean, are the people
Lesson 8.

37

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Lesson 8
who went to the mountains more
numerous? Use hoo ga.
Natsu no ryokoo wa, umi e itta hito yori, yama e itta
hito no hoo ga, ooi desu ka.
180. Women who smoke tobacco, compared to
women who don't smoke tobacco, are how many
people fewer? Dont use hoo ga.
Tabako o suu onna no hito wa, tabako o suwanai
onna no hito yori, nan nin sukunai desu ka. (not OK
to substitute hodo for yori here; when hodo, meaning
not as ... as, is preceded by a noun, the verb must be
negative, e.g., kuruma wa densha hodo hayaku
arimasen = the car is not as fast as the train)
181. As for hourly honorable money, compared to
the English teacher, the model is more. Use hoo ga.
Ichijikan no okane wa, eigo no sensei yori, moderu
no hoo ga ooi desu.
182. It's a very good book, I think.
Totemo ii hon da to omoimasu.
183. It's a very good book, I think, for sure. (plain
speech)
Totemo ii hon da to omou yo.
184. This is probably good. This is the subject.
Kore ga ii deshoo.
185. This is probably good, I think.
Kore ga ii daroo to omoimasu.
186. Isn't this good (soften the word good).
Kore ga iin ja arimasen ka.
187. Isn't this good question, I think. (soften the
word good)
Kore ga iin ja nai ka to omoimasu.
188. This is probably good (plain speech).
Kore ga ii daroo.
189. This is probably good, I think, but... Use kedo.
Plain speech.
Kore ga ii daroo to omou kedo.
190. Isn't this good. Soften the word good. Dont
use ka. (plain speech)
Kore ga iin ja nai.
191. Isn't this good, question, I think, but ... (plain
speech) Soften the word good. Use kedo.
Kore ga iin ja nai ka to omou kedo.
192. How do you think of this book?
Kono hon o doo omoimasu ka.
193. I think it's very good. Dont use da or desu in
the next 5 responses.
Totemo ii to omoimasu.
194. I think it is not very good.
Amari yokunai to omoimasu. (iin ja nai means the
opposite, i.e., isnt it good?)
195. Do you think Japanese prices are high? Use
bukka.
Nihon no bukka wa takai to omoimasu ka.
196. Yeah, I think they're high.
Ee, takai to omoimasu.
197. Yeah, I think so.

Ee, soo omoimasu.

198. No, I don't think they're high. (use wa after to
in negative sentences)
Iie, takai to wa omoimasen.
199. To state your own opinion, say
To omoimasu (to omotte iru, also OK)
200. to state someone else's opinion, say (plain
speech)
To omotte iru
201. As for Barbara, she thinks Japanese prices are
high. Use bukka.
Baabarasan wa nihon no bukka wa takai to omotte
imasu. (bukka ga takai is OK, stronger emphasis)
202. As for him, he said he would go tomorrow.
Kare wa ashita iku to iimashita.
203. I wrote to the letter that I'm very healthy.
Tegami ni totemo genki da to kakimashita. (tegami
de, also OK, but the meaning is a little different,
since ni = in the letter and de = by the letter)
204. As for Tanaka, last week he went to Hong Kong
I heard, but ...
Tanaka san wa senshuu Honkon e itta to kikimashita
ga
205. Is it better to play sports a lot?
Supootsu o takusan shita hoo ga ii desu ka. (takusan
no supootsu, also OK, but changes the meaning)
206. As for inside the trains Japanese peoples
manners, are they good? Use no rather than de after
inside the trains. Use manaa.
Densha no naka no nihon jin no manaa wa ii desu ka.
(densha no naka de nihonjin, or densha no naka de no
nihonjin, both OK)
207. Michiko's story
Michiko san no hanashi.
208. As for in my class, the travel-liking people are
numerous. Use ni to mean in. Use kurasu. Use no
instead of ga.
Watashi no kurasu ni wa, ryokoo no suki na hito ga
ooi desu. (kurasu de, also OK; in this case, you may
use ni to mean in the class, or you may use de if
you want to say of the clas) (ryokoo ga, also OK)
209. There are also a lot of people who have been to
foreign countries.
Gaikoku e itta koto ga aru hito mo takusan imasu.
210a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. This year's summer, there are also people
who went to Europe, but ...
Kotoshi no natsu, yooroppa ni itta hito mo imasu ga...
210b. Part 2. Compared to the people who went to
Hawaii, Korea, etc., as for numerous, it is not.
Hawai ya kankoku e itta hito hodo, ooku wa arimasen.
(OK to omit wa after ooku; used for emphasis)
211a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1.Since Japanese transportation, hotels, etc. are
expensive ... Dont use da or desu.
Nihon no norimono ya hoteru wa takai
Lesson 8.

38

39
Lesson 8. kara ... (ga is too specific here, so use
wa)
211b. Part 2. To go to foreign countries is cheaper,
Jiroo-kun was saying, but is it probably true? Use
hoo ga.
Gaikoku e itta hoo ga yasui to jirookun ga itte
imashita ga, honto deshoo ka. (cannot substitute iku
for itta) (kun can be added to the names of boys
and young men, instead of san; kun can also be
used after the names of young women)
212. Since I also, at next year's spring vacation, for
about 3 weeks, want to go to Europe, I think, I started
a part-time job. Use te to mean since.
Watashi mo rainen no haru yasumi ni, sanshuukan
gurai, yooroppa e ikitai to omotte, arubaito o
hajimemashita.
213. As for in Michiko's class, what liking people
are numerous? Use ni to mean in.
Michiko san no kurasu ni wa, nani ga suki na hito ga
ooi desu ka.
214. Travel-liking people are numerous.
Ryokoo ga suki na hito ga ooi desu. (hito wa, not
OK, since youre answering the question nani ga)
215. The people who went to Hawai, Korea etc. are
numerous.
Hawai ya kankoku e itta hito ga ooi desu.
216. He thinks that foreign countries' travel is
cheaper. He is understood.
Gaikoku no ryokoo no hoo ga yasui to omotte imasu.
(...ryokoo wa motto yasui ... also OK) (when telling
what someone else thinks, use omotte iru)
217. She thinks that she would like to go at next
spring vacation.
Rainen no haruyasumi ni ikitai to omotte imasu.
218. She thinks that she would like to go for about 3
weeks.
Sanshuukan gurai ikitai to omotte imasu.
219. As for Michael, compared to classical, he likes
jazz. Dont use hoo ga. (plain speech)
Maikeru san wa kurashikku yori jazu ga suki da.
(... jazu no hoo ga ... also OK)
220. Tsuchida dislikes jazz. (plain speech)
Tsuchida san wa jazu ga kirai da.
221. Tsuchida doesn't like classical. (plain speech)
Tsuchida san wa kurashikku ga suki ja nai.
222. As for Tsuchida, this week v. next week, which
is busier? Use dochira. Dont use hoo ga.
Tsuchida san wa konshuu to raishuu to, dochira ga
isogashii desu ka. (... dochira no hoo ga ... also OK)
(dore not OK if only 2 items are being compared;
dore is not used with no hoo ga)
223. Nations national holiday
Kokumin no shukujitsu (kokumin = nation, a people;
a koku [country] full of mean people) (cf. kookoku =
advertisements; kyuujitsu = holiday, vacation;
shukujitsu = national holiday; ganjitsu = New

Years Day)
224. January 1st. New Year's Day.
Ichigatsu tsuitachi. Ganjitsu. (Gandalf's holiday) cf.
oshoogatsu = New Year
225. May 5th. Boy's Day.
Gogatsu itsuka. Otoko no ko no hi.
226. What you say when you pray in front of a
butsudan.
Namu Amida Butsu. (this means something like
Hail to Amida Buddha; butsu = buddha if used in
combination, as in butsudan or amidabutsu; hotoke =
buddha, if used by itself; bukkyoo = Buddhism)
(butsudan = altar in Japanese homes, with photos &
artifacts of dead relatives)
Lesson 9
Since there's a koala bear, is it an Australian stamp?
Use dakara.
Koara da kara, oosutorariya no kitte desu ka.
Yeah, I received it from a friend. Use ni. Soften this.
Ee, tomodachi ni morattan desu (kara also OK)
Since 3 exist, I shall give you one. (referring to
stamps)
San mai aru kara, ichimai agemashoo. (san mai ga
aru, not OK; you dont need to use ga, wa or wo
after numbers) (mai is a counter for flat thin
items)
Will you honorably give? Pleased! Speaking to
someone outside your in-group. Soften this. Use a
womans word as an intensifier.
Kudasarun desu ka. Ureshii wa. (verb kudasaru)
(kudasaru no desu ka or kudasaimasu ka, both also
OK) (I'm pleased about the urea she's making)
The son is collecting stamps for sure. Soften this.
Musuko ga, kitte o atsumette irun desu yo. (verb
atsumeru) (collect atsui [hot] mares)
As for to see unusual foreign countriess stamps, its
pleasant, right? Use no to make a noun phrase.
Mezurashii gaikoku no kitte o miru no wa tanoshii
desu ne. (it's unusual to see a me zoo rashii [one
that appears to be], like the one Michael Jackson
had; to explain this mnemonic further, rashii can
mean appears to be see Lesson 22)
Others also, various, exist, for sure. Use hoka ni.
Hoka ni mo iroiro arimasu yo. (hoka no also OK)
(iroiro hoka ni mo, also OK) (not OK to substitute
betsu for hoka here; hoka means something other
than but betsu means something different or
something classified differently)
Since panda stamps and unusual fish stamps etc. also
exist, I shall give you this one too. Use polite speech,
rather than plain speech, in the subordinate clause in
this sentence.
Panda no kitte ya mezurashii sakana no kitte mo
arimasu kara, kore mo agemashoo.
Wow! This many? Use a womans
Lesson 9.

39

40
Lesson 9. word for wow.
Maa. Konna ni takusan. (Maa is woman's talk)
Surely the son will get delighted. Use a womans
word for emphasis.
Kitto musuko ga yorokobimasu wa. (verb yorokobu)
(Im delighted that I can go to Europe to comb a bull)
(wa is woman's speech)
Since my husband was saying tonight late, go ahead,
take your honorable time. Use a short form of he
was saying. Use a 2-word abbreviation of take your
honorable time.
Shujin wa konban osoi to ittemashita kara, doozo
goyukkuri. (goyukkuri shite kudasai, also OK)
(yukkuri = slowly, taking time, leisurely; the prefix
go is honorific or humble, similar to o)
As for the one that is there, is it a picture of the
honorable family?
Soko ni aru no wa gokazoku no shashin desu ka.
Yeah, it's a picture of the family that exists in
America.
Ee, Amerika ni iru kazoku no shashin desu.
(Amerika ni iru no not OK)
Middle is my mother, and the at that behind standing
one is my younger sister. Use ushiro. Use de to
mean and. Middle and at that behind standing one
are both subjects.
Mannaka ga haha de, sono ushiro ni tatte iru no ga
imooto desu. (mannaka no ga also OK) (the usher
Shiro stands behind the auditorium) (not OK to use
ura instead of ushiro)
She's a pretty person, right? Use a polite word for
person.
Kirei na kata desu nee.
The one that exists beside your younger sister, is it
the honorable husband? Use tonari. The one
that exists is the subject.
Imootosan no tonari ni iru no ga, goshujin desu ka.
He's employed at a city office, for sure. Soften this.
Shiyakusho ni tsutomete irun desu yo. (the kanji
shi = city, e.g. toshi = city) (use ni with tsutomeru
= be employed; use de with hataraku = labor)
As for honorable children, its 3 people, right?
Okosan wa sannin desu ne.
How honorably old is the youngest honorable child?
Ichiban shita no okosan wa oikutsu desu ka.
They were saying he will become six next month.
Use the native Japanese counting method to say six.
Use a contracted form of they were saying.
Raigetsu muttsu ni naru to ittemashita. (rokusai, also
OK) (naru = narimasu = to become, usually
preceded by ni)
Well, pretty soon school is, huh?
Ja, moo sugu gakkoo desu ne.
He will enter elementary school this year.
Kotoshi shoogakkoo ni hairimasu. (cf. chuugakkoo =
middle school)

This, its a little, but go ahead. Dont use wa or ga.

Use sukoshi. Use kedo.
Kore sukoshi desu kedo ... doozo.
Wow, its big strawberries, right? Use waa. Use
ookina.
Waa, ookina ichigo desu ne. (ookii ichigo, also OK)
My wife also, I also, love them. Use nan to soften
this.
Kanai mo watashi mo daisuki nan desu.
My home towns older brother, together with my
parents, is growing them for sure. Soften this.
Inaka no ani ga ryooshin to issho ni tsukutte irun
desu yo. (when Im inactive, I go to my hometown)
Your older brother, with your parents together, right?
Your older brother is the subject.
Oniisan ga go ryooshin to issho ni nee.
As for Yamada, as for the home town, where is it?
Use a polite word for where. Meaning, wheres your
home town?
Yamada san wa inaka wa dochira desu ka.
Shizuoka is famous for strawberries, right?
Shizuoka wa ichigo de yuumei desu ne. (Shizuoka
ga, not OK)
I saw it on TV.
Terebi de mimashita.
As for your family, are they all Shizuoka? Use
minna.
Gokazoku wa minna shizuoka desu ka.
As for my older sister, she got married and lives in
Osaka. Use te to mean and.
Ane wa kekkon shite oosaka ni sunde imasu.
Since my younger brother is a trading company
employee, since 4 years ago, he went to Germanyand
exists. Use de to mean since.
Otooto wa shooshain de yonen mae kara doitsu ni itte
imasu. (shoosha = trading company; they show
shawls at the trading company) (cf. booeki = trading;
booeki-gaisha = trading company, but booekigaishain
is not OK)
As for Yamada, why did she receive the stamps and
get delighted? Use naze. Use te to mean and.
Yamada san wa naze kitte o moratte yorokobimashita
ka.
The room became clean. (for a na adjective, add ni
and naru to describe a change in state)
Heya ga kirei ni narimashita.
Children become big, meaning they grow up. Use
kodomo. (for an i adjective, remove the final i;
then add ku and naru to describe a change in
state)
Kodomo wa ookiku narimasu.
He's 5 now. Next month he will become 6.
Ima itsutsu desu. Raigetsu muttsu ni narimasu.
(gosai, rokusai, also OK)
Japanese study became interesting.
Nihongo no benkyoo ga omoshiroku
Lesson 9.

40

41
Lesson 9. narimashita.
Since it's 50 yen apiece, altogether it amounts to 250
yen.
Hitotsu gojuen desu kara, zenbu de nihyaku gojuen ni
narimasu.
As for the little brother, he thinks he wants to become
superman.
Otooto wa suupaaman ni naritai to omotte imasu.
(otooto ga, also OK) (to omoimasu, not OK)
Since the Japanese became skillful, it developed that
I want to go to Japan. (the tai form is inflected
like an adjective)
Nihongo ga joozu ni natta kara, Nihon ni ikitaku
narimashita.
I practiced frequently every day.
Mainichi yoku renshuu shimashita. (renshuu =
practice. I wrenched my back practicing shooting)
You became skilled, huh.
Joozu ni narimashita ne.
Next month, in front of the station, a large
supermarket will accomplish for sure. (plain speech,
soften this)
Raigetsu, eki no mae ni, ookii suupaa ga dekirun desu
yo. (use dekiru with ni, not de)
I washed the hands with soap for sure. (plain speech)
Sekken de te o aratta yo.
As for the honorable work, these days, how is it?
Use goro.
Oshigoto wa konogoro doo desu ka.
What do they want to become?
Nan ni naritai desu ka. (nani ni also OK)
As for Taroo, since he is skillful at comics, a
cartoonist he is thinking. Use dakara. Dont use san
after names in the next 3 responses.
Taroo wa manga ga joozu dakara, mangaka to omotte
imasu.
As for Michiko, since she wants to go to various
countries, a stewardess she is thinking.
Michiko wa iroiro na kuni e ikitai kara, sutuwaadesu
to omotte imasu. (kuni = country, hometown; there
are a lot of cunning people in my country and in my
hometown)
As for Haruko, since she likes children, an
elementary school teacher she is thinking. Use
kodomo. Use dakara.
Haruko wa kodomo ga suki dakara, shoogakkoo no
sensei to omotte imasu.
Occupation
Shokugyoo (my occupation is to shock George) (cf.
sotsugyoo suru = to graduate)
Film star
Eiga sutaa
Architect
Kenchikuka (architecture = kenchiku; a Ken doll
made some architecture with cheese and a cucumber)
Throughout the morning, all the way through, I was

studying Japanese.
Gozenchuu zutto nihongo o benkyoo shite imashita.
(zutto = all the way, always, very much, far more;
you have to go all the way through the dictionary to
find zutto, which is nearly the last word)
As for me, I'm married.
Watashi wa kekkon shite imasu.
As for my younger brother, now, he went to Germany
and is there.
Otooto wa ima doitsu ni itte imasu.
As for Michael, he came to Japan and is here.
Maikeru san wa nihon ni kite imasu.
Is currently employed (shortened for speech)
Tsutometemasu
Do you know? (shortened for speech)
Shittemasu ka.
The black car is being parked since 3 o'clock.
Kuroi kuruma ga san ji kara tomatte imasu.
Which particles turn a previous phrase into a
noun? (the first is preferred for something directly
perceived by the senses, while the second is more
formal or bookish)
No. Koto.
As for the one who gave us strawberries, who? Use
no to make a noun phrase. (plain speech)
Ichigo o kureta no wa dare.
Yesterday, as for the one Barbara bought, what? Use
no to make a noun phrase.
Kinoo baabarasan ga katta no wa nani. (baabarasan
no katta is OK)
As for to memorize kanji, its terrible. Use no to
make a noun phrase.
Kanji o oboeru no wa taihen desu.
As for the cold, good, but as for the heat, its
irritating. Use kedo. Use no twice to make noun
phrases.
Samui no wa ii kedo, atsui no wa iya desu.
As for tomorrow is vacation, its pleasing.
Tomorrow is the subject. Use yasumi. Use no to
make a noun phrase, and therefore use a substitute for
da.
Ashita ga yasumi na no wa ureshii desu. (cannot say
yasumi da no; must use na to mean it is; also
cannot say da koto) (ashita wa, not OK, since you
want to emphasize tomorrow specifically, not
tomorrows in general)
As for the son, he loves to collect stamps. 2
responses, using no and koto.
Musuko wa kitte o atsumeru no ga daisuki desu.
Musuko wa kitte o atsumeru koto ga daisuki desu.
Are you knowing that Tanaka yesterday came to the
home? 2 responses.
Tanaka san ga kinoo uchi ni kita no o shitte imasu ka.
Tanaka san ga kinoo uchi ni kita koto o shitte imasu
ka.
This area, as for to be this quiet, isnt
Lesson 9.

41

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Lesson 9. it unusual? 2 responses. Use hen. Hen
is the subject. Soften the word unusual.
Kono hen ga konna ni shizuka na no wa mezurashiin
ja arimasen ka. (use na, since you cannot use da with
no) (mezurashiku arimasen ka also OK)
Kono hen ga konna ni shizuka na koto wa
mezurashiin ja arimasen ka. (use na because shizuka
is a na adjective modifying koto)
I felt the cold wind to blow. Only 1 response because
this is directly perceived by the sense.
Tsumetai kaze ga fuku no o kanjimashita. (tsumetai
is used for cold objects; samui is used for cold
weather, cold days etc.) (fuku = to blow, breathe,
whistle; kanjiru = to feel or sense)
I saw Tanaka to leave the room.
Tanaka san ga heya o deru no o mimashita. (Heya o
deta also OK, same meaning)
That person over there has lived in Mexico. (cannot
use no in this expression)
Ano hito wa mekishiko ni sunda koto ga arimasu.
Michael can speak Japanese. Use dekiru. (Again, we
cannot use no in this expression.)
Maikeru wa nihongo o hanasu koto ga dekimasu. (a
verb followed by koto ga dekiru = can do)
(nihongo ga hanasemasu, also OK, but nihongo ga
hanasu koto ga, not OK)
Webb, also, his wife, also,like collecting stamps. Use
no to make a noun phrase.
Uebbusan mo okusan mo kitte o atsumeru no ga suki
desu.
As for Webb, he went to Kamakura also, to Nikko
also.
Uebbusan wa kamakura e mo nikko e mo ikimashita.
Do you like strawberries also tangerines also?
Ichigo mo mikan mo suki desu ka.
Yes, I love strawberries also, tangerines also.
Hai, ichigo mo mikan mo daisuki desu.
No, I don't like strawberries also tangerines also.
Iie, ichigo mo mikan mo suki ja arimasen.
No, I like strawberries but I dislike tangerines.
Iie, ichigo wa suki desu ga, mikan wa kirai desu.
(use wa for contrasting expressions)
As for me, I like running also, swimming also,
dancing also. Use oyogu. Use dansu o suru. Use no
to make noun phrases.
Watashi wa hashiru no mo, oyogu no mo, dansu o
suru no mo suki desu.
I like running and swimming. Use to to mean and.
Use no to make noun phrases.
Hashiru no to oyogu no ga suki desu.
Is there a presents box, meaning a box for the
present? Use purezento to mean box in these lessons.
Box is the subject.
Purezento no hako ga arimasu ka.
Another person's son. 2 responses.
Musuko san. Bochan. (cannot say

Bosan) (obochan, also OK)

Another person's daughter. 2 responses.
Musume san. Ojoosan. (Ojoochan also OK)
Another person's grandchild.
Omagosan. (your grandchild has maggots)
Another person's nephew.
Oigosan. (oi = nephew) (the nephew is oily)
Another person's niece.
Meigosan. (mei = niece) (the niece is named May)
Its my wife, Kyooko.
Kanai no kyooko desu.
To give to an equal or superior. 2 responses, one
honorific and one normal. Plain speech.
Sashiageru. Ageru.
To give to an equal (in informal speech) or to an
inferior. Plain speech.
Yaru.
I gave flowers to the teacher.
Sensei ni hana o sashiagemashita.
What shall we give for the child's birthday (a man's
plain speech)?
Kodomo no tanjoobi ni nani o yaroo ka. (to say I
shall, for a u verb, add oo to the root) (yarimashoo,
also OK)
What shall we give for the child's birthday (awoman's
speech or polite speech)?
Kodomo no tanjoobi ni nani o agemashoo ka.
Shall we give him an English picture book? Polite
speech.
Eigo no e hon o agemashoo ka. (ageyoo, also OK)
As for me, every morning I water the flowers.
Watashi wa maiasa hana ni mizu o yarimasu.
An equal or inferior gives to you or someone in
your in-group. Plain speech.
Kureru.
A superior gives to you or someone in your ingroup. Plain speech.
Kudasaru.
The teacher gave Tanaka a book. Tanaka is in your
in-group.
Sensei ga tanaka san ni hon o kudasaimashita.
As for that stamp, who gave it to you? Soften this.
Sono kitte wa dare ga kuretan desu ka. (sono kitte o
also OK)
My younger brother gave it to me.
Otooto ga kuremashita.
This, I will give to an equal or superior. Dont use
wo. (plain speech)
Kore ageru. (kore ageroo, not OK;
kore ageyoo, OK; to make the plain speech shall
for a u verb, add oo to the root; for an ru verb, add
yoo to the root)
Eh! Will you give to me or my in-group? Use no to
soften this. Dont use ka.
Ee! Kureru no?
To receive from an equal or inferior.
Lesson 9.

42

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Lesson 9. Plain speech.
Morau.
To receive from an equal or superior. Plain speech.
Itadaku.
I received a book from the teacher. Use ni.
Watashi wa sensei ni hon o itadakimashita.
As for that stamp, from whom did you receive it? Use
kara. Soften this.
Sono kitte wa dare kara morattan desu ka. (sono kitte
o dare ni also OK)
I received it from my younger brother. Use ni.
Otooto ni moraimashita. (otooto kara also OK)
Who received that chocolate over there? Soften this.
Dare ga ano chokoleeto o morattan desu ka.
Young man Tanaka received it. Soften this.
Tanaka kun ga morattan desu.
As for in your country, to do-marriage people, what
kind of things do you give?
Anata no kuni de wa kekkon suru hito ni donna mono
o agemasu ka. (kekkon suru no hito not OK) (not
OK to substitute koku for kuni here)
What do you want to give for the honorable father's
birthday?
Otoo san no tanjoobi ni nani o agetai desu ka. (nani
ga, also OK)
He became 36 years old.
Sanjuu loku sai ni narimashita.
The from-the-honorable wifes present was a white
apron.
Okusan kara no purezento wa shiroi epuron deshita.
(not OK to omit no)
As for the sons young Hiroshi (meaning the son
Hiroshi), he drew the honorable father's face
skillfully and did a present. Use te to mean and.
Dont use ni or wo after present.
Musuko no Hiroshi kun wa otoosan no kau o joozu ni
kaite purezanto shimashita. (purezanto ni shimashita
also OK, meaning turned it into a present)
As for Tanaka, he saw the picture that young Hiroshi
drew and got very much delighted. Use no rather
than ga after young Hiroshi.
Tanaka san wa Hiroshi kun no kaita e o mite totemo
yorokobimashita.
In front of Tanaka's home, since about an hour before,
a red sports car is parked.
Tanaka san no uchi no mae ni, ichijikan gurai mae
kara, akai supootsukaa ga tomatte imasu.
That over there is younger brother Jiroo's car.
Are wa otooto no Jiroo san no kuruma desu. (otooto
san no jiroo san, not OK; only use san once)
Jiroo, together with the family, is come and is here
probably. Jiroo is the subject. Soften this.
Jiroo san ga kazoku to issho ni kite irun deshoo.
As for Tanaka's wife, she is doing some cooking in
the kitchen.
Tanaka san no okusan wa daidokoro de ryoori o shite

imasu. (died? Doko [where]?, the rodent?; in the

kitchen)
As for this evening, undoubtedly it will probably
develop into a lively meal. Use konya.
Konya wa kitto nigiyaka na shokuji ni naru deshoo.
As for Tanaka, today, how old did he become? Use
ikutsu.
Tanaka san wa kyoo ikutsu ni narimashita ka.
(nansai, also OK)
What kind of thing did he receive from young
Hiroshi?
Hiroshi kun kara donna mono o moraimashita ka.
As for the white apron, from whom did he receive it?
Use ni rather than kara.
Shiroi epuron wa dare ni moraimashita ka. (dare kara
also OK)
As for the red car, since when is it being parked?
Akai kuruma wa itsu kara tomatte imasu ka.
Is Jiro being come by himself?
Jiroo san wa hitori de kite imasu ka.
As for the one who is doing cooking in the kitchen,
who is it?
Daidokoro de ryoori o shite iru no wa dare desu ka.
Lesson 10
Did it already become 4 o'clock?
Moo yoji ni narimashita ka.
No, not yet, for sure.
Iie mada desu yo.
It became a little cold, right? Use chotto.
Chotto samuku narimashita ne.
Won't you close that window and give? Addressing
someone outside your in-group.
Sono mado o shimete kudasaimasen ka.
Shall I turn on the heater and make it warm? Use
sutoobu.
Sutoobu o tsukete atatakaku shimashoo ka. (to
express the idea of changing something, using an i
adjective, remove the final i, add ku and then add
suru) (atatamemashoo, not OK; atatamemasu just
used for water etc., not for rooms)
Yeah, please do.
Ee, onegai shimasu.
Ah, the floor cushions aren't gone out yet, right?
Meaning, they arent out yet.
A, zabuton ga mada dete imasen ne.
Excuse me but please take them out of the bedding
closet.
Sumimasen ga oshiire kara dashite kudasai. (oshiire
= closet; keep oshi [honorable sheets], red, in closet)
(cf. todana = cupboard)
Hey, as for the sweets we received yesterday, where?
(use nee; plain speech)
Nee, kinoo moratta okashi wa doko.
Ah, as for that over there, the kids ate it completely,
but sponge cake is bought and exists.
Lesson 10.

43

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Lesson 10. Use kodomotachi. Kodomatachi is the
subject. Use keredo. Use plain speech for the 1st
clause.
Aa, are wa kodomotachi ga tabete shimatta keredo,
kasutera ga katte arimasu. [katte arimasu is an
example of the transitive (aru) rule: when
describing a fixed condition, the te form of a
transitive verb is followed by aru, not iru] (sponge
cake is like custard)
It's entered in that places cupboard, for sure.
Soko no todana ni haitte imasu yo. (keep the toe of
Dana in the cupboard) cf. hondana = bookcase
Hey, Webb (meaning Mr. & Mrs. Webb, in this case),
well honorably came, meaning welcome. Use yaa to
mean hey.
Yaa, webbu san yoku irasshaimashita. (OK to say
irasshaimase but not yoku irasshaimase, which means
they come often)
Go ahead, please honorably rise, meaning please
come in.
Doozo oagari kudasai. (from agaru, to enter a house)
(doozo ohairi kudasai, also OK)
I will commit a discourtesy, meaning I'm sorry to
bother you.
Shitsurei shimasu.
It's a splendid honorable home, right?
Rippa na otaku desu ne.
Im overwhelmed, meaning you're so kind to say so.
(could also mean excuse me or I'm sorry)
Osore irimasu. (Im overwhelmed, but an oso [bear
in Spanish], red, I irimasu [need])
To this way go ahead.
Kochira e doozo.
Honorable tea, at least, how is it? Use a polite word
for how.
Ocha demo ikaga desu ka. (demo means but and
also at least)
Or, is coffee probably good? Use a polite word for
good. Coffee is the subject.
Soretomo koohii ga yoroshii deshoo ka.
I'll take tea. Very polite.
Ocha o itadakimasu.
19b. Sweets as well, go ahead.
Okashi mo doozo.
It's sweet and delicious, huh?
Amakute oishii desu ne.
Another cup, tea shall I make? Use ireru.
Moo ippai ocha o iremashoo ka. (hai is a counter
used for cups, bowls etc; ippai, nihai, sanbai etc.)
No I'm already fine.
Iie moo kekkoo desu.
It was a feast.
Gochisoo sama deshita.
It was very delicious.
Totemo oishikatta desu.
As for this house, about when was it accomplished?

Soften this.
Kono ie wa itsu goro dekitan desu ka.
It will already become 10 years, right?
Moo juu nen ni narimasu ne.
Shall I do a humble tour of the inside of the house?
Ie no naka o go annai shimashoo ka. (tour the Annals
of Internal Medicine)
Wow, thanks. (use ara) As for to see a Japanese
house, its the first time, for sure. Use no to make a
noun phrase. Use nan to soften this.
Ara doomo. Nihon no ie o miru no wa hajimete nan
desu yo. (ara, with this meaning, used by women)
It's messy, but go ahead. Use kedo.
Chirakatte imasu kedo, doozo. (from chirakaru)
Here is the living room, and next door is the dining
room. Use de to mean and. There are 2 subjects.
Koko ga ima de, tonari ga shokudoo desu. (ima
[now] I'm in the living room; I have shokuji in the
shokudoo [dining room]) (shokudoo also = diner)
A pretty picture is hanging, right?
Kirei na e ga kakkate imasu ne. (from kakaru,
intransitive)
It's embarrassing, but I painted it for sure. (using a
man's word for I, soften this twice)
Hazukashiin desu ga, boku ga kaitan desu yo. (from
hazukashii, embarrassed or embarrassing) (I'm
embarrassed about my ha [teeth], which are
muzukashii)
Eh, is that true? You're honorably skillful, right?
E, hontoo desu ka. Ojoozu desu ne.
Nah, Im overwhelmed, meaning its good of you to
say so.
Iyaa, osoreirimasu. (could also mean excuse me or
I'm sorry)
Well (sigh), shall we go to the 2nd floor?
Saa, nikai e ikimashoo ka. (saa doesnt always
imply a sigh; in this case, it just means well)
Here its the son's room. Here is the subject.
Koko ga musuko no heya desu.
Hey! Again, the light has been turned on by someone.
Use are. Plain speech.
Are, mata denki ga tsukete aru. (denki wo, also OK,
not as good)
Its bad. (plain speech with an intensifier)
Dame da naa.
Hey (to express surprise, doubt, etc.) A guitar is
placed by someone, right?
Oya gitaa ga oite arimasu ne. (use aru see the
transitive aru rule) (gitaa o oite arimasu, also OK, not
as good) (gitaa o oite imasu = Im placing it)
CD's also, a lot are lined up, right?
CD mo, takusan narande imasu ne. (from naraberu,
to line up)
As for the son, he loves music, for sure. Use nan to
soften this.
Musuko wa ongaku ga daisuki nan
Lesson 10.

44

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Lesson 10. desu yo.
Darling, the Kitamuras honorably came for sure. Use
tachi.
Anata, Kitamura san tachi ga, irasshaimashita yo.
The one who turned on the heater is Yoshidas wife.
Sutoobu o tsuketa no wa Yoshida san no okusan desu.
As for inside the cupboard a sponge cake exists.
Todana no naka ni wa kasutera ga arimasu.
As for Michael, he drank coffee and ate sweets.
Maikerusan wa koohii o nonde okashi o tabemashita.
As for Barbara, at before, she has looked at a
Japanese house.
Baabarasan wa mae ni Nihon no ie o mita koto ga
arimasu. (mae de, not OK; ni refers to time, de
refers to place)
As for Yoshida, he bought the picture that has been
hung by someone and exists in the living room.
Yoshida san wa ima ni kakete aru e o kaimashita.
(from kakeru, transitive) (kakeru is generally used
with ni rather than de)
Michael opened the window.
Maikeru san ga mado o akemashita. (akeru, used in
this sentence, and aku, used in the following sentence,
are examples of transitive & intransitive verb pairs,
commonly found in Japanese)
By the wind, the window opened.
Kaze de mado ga akimashita. (from aku)
My mother turned on the light.
Haha ga denki o tsukemashita. (from tsukeru)
The light came on.
Denki ga tsukimashita. (also = arrived) (from tsuku)
Yoshida hung the picture on the wall.
Yoshida san ga e o kabe ni kakemashita.
The picture is hanging on the wall.
Kabe ni e ga kakatte imasu.
I will stop the car. Use plain speech for the next 2
responses.
Kuruma o tomeru.
The car will stop.
Kuruma ga tomaru.
56a. I will open it. 2 responses
Akeru, akemasu.
56b. I won't open it. Plain speech.
Akenai.
56c. Open it, please.
Akete kudasai.
56d. It has been opened by someone.
Akete arimasu. (see the transitive aru rule)
56e. I'm opening it.
Akete imasu.
56f. I opened it. 2 responses
Aketa. Akemashita.
57a. It will open. 2 responses
Aku, akimasu. (also means to be free or available)
57b. It won't open. Plain speech.
Akanai.

57c. It is open.
Aite imasu.
57d. It opened. 2 responses
Aita. Akimashita.
58a. I will close it. 2 responses
Shimeru. Shimemasu.
58b. I won't close it. Plain speech.
Shimenai.
58c. Close it, please.
Shimete kudasai.
58d. It has been closed by someone.
Shimete arimasu.
58e. I'm closing it
Shimete imasu.
58f. I closed it. 2 responses
Shimeta. Shimemashita.
59a. It will close. 2 responses
Shimaru. Shimarimasu.
59b. It won't close. Plain speech.
Shimaranai.
59c. It is closed.
Shimatte imasu.
59d. It closed. 2 responses
Shimatta. Shimarimashita.
60a. I will hang it. 2 responses
Kakeru, kakemasu (also means put on glasses, make
phone call, sit)
60b. I won't hang it. Plain speech.
Kakenai.
60c. Please hang it.
Kakete kudasai.
60d. It has been hung by someone.
Kakete arimasu.
60e. I'm hanging it.
Kakete imasu.
60f. I hung it. 2 responses.
Kaketa. Kakemashita.
61a. It will hang. 2 responses
Kakaru. Kakarimasu. ) (also means to take, to cost)
61b. It won't hang. Plain speech.
Kakaranai.
61c. It is hanging.
Kakatte imasu.
61d. It hung. 2 responses
Kakatta. Kakarimashita.
62a. I will attach it or turn it on. 2 responses
Tsukeru, tsukemasu
62b. I won't attach it or turn it on. Plain speech.
Tsukenai.
62c. Attach it please. Turn it on please.
Tsukete kudasai.
62d. It has been attached or turned on by someone.
Tsukete arimasu
62e. I'm attaching it or turning it on.
Tsukete imasu.
62f. I attached it or turned it on.
Lesson 10.

45

46
Lesson 10. 2 responses
Tsuketa. Tsukemashita.
63a. It will attach or turn on. 2 responses
Tsuku, tsukimasu. (also = to arrive)
63b. It won't attach or turn on. Plain speech.
Tsukanai.
63c. It is attached. It is turned on.
Tsuite imasu.
63d. It attached. It turned on. 2 responses
Tsuita. Tsukimashita.
64a. I will extinguish it. 2 responses
Kesu, keshimasu (also means to erase)
64b. I won't extinguish it. Plain speech.
Kesanai.
64c. Extinguish it, please.
Keshite kudasai.
64d. It has been extinguished by someone.
Keshite arimasu.
64e. I'm extinguishing it.
Keshite imasu.
64f. I extinguished it. 2 responses
Keshita. Keshimashita.
65a. It extinguishes or goes out. 2 responses
Kieru, Kiemasu. (exception to e rule)
65b. It won't extinguish or go out. Plain speech.
Kienai.
65c. It is extinguished.
Kiete imasu.
65d. It went out or extinguished itself. 2 responses
Kieta, Kiemashita.
66a. I will put it out or take it out. 2 responses
Dasu, dashimasu (also means to present, send in,
start doing something)
66b. I won't put it out or take it out. Plain speech.
Dasanai.
66c. Take it out, please.
Dashite kudasai.
66d. It has been taken out by someone.
Dashite arimasu.
66e. I'm taking it out.
Dashite imasu.
66f. I took it out. 2 responses
Dashita. Dashimashita.
67a. It will go out or leave. 2 responses
Deru. Demasu. (exception to e rule)
67b. It won't leave. Plain speech.
Denai.
67c. It is out.
Dete imasu.
67d. It went out. 2 responses
Deta. Demashita.
68a. I put it in or take it in. 2 responses
Ireru. Iremasu. (also means to make tea)
68b. I won't put it in. I won't take it in. Plain speech.
Irenai.
68c. Put it in please. Take it in please.

Irete kudasai.
68d. It has been put in or taken in by someone.
Irete arimasu.
68e. I'm putting it in.
Irete imasu.
68e. I put it in. I took it in. 2 responses
Ireta. Iremashita.
69. It will go in or enter. 2 responses.
Hairu. Hairimasu.
69b. It won't go in or enter. Plain speech.
Hairanai.
69c. It is in.
Haitte imasu.
69d. It went in. 2 responses
Haitta. Hairimashita.
70a. I will line it up. 2 responses
Naraberu. Narabemasu.
70b. I won't line it up. Plain speech.
Narabenai.
70c. Line it up, please.
Narabete kudasai.
70d. It has been lined up by someone.
Narabete arimasu.
70e. I am lining it up.
Narabete imasu.
70e. I lined it up. 2 responses
Narabeta. Narabemashita.
71a. It will line up. 2 responses
Narabu. Narabimasu
71b. It won't line up. Plain speech.
Narabanai.
71c. It is lined up.
Narande imasu.
71d. It lined up. 2 responses
Naranda. Narabimashita.
72a. I will mess it up. 2 responses
Chirakasu. Chirakashimasu. (the cheetah messes
up my casa [house in Spanish])
72b. I won't mess it up. Plain speech.
Chirakasanai.
72c. Mess it up, please.
Chirakashite kudasai. .
72d. It has been messed up by someone.
Chirakashite arimasu.
72e. I'm messing it up
Chirakashite imasu.
72f. I messed it up. 2 responses
Chirakashita. Chirakashimashita.
73a. It will get messy. 2 responses
Chirakaru. Chirakarimasu. (the cheetah in my car is
messy)
73b. It won't get messy. Plain speech.
Chirakaranai.
73c. It is messy.
Chirakkate imasu.
73d. It got messy. 2 responses
Lesson 10.

46

47
Lesson 10. Chirakkatta. Chirakarimashita.
74a. I will drop it or knock it down.
Otosu. Otoshimasu. (also means to lose)
74b. I won't drop it or knock it down. Plain speech.
Otosanai.
74c. Drop it please. Knock it down please.
Otoshite kudasai.
74d. It has been dropped or knocked down by
someone.
Otoshite arimasu.
74e. I'm dropping it. I'm knocking it down.
Otoshite imasu.
74f. I dropped it. I knocked it down. 2 responses
Otoshita. Otoshimashita.
75a. It will fall down. 2 responses
Ochiru. Ochimasu. (also means to fail)
75b. It won't fall down. Plain speech.
Ochinai.
75c. It has fallen.
Ochite imasu.
75d. It dropped. It fell. 2 responses
Ochita. Ochimashita.
76a. I will change it. 2 responses
Kaeru. Kaemasu. (also means to exchange and to
return or go back; each of the 3 verbs has its own
kanji) (I will return = kaerimasu) (kaesu = to return
something)
76b. I won't change it. Plain speech.
Kaenai.
76c. Change it, please.
Kaete kudasai. (please come back = kaette kudasai)
76d. It has been changed by someone.
Kaete arimasu.
76e. I'm changing it.
Kaete imasu. (Im going back = kaette imasu)
76f. I changed it. 2 responses
Kaeta. Kaemashita.
77a. It will change. 2 responses
Kawaru. Kawarimasu (also means to take someone
else's place, to differ)
77b. It won't change. Plain speech.
Kawaranai.
77c. It is changed.
Kawatte imasu.
77d. It changed. 2 responses
Kawatta. Kawarimashita.
78a. I will stop it. 2 responses
Tomeru. Tomemasu.
78b. I won't stop it. Plain speech.
Tomenai.
78c. Stop it, please.
Tomete kudasai.
78d. It has been stopped by someone.
Tomete arimasu.
78e. I'm stopping it.
Tomete imasu.

78e. I stopped it. 2 responses.

Tometa. Tomemashita.
79a. It will stop. 2 responses
Tomaru. Tomarimasu (also means to park) (also
means to stay the night, different kanji)
79b. It won't stop. Plain speech.
Tomaranai.
79c. It is stopped.
Tomatte imasu.
79d. It stopped. 2 responses
Tomatta. Tomarimashita.
80a. I will move it. 2 responses
Ugokasu. Ugokashimasu.
80b. I won't move it. Plain speech.
Ugokasanai.
80c. Move it, please.
Ugokashite kudasai.
80d. It has been moved by someone.
Ugokashite arimasu.
80e. I'm moving it.
Ugokashite imasu.
80f. I moved it. 2 responses
Ugokashita. Ugokashimashita.
81a. It will move. 2 responses
Ugoku. Ugokimasu.
81b. It won't move. Plain speech.
Ugokanai.
81c. It is moved.
Ugoite imasu.
81d. It moved. 2 responses
Ugoita. Ugokimashita.
82a. I will raise it up. 2 responses
Ageru. Agemasu. (also means to give, same kanji)
82b. I won't raise it up. Plain speech.
Agenai.
82c. Raise it, please.
Agete kudasai.
82d. It has been raised up by someone.
Agete arimasu.
82e. I'm raising it.
Agete imasu.
82e. I raised it. 2 responses
Ageta. Agemashita.
83a. It will rise. It will enter a house. 2 responses
Agaru. Agarimasu.
83b. It won't rise. It won't enter a house. Plain
speech.
Agaranai.
83c. It is risen. It is inside the house.
Agatte imasu.
83d. It rose. It entered the house. 2 responses
Agatta. Agarimashita.
84a. I will hang it down or carry it. 2 responses
Sageru. Sagemasu. (sag) cf. sagaru = to search
84b. I won't hang it down or carry it. Plain speech.
Sagenai.
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Lesson 10. 84c. Hang it down please. Carry it
please.
Sagete kudasai.
84d. It is being hung down or carried by someone.
This is an exception to the transitive rule.
Sagete imasu. (sagete arimasu can also be used if
someone else hung it and is more polite)
84e. I am hanging it down or carrying it.
Sagete imasu.
84f. I hung it down. 2 responses
Sageta. Sagemashita.
85a. It will hang down. 2 responses
Sagaru. Sagarimasu.
85b. It won't hang down. Plain speech.
Sagaranai.
85c. It is hanging down.
Sagatte imasu.
85d. It hung down. 2 responses
Sagatta. Sagarimashita.
86a. I will put it aboard a vehicle. 2 responses
Noseru. Nosemasu. (also means to transport)
86b. I won't put it aboard a vehicle. Plain speech.
Nosenai.
86c. Put it aboard a vehicle, please.
Nosete kudasai.
86d. It has been put into a vehicle by someone.
Nosete arimasu.
86e. I am putting it aboard a vehicle.
Nosete imasu.
86e. I put it aboard a vehicle. 2 responses
Noseta. Nosemashita.
87a. She will get in a vehicle or ride in one. 2
responses.
Noru. Norimasu.
87b. She won't get in or ride in a vehicle. Plain
speech.
Noranai.
87c. She is in a vehicle or riding in one.
Notte imasu.
87d. She got in a vehicle or rode in one. 2 responses
Notta. Norimashita.
88a. I will put it to sleep. 2 responses
Nekasu. Nekashimasu. ) (also means to put to bed)
(the nete iru [sleeping] cashier, we put to sleep)
88b. I won't put it to sleep. Plain speech.
Nekasanai.
88c. Put it to sleep, please.
Nekashite kudasai.
88d. It has been put to sleep by someone. This is an
exception to the transitive rule.
Nekashite imasu. (nekashite arimasu not OK, since
you are referring to a person or animal)
88e. I am putting it to sleep.
Nekashite imasu.
88f. I put it to sleep. 2 responses
Nekashita. Nekashimashita.

89a. I go to sleep.4 responses

Neru. Nemasu. Nemuru. Nemurimasu. (exception
to e rule)
89b. I won't go to sleep. 2 responses
Nenai. Nemuranai.
89c. I am asleep. 2 responses.
Nete imasu. Nemutte imasu.
89d. I slept. 4 responses
Neta. Nemashita. Nemutta. Nemurimashita.
90a. I will start it. 2 responses
Hajimeru. Hajimemasu.
90b. I won't start it. Plain speech.
Hajimenai.
90c. Start it, please.
Hajimete kudasai.
90d. It has been started by someone. This is an
exception to the transitive rule.
Hajimete imasu. (hajimete arimasu, never OK)
90e. I am starting it.
Hajimete imasu.
90f. I started it. 2 responses
Hajimeta. Hajimemashita.
91a. It will start. 2 responses
Hajimaru. Hajimarimasu.
91b. It won't start. Plain speech.
Hajimaranai.
91c. It is started.
Hajimatte imasu.
91d. It started. 2 responses
Hajimatta. Hajimarimashita.
92a. I will lose it. 2 responses
Nakusu. Nakushimasu. (naked ku klux klansmans
sheet was lost) (Nokosu means to leave something,
like food on a plate)
92b. I won't lose it. Plain speech.
Nakusanai.
92c. Lose it please.
Nakushite kudasai.
92d. It is lost by someone. This is an exception to
the transitive rule.
Nakushite imasu. (nakushite arimasu, never OK)
92e. I am losing it.
Nakushite imasu.
92f. I lost it. 2 responses
Nakushita. Nakushimashita.
93a. It will be missing. 2 responses
Nakunaru. Nakunarimasu. (= to go, run out, pass
away; kieru = to disappear)
93b. It won't be missing. Plain speech.
Nakunaranai.
93c. It is missing.
Nakunatte imasu.
93d. It went missing. 2 responses
Nakunatta. Nakunarimashita.
94a. I will break it. Referring to a machine. 2
responses
Lesson 10.

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Lesson 10. Kowasu. Kowashimasu. (the koala
will sue to break the cartel) [to say to break, use
kowasu & kowareru for machines etc., use waru,
transitive, or wareru, intransitive, for glass and wood
(exceptions to the e rule); use oru, transitive, for
bones; oreru, intransitive, for bones (exceptions to
the e rule)]
94b. I won't break it. Plain speech.
Kowasanai.
94c. Break it, please.
Kowashite kudasai.
94d. It has been broken by someone.
Kowashite arimasu.
94e. I am breaking it.
Kowashite imasu.
94f. I broke it. 2 responses
Kowashita. Kowashimashita.
95a. It will break. Referring to a machine.2 responses
Kowareru. Kowaremasu. (exception to e rule) (the
Koala was erudite but broken)
95b. It won't break. Plain speech.
Kowarenai.
95c. It is broken.
Kowarete imasu.
95d. It broke. 2 responses
Kowareta. Kowaremashita.
96a. I will cure or heal it. 2 responses
Naosu. Naoshimasu. (Naomi sued me since I didnt
heal her) (also = to repair, mend)
96b. I won't cure or heal it. Plain speech.
Naosanai.
96c. Cure it, please.
Naoshite kudasai.
96d. It has been cured by someone.
Naoshite arimasu.
96e. I'm curing it.
Naoshite imasu.
96f. I cured it. 2 responses
Naoshita. Naoshimashita.
97a. It will get well or recover. 2 responses
Naoru. Naorimasu.
97b. It won't get well. Plain speech.
Naoranai.
97c. It is recovered.
Naotte imasu.
97d. It recovered or got well. 2 responses
Naotta. Naorimashita.
98. It will become. 2 responses
Naru. Narimasu.
98b. It won't become. Plain speech.
Naranai.
98c. It is becoming
Natte imasu.
98d. It became. 2 responses.
Natta. Narimashita.
98e. It didn't become. 2 responses.

Naranakatta. Narimasen deshita.

98f. It will end. 2 responses.
Owaru. Owarimasu.
98g. It won't end. Plain speech.
Owaranai.
98h. It is ending.
Owatte imasu.
98i. It ended. 2 responses.
Owatta. Owarimashita.
98j. It didn't end. 2 responses.
Owaranakatta. Owarimasen deshita.
99. To do. Use plain speech for the next 11
responses.
Suru
100. I will knock down a persimmon.
Kaki o otosu.
101. An apple will fall.
Ringo ga ochiru.
102. The door will open.
Doa ga aku
103. I will open the door.
Doa o akeru.
104. The door will close.
Doa ga shimaru.
105. I will close the door.
Doa o shimeru.
106. The dog will go out to outside.
Inu ga soto ni deru.
107. I will put the dog outside.
Inu o soto ni dasu.
108. The candle will go out.
Roosoku ga kieru. (If you wear low socks, you will
get burned by the candle) cf. highway =
koosokudooro
109. I will put out the candle.
Roosoku o kesu.
110. Please turn on the space heater.
Sutoobu o tsukete kudasai.
111. It has already been turned on by someone.
From here on, use polite speech unless otherwise
specified.
Moo tsukete arimasu.
It's already on.
Moo tsuite imasu. (from tsuku)
The window is open, huh.
Mado ga aite imasu ne.
Yeah, because it's hot, it has been opened by
someone. Soften this.
Ee, atsui kara, akete arun desu.
In te aru constructions, e.g., when using shimete
aru to say that something is closed, the direct
object of the transitive verb may be indicated by
either
O, ga
I closed the door. Plain speech.
Doa o shimeta.
Lesson 10.

49

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Lesson 10. The door is closed by someone. Plain
speech. (2 responses)
Doa o shimete aru. Doa ga shimete aru.
The man is turning off the light.
Otoko no hito ga denki o keshite imasu.
The light has been turned off by someone. Use ga.
Denki ga keshite arimasu.
The woman is turning on the light.
Onna no hito ga denki o tsukete imasu.
The light is on.
Denki ga tsuite imasu.
The window is closed.
Mado ga shimatte imasu.
The man is opening the window.
Otoko no hito ga mado o akete imasu.
The window is open.
Mado ga aite imasu.
The woman is closing the window.
Onna no hito ga mado o shimete imasu.
The window is closed.
Mado ga shimatte imasu.
As for the honorable cups and plates, are they already
out?
Koppu to osara wa moo dete imasu ka. (plates are
for honorable salad)
Yeah, they've been put out by someone for sure.
Ee, dashite arimasu yo.
The space heater is on, right? Shall I turn it off?
Sutoobu ga tsuite imasu ne.
Keshimashoo ka.
No, please don't turn it off. Because the room is cold,
it is turned on. Imply that I did it. Soften this.
Iie, kesanai de kudasai. Heya ga samui kara, tsukette
irun desu. (to make a negative request, follow the
negative plain speech form of the verb with de
kudasai) (iru, as opposed to aru, implies that the
speaker turned it on.)
The lights are also on, for sure.
Denki mo tsuite imasu yo.
Ah, as for the lights, please turn them off.
Aa, denki wa keshite kudasai.
The window is open, right. Will I close it?
Mado ga aite imasu ne. Shimemasu ka. (this means,
shall I close it?)
A little, because the air is bad, it is opened. Use
sukoshi. Imply that the speaker did it. Soften the 2nd
clause.
Sukoshi kuuki ga warui kara, akete irun desu. (the
air is full of cookies) (cf. kukkii = cookies)
Please line up the cups and honorable plates on top of
the table.
Teeburu no ue ni koppu to osara o narabete kudasai.
Already they were lined up by someone for sure.
Plain speech. Use a woman's word for emphasis.
Moo narabeta wa yo.
137. Some cute dolls are lined up, right? Plain

speech. Use a woman's word for emphasis.

Kawaii ningyoo ga narande iru wa ne. (the
nincompoops who eat gyoza collect dolls)
I am collecting for sure. I is the subject. Plain
speech. Use no to soften this.
Watashi ga atsumete iru no yo.
As for beer, did you put it in the refrigerator?
Biiru wa reizooko ni iremashita ka.
Yes, it's already in. (shortened for speech)
Hai, moo haittemasu.
Did it already become 4 o'clock? 2 responses. The
first response is polite. In the 2nd response, use plain
speech. Dont use ka in the 2nd response.
Moo yoji ni narimashita ka. Moo yoji ni natta.
No, it still wont become 4 o'clock.
Iie, mada yoji ni narimasen.
It still isnt becoming 4 o'clock.
Mada yoji ni natte imasen.
Not yet.
Mada desu.
No, not yet. Use a grunt to mean no. Dont use desu.
Uun, mada.
As for lunch, did you already eat it?
Hirugohan wa moo tabemashita ka.
As for lunch, did you already eat it? Plain speech.
Dont use ka.
Hirugohan wa moo tabeta.
No, I am not eating yet.
Iie, mada tabete imasen.
No, I still am not eating. Use a grunt to mean no.
Use a contracted form of am not eating. Plain
speech.
Uun, mada tabetenai. (meaning, I havent eaten)
No, I still am not buying.
Iie, mada katte imasen. (meaning, I havent bought)
Yes he already went. Hai moo ikimashita.
No he still isn't going, meaning he hasnt gone.
Iie, mada itte imasen.
A verb that can be added to the te form of a verb
to suggest that the action is done thoroughly and
completely
Shimau
The child ate the sweets completely.
Kodomo ga okashi o tabete shimaimashita.
I already completely did the cleaning also the
laundry also.
Moo sooji mo sentaku mo shite shimaimashita.
Since I will now finish reading this book, please be
waiting for a moment.
Ima kono hon o yonde shimau kara, chotto matte ite
kudasai.
In ordinary speech, te shimau is shortened to
Chau
In ordinary speech, de shimau is shortened to
Jau
As for the letter, I already finished
Lesson 10.

50

51
Lesson 10. writing it. Use the short form of te
shimau.
Tegami wa moo kai cha imashita. (kaite shimau =
kaichau) (kaite shimaimashita = kai chatta, also OK)
As for this book, I already finished reading it. Use
the short form of de shimau. Plain speech.
Kono hon wa moo yon jatta.
Already, did you completely memorize hiragana?
Moo hiragana o oboete shimaimashita ka.
Already, did you completely memorize hiragana?
Use the short form of te shimau. Plain speech.
Moo hiragana o oboe chatta.
Yes, I memorized it completely.
Hai, oboete shimaimashita.
Yeah, I memorized it completely. Use a grunt to
mean yeah. Use the short form of te shimau. Plain
speech.
Un, oboe chatta.
No, not yet. 2 responses, the first one polite. For the
second response, use a grunt to mean no. Dont use
desu.
Iie, mada desu. Uun, mada.
I will go to the post office, but are there any to-send,
meaning outgoing, letters? Use kedo. Plain speech.
Dont use wa or ga.
Yuubinkyoku ni iku kedo, dasu tegami aru.
Well, be waiting for a moment. (use a shortened
form of be waiting)
Ja, chotto matte te.
Because this letter soon I will write completely. Plain
speech. Dont use wo, wa or ga.
Kono tegami sugu kaite shimau kara.
I will go to the library, but are there any to-takeback books? Soften the first clause. Use dakedo.
Plain speech. Dont use wa or ga.
Toshokan ni ikun dakedo, kaesu hon aru. (your toe
shows in that can; don't wear it to the library)
Because I will now read this book completely, i.e.
finish it. 2 responses, both are plain speech. For the
first response, use the longer form and for the second,
the shorter form of the verbs.
Ima kono hon o yonde shimau kara.
Ima kono hon o yon jau kara.
Shall we leave already?
Moo demashoo ka. (here, moo = now or soon)
I will now finish drinking this tea. 2 responses, both
plain speech. For the first response, use the longer
form and for the second response, the shorter form of
the verbs.
Ima kono ocha o nonde shimau. Ima kono ocha o
non jau.
Already, someone will start the meeting, for sure.
Moo kaigi o hajimemasu yo. (here, moo = now, soon)
Be waiting for a moment (shortened form).
Chotto matte te.
Because now someone will do the copy completely.

Someone is understood. Use suru. 2 responses, both

plain speech. For the first response, use the longer
form and for the second, the shorter form of the verbs.
Ima kopii o shite shimau kara. Ima kopii o shi chau
kara.
Won't you go for a walk? Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Sanpo ni ikanai.
Because I will completely wash the honorable plates,
meaning the dishes. 2 responses, both plain speech.
For the first response, use the longer form and for the
second, the shorter form of the verbs.
Osara o arate shimau kara. Osara o ara chau kara.
(arau = wash; Arafat under table washing dishes)
To express the idea of turning a noun into another
noun, such as changing fruit to juice, or of
changing something using a na adjective, such as
making something clean, add this phrase to the
resulting noun or na adjective
Ni suru. Ni shimasu
180. To express the idea of changing something
using an i adjective, such as making something
warm, remove the final i & add this phrase to the i
adjective
Ku suru. Ku shimasu
182. As for this fish, since its fresh, let's make
sashimi out of it.
Kono sakana wa atarashii kara, sashimi ni shimashoo.
(sakana ga, not OK, because kono makes it specific)
183. I'll make the room warm.
Heya o atatakaku shimasu.
184. Adding ice, let's make the juice cold.
Koori o irete juusu o tsumetaku shimashoo. (they
have a lot of ice in Corinth)
185. Cleaning, I made the room clean.
Sooji o shite heya o kirei ni shimashita.
186. This suitcase is heavy, right?
Kono suutsukeesu wa omoi desu ne.
187. Well, taking out the books, let's make it light.
Ja, hon o dashite, karuku shimashoo.
188. Excuse me, I'm studying now. Soften this.
Sumimasen, ima benkyoo shite irun desu.
189. Please make the radio's sound small.
Rajio no oto o chiisaku shite kudasai.
190. Ah, forgive me.
A, gomen nasai.
191. A little, the skirt is long, right? Use sukoshi.
Sukoshi sukaato ga nagai desu ne.
192. That's so, huh? Shall we shorten it a little? Use
sukoshi.
Soo desu ne. Sukoshi mijikaku shimashoo ka.
193. This bag is expensive, huh? Won't you make it
a little cheaper and give? Speaking to someone
outside your in-group.
Kono baggu wa takai desu ne. Moo sukoshi yasuku
shite kudasaimasen ka. (itadakemasen ka, also OK)
194. The soup became cold, huh?
Lesson 10.

51

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Lesson 10. Suupu ga tsumetaku narimashita ne.
195. Well, let's make it a little warm. Use sukoshi.
Ja sukoshi atatakaku shimashoo. (atatamemashoo,
also OK)
196. Since the honorable customer is coming, please
clean the room and make it clean.
Okyakusan ga kuru kara, heya o sooji shite, kirei ni
shite kudasai. (not OK to reverse, i.e. kirei ni shite,
soji shite, as this sounds strange)
197. I catch cold often, for sure. (soften this)
Yoku kaze o hikun desu yo.
198. Well, it would be better if you do sports and
make your body durable, right?
Ja supootsu o shite, karada o joobu ni shita hoo ga ii
desu ne.
199. This room is dark, huh?
Kono heya wa kurai desu ne. (cf. kuroi = black;
karui = light, easy; karai = spicy)
200. It would be better if you turned on that places
standing light and brightened it, right?
Soko no sutando o tsukete, akaruku shita hoo ga ii
desu ne.
201. I got a lot of tangerines.
Mikan o takusan moraimashita. (takusan no mikan o
moraimashita, also OK)
202. Well, let's turn them into juice and drink them.
Ja, juusu ni shite nomimashoo.
203. It's hot, right? Shall I open the window?
Atsui desu ne. Mado o akemashoo ka.
204. Yeah, please do.
Ee, onegai shimasu.
205. No, its fine.
Iie, kekkoo desu.
206. Shall I hold that bag?
Sono baggu o mochimashoo ka. (this means, shall I
carry it?)
207. Ah, thanks. Excuse me.
A, doomo sumimasen.
208. Shall I see you off by car as far as the station?
Eki made kuruma de okurimashoo ka. (from okuru,
as opposed to okureru meaning to get late; okuru
also = to send) (I send the o [honorable] curry)
209. No, its fine. Because I will walk.
Ie, kekkoo desu. Arukimasu kara.
210. Shall I explain it in English?
Eigo de setsumei shimashoo ka. (explain why the set
has Sue and May on it)
211. Yes, please do. Because, as for
Japanese, I hardly dont understand. (use node)
Hai onegai shimasu. Nihongo wa amari
wakarimasen node.
212. Shall I bring a fork?
Fooku o motte kimashoo ka.
213. No, its fine. I'm OK with chopsticks. (use
kekkoo and daijoobu)
Ie, kekkoo desu. Hashi de daijoobu desu.

214. Shall I attach a ribbon?

Ribon o tsukemashoo ka.
215. Yes, please do. Because it's a present.
Hai onegai shimasu. Purezento desu kara.
216. Shall I help? Use tetsudau as a verb.
Tetsudaimashoo ka.
217. Excuse me. As for by myself, I cant do it.
(soften this)
Sumimasen. Hitori de wa dekinain desu. (OK to
omit wa) (jibun de, not OK, but jibun hitori de, OK)
218. Shall I treat you to dinner? Use yuushoku.
Yuushoku o gochisoo shimashoo ka.
219. Wow, thank you a lot. Thanks for the treat.
(abbreviated phrase)
Wa, arigatoo gozaimasu. Gochisoo sama.
220. Breakfast. Use shoku in the next 3 responses.
Chooshoku (eat breakfast with Margaret Cho)
221. Lunch
Chuushoku (chew a lot during lunch)
222. Dinner
Yuushoku (eat dinner with you)
(cf. shoogakkoo = primary school, chuugakkoo =
middle school, kookoo = high school) (cf. yuube =
last night, yuugata = evening)
223. Who is it? (answering the door)
Donata desu ka.
224. We were humbly waiting, meaning we've been
expecting you.
Omachi shite imashita.
225. Go ahead, please come in. 2 responses
Doozo oagari kudasai. Doozo ohairi kudasai. (doozo
ohairi kudasai, also OK)
226. Go ahead to this way.
Doozo kochira e.
227. Well, I will commit a discourtesy, meaning Ill
inconvenience you. Use de wa. 2 responses.
Dewa shitsurei shimasu. Dewa ojama shimasu.
228. As for today, at this place, meaning at this
moment, I'll commit a discourtesy. Because I'm
hurrying. (Use node.)
Kyoo wa koko de shitsurei shimasu. Isoide imasu
node. (from isogu, isogimasu, to hurry) (because I'm
isogashii, I isogu) (koko de = right now, kore de =
from now) (koko appears to be a time word here, but
use de rather than ni because it also implies place)
229. This is a worthless thing but go ahead. Dont
use wa or ga after this.
Kore sumaranai mono desu ga, doozo. (this is a
standard phrase used when you give a gift)
230. Thanks. Im overwhelmed.
Doomo osoreirimasu. (Im overwhelmed, but an oso
[bear in Spanish], red, I irimasu [need])
231. Go ahead, please honorably sit. Use a short
version of this expression. Imply that the person will
sit on a chair or sofa.
Doozo okake kudasai. (sitting with a
Lesson 10.

52

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Lesson 10. cake on your lap) (doozo okake ni
natte kudasai, also OK)
232. Please honorably sit. Use a short version of this
expression. Imply that the person will sit on a
zabuton.
Osuwari kudasai. (chanto suwatte kudasai is OK, but
this means sit nicely, spoken to a child; suwatte
kudasai, OK; osuwari ni natte kudasai, also OK;
cannot say osuwatte kudasai or okakete kudasai)
233. I will commit a discourtesy, meaning excuse me,
I will sit down.
Shitsurei shimasu.
234. Nothing exists, but go ahead.
Nani mo arimasen ga, doozo. (this is a standard
expression used when serving someone a meal)
235. I will humbly receive, meaning thanks, I will.
Itadakimasu.
236. Another cup or glass, how is it? Cup or glass is
understood. Use a polite word for how.
Moo ippai ikaga desu ka.
237. Another piece, how is it? Piece is understood.
Use a polite word for how.
Moo hitotsu ikaga desu ka.
238. Thank you a lot. I will.
Arigatoo gozaimasu. Itadakimasu.
239. No, I'm already fine. It was a treat.
Iie, moo kekkoo desu. Gochisoo sama deshita.
240. Gradually, Ill commit a discourtesy, meaning
Ill be going.
Soro soro shitsurei shimasu. (this is a standard
expression used before leaving)
241. Still, wont it be good; meaning, can't you say a
little longer? 2 responses, for the 2nd response, use a
polite word for goo.
Mada ii ja arimasen ka. (can say mada yokunai desu.
Cannot say mada yoku arimasen ka.) Mada yoroshii
ja arimasen ka.
242. As for today, thank you very much for what you
did.
Kyoo wa doomo arigatoo gozaimashita.
243. No, the pleasure was all mine.
Iie, kochira koso. (kochira [this way] to see Kosovo
is always a pleasure; kochira = this way)
244. Again, by all means, go ahead, please
honorably come.
Mata zehi doozo irashite kudasai. (a zebra hides by
all means) (irashatte, also OK, but sounds weird)
245. I will commite a discourtesy. Good-bye. Good
night.
Shitsurei shimasu. Sayoonara. Oyasuminasai.
246. These are cookies I made, but go ahead. Dont
use wa or ga after these.
Kore watashi ga tsukutta kukkii desu ga, doozo.
247. Are they ones that you made? Use n to make a
noun phrase.
Anata ga tsukuttan desu ka. (same as tsukutta no

desu) (not OK to omit n or no) (you may combine

a verb with n or no to make a pronoun meaning
one or ones; this makes a noun phrase)
248. Is coffee good? Or is tea good? Use a polite
word for good.
Koohii ga yoroshii desu ka. Soretomo ocha ga
yoroshii desu ka. (wa, not OK, too general here with
choices. Either choice by itself, OK, e.g., koohii wa
yoroshii desu ka)
249. Since it already became dark, gradually Ill
commit a discourtesy, meaning I'd better get going.
Moo kuraku narimashita kara, soro soro shitsurei
shimasu.
250. Already it will become half past 4, but, as for
the son, he still doesnt return from school.
Moo yojihan ni narimasu ga, musuko wa mada
gakkoo kara kaerimasen. (musuko ga, also OK)
251. Please look at the son's room.
Musuko no heya o mite kudasai.
252. Socks, magazines, balls etc. are messy. Use ya,
nado.
Kutsushita ya zasshi ya booru nado ga chirakatte
imasu. (OK to omit ga when using nado)
253. Moreover, as for on top of the bed, taken-off
pajamas and a guitar are placed.
Sore ni beddo no ue ni wa nuida pajama to gitaa ga
oite arimasu. (from nugu, nugimashita, to take off)
(from oku, to place) (I took off my shirt because it
had new goo in it) (pajama to gitaa o oite arimasu,
not as good, sounds strange)
254. The room light is turned off by someone, but
the light on top of the desk is not turned off by
anyone. (use wa rather than o because you are
contrasting 2 different expressions)
Heya no denki wa keshite arimasu ga, tsukue no ue
no denki wa keshite arimasen.
255. Moreover, the door also, the window also, are
not closed (by anyone).
Sore ni doa mo mado mo shimete arimasen.
256. The CD's are neatly lined up by someone, but
the books on top of the desk are not neatly lined up
(by anyone).
CD wa kirei ni narabete arimasu ga, tsukue no ue no
hon wa kirei ni narabete arimasen.
257. On the wall, a paper is pasted up by someone.
Use ga rather than wo.
Kabe ni kami ga hatte arimasu. (from haru, to put up
or paste) (I paste in haru [Spring] because it's humid)
(kami o hatte arimasu, not OK here, sounds strange)
258. To that paper, I wont make a mess is written.
Sono kami ni chirakasanai to kaite arimasu. (use ni
to write to a paper) (chirakasanai means I wont
make a mess)
259. As for the honorable customer, why did he say
he will return? Use naze.
Okyakusan wa naze kaeru to iimashita Lesson 10.

53

54
Lesson 10. ka. ( naze kaeru to itta no desu ka, also
OK)
260. Because it's already 10 o'clock.
Moo juuji desu kara.
261. Because it already became late.
Moo osoku narimashita kara.
262. Because there wasn't a bus. (it disappeared)
Basu ga naku narimashita kara. (from naku, the
adverbial form of nai = doesnt exist)
263. Now apples three are entered in the refrigerator.
Ima reizooko ni ringo ga mittsu haitte imasu.
264. Now in the refrigerator, not even one apple is
entered .
Ima reizooko ni ringo ga hitotsu mo haitte imasen.
265. As for a Japanese language letter, I still have
never written one.
Nihongo no tegami wa mada kaita koto ga arimasen.
(OK to use tegami o also) (koto wa arimasen, also
OK, but not as good)
266. As for a Japanese language letter, I still have
never read one.
Nihongo no tegami wa mada yonda koto ga arimasen.
267. As for a Japanese language letter, I still have
never received one.
Nihongo no tegami wa mada moratta koto ga
arimasen.
Lesson 11.
Chapter 11. Literally, # 11 Chapter.
Dai juissho. (dai means number, sho means chapter)
Hello. (on the phone)
Moshi moshi.
Yes, this is Abe Industries, business, first section.
Hai, Abe Sangyoo Eigyoo ikka desu. (dai ikka, also
OK)
I am humbly called Yamakawa Tradings Tsukino,
but does Section Managers Kitamura honorably
exist? Dont use wa or ga after Kitamura.
Yamakawa Boeki no Tsukino to mooshimasu, ga
kachoo no Kitamura san irasshaimasu ka. (booeki =
international trade or commerce; the international
trading company trades bows and arrows at the eki;
cf. shoosha = trading company) (mooshimasu = a
humble way to say iimasu)
Yes, it's Mr. Sukino, right?
Hai, Sukino san desu ne.
No, its Tsukino.
Iie, Tsukino desu.
What? Im overwhelmed, but once again I beg. Use
ha.
Ha? Osore irimasu ga, moo ichido onegaishimasu.
Tsukino. Its the Tsu from ta,chi,tsu,te,to.
Tsukino. Ta, chi, tsu, te, to no Tsu desu.
Kuroda, the literature beside that phone, 3 apiece,
hurriedly, do copies in advance. Use yoko. Use bu
as a counter. Plain speech.

Kuroda san, sono denwa no yoko no shirioo o sanbu

zutsu isoide kopii shite oite. (literature about shiroi
[white] cheerios; shiro = white) (Bu is a counter
used for magazines, brochures, parts of a novel.)
(oite from oku, meaning to place; when used
after a te form, oku means to have something
ready in advance)
Because Tsukino of Yamakawa Trading will
honorably come. Plain speech.
Yamakawa Booeki no Tsukino san ga irassharu kara.
Is it this blue one?
Kono aoi no desu ka.
Nah, that white one.
Iya, sono shiroi no.
And then, as for the Osaka branch office report? Use
sore kara. Use hookoku.
Sore kara, oosaka shisha no hookoku wa. (branch
office is a she office; cf. shiten = branch store)
(hookoku = report; report on a holistic practitioners
koku [country]) (cf. kookoku = advertising)
Ah, it is being entered in that places cabinets
second drawer for sure.
A, soko no kyabinetto no niban me no hikidashi ni
haitte imasu yo. (me is used as a counter for ordinal
numbers in a series, e.g. Daiissho me, chapter one)
(the toy car has a hickey on the dash, so keep it in the
drawer)
Ah, here it is, here it is. Report what you see as an
exclamation. Plain speech.
A, atta, atta. (atta = arimashita; use the past tense
to report what you see as an exclamation see
Lesson 20)
Well, this also I will request, for sure. (plain speech)
Ja, kore mo tanomu yo. (tanomu = request; request
a tan omelet)
As for the copies, put them on top of my desk in
advance. Use a mans word for my. (plain speech)
Kopii wa boku no tsukue no ue ni oite oite. (the 1st
oite from oku = to place; the 2nd oite from oku = to
do in advance)
Can you do it by 2 oclock? (plain speech)
Niji made ni dekiru? (made ni means by a certain
time)
Yes, Ill do them in a hurry.
Hai, isoide shimasu.
I will do humble introductions.
Go shookai shimasu. (introduce Shokei and Kyle) (cf.
kyookasho, textbook)
As for this way, its the Michael Webb-called and
next-time-to-accomplish, in-groups, America branch
offices manager. Use a humble phrase to say
called. Use te to mean and.
Kochira wa Maikeru Uebbu to mooshimashite, kondo
dekiru, uchi no Amerika shisha no tantoo desu. (put
Tonto in charge) (cannot say to mooshimatte, as
shimatte comes from shimau) (dont
Lesson 11.

54

55
Lesson 11.
use san because Michael is in the
speakers in-group)
Because Japanese is OK (meaning he speaks OK).
Dont use wa or ga.
Nihongo daijoobu desu kara.
Ah, as for this, good. Use doomo. (meaning, its
good to meet you; this also means what a surprise,
how nice)
A, kore wa doomo.
24. I am humbly called YamakawaTradings
Tsukino. Use watakushi. Dont use wa or ga.
Watakushi Yamakawa Booeki no Tsukino to
mooshimasu.
Go ahead, be good to me. Use the shorter form of
this expression.
Doozo yoroshiku.
Its Michael Webb, meaning Im Michael Webb.
Maikeru Uebbu desu.
Pleased to meet you.
Hajimemashite.
As for earlier, on the phone, I was rude.
Sakki wa denwa de shitsurei shimashita. (also OK,
saki hodo wa, a little while ago; cannot say sakki
hodo, with 2 ks)
Do you read it as Tsukino yoo? soften this.
Tsukino yoo to yomun desu ka.
Nah, you write it as yoo and you read it as
Hiroshi. Soften this. Use te to mean and.
Iya, yoo to kaite, Hiroshi to yomun desu.
I see. Japanese peoples names are difficult, huh?
Naruhodo. Nihonjin no namae wa muzukashii desu
ne.
Chairman of the board.
Kaichoo (Kyle is Chairman)
Company president.
Shachoo
Senior managing director.
Senmu (the senior managing director has sen [1,000]
moo cows)
Managing director.
Joomu (Joe has a moo cow & is managing director)
Division manager
Buchoo
Section manager
Kachoo
Assistant manager
Kakarichoo
Foreman
Shunin (also = person in charge) (shumi = hobby)
(the person in charge shoos nin [people] away)
(shoonin = merchant, witness, acknowledgment,
approval; the merchant shows nin [people]
merchandise)
Who, to whom, called on the phone?
Dare ga dare ni denwa o kakemashita ka.
What did Kitamura request of Kuroda?

Kitamura san wa Kuroda san ni nani o tanomimashita

ka.
As for the white literature, where was it being
placed?
Shiroi shiryoo wa doko ni oite arimashita ka.
As for Kuroda, in what manner will she place the
copied literature? Use dooshite.
Kuroda san wa kopii shita shiryoo o dooshite
okimasu ka. (kopii o shita, also OK) (could also
mean why will she place it) (cannot substitute
dooyatte for dooshite in this case, as it sounds wrong)
Have Tsukino and Webb met at before?
Tsukino san to Uebbu san wa mae ni atta koto ga
arimasu ka.
As for Tsukino's name, is it Yoo, is it Hiroshi?
Tsukino san no namae wa Yoo desu ka, Hiroshi
desu ka.
Daughters and sons, 3 each exist, meaning I have 3 of
each.
Musume to musuko ga sannin zutsu imasu. (not OK
to substitute wa for ga here, since it would sound as if
you were talking about someone elses kids)
Writing new kanji 10 times each, I practice. Use kai.
Plain speech.
Atarashii kanji o jikkai zutsu kaite renshuu suru.
(jukkai also OK) (kai = times, similar to do;
juudo doesnt sound as good as jikkai here)
62-yen stamps and 200-yen stamps, 5 of each please.
Roku juu ni en no kitte to nihyaku en no kitte o
gomai zutsu kudasai.
Altogether, it comes to 1310 yen.
Zenbu de sen sambyaku juu en ni narimasu.
Please insert, or add, a little at a time.
Sukoshi zutsu irete kudasai.
What did he receive?
Nani o moraimashita ka.
Apple and tangerine, he received one each.
Ringo to mikan o hitotsu zutsu moraimashita.
Altogether he received two.
Zenbu de futatsu moraimashita. (you dont need to
use o after numbers)
As for honorable children, how many people is it?
Okosan wa nannin desu ka.
Girls and boys, two each exist.
Onna no ko to otoko no ko ga futari zutsu imasu.
As for honorable sushi, what did you eat?
Osushi wa nani o tabemashita ka.
Fatty tuna and shrimp 3 apiece I ate.
Toro to ebi o mittsu zutsu tabemashita.
Altogether I ate 6.
Zenbu de muttsu tabemashita.
As for drinks, what will you choose?
Nomimono wa nani ni shimasu ka. (nan ni, also OK)
(ni suru is used after a noun or pronoun to mean
choose see the discussion in Lesson 12)
Beer and juice 4 bottles each, I beg.
Lesson 11.

55

56
Lesson 11. Biiru to juusu o yonhon zutsu onegai
shimasu.
Altogether, they are 8 bottles.
Zenbu de happon desu.
Shall I do copying?
Kopii shimashoo ka. (kopii o, also OK)
Yeah, the literature, 10 sheets each, please do
copying.
Eee, shiryoo o juumai zutsu kopii shite kudasai.
Altogether, it's 20 sheets.
Zenbu de nijuumai desu.
Did you get stamps? (soften this)
Kitte o morattan desu ka.
Yeah, I got 5 each of the 62-yen
and 41-yen ones. (soften this)
Ee, lokujuu ni en no to yonjuu ichi en no o gomai
zutsu morattan desu.
To show that an action is being done in
preparation for future use, use the te or de form
followed by
Oku.
Since a meeting exists, let's copy the literature in
advance.
Kaigi ga aru kara, shiryoo o kopii shite okimashoo.
As for tomorrow, since a test exists, please do a
thorough review in advance. Use shiken. Use yoku
to mean thorough.
Ashita wa shiken ga aru kara, yoku fukushuu shite
oite kudasai. (fukushuu suru = to review lessons;
fuku [blow] a shuu [week] on a review) (cf. yoshuu
suru = prepare for new lessons, study ahead; Yochan studies ahead one shuu [week])
Since the planes will get crowded, it would be better
to make the reservation at 3 months in advance, for
sure.
Hikooki wa komu kara, sanka getsu mae ni yoyaku
shite oita hoo ga ii desu yo. (hikooki ga, also OK;
wa implies that planes in general get crowded)
Honorable guests will come. What will they do in
advance?
Okyaku san ga kimasu. Nani o shite okimasu ka.
(cannot say shite oite imasu; instead may say shite
oite okimasu, or shite okimasu)
Hiroshi will straighten up the room in advance.
Hiroshi wa heya o katatzukete okimasu. (Hiroshi ga,
also OK) (from katatzukeru, to put in order or
straighten up) (a kata [person], in a zoo kennel,
straightens up; kata = honorific word for person)
Honorable Mother will do some cooking in advance.
Okaasan wa ryoori o shite okimasu.
Honorable Father will put beer in the refrigerator in
advance.
Otoosan wa reizooko ni biiru o irete okimasu.
Ichiro will clean the front hallway in advance.
Ichiroo wa genkan o sooji shite okimasu.
Yurie will wipe the table in advance.

Yurie wa teeburu o fuite okimasu. (from fuku, to

wipe or to blow) (cf. fukushuu = review)
I will travel. At before that, what kinds of things will
I do in advance?
Ryokoo o shimasu. Sono mae ni donna koto o shite
okimasu ka.
I will put my baggage in my suitcase in advance.
Suutsukeesu ni nimotsu o irete okimasu.
I will reserve a hotel in advance.
Hoteru o yoyaku shite okimasu.
I will buy a ticket in advance.
Kippu o katte okimasu.
I will look at a map in advance.
Chizu o mite okimasu.
I will marry. At before that, what kinds of things will
I do in advance?
Kekkon shimasu. Sono mae ni donna koto o shite
okimasu ka.
I will rent a room in advance.
Heya o karite okimasu.
I will buy furniture in advance.
Kagu o katte okimasu. (kagu = furniture; the kagi
was under the furniture; kagi = key)
I will send weddings invitations in advance. Use
dasu.
Kekkon shiki no shootaijoo o dashite okimasu.
(show your tie, Joe, if you want an invitation)
A Japanese language test exists. At before that, what
kinds of things will I do in advance. Use tesuto.
Nihongo no testo ga arimasu. Sono mae ni donna
koto o shite okimasu ka.
I will review the textbook in advance. Use tekisuto.
Tekisuto o fukushuu shite okimasu. (cf. kyookasho,
textbook; kyookai [churches], are shown in art
textbooks) )
I will listen to the tapes in advance.
Teepu o kiite okimasu.
I will study kanji in advance.
Kanji o benkyoo shite okimasu.
Which form of the verb can be used as an adverb?
The te or de form
Riding by train, lets go, meaning let's go riding by
train.
Densha ni notte ikimashoo. (from noru)
We went running as far as the station.
Eki made hashitte ikimashita. (from hashiru)
I'll copy it hurriedly.
Isoide kopii shimasu. (from isogu)
I'll visit you delightedly, meaning with pleasure. You
is understood. Use ukagau.
Yorokonde ukagaimasu. (from yorokobu, ukagau,
humble form of visit) (visit UK and again au [meet])
(cf. tazuneru, a less humble form of visit; not OK to
substitute tazunemasu for ukagaimasu here; it would
sound like you were saying I will ask you.)
Since I overslept, I left home in a
Lesson 11.

56

57
Lesson 11.
frenzy. Use node.
Nebooshita node awatete uchi o demashita. (from
neboo suru, to oversleep; awateru, to act in a frenzy)
(neru [sleep] was boring so I overslept) (awakened
by a terrorist, I was in a frenzy)
Since the movie theater was crowded, I watched the
movie standing up. Use node.
Eigakan ga konde ita node eiga o tatte mimashita.
(from tatsu)
As for the thin buckwheat noodles, I will eat them
using hashi.
Soba wa hashi o tsukatte tabemasu. (from tsukau)
(hashi de tabemasu, also OK) (soba = thin buckwheat
noodles, served dry; udon = thick white noodles,
served wet)
98. Since there isn't time, let's go riding in a taxi.
Use plain speech for the 1st clause.
Jikan ga nai kara, takushii ni notte ikimashoo.
As for the station, since its close, let's go walking.
Eki wa chikai kara aruite ikimashoo. (ga, also OK)
As for the small characters, I'll look at them wearing
glasses.
Chiisai ji wa megane o kakette mimasu. (chiisai ji o
also OK)
Since the friend is waiting, I went running. Use node.
Tomodachi ga matte iru node, hashitte ikimashita.
(from hashiru) (matte ita also OK)
Do you return from school as far as the house
walking?
Gakkoo kara ie made aruite kaerimasu ka.
No, I return riding a train.
Iie, densha ni notte kaerimasu.
As for Japanese, how doing do you memorize it?
Use yaru.
Nihongo wa doo yatte oboemasu ka.
I memorize listening to tapes.
Teepu o kiite oboemasu.
As for Webb, how doing does he study katakana?
Use yaru.
Uebbu san wa dooyatte katakana o benkyoo shimasu
ka. (cannot say dooshite rather than dooyatte, as that
would mean why; dono yoo ni shite katakana o
benkyoo shimasu ka, is OK)
He studies looking at inside-the-train ads.
Densha no naka no kookoku o mite benkyoo shimasu.
(kookoo = high school)
To indicate the time by which an action is
completed, use a plain non-past verb form, or
various time words, followed by
Made ni
As for the copying, will it be ready by 10 o'clock?
Plain speech.
Kopii wa juuji made ni dekiru? (ga, also OK)
Can you do overtime work until 10 o'clock? Plain
speech. Dont use wa or ga.
Juuji made zangyoo dekiru? (zangyoo ga, also OK)

(overtime work on Zanker Road making geography

textbooks )
Since a test exists next week, by then, I want to memorize these kanji. Use tesuto. Soften the last verb.
Raishuu tesuto ga arimasu kara, sore made ni, kono
kanji o oboetain desu. (cannot say sono made,
although you can say sono koro, about that time)
(OK to substitute either sono mae, or sono jikan
made, for sore made)
Since there's a test next week, let's study together
until then.
Raishuu tesuto ga arimasu kara, sore made issho ni
benkyoo shimashoo.
As for by the time the honorable guest comes, it will
probably finish. Time is understood.
Okyaku san ga kuru made ni wa, owaru deshoo.
Excuse me. I'm hurrying, but will these shirts
accomplish by the day after tomorrow, meaning will
they be ready? Soften the 1st verb. Dont use wa or
ga after shirts.
Sumimasen. Isoide irun desu ga, kono shatsu asatte
made ni dekimasu ka.
Its the day after tomorrow, huh? Yes, they will
accomplish for sure, meaning theyll be done.
Asatte desu ne. Hai, dekimasu yo.
As for by the day after tomorrow, a little bit ...
Asatte made ni wa, chotto ... (meaning, they wont
be ready)
Please come to Ueno station by 6:40.
Lokuji yonjuppun made ni Ueno Eki ni kite kudasai.
(yoji = 4:00, yonjuu = 40)
I was living in Roppongi until last year.
Kyonen made Roppongi ni sunde imashita.
Since summer vacation is from the day after
tomorrow, I'd like the work to finish by tomorrow I
think. Use wo after work.
Asatte kara natsuyasumi desu kara, shigoto o ashita
made ni owaritai to omoimasu. (shigoto ga, also OK)
(natsuyasumi ga asatte kara
dakara, also OK)
By the time the honorable guest comes, I will clean
the room in advance.
Okyakusan ga kuru made ni, heya o sooji shite
okimasu.
As for the report, will it accomplish by 3 o'clock?
Use hookokusho.
Hookokusho wa sanji made ni dekimasu ka.
Since I'll do other work until 2 o'clock ...
Hoka no shigoto o niji made shimasu kara ...
(meaning, I wont be able to do it)
Until I go, please be waiting, huh? I is the subject.
Watashi ga iku made matte ite kudasai ne.
Because I'll go hurriedly by 2 o'clock.
Isoide niji made ni ikimasu kara.
As for Sundays, until lunch is ready, Im sleeping for
sure. Soften the last verb.
Lesson 11.

57

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Lesson 11.
Nichiyoobi wa hirugohan ga dekiru
made nete irun desu yo.
As for by about 10 o'clock, it would be better to get
up for sure.
Juuji goro made ni wa, okita hoo ga ii desu yo.
In the following section, you are in an office, using
very polite speech with customers and very humble
speech to refer to yourself and your co-workers.
Answering the phone. Yes, this is Yamada. Use a
humble word to say it is.
Hai, Yamada de gozaimasu.
This is Harada, but I beg Tanaka, meaning may I
speak to him?
Harada desu ga, Tanaka san o onegaishimasu. (o is
optional)
Yes, please wait a moment. Use a very polite form of
this expression.
Hai, shooshoo omachi kudasai.
Yes, its Tanaka, but ...
Hai, Tanaka desu ga.
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. Its Tanaka.
Omatase shimashita. Tanaka desu.
Tanaka is leaving the seat humbly, but ... Use hazusu.
Tanaka wa seki o hazushite orimasu ga. (seki o
hazusu, to leave one's seat) (hazards of usury caused
me to leave my seat) (orimasu = oru = humble form
of iru = imasu; oru is used in very polite situations
to refer to yourself or members of your in-group)
Tanaka is in the middle of going out, but... Use
gaishutsu.
Tanaka wa gaishutsu chuu desu ga ... (gaishutsu suru,
to go out; chuu means during, in the middle of
doing) (cf. yushutsu suru, export; yunyuu suru,
import) (gaishutsugi = street dress; gaijin = foreigner)
Tanaka is in the middle of a meeting, but ...
Tanaka wa kaigi chuu desu ga ...
Tanaka is departing humbly, but ... Use dekakeru to
mean depart in these lessons.
Tanaka wa dekakete orimasu ga ... (use demasu to
mean leave)
Tanaka is absent, but ...
Tanaka wa rusu desu ga ...
Tanaka still doesn't return, but ...
Tanaka wa mada kaerimasen ga ...
Is there anything message?
Nanika okotozuke ga arimasu ka. (message re: o
[honorable] koto at zoo and the key to open it) (cf.
dengon = message)
No, its fine.
Iie, kekkoo desu.
Well, again, more in the future, I will do a humble
phone call. Use dewa in this section to mean well.
Dewa, mata nochihodo odenwa shimasu. (denwa o
itashimasu, sounds strange) (nochihodo, later, after
awhile) (nochi = future; hodo = more; I'll like
gnocchi in the future) (naruhodo = I see) (odenwa o

shimasu, not OK;

Yes, well, please honorably report that there was a
phone call from Harada.
Hai, dewa, Harada kara denwa ga atta to otsutae
kudasai. (kara no denwa, also OK) (tsutaeru, to
report, to tell; the honorific form is otsutaeru) (report
oats-tying Ruth) (otsutae kudasai is standard
business speech see Lesson 21)
As for that very honorable sides phone number?
Sochira sama no denwa bango wa?
I will humbly report. Use tsutaeru.
Otsutae shimasu. (otsutaemasu OK, but not as good)
(to form a humble verb construction, referring to
actions that you perform, put o in front of the verb
stem, and follow the verb stem with suru or shimasu
see Lesson 21)
Well, I beg you well. Use yoroshii.
Dewa, yoroshiku onegai shimasu. (yoroshiku = well,
pleased to meet you)
Is it the Tanaka residence?
Tanaka san no otaku desu ka.
No, it's different, but ... Use kedo.
Iie, chigaimasu kedo.
Ah, I'm sorry for committing a discourtesy.
A, doomo shitsurei shimashita.
No, meaning not at all.
Iie.
About when will he honorably return?
Itsu goro okaeri ni narimasu ka. (to make an
honorific verb, put o in front of the verb stem
and follow the stem with ni naru see Lesson 21)
As for by 5 o'clock, I think he will return, but is there
anything message?
Goji made ni wa kaeru to omoimasu ga, nanika
okotozuke ga arimasu ka.
Again about that time, I will do a humble phone call.
Use koro to mean approximate time.
Mata sono koro odenwa shimasu. (sono goro doesnt
sound right)
Well, I will commit a discourtesy. Use dewa.
Dewa, shitsurei shimasu.
Please forgive, meaning good-bye.
Gomen kudasai.
I'm overwhelmed, but may I speak to Hayashi?
Osore irimasu ga, Hayashi san o onegaishimasu.
(osore = fear, awe, reverence; osore iru = to be
overwhelmed)
As for Hayashi, right this moment he is being
departed humbly, but ... Use tadaima.
Hayashi wa tadaima dekakete orimasu ga .. (tadaima
means just now)
Well, when he returns, please report that there was a
phone call from Webb. Use ja to mean well. Use the
tara form of the verb to mean if or when. Plain
speech.
Jaa, kaettara Uebbu kara denwa ga
Lesson 11.

58

59
Lesson 11. atta to otsutae kudasai. (use tara
means to add ra to the past tense of a verb to
mean if or when, e.g., tabetara = if or when I eat
see Lesson 15)
I beg you well. Use a polite word to mean well.
Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
Tanaka is being departed humbly now.
Tanaka wa ima dekakete orimasu.
Please honorably report that the appointment time
changed.
Yakusoku no jikan ga kawatta to otsutae kudasai.
(from kawaru, intransitive = change, take the place
of; kaeru, transitive form = change, replace, exchange, transform) (an appointment for yak soaking)
This elevator isn't moving now, huh?
Kono erebeetaa wa ima ugoite imasen ne. (from
ugoku, to move) (an ugly gopher moves a lot)
Let's climb the stairs.
Kaidan o noborimashoo.
It still isn't open, huh? Plain speech. Use desu.
Mada aite inai desu ne.
Let's go to another store.
Hoka no mise ni ikimashoo.
It's being broken, huh? (referring to a machine)
Meaning, its broken. Soften this.
Kowarete irun desu ne. (kowareru, kowasu; in
Koala reruns, things get broken)
Because its only one phone, its inconvenient, huh.
Use hitotsu. Use dakara.
Denwa ga hitotsu dake dakara, fuben desu ne. (cant
substitute hitotsu mo arimasen kara, as this means
not even one)
Ah, it was good. As for here, its open. Plain speech.
Aa, yokatta. Koko wa aite iru. (ga, also OK)
(yokatta is the exclamatory tense see Lesson 20)
Let's do a meal here.
Koko de shokuji o shimashoo.
As for this street, its bad. Use dame. (plain speech)
Kono michi wa dame da.
Let's pass by on another street.
Hoka no michi o toorimashoo. (tooru, to pass
through or by, to pass an exam) (michi de, not OK)
The other person is using it. Let's wait a bit. Use
sukoshi.
Hoka no hito ga tsukatte imasu. Sukoshi
machimashoo.
Now a meeting is being done by someone, huh? By
someone is understood. Meaning, a meeting is being
held. (soften this)
Ima kaigi o shite irun desu ne.
Again, of later, lets come, meaning let's come again
later.
Mata ato de kimashoo. (ato ni, not OK; but you can
say ato ni shimasu; ato de tabemasu is OK, ato ni
tabemasu is not OK; as a rule, its safer to use ato
de, rather than ato ni)

As for the correct one, which is it? Assume you only

have two choices.
Tadashii no wa dochira desu ka. (use dochira for 2
items; use dore for 3 or more items)
Lesson 12
As for Tanabe, hes late, huh?
Tanabe san wa osoi desu ne.
He might not know/understand the place, eh? Use
basho. Use no to soften the first verb.
Basho ga wakaranai no kamoshiremasen nee. (OK to
omit no) (tokoro is not as good as basho here)
Since I reported precisely, he should be knowing,
but ... eh? Use a plain speech contracted form of be
knowing.
Chanto tsutaeta kara shitteru hazu desu ga nee.
[(o)tsutaeru = to tell, report, pass on, infect; report
oats-tying Ruth ) (hazu desu = should be)
A memo and together also a map I handed and...
Plain speech, use shi after the verb to mean and.
Memo to issho ni chizu mo watashita shi ... (watasu,
to hand, give, pass; shi used after a verbal means
and, used as an explanation)
Hey guys, excuse me. Use iyaa.
Iyaa, sumimasen. (Iyaa, similar to yall)
I became late.
From Hibiya, I rode in a taxi, but streets awfully
crowded, huh. (plain speech, soften the first clause,
use dakedo; use hidoi)
Hibiya kara takushii ni nottan dakedo michi ga
hidoku konde nee. (cf. taihen, terrible) (must convert
the adjective hidoi = awful to the adverb hidoku)
Because today is Friday, huh?
Kyoo wa kinyoobi desu kara nee. (dakara, also OK)
Well, shall we start it gradually?
Jaa soro soro hajimemashoo ka. (hajimarimashoo,
not OK)
Hey, as for Hanada, wont she come? Use no to
soften this. Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Are, Hanada san wa konai no? (cf. ara, same
meaning as are)
She'll become a little late, but she's supposed to come.
Use sukoshi. Use kedo. Use plain speech for the 1st
2 verbs.
Sukoshi osoku naru kedo kuru hazu desu.
And then, the Public Relations Section's Hamano also,
if the work finishes early he will come he was saying.
Use a contracted form of he was saying. Use sore
kara. Use tara.
Sore kara koohooka no Hamano san mo shigoto ga
hayaku owattara kuru to ittemashita. (koohoo =
official report; ka = section; co-workers smoking a
hookah in public relations) (sore kara = and then/
next; soshite = then)
Honorable everyone, good evening.
Minasan, konbanwa.
Lesson 12.

59

60
Lesson 12. As for me, I am called Michael Webb.
Use a polite form of I am called.
Watashi wa maikeru uebbu to mooshimasu.
15. This time, together with honorable everyone, it
was scheduled that I will labor.
Kondo, minasan to issho ni hataraku koto ni
narimashita. (to show that an action is scheduled,
follow the verb with koto ni naru)
At one month ago, I came from New York.
Ikka getsu mae ni nyuuyooku kara kimashita.
As for in America, I was employed in a bank, but in
college I learned a little Japanese and. (use ga, use
sukoshi, used plain speech to say I learned, use shi
after the verb to mean and or to imply an
explanation)
Amerika de wa ginkoo ni tsutomete imashita ga,
daigaku de, nihongo o sukoshi naratta shi.
Besides, since interest to Japan exists, I entered this
company. Use plain speech to say exists. Use node.
Sore ni, nihon ni kyoomi ga aru node, kono kaisha ni
hairimashita. (an interest in Kyoto meat)
The hobbies are music and tennis.
Shumi wa ongaku to tenisu desu.
If there is time, travel also Id like to do, I'm thinking.
Use tara. Use plain speech for the 1st clause.
Jikan ga attara, ryokoo mo shitai to omotte imasu.
As for the family, with the wife its two people. Use
tsuma.
Kazoku wa tsuma to futari desu.
Go ahead, be good to me.
Doozo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
Well, lets do welcome of Webb and drink a toast.
Use de wa. Use te to mean and.
Dewa uebbu san o kangei shite kanpai shimashoo.
(kangei = welcome) (a kangaroo and a geisha
welcome us) (cf. aisatsu suru = to greet)
Hey! A cherry blossoms petal entered my cup for
sure. Use yaa. Use a mans word for my.
Yaa! Boku no koppu ni sakura no hanabira ga
hairimashita yo. (petals are bi-racial) (cf. Iyaa = hey
guys) (are and ara also = hey)
Today was extremely lively, huh? Use zuibun.
Kyoo wa zuibun nigiyaka deshita ne.
Webb, with everyone, won't you go to one more
place? Use de to mean with. Use moo. Use ken.
Uebbu san minna de moo ikken ikimasen ka. (ken =
counter for shops, houses etc.; Ken lives in a house)
(cannot say ikken ni or ikken e; ni & e not needed
after numbers)
At this closely, a good store exists. Soften this.
Meaning, near by theres a good bar.
Kono chikaku ni ii mise ga arun desu. (koko no
chikaku ni, also OK)
28. Let me see. Its kind of you, but as for today,
since I also drank beer and also drank honorable sake,
the health-related feeling is a little ... Use shi after

the first verb to mean and & to imply an explanation .

Use sukoshi. Use plain speech to say drank.
Soo desu nee. Sekkaku desu ga, kyoo wa biiru mo
nonda shi, osake mo nonda kara, kibun ga sukoshi ...
(sekkaku desu ga = it's kind of you to ask, but;
sekkaku means with much effort or devotion; or
especially) (it's kind of you to ask me to go to seca
[dry in Spanish] Kuwait) (could substitute kimochi
for kibun, but kibun is more related to health and so
sounds better)
29. Is that so? A little, you drank too much, huh?
Use sukoshi. Soften the 2nd sentence.
Soo desu ka. Sukoshi nomisugitan desu ne. (the
suffix -sugiru = to excess; this is combined with
a verb stem; e.g. nomisugiru = to drink too much)
30. If you develop a hangover, it will inconvenience,
huh? Use tara.
Futsuka yoi ni nattara komarimasu ne. (komaru = get
perplexed, embarrassed, troubled) (yoo = to get
drunk)
31. Yeah, as for today, I decide to return early.
Ee, kyoo wa hayaku kaeru koto ni shimasu. (to say
decide, follow the plain verb with koto ni suru)
32. Again, next time, please invite me along.
Mata kondo sasotte kudasai. (sasou, to invite along)
(the sassy owl invited us along)
33. That's so huh?. That's too bad, but let's do so.
(use ga)
Soo desu ne. Zannen desu ga, soo shimashoo.
34. Tanabe was having a map and a memo.
Tanabe san wa chizu to memo o motte imashita. (ga,
also OK)
35. Hanada will not come to the party.
Hanada san wa paatii ni kimasen.
36. As for Tanabe, because the train gets crowded,
he was delayed. Use te or de to mean because.
Tanabe san wa densha ga konde okuremashita.
(konde itta node, also OK) (cf. okurimashita = sent or
dropped off; I send the o [honorable] curry)
37. Webb came from New York at 2 months ago.
Uebbu san wa nyuuyooku kara nikagetsu mae ni
kimashita.
38. Webb studied Japanese at a Japanese company.
Uebbu san wa nihon no kaisha de nihongo o benkyoo
shimashita.
39. As for to the Webbs, there are no children. Use
kodomo.
Uebbu san ni wa kodomo wa imasen. (kodomo ga,
also OK)
Webb drank beer and honorable sake.
Uebbu san wa biiru to osake o nomimashita.
As for Webb, now its good health-related feeling.
Uebbu san wa ima ii kibun desu. (kibun ga ii, also
OK) (not OK to substitute kimochi for kibun, as
kibun more related to health)
As for Webb, from now, with everyone, Lesson 12.

60

61
Lesson 12. he will go to closelys store, i.e., the
one nearby. Use kore to mean now. Use to to
mean with.
Uebbu san wa kore kara minna to chikaku no mise ni
ikimasu. (ima kara, also OK; koko kara not OK,
since were referring to time) (chikai mise, also OK)
To show that something ought to, should or is
supposed to be, after the plain form of a verb, or
after an i adjective, add
Hazu desu.
After a na adjective, to show that something ought
to be, add
Na hazu desu.
After a noun, to show that something ought to be,
add
No hazu desu.
Tanaka was supposed to come by 6:00, but he didn't
come readily.
Tanaka san wa rokuji made ni kuru hazu deshita ga,
nakanaka kimasen deshita.
(nakanaka = considerably, quite, not easily, not
readily) (because he was inside the inside, he couldn't
do it readily) (Tanaka san ga, also OK)
This shop's coffee ought to be delicious.
Kono mise no koohii wa oishii hazu desu. (dont use
ga, since kono mise no already is specific)
Since I cleaned, the rooms ought to be clean.
Sooji o shita kara heya wa kirei na hazu desu. (heya
ga, also OK, not as good) (sooji o shite kara, not OK,
as this means after I cleaned)
I expect this is Barbara's handbag.
Kore wa baabarasan no handobaggu no hazu desu.
(kore ga, also OK)
To say that something is not supposed or not
expected to be, follow a negative plain speech verb
or adjective by
Hazu desu.
To say that something is impossible, follow hazu
with (4 responses)
Ga nai, wa nai, ga arimasen, wa arimasen. (even
though the opposite of desu is ja nai, cannot say hazu
ja nai or hazu ja arimasen)
Since Tanaka is still working, I expect him not to
come.
Tanaka san wa mada shigoto o shite iru kara, konai
hazu desu. (T. san ga, not OK)
Since Tanaka is traveling now, it's impossible that he
will come.
Tanaka san wa ima ryokoo shite iru kara, kuru hazu
ga arimasen. (T. san ga, not OK) (kuru hazu wa,
also OK, not as good, since youre talking about a
specific event)
Since this is instant coffee, I expect it to be not very
delicious. Use dakara.
Kore wa insutanto koohii dakara, amari oishikunai
hazu desu. (kore ga, not OK)

It already became 12:00, right?

Moo juuniji ni narimashita ne.
Nah, that kind of expectation doesnt exist, meaning
that kind of thing is impossible.
Iya, sonna hazu wa arimasen. (hazu ga, also OK)
To state what you intend to do, don't use hazu.
Instead use
Tsumori.
To state what you are scheduled to do, don't use
hazu. Instead use
Koto ni natte iru.
As for me, tomorrow, I plan to attend the meeting.
Use asu.
Watashi wa asu kaigi ni derutsumori desu.
As for me, I am scheduled to attend the meeting
tomorrow. Use asu.
Watashi wa asu kaigi ni deru koto ni natte imasu.
(asu = tomorrow, spend ashita [tomorrow] with you)
Tanaka is late, huh?
Tanaka san wa osoi desu nee. (T. san ga, OK, if you
are distinguishing him from a group.)
Since he was saying that he would come at 3:00, he
ought to come pretty soon. Use plain speech to say
he was saying.
Sanji ni kuru to itte ita kara, moo sugu kuru hazu
desu.
63. Did Tanabe depart already? Use dekakeru to
mean depart in this lessons.
Tanabe san wa moo dekakemashita ka. (T. san ga,
not OK) (use demasu to mean leave in these lessons)
Since Tanabe's car exists, he should still not be
departed.
Tanabe san no kuruma ga aru kara, mada dekakete
inai hazu desu.
Do you think that Hamano understands German?
Hamano san wa doitsugo ga wakaru to omoimasu ka.
Since he graduated a German university, he ought to
understand it. Use deru. Soften the 1st phrase. Use
dakara.
Doitsu no daigaku o detan dakara, wakaru hazu desu.
Are these chopsticks clean?
Kono hashi wa kirei desu ka.
68. Since no one still isn't using them, they ought to
be clean.
Mada daremo tsukatte inai kara, kirei na hazu desu.
What nationality is Chin, probably?
Chin san wa nani jin deshoo ka. (nan jin, not OK)
Since he was saying that he came from Peking, he
ought to be a Chinese person. Use plain speech to
say he was saying.
Pekin kara kita to itte ita kara, chugokujin no hazu
desu.
Will Tanabe come by bus?
Tanabe san wa basu de kimasu ka. (T. san ga, not
OK)
Nah, from the subway station, he
Lesson 12.

61

62
Lesson 12.
ought to come by taxi, for sure.
Iya, chikatetsu no eki kara, takushii de kuru hazu
desu yo.
Since she is having a map, she ought to be knowing
the place. Use basho.
Chizu o motte iru kara, basho o shitte iru hazu desu.
Since she's sick, as for today, I expect her not to
come. Use dakara.
Byooki dakara, kyoo wa konai hazu desu.
Since it's Saturday, the banks ought to be holiday,
meaning closed. Use dakara.
Doyoobi dakara, ginkoo wa yasumi no hazu desu.
Since the lamp is on, someone ought to exist. Use
akari.
Akari ga tsuite iru kara, dareka iru hazu desu. (akari
= light) (from akarui, bright) (dareka ga, also OK)
Since she was born in 1940, she should be 50 years
old.
Sen kyuuhyaku yonjuu nen ni umareta kara, gojussai
no hazu desu. (umareru = to be born)
Since there's a bargain sale, it should be cheap. Use
dakara.
Baagenseeru dakara, yasui hazu desu.
Will Tanaka probably come to the party?
Tanaka san wa paatii ni kuru deshoo ka.
He ought to come.
Kuru hazu desu.
Probably he will probably come, I think. Use plain
speech for the 2nd probably.
Tabun kuru daroo to omoimasu.
He might come.
Kuru kamoshiremasen.
Does your mother have an interest in Japan?
Anata no okaasan wa nihon ni
kyoomi ga arimasu ka.
Will your mother travel to a foreign country next
years summer?
Anata no okaasan wa rainen no natsu
gaikoku ni ryokoo shimasu ka.
By next years January, will the study of this
textbook completely finish? Use zenbu.
Rainen no ichigatsu made ni, kono kyookashoo no
benkyoo ga zenbu owarimasu ka. (owatte
shimarimasu ka, also OK) (kyookai [churches], are
shown in art textbooks) (benkyoo wa, also OK;
benkyoo wo, not OK, since owaru is an intransitive
verb)
As for the strong yen, will it probably continue?
Endaka wa tsuzuku deshoo ka. (enyasu means a yen
decline) (tsuzuku, intransitive, tsuzukeru, transitive)
(daka means quantity, higher by; when the tree gets
higher, it gets darker)
As for your friend, will she probably give a birthday
Present to you? Speaking to someone in your ingroup.
Anata no tomodachi wa anata ni tanjoobi no

purezanto o kureru deshoo ka. (ageru also OK, if the

person being addressed is not in your in-group)
To show that a person himself decides upon or
chooses an action, follow the verb with
Koto ni suru
To show that a person himself chooses a noun,
follow the noun with
Ni suru.
As for drinks, what will you choose?
Nomimono wa nan ni shimasu ka. (nani, also OK)
Since it's hot, shall I choose beer?
Atsui kara, biiru ni shimashoo ka.
I decided to study French starting next year.
Rainen kara furansugo o benkyoo suru koto ni
shimashita.
As for the meeting, I decide to start it at 10:00.
Kaigi wa juuji ni hajimeru koto ni shimasu.
To indicate that you have decided upon or set a
course of action for yourself (in the past), or that
you do some action routinely, instead of koto ni
suru, say
Koto ni shite iru
My routine is to call on the phone to the New York
parents every month.
Nyuuyooku no ryoshin ni maitsuki denwa o kakeru
koto ni shite imasu. (maigetsu & maigatsu, not OK)
As for to ride the train time, while I look at
advertisements, my routine is to do kanjis study.
Densha ni noru toki wa, kookoku o mi nagara, kanji
no benkyoo o suru koto ni shite imasu. (benkyoo o
shite iru koto ni, not OK)
To show that an action is to be decided on or
scheduled (an impersonal decision), follow the
verb with
Koto ni naru
It was scheduled that I'll study French starting next
year.
Rainen kara furansugo o benkyoo suru koto ni
narimashita.
As for the meeting, it was scheduled that someone
will start it from 10:00. Someone is understood.
Kaigi wa juuji kara hajimeru koto ni narimashita.
When stating the ways things are, such as
schedules, rules, customs etc., say
Koto ni natte iru
Next week, I'm scheduled to leave for Europe. (use
shuppatsu)
Raishuu yooroppa ni shuppatsu suru koto ni natte
imasu.
As for in Japan, as for inside houses, it's the custom
not to wear shoes.
Nihon de wa ie no naka de wa kutsu o hakanai koto
ni natte imasu. (from haku, to put on or wear)
(hackers wear thongs)
As for the department stores, today is a holiday for
sure.
Lesson 12.

62

63
Lesson 12. Depaato wa kyoo wa yasumi desu yo.
Well, I will decide to go tomorrow.
Ja, ashita iku koto ni shimasu.
As for lunch, I am always deciding to eat a sandwich.
Hirugohan wa itsumo sandoicchi o taberu koto ni
shite imasu. (natte imasu, not OK here)
Because I got tired, as for today, already, I will
decide to return to home. Use node. Plain speech.
Tsukareta node, kyoo wa, moo, uchi ni kaeru koto ni
suru.
Well, as for the continuation of the conversation, let's
do it tomorrow. Use dewa. Use hanashi.
Dewa hanashi no tsuzuki wa, ashita ni shimashoo.
[tsuzuku = to continue (intransitive), tsuzukeru = to
continue (transitive)] (tsuzuki is a noun derived from
the stem form of tsuzukimasu)
As for Sunday, since I'm scheduled to go to a
department store for shopping with my wife, the
circumstances are bad, but ... (use node) Soften the
last clause.
Nichiyoobi wa kanai to depaato ni kaimono ni iku
koto ni natte iru node tsugoo ga waruin desu ga ...
Won't you drink beer for a short time and return?
Chotto biiru o nonde kaerimasen ka.
As for today, I am decided to return home early.
Kyoo wa uchi ni hayaku kaeru koto ni shite imasu.
Is that so? To you, by all means, wanting to talk in
advance thing existed, but ... Use koto to mean thing,
soften this, use kedo.
Soo desu ka. Anata ni zehi hanashite okitai koto ga
attan desu kedo ...
Well, I'll decide to go together.
Jaa, issho ni iku koto ni shimasu.
Because I will do a phone call to home for a short
time and come. (use kara)
Chotto uchi ni denwa o shite kimasu kara ...
Tanaka is scheduled to attend the meeting at 9 in the
morning.
Tanaka san wa asa kuji ni kaigi ni deru koto ni natte
imasu.
Tanaka is scheduled to meet a person from the
Yomiuri newspaper company at half past 10.
Tanaka san wa juuji han ni Yomiuri shinbunsha no
hito ni au koto ni natte imasu.
At 1:00, he will go to the Bunpo company and, at half
past 4, hes scheduled to return to the company. Use
modoru.
Ichiji ni Bunpo sha ni itte yoji han ni kaisha ni
modoru koto ni natte imasu.
From 3:00 there's a meeting, and at 7:00 he is
scheduled to meet with Koch from Asahi company.
Sanji kara kaigi ga atte, shichiji ni Asahi sha no
kaaku san to au koto ni natte imasu.
As for drinks, what is good? Is coffee good, is black
tea good?
Nomimono wa nani ga ii desu ka. Koohii ga ii desu

ka, kocha ga ii desu ka.

Since today hot, iced coffee is good, right?
Kyoo wa atsui kara, aisu koohii ga ii desu ne.
Ah, its good, right? I also shall choose that.
Aa, ii desu ne. Watashi mo sore ni shimashoo.
As for a meal, what is good?
Shokuji wa, nani ga ii desu ka.
Thats so huh, meaning, lets see. As for me, I will
choose the A lunch.
Soo desu ne. Watashi wa A lanchi ni shimasu.
Well, as for me, I shall choose spaghetti.
Ja, watashi wa supagetti ni shimashoo.
Excuse me, 2 iced coffees, one each of the A lunch
and the spaghetti I beg.
Sumimasen, aisukoohii futatsu, A lanchi to supagetti
o hitotsu zutsu onegaishimasu.
Well, I will humbly receive 2300 yen.
Dewa, nisen sambyaku en itadakimasu. (no need to
use wo after numbers)
Since I drank too much beer, a little, the healthrelated feeling is bad. Use te to mean since. Use
sukoshi. Plain speech.
Biiru o nomi sugi te, sukoshi kibun ga warui.
As for this sweater, as for to me, its too big.
Kono seetaa wa watashi ni wa, ookii sugimasu.
This shop is too lively, huh?
Kono mise wa nigiyaka sugimasu ne.
Let's go to a quieter place.
Motto shizuka na tokoro e ikimashoo.
This bath is too hot.
Kono furo wa atsusugimasu.
The diamond necklace, as for to me, is too expensive.
Daiya no nekkurasu wa, watashi ni wa, takasugimasu.
This cake, as for for me, is too sweet.
Kono keeki wa watashi ni wa, amasugimasu.
This shirt is too big.
Kono shatsu wa ookisugimasu.
Yamada ate too much.
Yamada san wa tabesugimashita.
As for last night, I drank too much honorable sake.
Yuube wa osake o nomisugimashita.
As for Saturday, shall we depart at 6 in the morning?
Doyoobi wa asa rokuji ni dekakemashoo ka.
In that case, it's too early for sure.
Wont you choose 7:00? Use sore jaa.
Sore jaa, hayasugimasu yo. Shichiji ni shimasen ka.
From 8 in the morning until 10 at night, I am working.
Asa hachiji kara yoru juuji made shigoto o shite
imasu.
Because you labor too much, don't you tire?
Hataraki sugite, tsukaremasen ka. (tsukareru; I got
tired carrying the tsuki [moon] on the carrera [road
in Spanish])
As for this test's problems, I soon understood all of
them, for sure. Use tesuto. Use zenbu.
Kono tesuto no mondai wa zenbu
Lesson 12.

63

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Lesson 12. sugu wakarimashita yo. (either minna
or subete could replace zenbu)
Is that so? As for for you, it was too easy, right?
Soo desu ka. Anata ni wa yasashisugimashita ne.
As for the family, it's two people, but there are 9
rooms.
Kazoku wa futari desu ga, heya ga kokonotsu
arimasu.
In that case, it's probably too spacious. Use sore jaa.
Sore jaa, hirosugiru deshoo.
Please taste for a second.
Chotto aji o mite kudasai.
Salty! Didn't you put in too much salt? Soften the
verb put in too much.
Shoppai! Shio o iresugitan ja arimasen ka. (OK to
omit the n) (iresugimasen deshita ka, or iresugitan
ja nai desu ka, also OK) (cannot say iresuginai
deshita ka or iresuginakattan desu ka) (salt pie)
As for tomorrow, shall we go at 10:00?
Ashita wa juuji ni ikimashoo ka.
No, in that case, it's too late. Please come by 9:00.
Use de wa.
Iie, sore de wa ososugimasu. Kuji made ni kite
kudasai.
Today is hot, huh?
Kyoo wa atsui desu ne.
As for me, since I came from Hokkaido, Tokyo
summers are too hot. Use node. Plain speech.
Watashi wa hokkaidoo kara kita node tookyoo no
natsu wa atsusugiru
Are you reading a Japans newspaper? Soften this.
Nihon no shinbun o yonde irun desu ka.
Yeah, but because the kanji are too difficult, I don't
understand it for sure. Use te to mean since. Soften
this.
Ee, demo kanji ga muzukashisugi te wakaranain desu
yo.
When or if there is time. Plain speech. Use tara to
mean if or when, unless otherwise specified.
Jikan ga attara.
Supposing. In the event that.
2 responses
Moshi. Moshimo.
When Tanaka comes, let's start the meeting.
Tanaka san ga kitara kaigi o hajimemashoo.
If he doesn't come...
Konakattara.
If it's hot, please open the window.
Atsukattara, mado o akete kudasai. (atsui deshitara,
not OK)
If it isn't hot.
Atsukunakattara.
If that room is clean, I'll rent it. Use ga to be very
specific.
Sono heya ga kirei dattara, karimasu. (heya wa, also
OK)

If it isn't clean. 3 responses.

Kirei ja nakattara. Kirei de nakattara. Kirei de wa
nakattara.
If it's delicious sushi, I'll eat it.
Oishii sushi dattara tabemasu. (sushi ga oishii dattara,
not OK; sushi ga oiishikattara, also OK, but changes
meaning a little)
If it isn't sushi. 3 responses.
Sushi ja nakattara. Sushi de nakattara. Sushi de wa
nakattara.
Supposing the bath is too hot, please add water. Use
moshi.
Moshi furo ga atsusugitara mizu o irete kudasai.
If it rains, as for the honorable flower viewing, it will
be stopped by someone. Use moshimo. Use yameru.
Moshimo ame ga futtara ohanami wa yamemasu.
(ohanami o yamemasu, also OK) (yamu, intransitive,
yameru, transitive, to stop) (sumasu = sumaseru = to
finish, so not OK here)
It would be nice if.
Tara ii. (tara = if, when; seen in dattara etc.)
Tomorrow, it would be nice if it got sunny, huh?
Ashita haretara ii desu ne.
165. If Tanaka also together had come, it was good,
huh?
Tanaka san mo issho ni kitara yokatta desu ne.
166. If I catch a cold, I will take medicine. Use
moshi.
Moshi kaze o hiitara kusuri o nomimasu.
167. If the street is being crowded, I'll go by train.
Use moshi.
Moshi michi ga konde itara, densha de ikimasu.
168. If 1 million yen exist, I'll buy a diamond. Use
moshimo. Dont use wa or ga.
Moshimo hyaku man en attara, daiya o kaimasu. (en
ga attara, also OK, but you dont need to use ga or
wa after numbers)
169. If it rains tomorrow, I'll read a book at home.
Use moshi.
Moshi ashita ame ga futtara, uchi de hon o yomimasu.
170. If the room is cold, please turn on the space
heater. Use moshi.
Moshi heya ga samukattara, sutobu o tsukete kudasai.
171. When it becomes 12:00, I will eat a sandwich.
Juuniji ni nattara, sandoichi o tabemasu.
When the Japanaese becomes skillful, I would like to
become a guide.
Nihongo ga joozu ni nattara, gaido ni naritai desu.
If its a cheap and good apartment, I'll make a
contract. Use moshi.
Moshi yasukute ii apaato dattara, keiyaku shimasu.
(keiyakusho is the contract document) (a contract to
buy Kay's yak) (keiyaku o shimasu, also OK)
A word to use after plain verbals to mean and or
therefore. If used after enumerating facts, it
suggests that such facts justify
Lesson 12.

64

65
Lesson 12. one's actions, feelings or opinions.
Shi.
As for inside the train, people who are reading
newspapers also exist and, people who are sleeping
also exist. Use plain speech the 1st time you say
exist and use polite speech the 2nd time.
Densha no naka ni wa, shinbun o yonde iru hito mo
iru shi, nete iru hito mo imasu.
Tomorrow won't you play tennis?
Ashita tenisu o shimasen ka.
Let me see. But, as for tomorrow, I also want to see
a movie, and so therefore ...
Soo desu nee. Demo, ashita wa, eiga mo mitai shi ...
This knife is light and, which is why I like it, cuts
well.
Kono naifu wa karui shi, yoku kiremasu. (kiru,
transitive; kireru intransitive; exception to e rule)
(an example of the use of kiru is kono naifu de niku
o yoku kirimasu = I cut meat well with this knife)
As for Tanaka, he is handsome, and his head is good
(meaning, intelligent) and a lot of popularity exists.
Use shi twice. Use totemo to mean a lot.
Tanaka san wa hansamu da shi, atama ga ii shi,
totemo ninki ga arimasu. (ninki = popularity) (the
nincompoop has key to the liquor, is popular)
(takusan no ninki, not OK)
That apartment is far from the station and, because
it's small it isn't very good. Use shi.
Sono apaato wa eki kara tooi shi, semai kara, amari
yoku arimasen. (OK to use semakakute, instead of
semai kara)
This ice cream is delicious but expensive. Plain
speech.
Kono aisu kuriimu wa oishii ga, takai.
As for this knife, its light and it cuts well and,
moreover, it's cheap. Use shi twice. Soften the word
cheap. Use desu only once, at the end.
Kono naifu wa karui shi, yoku kireru shi, sore ni
yasuin desu. (kiru, transitive; kireru intransitive;
these are exceptions to the e rule)
The subways are fast and, because theyre convenient,
I ride them often. Use shi in the next 5 responses.
Use dakara.
Chikatetsu wa hayai shi, benri dakara, yoku
norimasu.
That restaurant over there is delicious and, because
it's cheap, it's always crowded. Use kara.
Ano resutoran wa oishii shi, yasui kara itsumo konde
imasu.
Tokyo apartments are small and, since they're
expensive, one gets disgusted.
Tookyoo no apaato wa semai shi, takai kara iya ni
narimasu.
Nikko is close and, since it's famous, if you go once,
how would it be? Use dakara.
Nikkoo wa chikai shi, yuumei dakara, ichido ittara

doo desu ka.

This bag is light and, since it's big, it's convenient.
Kono baggu wa karui shi, ookii kara, benri desu. (not
OK to substitute hiroi for ookii here, since hiroi is
generally used for large physical spaces, but OK to
say baggu no naka wa hiroi desu)
As for tomorrow, I will get up early.
Ashita wa hayaku okimasu. (to convert an i
adjective to an adverb, remove the final i and add
ku)
Please cut the sweets small (i.e. into small pieces).
Okashi o chiisaku kitte kudasai.
We greet energetically.
Genki ni aisatsu o shimasu. (to convert a na
adjective to an adverb, follow it with ni) (aisatsu =
greetings) (ai, to love; satsu = folding money,
counter for books etc.) (ai shite iru [I love you] and
with satsu, [paper currency] I greet you) (cf. kangei
suru = welcome)
Let's clean the room cleanly.
Heya o kirei ni sooji shimashoo.
Let's go hurriedly.
Isoide ikimashoo. (from isogu, to hurry)
I wash the honorable dishes carefully.
Osara o teinei ni araimasu. (teinei na = polite,
careful) (careful not to catch your tail on a nail)
As for the characters, please write them large.
Ji wa ookiku kaite kudasai.
As for in the hospital, let's walk quietly.
Byooin de wa shizuka ni arukimashoo.
Please cut the hair short.
Kami o mijikaku kitte kudasai.
As for last night, you returned late.
Yuube wa osoku kaerimashita.
As for dinner, we eat with everyone in a lively way.
Use minna de. Use yuushoku.
Yuushoku wa minna de nigiyaka ni tabemasu.
As for me, I am called Michael Webb. (less polite)
Watashi wa maikeru uebbu to iimasu. (yobimasu,
not OK; yobu = to call out to or send for someone)
As for me, I am called Michael Webb. (more polite)
Watashi wa maikeru uebbu to mooshimasu.
I came from California.
Kariforunyaa kara kimashita.
The country is America, meaning my country.
Kuni wa amerika desu.
My alma mater is Colorado College.
Watashi no shusshin wa, Colorado College desu. (I
majored in shoe shining at my alma mater) (cf.
shooshin = promotion; if you get promoted, you can
show shiny coins)
I graduated the University of California. Use
sotsugyoo.
Kariforunyaadaigaku o sotsugyoo shimashita. (sotted
Sue majored in geography and managed to graduate)
Now I'm 60 years old.
Lesson 12.

65

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Lesson 12. Ima rokujissai desu. (rokujuusai, also
OK)
Now Im 62 years old.
Ima rokujuu nisai desu.
I'm single.
Dokushin desu. (doku means poison; also means to
get out of the way; a doc with a shiny face tends to
be single)
I have a wife and two children. Use tsuma.
Tsuma to kodomo ga futari imasu.
Employee of a trading company
Shooshain. (a trading company shows shawls)
A public employee
Koomuin. (to work for the govt. you have to comb
your hair)
Lawyer
Bengoshi.
Photographer
Shashinka.
University professor
Daigaku kyooju. (professor is a Kyoto Jew)
Sales clerk
Tenin.
Housewife
Shufu. (housewife is a shuffling fool)
As for the hobby, its music.
Shumi wa ongaku desu.
In order to study Japanese culture, I came to Japan.
Use tame ni.
Nihon no bunka o benkyoo suru tame ni nihon ni
kimashita. (so-called culture is a lot of bunka) (bunka
= culture, bungaku = literature, bunpoo = grammar)
(tame ni = in order to)
I came to Japan for work.
Shigoto de nihon ni kimashita. (shigoto ni, not OK,
but OK to say shigoto ni ikimasu)
I came to Japan for sightseeing. Use kankoo.
Kankoo de nihon ni kimashita. (Sightseers will see
canned corn. (kankoku means S. Korea; S. Korea
can cook) (OK to substitute kenbutsu for kankoo)
(kankoo ni, not OK, but OK to say kankoo ni ikimasu
= I go for the purpose of sightseeing)
Michael inside the returns train thought/felt thing.
Michael is the subject.
Maikeru ga kaeri no densha no naka de omotta koto.
(cannot say kaeru densha; kangaetta koto is OK)
As for this evening, it was my welcome party. Use
konya. Plain speech.
Konya wa watashi no kangeikai datta. (kangeikai =
welcome party; konya = this evening) (a kangaroo
and a geisha welcomed us) (kai is like kaigi) (cf.
enkai = banquet)
In a park, while looking at cherry blossoms, as for to
drink honorable sake, it was the first time. Use no to
make a noun phrase. Plain speech.
Kooen de sakura no hana o mi nagara, osake o nomu

no wa hajimete datta.
'It's called night cherry sightseeing for sure,'
Yamashita was saying. Use yo to mean night. Use
kenbutsu. Soften the first clause. Use plain speech
to say was saying.
Yozakura kenbutsu to iun desu yo to Yamashita san
ga itte ita. (yo from yoru; zakura from sakura;
kenbutsu, sightseeing; Ken butts you when you go
sightseeing)
Since it is night, I was thinking it will probably be
cold, but it wasn't so at all. Use yoru. Use demo
rather than ja. Plain speech.
Yoru dakara, samui daroo to omotte ita ga, soo demo
nakatta. (soo demo nakatta = it wasn't so at all) ( that
way, but not) (soo ja nakatta is also OK)
Other people also, a lot were come and, since we also
drank to a great degree, it was very lively. Use
takusan. Use shi. Plain speech.
Hoka no hitotachi mo, takusan kite ita shi,
watashitachi mo zuibun nonda kara, totemo nigiyaka
datta.
As for me, I drank a little too much. Use chotto.
Plain speech.
Watashi wa chotto nomi sugita.
With a blue face, if I return home, as for Barbara, she
will probably do worry. Plain speech.
Aoi kao de, uchi ni kaettara, baabaara wa shinpai
suru daroo. (aoi kao = looks sick)
But if I return with a red face, she might get angry
and ... Plain speech. Use shi.
Demo akai kao de kaettara, okoru kamoshirenai shi ..
(okoru = get angry, also happens, occurs; Oklahoma
Ruth gets mad) (akai kao = red face = looks drunk)
Thats so, meaning I got an idea. On the way, I
shall decide to drink coffee and return. Plain speech.
Soo da tochuu de koohii o nonde kaeru koto ni
shiyoo. (tochuu de = on the way; shiyoo =
shimashoo) (in the train, the men touch you on the
way) (soo da implies a new idea has occurred) (OK
to substitute kaeri ni for tochuu de, but the meaning
changes) (to say I shall, for an ru verb, add yoo to
the root, i.e. to the pre-ru form)
Michael's welcome party was done at a restaurant.
Plain speech.
Resutoran de maikeru san no kangeikai o shita.
As for the park, it was very cold. Plain speech.
Kooen wa totemo samukatta.
As for Michael, now, very much, the health-related
feeling is good. Plain speech.
Maikeru san wa ima totemo kibun ga ii. (ii kibun da,
also OK)
Michael decided to drink coffee and return. Plain
speech.
Maikeru san wa koohii o nonde kaeru koto ni shita.
As for me, Im an alumnus of West Texas University.
Watashi wa uesuto tekisasu daigaku Lesson 12.

66

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Lesson 12. no shusshin desu.
Now I am employed at a newspaper company.
Ima shinbunsha ni tsutomete imasu.
As for to come to Japan, its the first time. Use no to
make a noun phrase.
Nihon ni kuru no wa hajimete desu.
Lesson 13
Tanabe, as for the post office, lunch break also, is it
open?
Tanabe san, yuubinkyoku wa hiruyasumi mo aite
imasu ka.
Ah, of course, it's open for sure.
Aa, mochiron, aite imasu yo.
Well, for a moment, I will go for the purpose of
sending a package and return. Use dasu.
Jaa, chotto kozutsumi o dashi ni itte kimasu. (use the
stem of the verb followed by ni to express the idea
of doing something for a purpose)
Excuse me, but while you're at it, won't you buy
some stamps & postcards & come and give? Use
kedo.
Sumimasen kedo, tsuide ni, kitte to hagaki o katte
kite kuremasen ka. (tsuide ni = while you're at it, at
the same time; on the tsuitachi [first of the month]
day, Ill go while Im at it; distinguish from tsuite =
concerning) (cf. tochu de, on the way) (ha = tooth,
leaf; writing on a hagaki [postcard] is like writing
on a ha [leaf])
Yes, its good, for sure. About how many shall I buy
and come?
Hai, ii desu yo. Dono kurai katte kimashoo ka.
62 yen stamps 300 and postcards 100 if you please.
Loku juu ni en no kitte o sambyakumai to hagaki o
hyakumai, onegai shimasu.
I will return and come as quickly as possible.
Narubeku hayaku kaette kimasu. (narubeku = as ...
as possible; distinguish from naruhodo = I see; Naru
beckoned me to come as soon as possible)
Please don't forget the receipt.
Ryooshuusho o wasurenai de kudasai. (a receipt
from Leo's shoe show) (use nai de kudasai after a
verb verb stem to make a negative request)
This package if you please.
Kono kozutsumi onegai shimasu.
Is it air mail? Is it ship mail?
Kookuubin desu ka, funabin desu ka. (kookuu =
aviation; bin = mail; fune = ship; kuukoo = airport;
cf. express train = kyuukoo; I wear my cute coat in
the express train) (We ship Coke in a bin by airmail)
As for by ship mail, as far as America, about how
long will it take?
Funabin de wa amerika made dono kurai kakarimasu
ka. (itsu goro, not OK; dono goro, not OK)
Will it arrive in about 3 weeks? Use todoku.
San shuukan gurai de todokimasu ka. (sanshuukan

goro, not OK) (from todoku, to be received; Toms

dog from KU, i.e., Kansas U., was received)
As for ordinarily it will arive, but since it's crowded
now, I don't know/understand whether it will arrive in
3 weeks, for sure.
Futsuu wa todokimasu ga, ima konde iru kara,
sanshuukan de todoku ka dooka wakarimasen yo.
(ka dooka = whether or not)
Well, I choose air mail.
Jaa, kookuubin ni shimasu.
It will arrive by the 10th, right?
Tooka made ni todokimasu ne.
Its OK, for sure.
Daijoobu desu yo.
To this form please write your name and your address,
the receiver's information and the contents, etc. Use
nado.
Kono yooshi ni onamae to gojusho, atesaki to nakami
nado o, kaite kudasai. (onamae = honorific form of
namae; gojusho = honorific form of jusho = address;
atesaki = receiver's name & address; he ate the saki
[tip] of the asparagus and wrote the receivers name
& address with the stalk) (saki = tip, point, future)
(nakami = content; mi = body, nut, fruit)
(mooshikomi = application; mooshikomi yooshi =
application form; mooshikomu = apply for)
And then, I'd like to send money, but to what number
service window, if I go, will it probably be good?
Use okuru. Use tara. Soften this twice.
Sore kara, okane o okuritain desu ga, nanban no
madoguchi e ittara iin deshooka. (from okuru = to
send)
Yes, its stamps and postcards and receipt.
Hai, kitte to hagaki to ryooshuusho desu. (said when
handing them to Tanabe)
Ah, excuse me for what I did.
A, sumimasen deshita.
22. By the way, Webb, as for next weekend, do
anything plans exist?
Tokoro de, Uebbu san, kondo no shuumatsu wa
nanika yotei ga arimasu ka.
23. As for Saturday, I plan to play tennis, but as for
Sunday, there is nothing in particular, but. Use betsu.
Doyoobi wa tenisu o surutsumori desu ga, nichiyoobi
wa betsu ni nani mo arimasen ga.
24. The fact is, I received two Sunday sumo tickets,
but, as for me, suddenly my circumstances became
bad. Use boku. Use kedo. Soften this twice.
Jitsu wa nichiyoobi no sumoo no kippu o nimai
morattan desu kedo boku wa kyuuni tsugoo ga
warukunattan desu. (kyuu = sudden, unexpected,
urgent; a cucumber fell on my knee suddenly )
25. If good, with your wife together, how is it? Use
tara. Use a polite word for how.
Yokattara, okusan to issho ni ikaga desu ka.
Wow, as for that, thanks.
Lesson 13.

67

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Lesson 13. Waa, sore wa doomo.
One time I was thinking that I'd like to try seeing
sumo for sure. Soften this.
Ichido sumoo o mite mitai to omotte itan desu yo.
As for the post office, as for noon, its on break.
Yuubinkyoku wa hiru wa yasumi desu.
As for Michael, because he wants to send a package,
he will go to the post office. Use dasu. Use node.
Maikeru san wa kozutsumi o dashitai node
yuubinkyoku ni ikimasu.
As for Michael, he will receive the package's receipt
and come.
Maikeru san wa kozutsumi no ryooshuusho o moratte
kimasu.
As for Michael, he will send the package by ship mail.
Use dasu.
Maikeru san wa funabin de kozutsumi o dashimasu.
If it's sent by airmail, it will arrive in America in 3
weeks. Use dasu. Use tara. Use todoku.
Kookuubin de dashitara, amerika ni san shuukan de
todokimasu.
As for Michael, he is thinking that he would like to
play tennis on Saturday.
Maikeru san wa doyoobi ni tenisu o shitai to omotte
imasu.
As for Michael, he decided to watch sumo on Sunday
with Tanabe.
Maikeru san wa nichiyoobi ni Tanabe san to sumoo o
miru koto ni shimashita.
Michael has never watched sumo.
Maikeru san wa sumoo o mita koto ga arimasen.
Use the stem of the verb, i.e. the pre-masu form,
followed by ni to express the idea of doing
something for a purpose. Won't you go together to
see a movie?
Issho ni eiga o mi ni ikimasen ka.
As for to Japan, what did you come to do? Use no to
soften this.
Nihon e wa nani o shi ni kita no desu ka.
I came to study Japanese.
Nihongo o benkyoo shi ni kimashita.
Since I forgot the key at home, I want to return to get
it, but... Use node. Soften the last verb.
Uchi ni kagi o wasureta node, tori ni kaeritain desu
ga. (from toru, to get or take) (use ni with wasureru)
To go for the purpose of shopping. (You may omit
the verb shi in this expression) Use plain speech for
the next 2 responses.
Kaimono ni iku.
To go to play golf. (You may omit the verb shi in
this expression, as well as in going to play tennis,
going to dance etc.)
Gorofu ni iku.
For the purpose of doing what will he go?
Nani o shi ni ikimasu ka.
He will go for the purpose of withdrawing money.

Use orosu.
Okane o oroshi ni ikimasu. (from orosu, to withdraw
money) (oro [gold in Spanish] sues to be withdrawn)
He will go for the purpose of borrowing a book.
Hon o kari ni ikimasu.
He will go for the purpose of sightseeing Tokyos
town. Use kenbutsu.
Tookyo no machi o kenbutsu shi ni ikimasu. (kankoo,
also OK)
He will go for the purpose of eating sushi.
Sushi o tabe ni ikimasu.
To the ocean, he will go for the purpose of swimming.
Umi ni oyogi ni ikimasu.
He will go for the purpose of buying a TV.
Terebi o kai ni ikimasu.
I will buy some fish and come.
Sakana o katte kimasu.
I will go for the purpose of mailing a postcard and
come.
Hagaki o dashi ni itte kimasu.
For a short time I went for the purpose of tennis and
came.
Chotto tenisu ni itte kimashita.
I will go for the purpose of buying some fish. Plain
speech.
Sakana o kai ni iku.
I'll buy some fish and come, huh.
Sakana o katte kimasu ne.
I bought some fish and came.
Sakana o katte kimashita.
Because I will buy some fish and go. Plain speech.
Sakana o katte iku kara ...
I bought some fish and came for sure. Plain speech.
Sakana o katte kita yo.
Please go to the post office, mail the package and
come.
Yuubinkyoku ni itte kozutsumi o dashite kite kudasai.
Please go to the bookstore, buy the magazine and
come.
Honya ni itte zasshi o katte kite kudasai.
Please go to the hospital, receive the medicine and
come.
Byooin e itte kusuri o moratte kite kudasai.
Please go to the bank, withdraw some money and
come.
Ginkoo e itte okane o oroshite kite kudasai. (from
orosu)
Please go to the library, return the books and come.
Toshokan e itte hon o kaeshite kite kudasai.
Please go to the ward office, do the alien registration
and come.
Kuyakusho ni itte gaikokujin tooroku o shite kite
kudasai. (registration is held from too to roku [10 to
6])
Tomorrow I will go to Narita airport and come.
Ashita Narita kuukoo ni itte kimasu. Lesson 13.

68

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Lesson 13. As for yesterday, at the zoo, I saw the
panda baby and came.
Kinoo wa doobutsuen de panda no akachan o mite
kimashita. (doobutsu = animal; animals have
doughy butts)
Previously, Mr. newspaper store came for the
purpose of getting money.
Sakki shinbunya san ga okane o tori ni kimashita.
(OK to say saki hodo, but not sakki hodo)
Yesterday a friend came to meet me.
Kinoo tomodachi ga watashi ni ai ni kimashita.
Yesterday, as for me, I met the friend and came.
Kinoo watashi wa tomodachi ni atte kimashita.
Tomorrow I will borrow books at the library and
come.
Ashita toshokan de hon o karite kimasu.
The day after tomorrow at the station, I will reserve
seats for the bullet train and come. Use zaseki.
Asatte eki de shinkansen no zaseki o yoyaku shite
kimasu. (Zach has a seki [cough], and hes sitting in
my seat) (zaseki = a seat; used for transportation,
theaters)
Next week my hometown parents will come for the
purpose of seeing my new house.
Raishuu inaka no ryooshin ga watashi no atarashii ie
o mi ni kimasu.
If you follow a question word with ka, it means
Some.
If you follow a question word with mo, generally
speaking, it means
All or every in positive constructions, never, none
or nowhere in negative constructions.
However, in affirmative sentences, use one of the
following 3 words instead of daremo or nanimo.
Minna. Mina. Subete.
If you follow a question word with demo, it means
Any.
Sometime.
Itsuka.
All the time. Always.
Itsumo.
Never.
Itsumo nai.
Anytime. Whenever.
Itsudemo.
Somewhere.
Dokoka.
Everywhere.
Dokomo.
Nowhere.
Dokomo nai.
Anywhere. Wherever.
Dokodemo.
Someone.
Dareka.
Everyone.

Minna. Mina. Subete.

No one.
Daremo nai.
Anyone. Whoever.
Daredemo.
Something.
Nanika.
Everything.
Minna. Mina. Subete.
Nothing.
Nanimo nai.
Anything. Whatever.
Nandemo. (nanidemo, not OK)
One of them.
Doreka.
Everyone. All of them.
Doremo.
None of them.
Doremo nai.
Any of them. Whichever one.
Doredemo.
Sometime, I'd like to go to the honorable home,
meaning your home, but. Soften this.
Itsuka otaku ni ikitain desu ga.
If it isn't a Tuesday, anytime is good for sure. Use de
rather than ja. Use tara.
Kayoobi de nakattara itsudemo ii desu yo. (kayoobi
ja nakattara is also OK; kayoobi de wa nakattara,
also OK, not as good) (kayoobi ja nai dattara, not
OK)
As for Tuesdays, I'm always going for the purpose of
learning dancing. Use dansu. Soften this.
Kayoobi wa itsumo dansu o narai ni itte irun desu.
(OK to substitute odori for dansu)
Ah, for that reason, as for Tuesdays, always you are
not at home, right? Soften this.
Aa, sore de, kayoobi wa itsumo uchi ni inain desu ne.
98. Among X and Y and Z, I will give you one of
them, but which one is good? Use uchi no.
X to Y to Z no uchi no, doreka o agemasu ga, dore ga
ii desu ka. (no uchi de, no naka kara, also OK) (OK
to omit o after doreka)
99. Yes, all of them are good, right? Use a grunt.
Uun, dore mo ii desu nee.
As for me, any of them is good for sure.
Watashi wa doredemo ii desu yo.
Today will someone come to your home?
Kyoo dareka anata no uchi ni kimasu ka. (dareka ga,
also OK)
No, no one will come.
Iie daremo kimasen.
In that box, what is entered?
Sono hako ni nani ga haitte imasu ka.
In that box, is something entered?
Sono hako ni nanika haitte imasu ka. (nanika ga, also
OK, but not as good)
Lesson 13.

69

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Lesson 13. I didn't meet anyone.
Dare ni mo aimasen deshita. [when the particles ni,
e, to, kara & made are used with some interrogative pronouns (nan, dore, dare, donata, doko,
dotchi & dochira) followed by mo, they are placed
in the middle of the phrase, as seen here and in the
following sentence]
I didn't go anywhere.
Doko e mo ikimasen deshita.
From where can it be seen?
Doko kara miemasu ka. (mieru = to be visible; it is
not related to the verb miru; mirareru, which means
able to see, is the potential form of miru; potential
forms are covered in lesson 18)
It can be seen from anywhere for sure.
Doko kara demo miemasu yo.
I didn't buy anything.
Nani mo kaimasen deshita.
Is someone in the room next door?
Tonari no heya ni dareka imasu ka. (dareka ga, also
OK)
Please look for a second and come.
Chotto mite kite kudasai.
No one was there, for sure.
Daremo imasen deshita yo.
Are the subways always this crowded? Soften this.
Chikatetsu wa itsumo konna ni konde irun desu ka.
No, it's only morning and evening. Use yuugata.
Iie, asa to yuugata dake desu. (yuugata = evening,
similar to yuube, last night; konya = tonight; I wear
my yukata [summer robe] in the yuugata [evening])
As for sashimi, sushi, tempura etc., will you eat
them?
Sashimi ya, sushi ya, tempura wa tabemasu ka.
Yeah, since I like all of them, I will eat them often,
for sure. Use dakara.
Ee, doremo suki dakara, yoku tabemasu yo.
As for the next trip, where shall we go?
Kondo no ryokoo wa doko ni ikimashoo ka. (tsugi
no ryokoo, also OK)
As for me, anywhere is good for sure.
Watashi wa dokodemo ii desu yo.
Have you gone to Hokkaido?
Hokkaidoo ni itta koto ga arimasu ka.
No, but sometime I would like to go, I'm thinking.
Iie, demo itsuka ikitai to omotte imasu.
When shall we go to your home?
Itsu anata no uchi ni ikimashoo ka.
Anytime is good for sure.
Itsu demo ii desu yo.
Since sweet thing nothing doesnt exist, let's buy
something and come. Sweet thing is the subject.
Use plain speech in the first clause.
Amai mono ga nanimo nai kara, nanika katte
kimashoo. (ok to omit ga) (OK to omit nanimo)
(doreka, not OK, unless you have a group to choose

from) (nanika o katte, also OK)

What is good?
Nani ga ii desu ka.
Anything is good for sure.
Nan demo ii desu yo.
From the at-here-existing 3 things, please choose one
of them, one thing. Use naka kara.
Koko ni aru mittsu no mono no naka kara, doreka
hitotsu o erande kudasai. (OK to omit wo after
hitotsu) (also OK, uchi de; naka de, not OK) (from
erabu = erabimasu, to choose; in the era of Bill
Clinton, we got to choose)
Are any of them good? Soften this.
Doredemo iin desu ka.
To that person over there, at somewhere, I ought to
have met, but. Use nan to often this.
Ano hito ni dokoka de, atta hazu nan desu ga.
If there is a book you want to read, any of them, one
volume, please choose. Use tara.
Yomitai hon ga attara, doredemo issatsu, erande
kudasai. (hon ga yomitai dattara, not OK; either
yomitakattara or yomitai nara is OK) (doredemo =
any of them; doreka = one of them; doremo = all of
them)
No, all of them I don't want to read much, right? Use
a grunt.
Uun. Doremo amari yomitaku arimasen nee.
As for this past Sunday, did you go somewhere?
Kono mae no nichiyoobi wa dokoka e ikimashita ka.
No, I didn't go to nowhere.
Iie doko nimo ikimasen deshita.
Because, as for Sunday, everywhere is crowded.
Nichiyoobi wa dokomo konde imasu kara.
As for this, what kind of juice is it probably? Use
nan no. Dont use ka.
Kore wa nan no juusu deshoo.
Please drink it for a second and see.
Chotto nonde mite kudasai.
Let's ask that person over there the way and see.
Ano hito ni michi o kiite mimashoo.
To a Japanese person, when I spoke in Japanese to
see, I communicated. Use tara.
Nihonjin ni nihongo de hanashite mitara,
tsuujimashita. (from tsuujiru, to communicate or
make oneself understood; (tsuki [the moon]and
Giro are under the bed communicating; tsuuji =
bowel movement, tsuuji ga aru = one's bowels move)
Have you ever eaten pickled plums?
Umeboshi o tabeta koto ga arimasu ka. (ume = plum;
uma = horse; umi = ocean; umareru = be born;
umeboshi = pickled plum or apricot; boshi = hat; put
the ume [plum] under a boshi [hat] and you get
pickled plums) (uma, ume, umi, in alphabetical
order: a horse on a plum in the ocean)
No, it still doesnt exist, meaning I haven't yet.
Iie, mada arimasen.
Lesson 13.

70

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Lesson 13.
They are delicious for sure. By all
means, once, please try eating them and see.
Oishii desu yo. Zehi ichido tabete mite kudsai.
Have you ever read a Japans novel?
Nihon no shoosetsu o yonda koto ga arimasu ka. (in
the shoosetsu [novel], he shows the sets)
It's interesting for sure. By all means, please try
reading once and see.
Omoshiroi desu yo. Zehi ichido yonde mite kudasai
Have you ever gone to Izu?
Izu ni itta koto ga arimasu ka.
It's a pretty place for sure. By all means, please try
going once and see.
Kireina tokoro desu yo. Zehi ichido itte mite kudasai.
Have you ever worn a Japanese kimono?
Nihon no kimono o kita koto ga arimasu ka.
It's pretty for sure. By all means, please try wearing
one once and see.
Kirei desu yo. Zehi ichido kite mite kudasai.
Have you ever used a fax?
Fakushimiri o tsukatta koto ga arimasu ka.
It's convenient for sure. By all means, please try
using one once and see.
Benri desu yo. Zehi ichido tsukatte mite kudasai.
Have you ever gone to Nara?
Nara ni itta koto ga arimasu ka.
No, not yet. I want to go once and see.
Iie, mada desu. Ichido itte mitai desu.
152. Hey, I wonder if I mistook the street? Use
machigaeru. Use no to soften this. Use kana.
Are, michi o machigaeta no ka na. (michi means
way here) (kana means I wonder; I wonder how to
learn kana [hiragana & katakana]) (ara and are
both mean hey) (the no is optional) (machigaeru =
machigau; so OK to substitute machigatta for
machigaeta)
153. Ill look at a map for a second and see.
Chotto chizu o mite mimasu.
154. In front of the station, a new restaurant was
accomplished, for sure.
Eki no mae ni atarashii resutoran ga dekimashita yo.
(not OK to say eki no mae de, since must use ni with
dekiru)
155. Next time, together, to eat, lets go and see.
Kondo issho ni tabe ni itte mimashoo.
156. This frock, how is it? Dont use wa or ga. Use
a polite word for how.
Kono wanpiisu ikaga desu ka.
157. Well, I will wear it for a second and see.
Ja, chotto kite mimasu.
158. Wont you invite the friend along and come?
Tomodachi o sasotte kimasen ka. (sasou = sasoimasu
= to invite or tempt; the sassy owl invited me)
159. Yeah, well, I will do a phone call, ask and see.
Ee, ja, denwa shite kiite mimasu.
160. Whether or not.

Kadooka.
161. Tomorrow I dont know whether the weather
will become good. Use wakaru to mean know in
this section.
Ashita tenki ga yoku naru kadooka wakarimasen.
162. This soup, whether its delicious, drink it for a
second and see. Dont use wo after soup. Plain
speech.
Kono suupu oishii kadooka chotto nonde mite.
Will Yamada come?
Yamada san wa kimasu ka.
Since I dont know whether he will come, I will ask
by telephone and see.
Kuru kadooka, wakaranai kara, denwa de kiite
mimasu.
Inside that box, what is entered?
Sono hako no naka ni nani ga haitte imasu ka.
Since I dont know whether something is entered in it,
I will open it and see. (something is implied but not
stated)
Haitte iru kadooka wakaranai kara, akete mimasu.
As for Tsuchida, as for next Thursday are the
circumstances good?
Tsuchida san wa kondo no mokuyoobi wa tsugoo ga
ii desu ka.
Since I dont know whether the circumstances are
good, I will ask and see.
Tsugoo ga ii kadooka wakaranai kara, kiite mimasu.
Is Tanaka in the room?
Tanaka san wa heya ni imasu ka.
Since I dont know whether hes in the room, I will
look and see.
Heya ni iru kadooka wakaranai kara, mite mimasu.
Do penguins live in Africa?
Pengin wa afurika ni sunde imasu ka.
Since I don't know whether they live in Africa, I will
check from a book and see.
Afurika ni sunde iru kadooka wakaranai kara, hon de
shirabete mimasu. (shiraberu = to check; Shiro &
Abe do kangaroo checking; cf. shiraseru = to inform;
I will (shiraberu [check] the serum and inform you;
cf. kuraberu = to compare; to cure Abes rupture is
easy, compared to other surgery)
Is that apartment new?
Sono apaato wa atarashii desu ka.
Since I don't know whether it's new or not, I'll ask a
real estate store (meaning agent) and see.
Atarashii ka dooka wakaranai kara, fudoosanya ni
kiite mimasu. (fudoosan = real estate; the realtor
Foodoosan likes food & dough) (fudoosanya can
mean either the store or the realtor)
As for that work, will it finish by 4:00?
Sono shigoto wa yoji made ni owarimasu ka.
Whether it will finish I don't know, but I will do and
see. Use yaru. In the next dozen or so responses, if
you are asked to say but, use keredo. Lesson 13.

71

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Lesson 13. Owaru kadooka wakaranai keredo
yatte mimasu. (try 8 hands. Yaru means give or do.)
As for that book, is it difficult?
Sono hon wa muzukashii desu ka.
Whether it's difficult I don't know, but I will read it
and see.
Muzukashii kadooka wakaranai keredo yonde
mimasu.
Will you be able to explain it in Japanese?
Nihongo de setsumei ga dekimasu ka. (explain why
the set has Sue and May on it) (OK to omit ga)
Whether I can explain it I don't know, but I'll do it
and see.
Setsumei ga dekiru kadooka wakaranai keredo, shite
mimasu.
Is the ward office still open?
Kuyakusho wa mada aite imasu ka.
Whether it is open I don't know, but I'll go and see.
Aite iru kadooka wakarani keredo, itte mimasu.
Is that fish delicious?
Sono sakana wa oishii desu ka.
Whether it's delicious I don't know, but I'll eat it and
see.
Oishii kadooka wakaranai keredo tabete mimasu.
Will Yamada probably give that rose flower over to
me ? Me is understood. Use ordinary politeness.
Yamada san wa ano bara no hana o kureru deshoo ka.
(bara = rose; Barabbas was freed because he gave
Pilate a rose)
Whether he will give it I don't know, but I'll request it
and see.
Kureru kadooka wakaranai keredo, tanonde mimasu.
Please don't forget.
Wasurenai de kudasai. (nai de kudasai, used after a
verb stem = please dont)
Won't you please not do and give.
Use nai to mean not do. Use the honorific form.
Nai de kudasaimasen ka.
Please don't polite form.
Nai de kudasai.
Please don't familiar form.
Nai de choodai.
Dont, huh.
Nai de ne.
Won't you not park the car in front of the gate and
give? Honorific form.
Mon no mae ni kuruma o tomenai de kudasaimasen
ka. (Monday is the gateway to the week) (mon no
mae de, also OK; koko de tomeru and koko ni
tomeru, both OK; ni is more specific as to location)
Late at night, please don't do a phone call.
Yoru osoku denwa o shinai de kudasai.
Tomorrow, when we go for the purpose of tennis,
don't forget the money, huh? Use toki.
Ashita tenisu ni iku toki okane o wasurenai de ne.
(tenisu ni ittara okane, OK, but changes meaning to

when or if we go)
Don't tell lies, please. Use a familiar form of
please.
Uso o iwanai de choodai. (he lied about his work
for the USO)
To say that someone must not do something, use
the te form of the verb followed by wa followed by
(3 responses) Dont use plain speech.
Ikemasen, dame desu, komarimasu. (there is no u
or ru verb corresponding to ikemasen or ikenai)
(komaru = to inconvenience; kamau = to mind)
You must not throw garbage here.
Koko ni gomi o sutete wa ikemasen. (suteru, to
throw away; he threw away the suteeki, steak) (koko
de, not really wrong, but koko ni is more specific as
to location)
Running on the hallways, bad, for sure. (contracted,
colloquial form, addressed to a child) Dont use da
or desu.
Rooka o hashitcha dame yo. (hashite wa =
hashitcha, in colloquial speech; nondewa dame
desu = nonja dame desu, since dewa = ja) (rooka de,
also OK, if you are somewhere else, implying a
destination)
Tomorrow, Id like to rest the company, but. Soften
this. Meaning, Id like to be off.
Ashita kaisha o yasumitain desu ga.
Nah, taking time off would inconvenience, for sure.
Use a contracted colloquial form.
Iya, yasun ja komarimasu yo. (yasunja = yasunde
wa) (komaru, also OK)
You must not enter inside the grass.
Shibafu no naka ni haitte wa ikemasen. (shibafu =
lawn; the Queen of Sheba had fun on the lawn)
For a plain do not, used by men or seen on signs,
follow a plain non-past verb with
Na (cf. na is also used as an intensifier)
Dont throw garbage. Use na.
Gomi o suteru na.
Dont return and come very late for sure. Use amari.
Use na.
Amari osoku kaette kuru na yo.
As for here, its narrow or tight, and because a small
child exists... Use shi. Use node. Use plain speech.
Koko wa semai shi, chiisai kodomo ga iru node ..
Say, because, as for here, it is becoming parking
prohibited.
Anoo, koko wa chuusha kinshi ni natte imasu kara.
(chuusha = parking, kinshi = prohibition, short or
nearsightedness) (the dog chews Shyam when
parking; there is a kin [gold] shield over prohibited
things) (cf. kinen = no smoking)
I would like to smoke tobacco, but Soften this.
Tabako o suitain desu ga.
Er, as for here, theres no smoking, and since a child
also exists, a little bit Use plain
Lesson 13.

72

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Lesson 13. speech in the first clause. Use shi.
Use node.
Eeto, koko wa kinen da shi, kodomo mo imasu node,
chotto. (kinen = no smoking, I'll give you kin
[golden] yen to stop smoking)
Please dont give feed to the monkeys.
Saru ni esa o yaranai de kudasai. (Saruman keeps a
monkey) (cf. sara = plate) (esa = bait or feed) (the
food at Esalen tastes like animal feed)
As for to pick the flowers, bad for sure. (contracted
colloquial speech, said to a child) Dont use da or
desu.
Hana o otcha dame yo. (oru = bend or break, or to
pick a flower; otte wa = otcha) (break the ornament
under the tree) (cf. orosu = withdraw money)
To enter the grass is bad for sure. Plain colloquial
speech.
Shibafu ni haitcha dame da yo. (haitcha = haitte
wa)
As for inside the fountain, you must not play, for sure.
Contracted colloquial form. Plain speech.
Funsui no naka de wa asonja ikenai yo. (asonja =
asonde wa) (have fun in the sun in the fountain)
Garbage, to this kind of place, as for to throw, bad
for sure. Plain colloquial speech. Dont use da or
desu.
Gomi o konna tokoro ni sutecha dame yo. (sutecha
= sutete wa)
Because a baby exists, can you not not smoke
tobacco and I receive? Use node. Speaking to a
stranger.
Akachan ga iru node, tabako o suwanai de
itadakemasen ka. (itadakemasen ka = am I not able
to receive. cf. itadakimasen ka = will I not receive;
cf. kudasaimasen ka = won't you please give me)
It's bad to do soccer here, for sure. Plain colloquial
speech.
Koko de sakkaa o shicha dame da yo. (shite wa =
shicha)
Now it is scheduled that you must not smoke tobacco,
huh? Soften this.
Ima tabako o sutte wa ikenai koto ni natte irun desu
ne.
Hello, since today is Tuesday, you must not throw
out garbage for sure. Use moshimoshi. Use dakara.
Use dasu.
Use a colloquial form of must not throw w/ ikemasen.
Moshimoshi, kyoo wa kayoobi dakara, gomi o
dashicha ikemasen yo. (dashite wa = dashicha)
Its under construction. You may not enter inside.
Kooji-chuu desu. Naka ni haitte wa ikemasen. (kooji
= construction; koojoo = factory; Kojak and Joe
built a factory; when a koojoo [factory] is being
constructed, it has a ji [letter] on it)
You must not park a car here.
Koko ni kuruma o tomete wa ikemasen.

Hey! This sweater, in water, its bad to wash. Use

ara. Dont use wo after sweater. Use a colloquial
form. Plain speech. Use nan to soften this. Use
woman's word for emphasis.
Ara, kono seetaa mizu de aratcha dame nan da wa.
(wa used for emphasis. Aratcha = aratte wa)
Michaels diary.
Maikeru no nikki.
On Sunday with Barbara we went in order to see
sumo. Plain speech.
Nichiyoobi ni baabara to sumoo o mi ni itta.
Safely, we arrived at the national sports arena, but we
were starving. Plain speech. Use no to soften the
first clause.
Buji ni kokugikan ni tsuita no da ga, onaka ga
pekopeko datta. (buji = safety, peace, health, good
condition; we have to budget for a jeep if we want to
travel safely; buji ni = safely, without incident;
kokugikan = National Sports Arena; the koku
[country] where geeks play with cans at the national
sports arena; onaka ga pekopeko desu = to be
starving, pekopeko suru = to fawn or cringe, all we
had was pekoe tea, pekoe tea, so we're starving)
223. To tell the truth, on the way, I planned to have a
meal, but a suitable store was not found. Plain
speech. Use no to soften this, twice.
Jitsu wa, tochuu de, shokuji o suru tsumori datta noda
ga, tekitoo na mise ga mitsukaranakatta noda.
(tochuu de = on the way; tekitoo na = adequate,
suitable, a techie's toe is adequate for pressing keys
on a keyboard; mitsukaru = to be found; mitsukeru
= to find) (Mitsu found some cake)
For that reason, of people walking on the proximity,
inside the national sports arena, I asked and saw
whether a meal was possible. Use soba to mean
proximity. Plain speech.
Sore de soba o aruite iru hito ni, kokugikan no naka
de shokuji ga dekiru kadooka kiite mita. (soba =
close to) (soba de aruite, not OK; however, other
verbs can be used with soba and de, e.g., ie no soba
de asobimasu = he plays in the vicinity of the house)
Yeah, its possible for sure.
Ee, dekimasu yo.
There are also restaurants, and they are selling
honorable box lunches also. Use shi.
Resutoran mo arimasu shi, obento mo utte imasu.
But, since the beer being sold inside expensive, at
somewhere, it would be better to buy canned beer
and go, huh.
Demo, naka de utte iru biiru wa takai kara, dokoka de
kanbiiru o katte itta hoo ga ii desu ne. (cannot say
itte katta because the katta goes next to kanbiiru)
(biiru ga, not OK, because too specific)
This was kind advice. Plain speech.
Kore wa shinsetsu na adobaisu datta.
As for Barbara, looking at the
Lesson 13.

73

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Lesson 13. honorable Mr. sumo wrestlers, she said.
Plain speech.
Baabara wa osumoo san o mite, itta. (itta = said; cf.
ita = existed, itta = went)
230. My. As for those people over there every day
here they are drinking expensive beer. Use an
intensifier used by women. Soften this.
Maa. Ano hitotachi wa mainichi koko de takai biiru
o nonde irun da wa.
The Michael group, the time they arrived at the
national sports arena, as for were starving thing, why
is it? Use no to make a noun phrase.
Maikeru san tachi ga kokugikan ni tsuita toki onaka
ga pekopeko datta no wa, dooshite desu ka.
(maikerusantachi wa, also OK)
Its because, on the way, they did not do a meal and
come. Use plain speech to say did not come.
Tochuu de shokuji o shite konakatta kara desu.
As for inside the national sports arena, what are they
selling?
Kokugikan no naka de wa nani o utte imasu ka.
They are selling honorable box lunches, beer, etc.
Obentoo ya biiru o utte imasu.
Barbara, looking at the honorable Mr. sumo wrestlers,
Everyday they are drinking expensive beer, as for
she said thing, why is it, do you think? Barbara is the
subject. Soften her speech and include an intensifier
used by women. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use
ka only once, at the end.
Baabara san ga, osumoo san o mite, Mainichi takai
biiru o nonde irun da wa to itta no wa, dooshite da to
omoimasu ka. (Baabara san wa, also OK)
Its because the honorable Mr. sumo wrestlers are big
and being fat, I think. Use te to mean and.
Osumoo san ga ookikute futotte iru kara da to
omoimasu. (futoru = to grow fat; futotta = fat; he's
so fat, he sleeps on a futon with Ruth) [cannot say
futotte iru da (or dakara); cant follow verb with da]
Words that mean to give. 5 responses. Use the masu
form of all verbs in the following section.
Agemasu, sashiagemasu, yarimasu, kuremasu,
kudasaimasu.
If you or someone else give to someone not in your
in-group, showing normal respect, use
Agemasu.
If you or someone else give to someone not in your
in-group, showing extra respect, use
Sashiagemasu.
If you or someone else give to someone in your ingroup, or to someone who is inferior, use
Yarimasu (however, a woman would be more likely
to use agemasu than yarimasu when she gives to a
person in her in-group)
If something is given to you or to a member of
your in-group by someone of equal or inferior
status, or by someone in your in-group, use

Kuremasu
If something is given to you or to a member of
your in-group by someone outside your in-group
who has equal or greater age or status, use
Kudasaimasu
Lesson 14
Who is that red-frock wearing person over there?
Use polite words for person and for who.
Ano akai wanpiisu o kite iru kata wa donata desu ka.
Ah, that over there is Mr. Tsuchida's wife.
Aa, are wa Tsuchida san no okusan desu.
As for that way over theres kimono person? Use
achira. Use a polite word for person.
Achira no kimono no kata wa?
Isn't it the office's Suzuki? Use jimu.
Jimu no Suzuki san ja arimasen ka. (jimu = jimusho
= office, jimu-in = office worker or clerk) (Jim is
hiding under the desk at the office)
Since as for party times, its always
Japanese clothes. Use dakara.
Paatii no toki wa, itsumo wafuku dakara.
Ah, that's true, I didn't know/understand her at all.
Use chittomo. Plain speech. Meaning, I didnt
recognize her. A, hontoo da, chittomo wakaranakatta.
(chittomo = not at all in negative phrases) (I was not
chit chatting with Tomoko at all) (OK to substitute
zenzen for chittomo)
Her appearance associated with always is entirely
different, right? Use to to mean associated with.
Itsumo to kanji ga zenzen chigaimasu ne. (kanji =
feeling, looks, appearance; cf. kanjiru = feel or
sense) (to means associated with)
The shoes Hanada is wearing are lovely, huh? Use
no after Hanada. Dont use wa or ga.
Hanada san no haite iru kutsu suteki desu ne. (suteki
= lovely, cute, fine, splendid, swell; cf. suteeki =
steak) (that's a lovely little suteeki you're eating)
(haku = wear on feet or legs) (hackers wear thongs
on their feet) (Hanada san ga haite iru, also OK)
The time she went to Hong Kong, she bought them,
reportedly, for sure. Use plain speech. Use desu.
Honkon ni itta toki katta soo desu yo. (soo desu =
reportedly)
They suit her considerably, huh? Use nakanaka.
Nakanaka niaimasu ne. (niau = to fit, to go well with,
to suit) (those knee pads give me a knee ow but they
fit) (cf. maniau = to be on time) (nakanaka =
considerably, quite in positive phrases, not easily or
readily in negative phrases) (because he was
nakanaka [inside the inside], he was considerably
accepted or he could do it readily)
Expression of mild surprise. Yamashita doesnt exist,
huh?
Oya, Yamashita san ga imasen nee.
How did it happen probably? Soften Lesson 14.

74

75
Lesson 14. this. Dont use ka.
Dooshitan deshoo. (meaning, why is that?)
Surely, still, its the company, probably, meaning
hes at the company.
Kitto mada kaisha deshoo.
Because they were saying, by the end of today, to the
Osaka branch office, a to-send written report exists.
Use okuru. Use tte ittemashita.
Kyoo juu ni oosaka shisha ni okuru hookoku sho ga
arutte ittemashita kara. (kyoo juu ni = by the end of
today) (hookoku = report; sho = writing, so
hookokusho = a written report) (arutte = aru to)
Ah, yesterday also, all day, all the way through, he
was doing it, huh. Use yaru.
Aa, kinoo mo ichinichijuu zutto yatte imashita ne.
(yaru = to give, do, get along)
As for that over there, its probably Webb's wife.
Are wa Uebbu san no okusan deshoo.
She's wearing a fancy hat, huh? Use an intensifier
used by women. Plain speech.
Shareta boshi o kabutte iru wa ne. (shareta = fancy,
stylish; shareru = to dress fancy; kaburu = to wear
on head) (Sharon Stone retains her rubies which are
fancy and stylish ) (kabuki players have rubies in the
hats they wear on their heads)
18. Ah, I still hadn't introduced you?
Aa, mada shookai shite imasen deshita ka. (introduce
Shokei and Kyle)
As for that, I did a discourtesy.
Sore wa shitsurei shimashita.
As for of Japanese cooking, what do you like best?
Nihon ryoori de wa, nani ga ichiban suki desu ka.
As for me, I like honorable sushi the best.
Watashi wa osushi ga ichiban suki desu.
As for nowadays, in America also, reportedly they
eat honorable sushi often, right?
Kono goro wa amerika de mo osushi o yoku taberu
soo desu ne.
Is the other sides honorable sushi the same as the
Japanese? Side is understood.
Mukoo no osushi wa nihon no to onaji desu ka.
(onaji = the same, an i adjective) (cf. mukae =
meeting an arriving passenger; mukaeru = to
meet/receive)
Yeah. As for the flavor, its almost the same, but as
for the price, its more cheap for sure. Use kedo.
Use nedan.
Ee. Aji wa hotondo onaji desu kedo, nedan wa motto
yasui desu yo.
But the variety, compared to Japan, is less numerous.
Dont use hoo ga.
Demo shurui wa nihon hodo ooku arimasen. (shurui
= kind, type, variety) (we shoo Louey away but he
carries a lot of varieties) (shumi = hobby; shorui =
documents) (OK to substitute yori for hodo)
26. At the homes closely, since there is a very cheap

and delicious Mr. honorable sushi store, the next time

I go, I'll humbly invite you along, huh?
Uchi no chikaku ni totemo yasukute oishii
osushiyasan ga arimasu kara, kondo iku toki osasoi
shimasu ne. (uchi no chikai, not OK) (To form a
humble verb construction, referring to actions that
you perform, put o in front of the verb stem, and
follow the verb stem with suru or shimasu.)
27. Yeah, by all means if you please.
Ee, zehi onegaishimasu.
28. Michael, theJapanese considerably is skillful,
huh.
Maikeru san nihongo ga nakanaka joozu desu ne.
29. It was a 2:00 appointment, but, as for the friend,
he didn't come readily. Plain speech.
Niji no yakusoku datta ga, tomodachi wa nakanaka
konakatta. (kimasen deshita also OK) (tomodachi ga
is OK) (yakusoku ga atta ga, not good because the
appt is intangible, but yakusoko de atta ga is OK)
30. The Japanese doesn't become skillful readily.
Plain speech. Nihongo ga nakanaka joozu ni naranai.
31. As for Tsuchida's wife, she is wearing a kimono.
Plain speech.
Tsuchida san no okusan wa kimono o kite iru.
32. As for Hanada, she is wearing the Hong Kong
purchased shoes. Plain speech.
Hanada san wa honkon de katta kutsu o haite iru.
33. As for the company people, they are all come to
the party. Use hito. Use minna. Plain speech.
Kaisha no hito wa minna paatii ni kite iru. (zenbu is
OK, subete not OK; may say subete no kaisha no
hito ga)
34. As for Kuroda, she has met Barbara at before the
party. Plain speech.
Kuroda san wa paatii no mae ni baabarasan ni atta
koto ga aru. (paatii no mae de, not OK, since de
refers to place, not time)
35. Compared to American sushi, Japanese sushi,
varieties are more numerous. Use hoo ga. Plain
speech.
Amerika no sushi yori nihon no sushi no hoo ga
shurui ga ooi. (sushi wa shurui, also OK)
36. As for the red-frock wearing one, who is it?
Akai wanpiisu o kite iru no wa dare desu ka.
36b. Its Yamada's wife.
Yamada san no okusan desu.
37. As for the kimono-wearing one, who is it?
Kimono o kite iru no wa dare desu ka.
37b. Its the offices Suzuki.
Jimu no Suzuki san desu. (jimi na = plain; jimusho
also = office)
38. As for Yamashita, why is he not come to the
party? Use no to make a noun phrase.
Yamashita san wa dooshite paatii ni kite inai no desu
ka. (paatii ni kite imasen ka, OK; but, paatii ni kite
inai ka, not OK, so you need to make Lesson 14.

75

76
Lesson 14. a noun phrase)
38b. Its because hes still doing work at the
company.
Mada kaisha de shigoto o shite iru kara desu.
39. As for Barbara, as for of Japanese cooking, what
does she like best?
Baabarasan wa nihon ryoori de wa nani ga ichiban
suki desu ka.
39b. She likes honorable sushi best.
Osushi ga ichiban suki desu.
40. As for Barbara, when the party finishes, will she
go to a sushi place with Hanada? Use tara.
Baabarasan wa paatii ga owattara hanada san to
sushiya e ikimasu ka.
40b. No, but sometime she will probably go.
Iie, demo itsuka iku deshoo.
41. Next time, when I go to the sushi place, I will
humbly invite you along. Use toki.
Kondo sushiya e iku toki osasoi shimasu. (sushiya e
ittara, not OK)
42. When going to Hawaii (before going), I bought a
swimsuit. (with toki, the present tense may be used
although the action occurred in the past)
Hawai ni iku toki mizugi o kaimashita. (mizu =
water, mizugi = swimsuit, shitagi = underwear)
43. When I went to Hawaii (after going), I bought a
swimsuit.
Hawai ni itta toki mizugi o kaimashita.
44. When I was small, I was learning piano.
Chiisai toki piano o naratte imashita. (narande =
lining up) (narau, naraimasu, naratte, naratta)
45. At the room is more quiet time, lets do talking.
Heya ga motto shizuka na toki ni hanashi o
shimashoo. (shizuka ni nattara, not OK, since the
heya cant do anything) (OK to omit ni)
46. The students time, I studied French.
Gakusei no toki furansugo o benkyoo shimashita.
47. As for at when an honorable guest comes, I make
the room clean in advance.
Okyakusan ga kuru toki ni wa heya o kirei ni shite
okimasu. (OK without wa)
48. As for when you dont understand, please ask the
teacher.
Wakaranai toki wa, sensei ni kiite kudasai. (OK
without wa)
49. When one eats, one says I will receive. Use toki
to mean when in this section. Use plain speech for
the next 10 responses.
Taberu toki itadakimasu to iu.
50. When one eats, one uses chopsticks.
Taberu toki hashi o tsukau.
51. When one ate, one says that was a feast. Use a
short version of that was a feast.
Tabeta toki gochisoo sama to iu. (long version =
gochisoo sama deshita)
52. Night, when one goes to sleep, one says good

night.
Yoru neru toki oyasuminasai to iu. (neru toki implies
when one goes to bed; nemuru toki implies when
one goes to sleep, so cannot use nemuru here)
53. When one returned to the house, one says just
now, I returned.
Ie ni kaetta toki tadaima kaerimashita to iu.
54. When one enters a room, one says I will commit
a discourtesy.
Heya ni hairu toki shitsurei shimasu to iu.
The rice finished time, one says that was a feast.
Gohan ga owatta toki gochisoosama deshita to iu.
(gohan o owatta is OK) (gohan = cooked rice; here it
means a meal)
When an honorable guest came, one says welcome.
Okyakusan ga kita toki yoku
irasshaimashita to iu.
Noon, when one met a person, one says good day.
Hiru hito ni atta toki konnichi wa to iu. (hiru ni is
OK)
Morning, when one met a person, one says good
morning.
Asa hito ni atta toki ohayoo gozaimasu to iu.
Night, when one met a person, one says good evening.
Yoru hito ni atta toki konban wa to iu.
When one eats rice, one says I will receive.
Gohan o taberu toki itadakimasu to iu.
When one met a person, one does greetings. In the
following section, use plain speech for the first
(subordinate) clauses only.
Hito ni atta toki aisatsu o shimasu. (ai, to love; satsu,
folding money, counter for books etc; ai shite iru [I
love you], and with satsu [paper currency] I greet
you )
The time one rests because of illness, one does a
phone call to the company.
Byooki de yasumu toki kaisha ni denwa o shimasu.
When one doesnt understand a word, one checks of
the dictionary.
Kotoba ga wakaranai toki jisho de shirabemasu.
When an honorable guest comes, I make delicious
food in advance.
Okyakusan ga kuru toki gochisoo o tsukute okimasu.
When I drink coffee, I add honorable sugar.
Koohii o nomu toki osatoo o iremasu
When its cold, I close the window.
Samui toki mado o shimemasu.
When I caught cold, I take medicine.
Kaze o hiita toki kusuri o nomimasu.
All day long.
Ichi nichi juu.
All night long.
Hitoban juu. (one = hitotsu, night = hitoban)
All year long.
Ichinen juu.
All summer long.
Lesson 14.

76

77
Lesson 14.
Natsu juu.
As for yesterday, all day long it was raining.
Kinoo wa ichinichijuu ame ga futte imashita.
Since there is a test, all night long I studied. Use
tesuto. Use node.
Tesuto ga aru node hitoban juu benkyoo shimashita.
As for to Kyoto, all year long numerous people come.
Use oozei.
Kyooto ni wa ichinen juu oozei no hito ga kimasu.
(wa is optional) (hito ga ooi kimasu, not OK, but hito
ga ooku kimasu, OK; hito ga oozei kimasu, also OK;
takusan no hito, OK; ooi no hito, not OK)
75. As for this year, all summer long I labored at the
ocean.
Kotoshi wa natsu juu umi de hatarakimashita. (wa is
optional)
As for Hawaii its always warm and good, huh?
Hawai wa itsumo atatakakute ii desu ne.
Yeah, all year long its the same as summer for sure.
Ee, ichinen juu natsu to onaji desu yo.
Since its already 8 p.m., supermarkets are closed,
huh. Use dakara.
Moo gogo hachiji dakara, suupaa wa shimatte imasu
ne. (wa implies supermarkets in general)
Yeah, but convenience stores are open all night long,
for sure. Use hiraku.
Ee, demo konbiiniensu sutoa wa hitoban juu hiraite
imasu yo. (hiraku = to open, to begin; similar to aite
imasu; aite imasu is also used for an open seat, etc.;
hirakimasu = to begin a festival, etc.) (there was a
high rack in Iraq when we opened our store)
Catching cold, as for yesterday I was sleeping all day.
Kaze o hiite kinoo wa ichinichi juu nete imashita.
As for last night, since it was muggy, all night long
the air conditioner was turned on. Use kuuraa.
Imply that I turned it on.
Yuube wa mushiatsukatta kara, hitoban juu kuuraa o
tsukete imashita. (mushiatsui = muggy; musu =
steam) (the swamp is mushy and it's hot) (kuraa ga
tsukete arimashita, also OK; kuraa ga tsukete
imashita, not OK; kuraa o tsukete arimashita, also
OK; kuraa ga tsuite imashita, also OK)
Wow, I got tired. As for today, all day long, I was
busy. Use iyaa. Soften the last clause.
Iyaa, tsukaremashita. Kyoo wa ichinichi juu
isogashikattan desu.
As for summer vacation, how will you do it (meaning
what will you do)? Soften this.
Natsu yasumi wa doo surun desu ka.
All summer long, I plan to do part-time work in a
beer garden.
Natsu juu bia gaaden de arubaito o surutsumori desu.
Tomatoes are summer vegetables for sure, huh?
Tomato wa natsu no yasai desu yo ne.
Yeah, but all year long they are selling them in stores,
for sure.

Ee demo ichinen juu mise de utte imasu yo.

Added to certain time words, this phrase means
sometime during, anytime during or before the
end of. 2 responses.
Chuu ni. Juu ni.
Sometime today.
Kyoo juu ni.
Sometime this year.
Kotoshi juu ni.
Sometime this week.
Konshuu juu ni. (chuu ni also OK)
Sometime this month.
Kongetsu chuu ni. (juu ni also OK)
Sometime in October.
Juugatsu chuu ni. (juu ni not OK)
Sometime during summer vacation.
Natsuyasumi chuu ni. (juu ni also OK, not as good)
Since I sent it by express, it will arrive sometime
today for sure. Use okuru, tsuku.
Sokutatsu de okutta kara kyoo juu ni tsukimasu yo.
(todokimasu, also OK) (sokutatsu = express delivery,
okuru, tsuku) (socks tatsu [stand] when delivered
express)
Sometime this year, by all means, I want to get
married, huh.
Kotoshi juu ni zehi kekkon shitai desu ne. (OK to
omit desu)
Sometime in October, I was scheduled to go to
America.
Juugatsu chuu ni amerika ni iku koto ni narimashita.
Since the homework is until tomorrow (meaning its
due by tomorrow), I will do it in advance sometime
today. Use dakara. Shukudai wa ashita made dakara
kyoo juu ni shite okimasu. (shukudai ga, also OK)
As for tomorrow, since the bank will be on holiday, I
will go in advance sometime today. Use dakara.
Ashita wa ginkoo ga yasumi dakara kyoo juu ni itte
okimasu.
As for next week since busy, lets do in advance
sometime in this week. Use yaru.
Raishuu wa isogashii kara konshuu chuu ni yatte
okimashoo. (wa is optional) (isogashii desu kara,
OK; isogashii dakara, not OK) (juu ni, also OK)
As for next year, since I will return to Australia, I
will go to Kyoto in advance sometime this year.
Rainen wa osutoraria ni kaeru kara kotoshi juu ni
Kyooto ni itte okimasu. (wa is optional)
Since I will move next month, sometime this month I
will do movings preparations in advance. Use plain
speech to say I will move. Use shitaku.
Raigetsu hikkosu kara kongetsu chuu ni hikkoshi no
shitaku o shite okimasu. (shitaku = preparations,
private home; otaku = your home) (she takes u to the
otaku to make preparations)
X is the same as Y.
X wa Y to onaji desu.
Lesson 14.

77

78
Lesson 14. X and Y are the same.
X to Y wa onaji desu.
X and Y are the same thing.
X to Y wa onaji mono desu. (onaji koto, also OK, if
talking about intangible things)
X is different from Y.
X wa Y to chigaimasu.
X and Y are different.
X to Y wa chigaimasu.
X and Y are different things.
X to Y wa chigau mono desu. (chigau koto, not OK;
must say X to Y wa chigaimasu, if intangible)
As for American honorable sushi, is it the same as
Japanese?
Amerika no osushi wa nihon no to onaji desu ka.
Yeah, as for flavor and price etc., they are almost the
same. Use nedan.
Ee, aji ya nedan wa hotondo onaji desu. (ga, also OK)
(nedan = retail prices; bukka = commodity prices or
cost of living; not OK to use bukka here)
As for Japanese cars and American cars, are they the
same, are they different?
Nihon no kuruma to amerika no kuruma wa onaji
desu ka chigaimasu ka.
As for the shape, its almost the same, but the
steering wheels position is different.
Katachi wa hotondo onaji desu ga handoru no ichi ga
chigaimasu. (katachi = form, shape; handoru =
steering wheel; ichi = position) (shape made by
katakana pressed into cheese) (this position of the hat
is itchy)
As for Hanada and Kuroda, they have the same bags.
Hanada san to Kuroda san wa onaji baggu o motte
imasu. (onaji no baggu, not OK, since onaji is an i
adjective)
As for teacher and student, watch and shoes and
handbag are the same.
Sensei to gakusei wa tokei to kutsu to handobaggu ga
onaji desu.
As for teacher and student, hat and Western clothes
and socks are different.
Sensei to gakusei wa booshi to yoofuku to kutsushita
ga chigaimasu.
As for Jim, he is wearing Western clothes that are
different from Michael.
Jim san wa Maikeru san to chigau yoofuku o kite
imasu.
As for Mari, she is wearing Western clothes that are
the same as Tomoko.
Mari san wa Tomoko san to onaji yoofuku o kite
imasu.
As for Noriko, she is wearing a hat that is different
from Yasuko.
Noriko san wa Yasuko san to chigau booshi o kabutte
imasu. (kaburu = to wear a hat)
As for Junko, she is wearing a watch that is different

from Keiko.
Junko san wa Keiko san to chigau tokei o shite imasu.
As for Yoko, she is wearing shoes that are the same
as Yukiko.
Yoko san wa Yukiko san to onaji kutsu o haite imasu.
(haku/haite = to put on or wear shoes or socks;
hairu/haitte = enter) (hackers wear thongs on feet)
As for Nathaniel, he is wearing socks that are the
same as Elijah.
Nathaniel san wa Elijah san to onaji kutsushita o
haite imasu.
As for Hiroko, she has a handbag that is different
from Tomoko.
Hiroko san wa Tomoko san to chigau handobaggu o
motte imasu.
I will put on a business suit.
Sebiro o kimasu. (kiru = put on dress, suit, shirt,
sweater, coat) (Seth spilled beer on his suit)
I will take off a jacket.
Uwagi o nugimasu. (nugu = take off dress, suit,
jacket, shirt, pants, shoes socks; because the shirt
had new goo in it, I took it off) (cf. uwagi = jacket;
the jacket is under the wagon) (cf. shitagi =
underwear) (uwagi o torimasu, not OK; it means I
will take the coat, or pass the coat)
I will put on pants.
Zubon o hakimasu. (haku = put on skirt, pants, socks,
shoes) (zubon =pants; pants for the zoo are bon
[good, in French])
I will put on a hat.
Booshi o kaburimasu. (kaburu = put on hat)
I will take off the hat. (2 responses)
Booshi o nugimasu. Booshi o torimasu. (nugu, toru)
(toru also means to take, eat, steal, subscribe)
I will put on a belt.
Beruto o shimasu. (suru = put on necktie, belt, watch,
necklace)
I will take off the watch. 2 responses.
Tokei o torimasu.
Tokei o hazushimasu. (toru; hazusu = take off
necktie, belt, watch, necklace, glasses; also means to
leave one's seat, to miss) (hazards of usury caused me
to leave seat)
I will put on glasses.
Megane o kakemasu. (kakeru)
Still do
Mada + an affirmative verb or adjective
No longer do.
Moo + a negative verb or adjective.
As for Tsuchida, he is still working at the company.
Tsuchida san wa mada kaisha de shigoto o shite
imasu.
As for this, won't you use it anymore?
Kore wa moo tsukaimasen ka. (Tsukawanai desu ka,
also OK.)
No I will still use it for sure. Please Lesson 14.

78

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Lesson 14. dont throw it away.
Iie mada tsukaimasu yo. Sutenai de kudasai. (suteru,
to throw away; he suteru [throws away] the suteeki,
steak)
Is it still cold?
Mada samui desu ka.
No its no longer cold.
Iie, moo samuku arimasen.
Are the banks still open?
Ginkoo wa mada aite imasu ka.
No they arent open any longer.
Iie, moo aite imasen.
Is it still raining?
Mada ame ga futte imasu ka.
No it isnt precipitating any more.
Iie, moo futte imasen.
Does it still hurt?
Mada itai desu ka.
No it doesnt hurt any more.
Iie moo itaku arimasen.
As for cake, does it still exist?
Keeki wa mada arimasu ka.
No there isnt any longer.
Iie, moo arimasen.
150. No it was able to be sold completely.
Iie, urete shimaimashita. (uru is transitive; ureru = it
sells, its in demand, it can be sold) (utte
shimaimashita, also OK, but implies that I sold it)
Do you still want to eat?
Mada tabetai desu ka.
No I dont want to eat any longer.
Iie moo tabetaku arimasen.
Im full.
Onaka ga ippai desu.
According to Tanaka.
Tanaka san ni yoru to. (yoru = night, go closer,
drop in at, gather, be caused by, depend on, twist)
(e.g., nyuusu ni yoru to = according to the news)
(according to the knee, in the yoru [night], the toe
goes to sleep)
As for from Tanakas speech, meaning according
to what he says. Tanaka san no hanashi de wa.
(Tanaka san no hanashi ni yoru to, also OK)
Something is reportedly true. 3 responses using
soo desu. Use no to soften the 2nd response and n to
soften the 3rd.
Soo desu. No da soo desu. n da soo desu.
According to the weather report, this years winter
will be cold, reportedly. Use ni yoru to and soo desu.
Tenki yohoo ni yoru to, kotoshi no fuyu wa, samui
soo desu. (yohoo = forecast) (yoo [Western] forecast
on Yahoo) (fuyu ga, not OK, since its already
specific due to kotoshi no; by contrast, OK to say
fuyu ga hayaku kimashita, for example )
157 b. As for from Norikos speech, this years
winter will be cold, reportedly. Use no hanashi de

wa and soo desu.

Noriko no hanashi de wa, kotoshi no fuyu wa samui
soo desu. (fuyu ga, not OK in this case, but OK to
say, e.g., fuyu ga ii = winter is good)
As for this years winter, it will reportedly be cold.
Use n da soo desu.
Kotoshi no fuyu wa, samuin da soo desu.
Something is reportedly true. Used by women in
informal casual conversations. 2 responses.
N desutte. Desutte.
Woman speaking. Tanaka, its vacation, reportedly.
Use nan to soften this. Dont use wa or ga.
Tanaka san yasumi nan desutte.
160b. Woman speaking. Tanaka, its vacation,
reportedly. Dont use wa or ga. Use desutte.
Tanaka san yasumi desutte.
To express the idea that something is reportedly
true. Used by men or women in informal casual
conversations. 2 responses.
N datte. Tte.
Man or woman speaking. Tanaka reportedly wont
come. Plain speech. Use n datte. Dont use wa or
ga.
Tanaka san konain datte.
162 b. Man or woman speaking. Tanaka reportedly
wont come. Use tte. Dont use wa or ga.
Tanaka san konai tte.
163. To express the idea that someone was saying
something. Someone and something are
understood. 2 responses using ga after someone.
Ga plus to itte imashita. Ga plus tte ittemashita.
163b. 2 responses using de after someone.
De plus to itte imashita. De plus tte ittemashita.
My older brother was saying that this dictionary good,
for sure. Older brother is the subject. Use to itte
imashita.
Ani ga kono jisho wa ii to itte imashita yo. (jisho ga,
not OK, since kono jisho is already specific)
164b. My older brother was saying that this
dictionary good, for sure. Older brother is the subject.
Use tte itte imashita.
Ani ga kono jisho wa ii tte itte imashita yo.
From the weather report they were saying tomorrow
will be sunny. Use de and to itte imashita.
Tenki yohoo de ashita wa hareru to itte imashita.
165b. From the weather report they were saying
tomorrow will be sunny. Use de & tte itte imashita.
Tenki yohoo de ashita wa hareru tte itte imashita.
(ashita ga, not OK in this case; but OK to say, e.g.,
ashita ga ii = tomorrow is good)
166. To express the idea that something was
written. For example, in a newspaper it was
written. Two responses.
Ni plus to kaite arimashita, or ni plus tte kaite
arimashita. (cannot say kaite imashita here; this
means was writing) (use ni to say
Lesson 14.

79

80
Lesson 14. writing to or on a paper, etc.)
167. In the newspaper, yesterday there was an
earthquake, it was written. Use tte kaite arimashita.
Shinbun ni kinoo jishin ga atta tte kaite arimashita.
(jishin wa, not OK) (jishin = earthquake, by oneself)
(the jeep hit my shin during the earthquake)
167b. In the newspaper, yesterday there was an
earthquake, it was written. Use to kaite arimashita.
Shinbun ni kinoo jishin ga atta to kaite arimashita.
168. To express the idea that I heard something
from someone, for example, I heard this from the
teacher. Two responses, using to and tte. Use kara
for both responses.
Kara plus to kikimashita or kara plus tte
kikimashita. (ni plus to, or plus tte, not as clear)
169. From Tanaka, I heard that, as for the wedding,
its the 5th of next month. Use to kikimashita.
Tanaka san kara, kekkon shiki wa raigetsu no itsuka
da to kikimashita. (if you say Tanaka san ni
kikimashita, that implies that you asked him, since
kiku = ask and also = hear)
169b. From Tanaka, I heard that, as for the wedding,
its the 5th of next month. Use tte kikimashita.
Tanaka san kara, kekkon shiki wa raigetsu no itsuka
da tte kikimashita.
170. As for Tanaka, were they saying that he will
get married? Two responses.
For the first response, use to itte imashita.
Tanaka san wa kekkon suru to itte imashita ka.
For the second response, dont use wa or ga. Use
womans speech. Soften this.
Tanaka san, kekkon surun desu tte?
171. Yeah, I also heard it. Plain speech. Use a
womans word for emphasis.
Ee, watashi mo kiita wa.
172. For that reason, he will resign the company,
reportedly. Woman's speech. Soften this.
Sore de kaisha o yamerun desu tte. (yameru,
transitive = resign, stop, give up; yamu, intransitive,
to stop) (stop cows from eating yams)
173. Young man Tanaka is going to transfer,
reportedly. Dont use wa or ga. Use n datte.
Tanaka kun tenkin surun datte. (tenkin suru = to
transfer) (he will transfer because ten kings told him
to do so)
174. Yes I also heard it. Consequently, he will go to
New York, reportedly. Use a grunt to mean yes. Use
a mans word for I. Use n datte. Plain speech.
Un, boku mo kiita. Sore de Nyuyooku ni ikun datte.
175b. Young man Tanaka is sick, reportedly. Dont
use wa or ga after Tanaka in the next 10 or so
responses. Use soo desu.
Tanaka kun byooki da soo desu. (cannot say simply
byooki soo desu, since byooki is not an i adjective)
175c. Young man Tanaka is sick, reportedly. Use no
da soo desu. Use an alternative word for is, as you

cant use da before no or before n.

Tanaka kun byooki nano da soo desu.
175d. Young man Tanaka is sick, reportedly. Use n
da soo desu. Use an alternative word for is.
Tanaka kun byooki nan da soo desu.
175e. Young man Tanaka is sick, reportedly.
Womans speech. Soften this. Use an alternative
word for is.
Tanaka kun byooki nan desu tte. (female speech)
175f. Young man Tanaka is sick,
reportedly. Use a womans speech.
Tanaka kun byooki desu tte. (female speech)
175g. Young man Tanaka is sick, reportedly. Use n
datte. Use an alternative word for is.
Tanaka kun byooki nan datte.
175h. Young man Tanaka is sick, reportedly. Use da
tte.
Tanaka kun byooki da tte.
176. Yeah, I also heard it. Consequently, he is going
to be hospitalized, reportedly. Use n da soo desu.
Ee, watashi mo kikimashita. Sore de nyuuin surun da
soo desu. (nyuuin suru = be hospitalized) (New
England people get hospitalized a lot)
177. Tanaka, the part-time work is busy, reportedly.
Use n datte. From here on, say Tanaka san, not
Tanaka kun.
Tanaka san arubaito ga isogashiin datte.
Yes, I also heard it. Consequently, there is no studydoing time, reportedly. Use un to mean yes. Use n
desu tte. Plain speech.
Un, watashi mo kiita. Sore de benkyoo o suru jikan
ga nain desu tte.
Tanaka, the work will not finish, reportedly. Soften
this. Use a woman's speech.
Tanaka san shigoto ga owaranain desu tte.
Yeah, I also heard it (using a womans word for
emphasis). Consequently, he will not go to the party,
reportedly. Plain speech. In the 2nd sentence, use a
womans speech and soften this.
Ee, watashi mo kiita wa. Sore de, paati ni ikanain
desu tte.
Hello, is this Nomura? Its Michael, but since I
caught cold, as for today, I will rest. Use node.
Moshi moshi, Nomura san desu ka. Maikeru desu ga,
kaze o hiita node kyoo wa yasumimasu.
Section manager, as for Michael, since he caught a
cold, as for today, he will rest, reportedly. Use node.
Use soo desu.
Kachoo, maikeru san wa kaze o hiita node kyoo wa
yasumu soo desu. (the kachoo [section manager]
catches all the flak)
Hello, as for today, since the meeting will become
late, as for supper, at home, since I will not eat, huh?
Use de rather than ga after the word meeting. Plain
speech.
Moshi moshi kyoo wa kaigi de osoku
Lesson 14.

80

81
Lesson 14. naru kara bangohan wa uchi de tabenai
kara ne. (also OK to say kaigi ga osoku naru kara)
(OK to omit kara ne; it serves as an extra
explanation thats why) (kaigi de means by the
meeting, suggesting that the meeting caused the
problem)
Mother, Father, as for today, since the meeting will
become late, as for supper, at home, he will not eat,
reportedly. Use de rather than ga after the word
meeting. Use tte. Plain speech.
Okaasan otoosan kyoo wa kaigi de osoku naru kara
bangohan wa uchi de tabenai tte.
As for today, as for an umbrella, will I probably not
need it? Use plain speech to say will not need.
Kyoo wa kasa wa iranai deshoo ka. (iru = to need;
ireru = to put in; irenai = I wont put in)
It would be better to take it, for sure. From the
weather report, they were saying it might rain for
sure. Use tte itte imashita.
Motte itta hoo ga ii desu yo. Tenki yohoo de ame ga
furu kamoshirenai tte itte imashita yo. (also OK to
say ame ga furu kamoshirenai to itte imashita)
As for Japanese study, how is it?
Nihongo no benkyoo wa doo desu ka.
188. As for Tom, its easy, he was saying, but as for
me, its terrible. Use tte itteta. Use kedo.
Tom san wa yasashii tte itteta kedo, watashi wa
taihen desu. (itteta = itte imashita)
As for of A, B and C, A is the tallest.
A to B to C de wa, A ga ichiban takai desu. (also OK
to say no uchi de, no naka de wa)
Of the group X, A is the tallest. 2 responses, using
naka and uchi.
X no naka de, A ga ichiban takai desu. X no uchi de,
A ga ichiban takai desu. (OK to omit no naka and no
uchi)
Of the group X, the tallest is A. Use de.
X de ichiban takai no wa A desu. (ga, also OK)
191a. Of the group X, the prettiest is A.
X de ichiban kirei na no wa A desu. .
192. Of the inanimate group X, compared to A,
there are no taller ones. Use no uchi. X no uchi de, A
hodo takai no wa arimasen. (A yori, also OK; OK to
substitute yori for hodo in all cases)
192 a. Of the inanimate group X, compared to A,
there are no prettier ones. Use uchi.
X no uchi de, A hodo kirei na no wa arimasen. (X no
uchi ni, also OK)
Of the animate group X, compared to A there are no
taller ones. Use uchi.
X no uchi de, A hodo takai no wa imasen. (A hodo
sei ga takai, is better)
193a. Of the animate group X, compared to A there
are no prettier ones. Use uchi.
X no uchi de, A hodo kirei na no wa imasen.
As for of Japanese cooking, what do you like the

best?
Nihon ryoori de wa nani ga ichiban suki desu ka.
(ryoori no naka de wa, also OK)
I like sukiyaki the best.
Sukiyaki ga ichiban suki desu.
As for Japanese cooking, I like it all. 2 responses,
using minna and zenbu.
Nihon ryoori wa minna suki desu. (if you say minna
ga suki desu, this means everyone likes it) Nihon
ryoori wa zenbu suki desu. (nihon ryoori de, or
nihon ryoori de wa, not OK here; but OK to say
nihon ryoori de wa, sushi ga suki, since you would
then be selecting out of a group) (subete, doremo,
doredemo also OK) (subete ga, not OK)
As for of honorable tea, coffee and black tea, which
do you like best? Use de wa. Use dore.
Ocha to koohii to koocha de wa dore ga ichiban suki
desu ka.
I like all of them.
Dore mo suki desu. (minna, zenbu, subete all OK)
I dont like none of them. Use dore. Use dewa
instead of ja.
Dore mo suki dewa arimasen. (zenzen, chittomo both
OK) (doredemo = any of them)
Among the family, meaning my family, the tallest
one is I. Use naka. Use sei ga takai. Use a mans
word for I.
Kazoku no naka de ichiban sei ga takai no wa boku
desu. (no uchi de, no uchi de wa, both also OK) (se =
sei, both OK) (ichiban sei ga takai no ga,also OK,
but sounds awkward, using ga twice)
Compared to you, there are no more lovely people.
Anata hodo suteki na hito wa imasen. (anata yori,
also OK) (suteki = lovely, cute, splendid)
202. As for of Tokyo, what month is the hottest?
Use de.
Tookyoo de wa nan gatsu ga ichiban atsui desu ka.
(dono gatsu and nan tsuki not OK; Dono tsuki OK
but not as good as nangatsu)
203. August is the hottest.
Hachigatsu ga ichiban atsui desu.
204. As for of Tokyo, which month is the coldest?
Use de.
Tookyoo de wa nan gatsu ga ichiban samui desu ka.
(dono gatsu and nan tsuki not OK; Dono tsuki OK
but not as good as nan gatsu)
205. January is the coldest.
Ichigatsu ga ichiban samui desu.
206. Of Tokyo, as for the one with the most
numerous rain, which month is it?
Tookyoo de, ichiban ame ga ooi no wa, nangatsu
desu ka. (ame ga ichiban ooi, also OK)
207. Its September.
Kugatsu desu.
208. Of Tokyo, as for the one with the least rain,
which month is it?
Lesson 14.

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82
Lesson 14. Tookyoo de, ichiban ame ga sukunai
no wa nangatsu desu ka. (ame ga ichiban sukunai,
also OK)
209. Its January.
Ichigatsu desu.
210. As for among January and May and October,
which month is the most numerous rain? Use de.
Ichigatsu to gogatsu to juugatsu de wa, nangatsu ga,
ichiban ame ga ooi desu ka. (no uchi de, no naka de,
both OK)
211. October is the most rain.
Jugatsu ga ichi ban ame ga ooi desu.
212. Mirror, mirror. Of the world, as for the prettiest
one, who? I? Use yo after the first word mirror.
Kagami yo kagami. Sekai de, ichiban kirei na no wa
dare? Watashi? (yo is an old-fashioned honorific,
like san)
213. No, its White Snow princess.
Iie, shirayukihime desu. (shira = shiro, yuki = snow,
hime = princess) (princesses can marry he men)
(himitsu = secret)
214. Compared to White Snow Princess, prettier
people dont exist.
Shirayukihime hodo kirei na hito wa imasen.
215. That book, so much interesting? Dont use wa,
ga or ka. Use no to soften this.
Sono hon sonna ni omoshiroi no?
216. Yeah, compared to this, as for a more
interesting book, I have never read.
Ee, kore hodo omoshiroi hon wa yonda koto ga
arimasen. (hon o, also OK)
217. Congratulations on the marriage. Plain speech.
Literally, marriage congrats.
Kekkon omedetoo.
218. Thank you. Compared to today, more pleasing
days dont exist. Use ureshii.
Arigatoo. Kyoo hodo ureshii hi wa arimasen.
219. As for the flavor, how is it?
Aji wa doo desu ka.
220. Yeah, compared to this, as for more delicious
things, I have not eaten.
Ee, kore hodo oishii mono wa
tabeta koto ga arimasen. (mono o, also OK)
221. As for Everest, is it such a tall mountain? Use
nan to soften this.
Eberesto wa sonna ni takai yama nan desu ka.
222. Yeah, compared to Everest, taller mountains
dont exist.
Ee, eberesto hodo takai yama wa arimasen.
223. Its hot, right?
Atsui desu nee.
224. Thats for sure. Of throughout the year
compared to August, hotter months dont exist. Use
hontoo ni. Use de.
Hontoo ni. Ichinenjuu de hachigatsu hodo atsui tsuki
wa arimasen. (getsu or gatsu, not OK) (ichinenchuu,

not OK)
225. Shall I humbly do help?
Otetsudai shimashoo ka. (otetsudaimashoo ka, not
OK; tetsudaimashoo ka is OK)
226. Thank you. Compared to you, kinder people
dont exist.
Arigatoo. Anata hodo shinsetsu na hito wa imasen.
227. Ten-year-old boys are reading comics the most
numerously.
Jissai no otokonoko ga ichiban manga o ooku yonde
imasu. (ichiban ooi manga is not OK; ichiban ooku
manga is OK) (jussai, also OK)
228. As for among boys and girls, boys are reading
comics more frequently. Use de. Use hoo ga for the
comparison.
Otokonoko to onnanoko de wa otokonoko no hoo ga
yoku manga o yonde imasu. (manga o yoku is OK)
229. If one becomes big, not reading comics is
becoming. Use to.
Ookiku naru to manga o yomanaku natte imasu. (to
= if)
230. The mouses father asked the daughters Little
Squeak, meaning his daughter.
Nezumi no otoosan ga musume no chyuuko ni
kikimashita. (chyuu = squeaking sound made by a
mouse) (the mouse is a nemesis zooming around)
231. As for Little Squeak, with whom does she want
to marry? Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Chyuuko wa dare to kekkon shitai?
232. Of the world, the strongest person, I want to
marry with. Plain speech. Use awomans word for
emphasis.
Sekai de ichiban tsuyoi hito to kekkon shitai wa.
233. At that point, the father went to the suns place.
Use soko de to mean at that point. Sun refers to the
bright star in the sky.
Soko de, Otoosan wa taiyoo no tokoro e ikimashita.
(yippee tai yai yoo, here comes the taiyoo) (soko de
= then, at that point; sore de = therefore, for that
reason) (koko de = right now, kore de = from now)
234. Mr. Sun, compared to you, stronger people in
the world dont exist. Use polite word for people.
Taiyoo san, anata hodo tsuyoi kata wa sekai ni
imasen. (anata yori, also OK)
Go ahead, marry with the daughter, please.
Doozo musume to kekkon shite kudasai.
Compared to me, the cloud is stronger, replied the
sun. Use hoo ga.
Watashi yori kumo no hoo ga tsuyoi desu, to taiyoo
wa kotaemashita. (kumo = cloud, spider) (Governor
Cuomos future is cloudy & full of spiders)
Mr. Cloud, compared to you, stronger people in the
world dont exist. Use a polite word for people.
Kumo san, anata hodo tsuyoi kata wa sekai ni imasen.
(use ni with imasu)
As for me, compared to the wind, I
Lesson 14.

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83
Lesson 14. am not strong, said the cloud.
Watashi wa kaze hodo tsuyoku arimasen, to kumo wa
iimashita.
Mr. Wind, you, of the world, are the strongest person.
Use a polite word for person.
Kaze san anata wa sekai de ichiban tsuyoi kata desu.
(use de with desu)
As for me, to the wall, meaning by the wall, Im
completely defeated.
Watashi wa kabe ni makete shimaimasu. (makeru =
to lose, be defeated) (you make me makeru [lose])
The wall, compared to me, is stronger for sure,
replied the wind. Dont use hoo ga.
Kabe wa watashi yori tsuyoi desu yo, to kaze wa
kotaemashita. (the cabernet sauvignon is hanging on
the wall) (kaban = briefcase, kabin = vase)
Mr. Wall, you, of the world, are the strongest person.
Use a polite word for person.
Kabe san anata wa sekai de ichiban tsuyoi kata desu.
As for Mr. Mouse, he eats me completely.
Nezumi san wa watashi o tabete shimaimasu.
Compared to me, Mr. Mouse is very much stronger
for sure, the wall replied. Use hoo ga. Use zutto.
Watashi yori nezumi san no hoo ga, zutto tsuyoi desu
yo, to kabe wa kotaemashita. (OK to omit no hoo)
(zutto = very much, far more; zuibun = very)
As for Little Squeak, she married with the
neighboring Squeak Taro.
Chyuuko wa, tonari no Chyuu Taroo to kekkon
shimashita.
As for people who want to go to Roppongi, at Ebisu,
they transfer to Hibiyasen.
Roppongi ni ikitai hito wa Ebisu de Hibiyasen ni
norikaemasu. (when Noriko kaeru [returns], she
transfers)
In Japan, as for sports that the most numerous people
do, they are baseball and softball. Use oozei.
Nihon de ichiban oozei no hito ga suru supootsu wa
yakkyu to sofutobooru desu. (nihon de wa, not OK
here, as it creates another topic) (ooi = many; oozei
= crowd; cannot say ooi hito; cannot say oozei hito;
OK to say hito ga ooi)
As for people who do tennis, compared to pingpong
and volley ball etc., they are not numerous. Use
pinpon. Use ya to mean etc. Use ooi.
Tenisu o suru hito wa, pinpon ya bareebooru hodo
ooku arimasen. (takkyuu also = pingpong) (OK to
substitute oozei ja, or oozei de wa, for ooku)
In the first place, the job that Japanese people like is
engineer. Use no instead of ga after people in the
next 5 responses.
Ichiban me ni, Nihon jin no suki na shigoto wa
enjiniya desu. (me is a counter for ordinal numbers,
i.e., 1st, 2nd . Hitotsu me ni, not as good) (cf. mei is a
counter for people, e.g. nimei = 2 people) (in these 5
sentences, nihon jin ga suki na shigoto, also OK)

In the second place, the job that Japanese people like

is pilot.
Niban me ni, nihon jin no suki na shigoto wa pairotto
desu.
In the third place, the job that Japanese people like is
Mr. honorable doctor.
Sanban me ni, nihon jin no suki na shigoto wa
oishasan desu.
In the fourth place, the job that Japanese people like
is teacher.
Yonban me ni, nihon jin no suki na shigoto wa sensei
desu.
In the fifth place, the job that Japanese people like is
agriculture.
Goban me ni, nihon jin no suki na shigoto wa
noogyoo desu. (in agriculture, there is no gyooza to
eat)
Lesson 15
1. I will ask for a second, but as for Sakuragaoka 3
choome 5 banchi, is it this area? Use ukagau.
Chotto ukagaimasu ga, sakuragaoka san choome go
banchi wa kono hen desu ka. (ukagaimasu = humble
form of kikimasu) (when in the UK again, I ask)
2. Well (sigh), I don't know/understand exactly but...
Saa, chotto wakarimasen ga.
3. Excuse me. Say. I'd like to go to Sakuragaoka 3
choome 5 banchi, but.. Soften this.
Sumimasen. Anoo, sakuragaoka san choome go
banchi ni ikitain desu ga. (ku = ward, machi = town,
choome = district, banchi = block, goo = house
number) (If you choose me, I'll live in your district.
If you ban cheese, I'll live in your block. If you let me
play go, I'll live in your house.)
4. As for this area, since its 4 choome, isn't it a little
further ahead? Use dakara. Use plain speech w/ desu.
Kono hen wa yon choome dakara, moo sukoshi saki
ja nai desu ka. (saki = ahead of in time or space;
sakki = a while ago)
5. Shall we go together?
Issho ni ikimashoo ka.
6. Thanks, to the honorable kindness. Excuse me.
Doomo goshinsetsu ni. Sumimasen.
7. Hey, strange. (use an intensifier).
Are, okashii na. (okashii = strange, funny) (hen na =
strange) (omoshirookashii = funny) This okashi
[candy] is sweet but strange. (mezurashii = rare,
uncommon)
8. In spite of the fact that this area should be 3
choome, Matsugaoka is written. Area is the subject.
You must substitute another word for da. Plain
speech.
Kono hen ga san choome no hazu na noni,
matsugaoka to kaite aru. (plain verbal + noni = in
spite of its being) (also OK to say no hazu desu ga)
(cannot use da before no, node, or noni)
9. It can't be helped. Use a shortened
Lesson 15.

83

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Lesson 15. form of shikata.
Shoo ga nai. (= shikata ga nai) (shikata = method,
means)
10. Let's ask at that store over there and see.
Ano mise de kiite mimashoo.
11. I will ask for a second, but as for Sakuragaoka 3
choome, how do you probably go? Use ukagau.
Soften this.
Chotto ukagaimasu ga, sakuragaoka san choome wa
doo ikun deshoo ka.
12. Ah, it's Sakuragaoka 3 choome, huh.
Aa, sakuragaoka san choome dese ne.
13. If you go about 300 meters on this street, on the
left side there is a gas station. Use to to mean if
when you are giving directions.
Kono michi o sanbyaku metoru gurai iku to, hidari
gawa ni, gasorin sutando ga arimasu.
14. Yes, its a gas station, huh.
Hai, gasorin sutando desu ne.
15. Turning that corner to the left, if you go for
awhile, you will come out to a wide street. Use toori.
Sono kado o hidari ni magatte, shibaraku iku to,
hiroi toori ni demasu. (magaru = turn a corner) (ni
deru = come out onto)
16. That far side is 3 choome. Side is understood.
Use ga to add emphasis.
Sono mukoo ga san choome desu. (mukoogawa, also
OK)
17. On the gas station's corner, turning left, it's the
wide street's far side, huh. Side is understood.
Gasorin sutando no kado o, hidari ni magatte, hiroi
toori no mukoo desu ne.
18. I became late and ... Use te to mean and.
Osoku narimashite. (narimashite = natte)
19. Ah, welcome. I was humbly doing waiting, for
sure. Use a single word to say welcome, which is
less formal than the term used in stores etc.
A, irasshai. Omachi shite imashita yo.
20. As for the home, did you know/understand it
soon?
Uchi wa sugu wakarimashita ka.
21. Nah. As for that, to the way I got completely
lost, and ... That is the subject. Use te to mean and.
Plain speech.
Iyaa. Sore ga michi ni mayotte shimatte ... (mayou =
to get mixed up, lost) (shimatte = shimaimashite) I
am mayou [lost] in the mayonnaise. (michi de
mayou, not exactly wrong, since you can say kooen
de mayou, but it sounds strange. The expression
michi ni mayou means to get lost.)
22. When I ask a man and see, changing it (meaning
contrary to expectations), it became completely
unable to understand for sure. Use tara. Soften this.
Otoko no hito ni kiite mitara, kaette, wakaranaku
natte shimattan desu yo. (kaette = contrary to
expectations) (kaeru = to change, transitive; to

transform; kawaru = to change, intransitive; kawasu

= to exchange) (Use a te form before shimaimasu.
Shimatta = shimaimashita = did completely. )
23. That was terrible huh?
Sore wa taihen deshita nee.
24. Ah, it's rain for sure.
A, ame desu yo.
25. Since you don't get wet, it was good, huh. Use
de to mean since.
Nurenai de yokatta desu ne. (nureru = get wet; nuru
= to paint, spread butter; exception to e rule)
26. Go ahead, go up, meaning enter, and make
yourself at home please. Use te to mean and.
Doozo agatte yukkuri shite kudasai. (cannot say
doozo oagatte; you can say oagatte kudasai, oagari
kudasai, or doozo oagari kudasai; haitte, also OK)
(you can say goyukkuri shite kudasai)
27. Recently it precipitates often, huh?
Saikin yoku furimasu nee.
28. Indeed it is, huh? Literally, its utterly, huh.
Mattaku desu nee. (mattaku = that's for sure, you can
say that again, indeed, really, utterly) Mattaku dame
desu = it's utterly bad. (Ma takes your money
utterly.)
29. It's completely like the rainy season. Use yoo.
Maru de, tsuyu no yoo desu. (maru = circle, fully;
maru de = completely, no matter how you look at it)
(tsuyu = rainy season, dew) Maru de means of a
circle, looking at it from all sides, completely. (The
reason we have a rainy season is that the tsuki
[moon] produces yu [hot water])
30. Every day, since only rain, it becomes irritating,
huh? Use bakkari. Use de to mean since.
Mainichi ame bakari de iya ni narimasu nee. (bakari
or bakkari = nothing but, only) The bakery sells
nothing but bread.
31. By the way, the honorable son passed to the
foreign students exam, reportedly, huh. Use shiken.
Tokoro de musuko san ga ryuugakusei no shiken ni
ukatta soo desu ne. (ryuugaku = study abroad)
(ukaru = pass an exam) (the ryukkusakku
[rucksak]carrying gakusei [students] study abroad)
(ukaru= to pass; UK aru [exist] exams are the ones
that were passed) (cf. ukeru = take exam, accept)
32. Congratulations. Its super, huh?
Omedetoo gozaimasu. Sugoi desu nee.
33. It was probably difficult huh. Soften this.
Muzukashikattan deshoo ne.
34. Well (sigh), playing only he was, but ... Use
bakari to mean only. Use kedo. Plain speech.
Saa, asonde bakari ita kedo.
35. I wonder whether it isn't a fluke. Use kashira.
Plain speech.
Magure ja nai kashira. (magure ja nai no kana, also
OK) (magure = atari = good luck, a fluke; cf. majime
= sincere, honest, industrious) (kashira
Lesson 15.

84

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Lesson 15. = I wonder whether; for Mr. Magoo,
to get a red shirt was a lucky fluke; I wonder
whether I can be a cashier)
36. But American universities, after entering, are
terrible, reportedly, huh.
Demo amerika no daigaku wa haitte kara taihen da
soo desu ne.
37. A little, its worry for sure. Use chotto. Use
nan to soften this.
Chotto shinpai nan desu yo. (chotto shinpai ga arun
desu yo, also OK)
38. As for Nakamuras house, he understood or
found it soon.
Nakamura san no ie wa sugu wakarimashita.
39. As for the man, at Sakuragaoka, he asked the
way.
Otoko no hito wa sakuragaoka de michi o
kikimashita.
40. Sakuragaoka exists at the gas station's corner.
Sakuragaoka wa gasorinsutando no kado ni arimasu.
41. Michael got wet to the rain.
Maikeru san wa ame ni nuremashita. (nureru = get
wet; nuru = to paint, spread butter; exception to e
rule) (nureraremashita, the passive tense of nureru
see Lesson 23 cannot be used here because the
actor, ame, is not animate and cannot do anything)
42. As for Nakamura's honorable son, he was scheduled to do study abroad to an American high school.
Nakamura san no musuko san wa amerika no kookoo
ni ryuugaku suru koto ni narimashita.
43. As for Nakamura's honorable son, reportedly he
was studying often. Nakamura san no musuko san wa
yoku benkyoo shite ita soo desu.
44. To convey the idea of only or just, use one of
the following two words after a noun.
Dake. Bakari.
[Bakari implies that two choices have been
compared and could mean all the time, every time,
all over, everywhere and may express the
speaker's feeling that the imbalance is not right or
is unfair. Bakkari is more emphatic than bakari.]
45. Taro is being off. Literally, hes resting. Plain
speech. Dont use san after the names of Taro and
Hanako in this section.
Taroo ga yasunde iru. (yasumi desu, also OK)
46. Only Taro is being off. Use dake. Plain speech.
Taroo dake ga yasunde iru. (OK to omit ga) (Taro
dake ga yasumi desu, also OK)
47. Taro is being off, implying as usual and that it's
not fair. Plain speech.
Taroo bakari yasunde iru. (it's OK to omit wa, ga or
wo after either dake or bakari)
48. Last Sunday I went to Disneyland, but because it
was nothing but people, it wasn't fun. Use hito. Use
bakkari to show emphasis and stress that the situation
wasn't right. Use de to mean because. Use plain

speech without desu.

Kono mae no nichiyoobi, dizuniirando ni itta ga, hito
bakkari de, omoshirokunakatta.
49. As for Hanako, she is only eating salad. Use
bakari to show disapproval. Plain speech.
Hanako wa sarada bakari tabete iru.
50. Dake and bakari may also be used after verbs.
Since the preparations to go to Brazil accomplish, as
for later, its only to board the plane. Use junbi. Use
dekiru. Use te to mean since.
Buraziru ni iku junbi ga dekite, ato wa, hikooki ni
noru dake desu. (dake after a plain verb means just
do such and such) (cannot say iku no junbi)
51. They're good shoes for sure. Won't you put them
on and see?
Ii kutsu desu yo. Haite mimasen ka.
52. No, I'm only looking at them for a second. Use
nan to soften this.
Iie, chotto mite iru dake nan desu.
53. Since Taro is only eating, he doesn't help Hanako.
Use bakari after eating,to show disapproval. Use te
to mean since. Use tetsudau.
Taroo wa tabete bakari ite, Hanako o tetsudaimasen.
(tabete iru bakari de, also OK) (Taroo ga, not as
good, sounds strange.)
54. As for the children, since only playing, they don't
study at all for sure. Use kodomotachi. Use de to
mean since. Use bakari to show disapproval. Use
chittomo. Soften this.
Kodomotachi wa asonde bakari de, chittomo benkyoo
shinain desu yo. (He gives me chits but doesn't pay
at all.) (asonde bakari ite, also OK)
55. Jazz only he's listening to. For the following 11
responses, use plain speech & use bakari .
Jazu bakari kiite iru.
56. Listening to jazz only he is.
Jazu o kiite bakari iru. (meaning, all hes doing is
listening to jazz) (jazu o kiite iru bakari desu, not
OK)
57. TV only he's watching.
Terebi bakari mite iru.
57b. Watching TV only he is.
Terebi o mite bakari iru. (mite bakari desu, not OK)
58. Juice only hes drinking.
Juusu bakari nonde iru.
58b. Drinking juice only he is.
Juusu o nonde bakari iru.
59. Comics only he's reading.
Manga bakari yonde iru.
59b. Reading comics only he is.
Manga o yonde bakari iru.
60. Hiragana only he's writing.
Hiragana bakari kaite iru.
60b. Writing hiraganaonly he is.
Hiragana o kaite bakari iru.
61. Honorable sake only he's drinking. Lesson 15.

85

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Lesson 15. Osake bakari nonde iru.
61b. Drinking honorable sake only he is.
Osake o nonde bakari iru.
62. Playing only he is.
Asonde bakari iru.
63. Sleeping only he is.
Nete bakari iru. (nemute bakari, also OK)
64. Eating only he is.
Tabete bakari iru.
65. You must not be listening to jazz only.
Jazu bakari kiite ite wa ikemasen. (not OK to say
jazu bakari o kiite) (OK to omit ite)
66. Please listen to classical also.
Kurashikku mo kiite kudasai.
67. Yamada, as for yesterday's honorable noon, what
did he eat? Dont use wa or ga after Yamada. Dont
use ka.
Yamada san kinoo no ohiru wa nani o tabemashita.
68. It's curry rice. Always, as for honorable noon,
he's choosing curry. Shorten for speech and soften
this.
Kareeraisu desu. Itsumo ohiru wa karee ni shiterun
desu.
69. Eh! Since being eating curry only, doesnt he get
tired/bored? Use bakari. Use a contracted form of
being eating. Use te to mean since. Use akiru.
E! Karee bakari tabetete akimasenka. (te te =
contracted form of te ite; akiru = to get tired of, to
get bored) (I get tired of Achilles running around)
(not OK to say tabete iru no wa akimasenka)
70. Together with curry, is he eating something other
thing also? Soften this.
Karee to issho ni nani ka hoka no mono mo tabete
irun desu ka.
71. No it's only curry for sure. Use dake.
Iie, karee dake desu yo.
72. In that case, for the body its not good, huh. Use
sore ja. Use plain speech with desu.
Sore ja, karada ni yoku nai desu ne. (if you say iin
ja nai, it means the opposite, i.e., isnt it good?)
73. It would be better to eat salad also, for sure.
Sarada mo tabeta hoo ga ii desu yo.
74. Are some people still staying behind at the
company and doing work? Use nanninka to mean
some people. Use te to mean and.
Nanninka mada kaisha ni nokotte shigoto o shite
imasu ka. (nokoru = stay behind; nokosu = leave
behind) (use ni with nokoru) (nanninka = some
people, just as dareka means someone) (kaisha de,
not OK; governed by closest verb)
75. No, it's just Tanaka. Use dake.
Iie, Tanaka san dake desu.
76. As for other people, they should already returned.
Use hitotachi. Use plain speech with desu.
Hokano hitotachi wa moo kaetta hazu desu.
77. As for Tanaka, always he is doing overtime work

only, huh? Use bakari which in this case implies all

of the available time.
Tanaka san wa itsumo zangyoo bakari shite imasu
nee. (cannot say zangyoo bakari wo shite imasu)
78. Is he probably that busy? Soften this.
Sonna ni isogashiin deshoo ka.
79. He will go to the country house reportedly. (a
woman speaking) Plain speech. Soften this.
Bessoo ni ikun desu tte. (bessoo = country house,
villa) (save your besos [kisses in Spanish] for the
country house)
80. What will you do and spend? Use sugosu.
Soften this.
Nani o shite sugosun desu ka. (sugosu = spend time,
live from day to day; I spend time with sugoi Sue)
(cannot say sugoshite surun)
81. Nah, it's only to sleep leisurely for sure. Use
dake.
Iya, yukkuri neru dake desu yo. (cannot say neru no
wa)
82. Usually, since its busy things. Use fudan. Use
mono.
Fudan, isogashii mono desu kara ... (this means
since Im usually so busy) (fudan = usually, always,
similar to futsuu meaning usually; usually eating
food with Dan ; cf. taitei = usually) (koto, not OK;
isogashii mono, an expression, implies emotion)
83. But sleeping only, as for to be thing, its a waste,
huh? Use no to make a noun phrase. Use bakari.
Demo nete bakari iru no wa motta inai desu nee.
(motta inai = such a waste, wasteful) it's a waste to
make a car without a motor (motor inai) (nete iru
bakari, not OK; nete iru bakari wa, not OK)
84. As for something sports, don't you do them?
Soften this.
Nanika supootsu wa shinain desu ka.
85. Let me see. Well, sleeping only not being, I
wonder if I shall play tennis. Use bakari. Use de to
mean ing. Use kana. Plain speech.
Soo desu nee. Ja, nete bakari inai de, tenisu o shiyoo
kana. (shiyoo = shimashoo) (inai de = instead of )
(not OK to substitute inakute for inai de here. The te
in nakute is used to mean because and cannot be
used to mean and or ing) (OK to use kashira
instead of kana) (noni = in spite of)
85b. Eating only not being, it would be better to do
exercise for sure. Use bakari.
Tabete bakari inai de, undoo shita hoo ga ii desu yo.
85c. Not watching TV, it would be better to sleep for
sure.
Terebi o minai de, neta hoo ga ii desu yo. (= instead
of watching TV) (terebi o mite inai de, also OK)
86. To express surprise or complaint that things
are different from expected, i.e. to say even though,
or in spite of the fact that, follow a verb or a plain
i adjective with
Lesson 15.

86

87
Lesson 15.
Noni
88. To say even though, or in spite of the fact that,
follow a na adjective with
Na noni
89. To say even though or in spite of the fact that,
in past constructions, follow a na adjective with
Datta noni
90. To say even though, or in spite of the fact that,
in nonpast constructions, follow a noun with
Na noni
91. To say even though, or in spite of the fact that,
in past constructions, follow a noun with
Datta noni
92. As for him, even though next week he is going
on a trip, he still isn't doing preparations. Use yooi.
Kare wa raishuu ryokoo ni iku noni, mada yooi o
shite imasen. (yooi = preparation) (yoi =
drunkenness, evening, good) (yoo = business job,
errand) (OK to substitute junbi or shitaku for yooi)
92b. He's going on a trip next week. In spite of that,
he still isn't doing preparations.
Raishuu ryokoo ni ikimasu. Sore na noni, mada yooi
o shite imasen.
93. Even though I paid money, they don't give me
the merchandise. Use shinamono.
Okane o haratta noni, shinamono o kuremasen.
(shinamono = merchandise, article) shin- = new
(shinsekai = new world); shina = goods, quality; cf.
seihin = product
94. That person over there, even though young, is
knowing various things.
Ano hito wa, wakai noni, iroiro na koto o shitte
imasu.
95. Even though it was cold since morning, I didn't
bring a sweater.
Asa kara samukatta noni, seetaa o motte kimasen
deshita.
96. As for Hanako, even though she is skillful at
pictures or drawing, she hardly draws.
Hanako san wa, e ga joozu na noni, amari kakimasen.
97. As for that person over there, even though he's a
student, he doesn't study at all. Use chittomo.
Ano hito wa, gakusei na noni, chittomo benkyoo o
shimasen. Chittomo = not at all. He gives me chits
but doesn't pay at all. (zenzen also OK)
98. (One cannot use noni with volitional
expressions like let's or I will.) Although it's
raining, let's go for the purpose of tennis. Use keredo.
Ame ga futte iru keredo, tenisu ni ikimashoo.
(cannot say ame ga futte iru noni, tenisu ni
ikimashoo) (keredo and kedo mean but; keredo can
also mean although, nevertheless)
99. Even though its spring, it doesnt become warm.
Haru na noni atatakaku narimasen.
100. In spite of the fact that the price is high, it isnt
delicious. Use nedan.

Nedan ga takai noni oishiku arimasen.

101. Even though the letter should be being arrived,
an answer doesnt come. Use todoku.
Tegami ga todoite iru hazu na noni, henji ga kimasen.
(todoku = to arrive) (the reply is in hen ji
[characters])
102. Although hes sick, he doesnt take off from the
company.
Byooki na noni, kaisha o yasumimasen.
103. Even though I went for honorable flower
viewing, as for the cherry blossoms, they already
were fallen. Use chiru.
Ohanami ni itta noni, sakura no hana wa moo chitte
imashita. (chiru = disperse, scatter, fall about) The
cheerios were scattered on the floor. (ochiru = to fall)
104. Although its Sunday, the train is crowded.
Nichiyoobi na noni, densha ga konde imasu.
105. Even though I waited all of 45 minutes, the
buses still dont come.
Yonjuu go fun mo matta noni, basu wa mada
kimasen.
106. On the phone, even though he said in advance
that he will go, Michael was absent.
Denwa de iku to itte oita noni, maikerusan wa rusu
deshita. (itte oku = say in advance) (maikerusan ga,
not OK, since already introduced him in 1st clause)
107. Even though I ran, I wasnt on time for the train.
Hashitta noni densha ni maniaimasen deshita.
(shigoto ni maniau = to be on time for work) (if
money ai shite iru [are loving], youll be on time for
payday) (cf. niau, to suit)
108. Even though its raining, Michael went golfing.
Ame ga futte iru noni, maikeru san wa gorufu ni
ikimashita. (maikeru san ga, not OK, since should
not use ga twice, but if you just said Futte iru noni,
maikeru san ga, that would be OK)
109. When modifying a noun, to express the idea
of is like, similar to, same as, or to describe the
way something appears in comparison to some
other noun, use one of the following 2 responses.
The first can be used with any style of speech,
while the second is more colloquial. When used as
adjectives, both are na adjectives.
No yoo. Mitai.
110. Every day, since it rains, its completely like the
rainy season. Use te to mean since. Use yoo.
Mainichi, ame ga futte, maru de tsuyu no yoo desu.
(maru = circle, fully; maru de = completely, no
matter how you look at it) (tsuyu = rainy season)
(maru de is optional but strengthens the comparison)
110b. Every day, since it rains, its completely like
the rainy season. Use te to mean since. Use mitai.
Mainichi, ame ga futte, maru de tsuyu mitai desu.
111. Soba is a food like spaghetti. Use yoo.
Soba wa supagetti no yoo na tabemono desu.
111b. Soba is a food like spaghetti.
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Lesson 15.
Use mitai.
Soba wa supagetti mitai na tabemono desu.
112. Mariko, even though shes a female, speaks like
a male. Use yoo.
Mariko san wa, onna na noni, otoko no yoo ni
hanashimasu. (when you add ni to an adjective, it
becomes an adverb, modifying a verb or another
adjective)
112b. Mariko, even though shes a female, speaks
like a male. Use mitai.
Mariko san wa, onna na noni, otoko mitai ni
hanashimasu.
113. Kumikos hands are, like snow, white. Use yoo.
Use plain speech without desu.
Kumiko san no te wa yuki no yoo ni shiroi.
113b. Kumikos hands are, like snow, white. Use
mitai. Use plain speech without desu.
Kumiko san no te wa yuki mitai ni shiroi.
114. The person I met yesterday had (or was
wearing) a face like Santa Claus. Use mitai.
Kinoo atta hito wa santakurosu mitai na kao o shite
imashita.
114b. The person I met yesterday had (or was
wearing) a face like Santa Claus. Use yoo.
Kinoo atta hito wa santakurosu no yoo na kao o shite
imashita.
115. Webb, like Carl Lewis, runs fast. Use yoo.
Uebbusan wa kaaru ruisu no yoo ni hayaku
hashirimasu.
115b. Webb, like Carl Lewis, runs fast. Use mitai.
Uebbusan wa kaaru ruisu mitai ni hayaku
hashirimasu.
116. Since outside was very cold, the hands became
like ice. Use kara. Use yoo.
Soto wa totemo samukatta kara te ga koori no yoo ni
narimashita. (the Corinthians make ice)
117. Its a spacious and splendid garden, huh. Use te
or de to mean and.
Hirokute rippa na niwa desu ne. (hirokute = te form
of hiroi; kono suteeki wa yasukute oishii desu; kono
apaato wa shizuka de ii desu)
117b. Its like a park, huh. Use mitai.
Kooen mitai desu ne. (niwa = garden)
118. White is skillful at Japanese huh. You may
omit wa.
Howaito san nihongo ga joozu desu ne.
118b. Hes completely like a Japanese person. Use
yoo.
Maru de nihonjin no yoo desu.
119. Do you like stuffed animals? Soften this.
Nuigurumi ga, suki nan desu ka. (nuigurumi = toy
stuffed animal) (nugu = take off clothes or shoes,
nuguu or nuguimasu = wipe away, nuida =
nugurimashita = took it off) (New England guru
meets a stuffed animal)
119b. Youre completely like a child. Use mitai.

Use plain speech without desu.

Maru de kodomo mitai.
120. Even though its November, today, like spring,
is warm. Use yoo.
Juuichigatsu na noni kyoo wa haru no yoo ni atatakai
desu.
121. Japanese thongs are things like sandals. Use
yoo.
Zoori wa sandaru no yoo na mono desu. (zoori =
Japanese sandals or thongs) Zorro eats Japanese
thongs.
121b. At the time when I want to wear a kimono, I
wear them (meaning zoori).
Kimono o kitai toki ni hakimasu. (kimono ga, also
OK)
122. There are all of 8 small children. Use kodomo.
Chiisai kodomo ga hachinin mo imasu.
(kodomotachi, also OK)
122b. Its completely like a kindergarten, huh. Use
mitai.
Maru de yoochien mitai desu ne. (yoochien =
kindergarten) (Yoo-chan and Ian Fleming started a
kindergarten)
123. Suddenly the sky like night became dark and it
started to rain. Use yoo. Use te to mean and. Plain
speech.
Kyuu ni sora ga yoru no yoo ni kuraku natte, ame ga
futte kita. (futte kita = started to rain = it rain and
came)
124. To express a conditional when or whenever,
use one of the following two forms. The first one
is added to a plain non-past verbal, is more
bookish but is preferred when the relationship is
causal or inevitable. The second one employs the
past form of a verb or adjective.
To. Tara.
125. Morning, when I got up, it was snowing. Use
tara.
Asa okitara yuki ga futte imashita.
126. Morning, when I get up, it was
snowing. Use to.
Asa okiru to yuki ga futte imashita.
127. When I returned to the house, a package was
arrived. Use todoku in the next 2 responses. Use tara.
Ie ni kaettara kozutsumi ga todoite imashita.
128. When I return to the house, a package was
arrived. Use to.
Ie ni kaeru to kozutsumi ga todoite imashita.
129. When autumn becomes and it becomes cold, I
wear a coat. Use te to mean and. Use tara.
Aki ni natte, samuku nattara, kooto o kimasu.
130. When autumn becomes and it becomes cold, I
wear a coat. Use te to mean and. Use to.
Aki ni natte, samuku naru to, kooto o kimasu. (uwagi
also = coat, jacket, blouse)
131. When you turn right on that
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Lesson 15. corner over there, there is a gas station.
Use to rather than tara because its inevitable, as in
giving directions etc. (note that the eba form,
meaning if then see Lesson 18 can also be
used to give directions, state natural laws, etc.)
Ano kado o migi ni magaru to, gasorin sutando ga
arimasu. (migi ni magareba, also OK)
132. When it becomes spring, it becomes warm. Use
to because youre stating a natural law.
Haru ni naru to, atatakaku narimasu. (haru ni nareba
also OK0
133. When you push this white button, a ticket
emerges and comes. Use to because youre giving
directions.
Kono shiroi botan o osu to, kippu ga dete kimasu.
(osu = push) (don't push the oso [bear in Spanish]
under the tree) (shiroi botan o oseba, also OK)
134. You may not follow to with a request,
command, suggestion, or wish, so use tara in the
following sentence. When the rain stops, lets go
hiking. Use yamu.
Ame ga yandara haikingu ni ikimashoo. (not ame
ga yamu to )
135. Use tara when you want your statement to
sound more personal. When you smoke tobacco,
its bad for sure.
Tabako o suttara dame desu yo.
136. Use to when you want to make your
statement sound more general and less direct.
When one smokes tobacco, its bad for sure.
Tabako o suu to dame desu yo.
137. When one pushes this button, the fire goes out.
Kono botan o osu to, hi ga kiemasu. (hi = fire, sun,
day)
138. When one stands here, the door opens.
Koko ni tatsu to, doa ga akimasu. (you often use ni
with tatsu)
139. When one inserts a telephone card here, the
phone can be done, meaning can be used.
Koko ni terehon kaado o ireru to, denwa ga dekimasu.
(use ni with ireru)
140. When one pushes this key, the character
becomes big.
Kono kii o osu to, ji ga ookiku narimasu.
141. When you go about 50 meters and turn right, on
the left side a hospital will be visible. Use te to mean
and.
Go juu meetoru gurai itte, migi ni magaru to, hidari
gawa ni byooin ga miemasu.
142. When it becomes summer, wanting to swim
will become.
Natsu ni naru to, oyogitaku narimasu.
142b. When it becomes summer, wanting to drink
beer will become.
Natsu ni naru to, biiru ga nomitaku narimasu. (biiru
wo, also OK)

143. When I get off the train, Tanaka was waiting.

Use to.
Densha o oriru to, tanaka san ga matte imashita.
144. When I went to the bank, it was already closed.
Use tara.
Ginkoo ni ittara moo shimatte imashita.
144b. When I go to the bank, it was already closed.
Use to.
Ginkoo ni iku to moo shimatte imashita.
145. When I did a phone call to Michael, he was
absent. Use tara.
Maikeru san ni denwa o shitara, rusu deshita.
146. When I open the door of the front hall, a
luggage-carried man was standing. Use to. Use
mottsu.
Genkan no doa o akeru to, nimotsu o motta otoko no
hito ga tatte imashita. (motte, not as clear; motte ita,
not as good; Japanese people dont say it that way)
147. When I straightened up the room, under the
desk 1,000 yen was fallen. Use tara.
Heya o katazuketara, tsukue no shita ni senyen ga
ochite imashita. (katazukeru = to straighten up, put in
order) (ochiru = falls, drops, fails) (tazuneru = call on,
inquire) (the tsukue [desk] is tsuki no ue [above the
moon])
148. Evening, when I went to the fish store, they
were selling Pacific saury cheaply. Use yuugata.
Use tara.
Yuugata, sakanaya e ittara, sanma o yasuku utte
imashita. (yuube = evening, yesterday evening,
yuugata = evening) (you gotta move in the evening)
(sanma = Pacific saury) The sand man likes Pacific
saury. (yasukute not OK here; used for permission,
e.g., yasukute mo ii desu ka = is it OK to be cheap?)
149. When one comes as far as close to the home,
piano sound was audible. Use soba. Use to.
Uchi no soba made kuru to, piano no oto ga kikoemashita. (kikoeru = to be audible) (miru, mieru, kiku,
kikoeru) (soba = close to, tonari = neighboring
house; to substitute yoko for soba not wrong, but it
sounds strange with made)
150. When I climbed as far as the top of the
mountain, the far-away ocean was visible. Use tara.
Use tooku no rather than tooi to mean far, in this case.
Yama no ue made nobottara, tooku no umi ga
miemashita. (OK to say tooi rather than tooku no;
also OK to say chikaku no, if you mean close)
151. As for to NHK Hall, how when you go is good?
Use tara.
Enu Eichi Kee hooru e wa doo ittara ii desu ka.
152. You get off the train at Shibuya station and
leave by the north exit. (use te to mean and)
Shibuya eki de densha o orite, kitaguchi ni demasu.
(you can say kitaguchi de demasu, but de sounds
strange, coming just before demasu; kitaguchi o
demasu is also OK)
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Lesson 15. 153. Then on Park street, in the
direction of Yoyogi Park, when you go straight, on
the left side NHK Hall exists. Use soshite. Use doori
to mean street. Use to.
Soshite Kooen Doori o Yoyogi Kooen no hoo e
massugu iku to, hidarigawa ni Enu Eichi Kee Hooru
ga arimasu. (no hoo ni, also OK) (massugu = straight,
honest; massugu ni, also OK; if you go straight,
youll see a massive ugly building)
154. A few minutes.
Ni san pun.
155. If you go on this street for awhile, there is a
church.
Kono michi o shibaraku iku to kyookai ga arimasu.
(Queen of Sheba rakes you for awhile) (kyoo [today]
Kyle will go to church)
156. About 100 meters. 2 responses.
Hyaku metoru hodo. (hodo = about and, also, not
as .... as) Hyaku metoru gurai.
157. The third intersection. Use hitotsume,
futatsume etc. in this section.
Mitsume no koosaten. (koosaten = intersection,
crossroads) (koosokudooro = highway) (I found
Cozaar 10 in the intersection. Theres a kissaten at
the koosaten) (sanbanme, also OK)
158. The second intersection.
Futatsume no koosaten.
159. Stop light.
Shingoo. The new (shin) go light on the stop light is
green. (when the stop light shines, you go)
160. The first intersection.
Hitotsume no koosaten.
161. The curve of the corner.
Magarikado. (mawaru = to turn, rotate; mawari ni =
around) (magaru = to bend, curve, turn; a magazine
about curving aru) (kado no magari, not OK)
162. The left side
Hidarigawa.
163. The right side
Migigawa.
164. On the T intersection, I turn right. Plain speech.
Tsukiatari o migi ni magaru. (tsukiatari = T
intersection, where the road ends) (atari =
neighborhood. (In the tsuki [moon], Atari is at a T
intersection) (atari also = a hit, success; atarimae =
right, reasonable)
165. I cross the street.
Michi o wataru. Napoleon crossed a bridge at
Wataru (Waterloo). (watasu = hand in)
166. I cross the bridge.
Hashi o wataru. Hashi = bridge. (a bridge made of
hashi [chopsticks])
167. Ahead of (or past) the stoplight.
Shingoo no saki.
168. Further on, ahead of here.
Kono saki. (koko no saki, not OK)

169. Before the stoplight.

Shingoo no temae.
170. Before this stoplight ahead.
Kono saki no shingoo no temae. (te mae suggests
before my hand [ahead])
171. That way over there. Use an abbreviated form
for the next 3 responses.
Atchi.
172. This way past me.
Kotchi.
173. That way past you.
Sotchi.
174. In the direction of the hospital.
Byooin no hoo.
175. You turn left on the second corner, and it's the
third building. Use te to mean and.
Futatsume no kado o hidari ni magatte, mitsume no
biru desu.
176. You turn left on the first intersection and if you
go 50 meters, it exists on the right side.
Hitotsume no koosaten o hidari ni magatte, gojuu
metoru iku to, migigawa ni arimasu.
177. If you cross and go over this bridge ahead,
there is a bank on the left side. Use te to mean and.
Kono saki no hashi o watatte iku to, hidarigawa ni
ginkoo ga arimasu.
177b. It exists in front of that.
Sono mae ni arimasu.
178. If you turn left and go on the intersection ahead,
at the second corner, there is a post office. Use te to
mean and.
Kono saki no koosaten o hidari ni magatte iku to,
futatsume no kado ni, yuubinkyoku ga arimasu.
178b. If you turn on that corner, it exists there.
Sono kado o magaru to arimasu.
178c. It's next to the post office. Use tonari.
Yuubinkyoku no tonari desu. (soba = close, yoko =
side; not OK to use yoko here)
179. You turn left on this intersection ahead, and if
you go 100 meters, there's a gas station on the corner.
Use te to mean and.
Kono saki no koosaten o hidari ni magatte, hyaku
metoru iku to, kado ni gasorin sutando ga arimasu.
(not OK to omit kono, since it wouldnt be clear)
179b. You turn right on that corner, and you turn
right on the T intersection, and it's the 4th one
(meaning house). Use te to mean and. Use ken as a
counter for house.
Sono kado o migi ni magatte, tsukiatari o migi ni
magatte, yonken me desu. (ken = counter for shops,
houses etc.; (Ken has a ticket to go see about a
matter regarding a house in his prefecture) (me =
counter for ordinal numbers) (cannot say yottsu ken,
although you can say yottsu me; ken is only used
with ordinary numbers, e.g., ikken, niken, etc.)
180. You go straight on this street,
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Lesson 15. and it exists on this side of the
following stoplight.
Kono michi o massugu ni itte, tsugi no shingoo no
temae ni arimasu. (temae = this side) (ni is optional
after massugu)
181. Excuse me. I want to go to Yuurakuchoo
Marion, but... Soften this.
Sumimasen. Yuurakuchoo Marion ni ikitain desu ga.
(Yurakuchoo Marion is a famous building housing
the Seibu department store)
182. Please go straight on this street.
Kono michi o massugu itte kudasai. (ni is optional
after massugu)
182b. At the T-intersection of this street it exists for
sure.
Kono michi no tsukiatari ni arimasu yo.
183. Say, as for to Mitsukoshi department store, how
when you go is good? Use tara.
Anoo, mitsukoshi depaato e wa, doo ittara ii desu ka.
184. Cross this street and go straight, please. Use
toori.
Kono toori o watatte massugu itte kudasai. (ni is
optional after massugu)
184b. At the 5th corner, Sanwa Bank exists.
Itsutsume no kado ni sanwa ginkoo ga arimasu.
184c. If you turn left and go on that corner, it exists
on the left side for sure.
Sono kado o hidari ni magatte iku to, hidarigawa ni
arimasu yo.
185. I cross this street, and it's left on the 5th corner,
huh. Use toori. Use te to mean and.
Kono toori o watatte, itsutsume no kado o hidari desu
ne. (de is OK after kado, but o is preferred, since
magaru is understood)
186. And then, as for to Wakoo, how when you go is
probably good? Use tara.
Sore kara, wakoo e wa doo ittara ii deshoo ka.
187. Wakoo exists in front of Mitsukoshi department
store.
Wakoo wa mitsukoshi depaato no mae ni arimasu.
188. I would like to eat sukiyaki, but as for to
Suehiro, how when you go is good? Soften the first
verb. Use tara.
Sukiyaki o tabetain desu ga, suehiro e wa doo ittara ii
desu ka. (sukiyaki ga, also OK)
189. If you go straight on Harumi street, at the 3rd
corner Sanai exists. Use doori.
Harumi doori o massugu iku to, mittsume no kado ni
sanai ga arimasu.
189b. Since Mitsukoshi department store also exists,
you will soon understand for sure.
Mitsukoshi depaato mo arimasu kara, sugu
wakarimasu yo.
189c. You turn right on that corner, and at the first
corner Matsuzakaya department store exists.
Sono kado o migi ni magatte, hitotsume no kado ni,

matsuzakaya depaato ga arimasu.

189d. If you turn left and go on that place, it exists
on the right side for sure.
Soko o hidari ni magatte iku to, migigawa ni arimasu
yo. (soko de, also OK, but soko wo is better)
190. Function keys.
Fankushonkii.
191. Cursor keys.
Kaasorukii.
192. Space bar.
Supeesukii.
193. Return key.
Ritaankii.
194. If you insert nihongo in romaji, on the screen
hiragana emerges. Use to after nihongo to show
that youre quoting.
Romaji de nihongo to ireru to, gamen ni hiragana
ga demasu. (gamen = screen) (the screen is for
game men)
195. Next, if you press the spacebar, it becomes
kanji.
Tsugi ni, supeesu kii o osu to, kanji ni narimasu.
196. If you press the F1 key, it becomes double size
font.
Efu ichi kii o osu to, baikaku ni narimasu. (bai =
double amount; baikaku = double size font) (Baiko's
kaku [writing] is double size.)
197. If you press the F2 key, it becomes font shading.
Efu ni kii o osu to, amikake ni narimasu. (ami = net,
amido = screen door) When amigos kakeru (talk on
the phone), they are separated by a net or screen.
198. As for the variety of shading, you choose it by
number.
Ami no shurui wa, suuji de erabimasu. (ami =
shading, in printing) (shurui = type, sort, variety,
kind; shorui = papers, documentation; shumi =
hobby; we shoo Louie away, but he has a lot of
varieties; lets show Louie the documents; Grandpa
shooed me away when my hobby got annoying) (suuji
= number, numeral ; I will sue Jesus about the
number of apostles.) (erabu = to choose, select)
199a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Attention: As for the time when you do both
double font and font shading,
Chuui: Baikaku to amikake no ryoohoo o suru toki
wa, (chuui = care, attention, caution, warning,
advice) (chuusha = parking) (Attention: squid is
very chewy.) (ryoohoo = both; Leo & his holistic
practitioner are both strange people)
199b. Part 2. Push the F1 key and after you change
to double font, please push the F2 key. Use te to
mean and. Use ni suru to mean change. Use te kara.
Efu ichi kii o oshite, baikaku ni shite kara, efu ni kii o
oshite kudasai. (cannot say baikaku o shite kara; ni
suru = to change something into something else; ni
suru also = to decide on something)
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Lesson 15. 200. If you press the F3 key, underline
arrives.
Efu san kii o osu to, andaarain ga tsukimasu.
201. As for the variety of underline, you choose it by
number.
Andaarain no shurui wa, suuji de erabimasu.
202a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Attention: As for the time when you do both
double font and underline,
Chuui: Baikaku to andaarain no ryoohoo o suru toki
wa,
202b. Part 2. After you change to double font with
the F1 key, please push the F2 key. Use ni suru to
mean change. Use te kara.
Efu ichi kii de baikaku ni shite kara, efu ni kii o
oshite kudasai. (cannot say baikaku o shite kara)
Lesson 16
1. Yes, it's business section number one. (very
polite)
Hai, eigyoo dai ikka de gozaimasu. (ka = section)
(eigyoo = business or sales) (our business is selling
eigo [English] gyoza) (ka = section, lesson) (dai =
number, e.g. dai san no ie = house #3)
2. Yes, there's no excuse, but Kitamura now is
disconnected from his seat. Very polite.
Hai, mooshiwake gozaimasen ga, Kitamura wa ima
seki o hazushite orimasu. (mooshiwake = excuse;
mooshiwake gozaimasen = I'm terribly sorry.
Mooshiwake nain desu ga = I'm terribly sorry, but...
Hasuzu = to disconnect, unfasten, be absent from one'
seat) (the hazards of usury include becoming
disconnected from one's seat) (dont use san since
Kitamura is in your in-group and youre speaking to
an outsider)
3. Yes, it's very honorable Yamashita from Yotsuya
Shoji, huh.
Hai, yotsuya shooji no Yamashita sama desu ne.
4. Yes, when he returns, from this way, he will give
you a humble phone call. Use modoru. Use tara.
Use a very polite word for give.
Hai, modorimashitara, kochira kara, odenwa o
sashiagemasu. (shite sashiagemasu less polite
because it implies an imposition on part of the giver)
5. Yes, I humbly did a discourtesy. (meaning goodbye)
Hai, shitsurei itashimashita. (itasu = humble form of
suru) (I humbly do Italian suits)
6. Say, Kuroda, now you called Mr. section manager
Kitamura, probably? Use plain speech to say called.
Use tte instead of to as a quotation marker.
Anoo, Kuroda san, ima kachoosan o Kitamura tte
itta deshoo ? (itta = iimashita; tte = variant of
quotation marker to)
7. Why do you not call him Kitamura san? Use tte
to show quotes. Soften this.

Dooshite Kitamura san tte iwanain desu ka. (ienain

not OK; this means unable to say) (Kitamura san
tte iwanai no wa dooshite desu ka, also OK)
8. For a moment won't you teach and give?
Chotto oshiete kuremasen ka.
9. As for at the time when I say to an outside person,
as for to my own company's people, I don't attach
san for sure. Use hito and then hitotachi. Use no to
soften the last verb.
Soto no hito ni iu toki ni wa, jibun no kaisha no
hitotachi ni wa san o tsukenai no yo. (tsukawanai =
don't use) (tsukeru = to attach, to turn on or to light a
fire; I attach a label to my suitcase; I turn on my
suitcase)
10. But, as for usually, I say Kuroda san, its an
honorable phone call probably? Use futsuu. Use tte.
Demo futsuu wa, Kuroda san odenwa desu tte iu
deshoo?
11. So, huh. (meaning, thats so) How if I explained
would be good (question mark)? Use tara. Dont use
desu. Plain speech.
Soo ne. Doo setsumei shitara ii ka.
12. It's a little difficult, but, at inside the company
also, in-group and outside exist, and ... Use chotto,
soften the 1st clause, use dakedo, use plain speech to
say exist, use te to mean and.
Chotto muzukashiin dakedo, kaisha no naka ni mo,
uchi to soto ga atte ...
13. Umm. However hard I try, I don't understand.
Use uun. Plain speech. Use an intensifier.
Uun. Doomo wakaranai na. (doomo = however
hard one might try) (no matter how hard I try, I can't
climb Half Dome)
14. I wonder if at someplace they won't teach and
give that sort of thing. (literally, that sort of to-say
thing) Plain speech. Use kanaa.
Soo iu koto o dokoka de oshiete kurenai kanaa. (soo
iu koto = that sort of thing, not necessarily having to
do with speaking, but can remember it that way, like
that speaking thing) (te kurenai kanaa = I wonder if
you won't do such and such for me) (oshiete kurenai
kashira, also OK) (kana = kanaa, both OK)
15. I also will teach and give, but as for in Tokyo,
since there are a lot of Japanese language schools, of
after work, if you could commute and see? Plain
speech. Use kedo. Use tara.
Watashi mo oshiete ageru kedo, Tokyo ni wa,
nihongo gakkoo ga takusan aru kara, shigoto no ato
de, kayotte mitara? (kayou = to commute, to go back
and forth between two points) (The coyote commutes
across the freeway) (OK to omit de, or to substitute
ni, after ato)
16. Young man Webb, its the matter in question, but,
did you already conclude a report and give it to me?
Use dakedo. Plain speech. Use repooto.
Uebbu kun, rei no ken dakedo, moo
Lesson 16.

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Lesson 16. repooto o matomete kureta? (rei no
ken = the matter you're working on, the thing we've
discussed, etc.; rei = example; rei no = the one in
question; ken = matter, case, counter for buildings
and shops; dakedo = although, but; matomeru = to
bundle together, put in order, settle, arrange,
conclude; matomaru = settle, arrange, finish,
intransitive) (when ma tomaru [stops], things get
settled)
17. That, not yet. That is the subject. Plain speech.
Sore ga .... Mada.
18. Well, to young man Nomura help and receive,
and conclude it in a hurry please. Use tetsudau. Use
te to mean and.
Jaa, Nomura kun ni tetsudatte moratte, isoide
matomete kudasai. (te moratte = have someone do
something for you) (cf. tasukeru = to help or rescue;
tasukaru = to be saved) (OK to substitute tasukete for
tetsudatte, in this case)
19. Since I am scheduled to give a presentation at
tomorrow's meeting, by the end of today, will you
finish it and give? Use shiageru.
Ashita no kaigi de happyoo suru koto ni natte iru kara,
kyoo juu ni, shiagete kuremasu ka. (happyoo =
announcement, presentation; shiageru = to finish;
shiawase = happiness; uchiawase = planning
meeting) (I'm happy you are giving a presentation,
rather than me. The shiites will ageru [give] the rice
when they finish eating) [cf. owaru, sumasu,
sumaseru, also = finish; OK to substitute sumasete
for shiagete here, but not sumashite (too blunt) or
owatte (intransitive)]
20. Yes. I will do so.
Hai. Soo shimasu.
21. Excuse me very much, since I become late. Use
te to mean since. Plain speech.
Doomo sumimasen, osoku natte.
22. In the middle of honorable conversation, excuse
me.
Ohanashi chuu, sumimasen.
23. Say, section manager, a very honorable customer
honorably came.
Ano, kachoo, okyakusama ga irasshaimashita.
24. A little while ago, the honorable phone call was,
Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita it is. Was modifies the
person. Use plain speech to say was.
Saki hodo, odenwa ga atta, Yotsuya Shooji no
Yamashita san desu. (saki hodo = a little while ago,
earlier; cf. sakki = previously) (hodo = extent, limit,
approximate time, about as much as or not so much)
25. Ah, its so, its so. Consequently, where at?
(Use a shortened form of consequently.) Plain
speech. Meaning, where is the customer?
A, soo da, soo da. De, doko ni? (de = sore de)
26. He honorably exists in that way over theres
reception room.

Achira no oosetsu shitsu ni irasshaimasu. (oosetsu

shitsu = reception room) (shitsu = room, oosetsu =
occasion, time or event; think of the reception room
as o [honorable] setting + shitsu [room])
27. OK, I'll go soon. Use a grunt to mean OK.
Plain speech.
N, sugu iku.
28. Consequently, already did you put out and give
tea? Use a shortened form of consequently. Dont
use wo after tea. Ask if the person gave for you, not
for the customer. Plain speech.
De, moo ocha dashite kureta?
29. Ah! And then, even in the middle of a meeting,
from Sumitomo Shooji's Kimura, if there is a phone
call, you will put it through and give? Use sore kara.
Use mittingu. Use tara. Use demo to mean even.
Plain speech. Dont use ka.
A! Sore kara, miitingu chuu demo, Sumitomo
Shooji no Kimura san kara denwa ga attara, tsunaide
kureru? (demo = but, at least, even; denwa o tsunagu
= put a call through; tsunagu, tsunagimasu, tsunaide
= te form, = connects, links, ties; (a tsunami of goo is
connecting the island to the mainland) (cannot say
tsunaide kurete; kureru = kuremasu ka; cant say
kurete kudasai since kureru basically = kudasaru;
tsunaide kure OK, but sounds rude) (cf. tsuujiru, to
communicate, to reach by phone; tsuki [the
moon]and Giro are under the bed communicating
30. An important business matter exists. Plain
speech. Use taisetsu. Use yooken. Soften this.
Taisetsu na yooken ga arun da. (yooken = business,
matter or concern to be addressed; yoo = yooji =
business, errand; ken = matter, case) (Dwight
Yoakam and Ken have some business to discuss)
31. Say. Excuse me, but... Anoo. Sumimasen ga.
32. Office person: Yes. What is it probably?
Jimuin: Hai. Nan deshoo ka. (jimu = business,
office work; jimusho = office)
33. Regarding Japanese languages conversations
class, I would like you to teach and me to receive,
but ... Use kurasu. Use ordinary politeness. Soften
this.
Nihongo no kaiwa no kurasu ni tsuite, oshiete
moraitain desu ga. (ni tsuite = about, regarding,
pertaining to)
34. Yes. Uh, there are private classes and group
classes, but. Use kedo.
Hai. Eeto, puraibeeto no kurasu to guruupu no
kurasu ga arimasu kedo.
35. Is that so? As for the group classes, how many
people is it?
Soo desu ka. Guruupu no kurasu wa nannin desu ka.
36. According to the class, it differs, but generally
it's about 10 people. Use te to mean ing. Use daitai.
Kurasu ni yotte chigaimasu ga, daitai juunin gurai
desu. (ni yotte = according to,
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93

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Lesson 16. depending on; compare ni yoru to;
yoru = yorimasu = drops in, approaches, comes near,
meets or relies on; daitai = mostly, almost, generally,
approximately) (OK to substitute taitei for daitai)
37. As for regarding the days of the week, the tuition
etc., they're written to this ways pamphlet.
Yoobi ya jugyooryoo ni tsuite wa, kochira no
panfuretto ni kaite arimasu. (jugyoo = class,
classroom lesson; we keep a jug of yogurt in the
class; jugyooryoo = class fee, tuition; ni tsuite =
about, regarding, pertaining to) (ryoo = fee or charge;
There is a fee for playing with Leo) (cf. ryookin =
fare, fee, price)
38. (As he reads the pamphlet) I see.
(Panfuretto o yomi nagara) naruhodo.
39. Well, I will return home and think and see. Use
te to mean and.
Jaa, uchi ni kaette, kangaete mimasu. (kangaeru = to
think; cf. omou = to think/feel)
40. When it arranges, one more time I will come.
Use tara. Use plain speech in the subordinate clause.
Kimattara, moo ichido kimasu. (kimaru = to be
decided, settled, arranged; kimeru = to decide)
(when you arrange a kimono, kimono aru)
41. Yes. I will be doing humble waiting.
Hai. Omachi shite imasu.
42. The time the phone called and came, as for
Kitamura, did he exist? Use kakaru. Use toki.
Denwa ga kakatte kita toki, Kitamura san wa,
imashita ka. (kakaru = hangs, weighs, begins,
requires, takes, costs, starts moving; kakeru = hang,
wear glasses, sit down, spend, telephone, keep in
mind)
43. As for Kuroda, on the phone, what did she call
Section Manager Kitamura's thing?
Kuroda san wa denwa de Kitamura kachoo no koto o
nan to iimashita ka.
44. She called him Kitamura.
Kitamura to iimashita.
45. As for that, why is it?
Sore wa, dooshite desu ka.
46. It's because Kitamura is her own company's
person. Kitamura is the subject. Use dakara.
Kitamura san ga jibun no kaisha no hito dakara desu.
(Kitamura san wa also OK, actually sounds better)
47. As for Kuroda, to Michael, how if to do is good
did she say? Use tara.
Kuroda san wa, Maikeru san ni, doo shitara ii to
iimashita ka.
48. After work, if he commutes to a Japanese
language school and sees, good, she said. Use tara.
Shigoto no ato nihongo gakkoo ni kayotte mitara ii to
iimashita. (kayoo = to commute, to go back and forth
between two points) (ato de, also OK)
49. What did Kitamura request of Michael? Use ni
rather than kara.

Kitamura san wa Maikeru san ni nani o

tanomimashita ka.
50. He requested that he finish the report by the end
of today. Use repooto. Use shiageru. Use koto to
make a noun phrase.
Repooto o kyoo juu ni shiageru koto o tanomimashita.
(shiageru = to finish; uchiawaseru = make
preliminary arrangements) (the shiites will ageru the
rice when they finish eating) (OK to substitute yoo ni
for koto o)
51. Who is the one who came to the company?
Kaisha ni kita no wa dare desu ka.
52. Again, as for that person, now, where does he
exist?
Mata, sono hito wa, ima, doko ni imasu ka.
53. It's Yotsuya Shoji's Yamashita, and he exists in
the reception room. Use de to mean and and also to
mean desu.
Yotsuya shooji no Yamashita san de, oosetsu shitsu
ni imasu.
54. As for this Japanese language school's group
classes' number of people, generally how many
people is it? Use ninzuu. Use daitai.
Kono nihongo gakkoo no guruupu no kurasu no
ninzuu wa (ninzuu = number of people), daitai nan
nin desu ka. (number of nin [people] at the zoo)
55. Generally about 10 people it is.
Daitai juunin gurai desu. (cf. taitei, futsuu, fudan)
56. As for to the pamphlet, what kind of thing is
written? Thing is the subject.
Panfuretto ni wa donna koto ga kaite arimasu ka.
(donna koto o, also OK but doesnt sound as good)
57. Concerning the days of the week, the tuition, etc.
are written.
Yoobi ya jugyooryoo ni tsuite kaite arimasu. (if you
use ni tsuite, you omit ga; you could say ni tsuite
wa, but wa and ni tsuite are similar, so its best to
omit wa also) (not OK to use to after tsuite, since
you arent quoting)
58. Did Michael decide to enter the Japanese
language school?
Maikeru san wa nihongo gakkoo ni hairu koto ni
shimashita ka.
59. No, he returned to the house and decided to think
and see. Use te to mean and.
Iie, ie ni kaette, kangaette miru koto ni shimashita.
60. Honorable worry.
Goshinpai.
61. Honorific way of saying who. 2 responses.
Donata. Dochira sama. (use dochira even when
there are more than 2 choices, if you mean who)
62. Humble phrase for company person.
Kaisha no mono.
63. Honorific way of saying company person.
Kaisha no kata.
64. Humble way of saying father. Lesson 16.

94

95
Lesson 16. 2 responses.
Chichi. Chichi oya. (oya = parent; I say oyasumi
nasai to my parent)
65. Humble way of saying I will go or I will
come.
Mairimasu. (Mighty Mouse humbly comes and goes)
66. Say, excuse me, but..
Ano... sumimasen ga.
67. Say, this is a discourtesy, but ..
Ano ... shitsurei desu ga.
68. Say, there's no excuse, but ...
Ano ... mooshiwake arimasen ga ... (mooshiwake =
excuse)
69. Say, I'm overwhelmed, but ..
Ano ... osore irimasu ga. (osore = fear;
osore iru = appreciate, feel grateful, feel ashamed)
(Im overwhelmed, but an oso [bear in Spanish], red,
I irimasu [need])
70. Say, in the middle of honorable work, there's no
excuse, but ...
Ano ... oshigoto chuu mooshiwake arimasen ga ..
71. Say, in the middle of honorable work, in
sincerity, there's no excuse, but ...
Ano.. . oshigoto chuu makoto ni mooshiwake
arimasen ga .. (makoto = truth, sincerity; makoto ni
= really, indeed, very) (ma's koto on her knee speaks
truely) (cf. matomeru = to bundle together, arrange;
cf. majime = sincere)
72. Excuse me, but, as for the following bus, at what
time precisely will it probably come?
Sumimasen ga, tsugi no basu wa, nan pun ni kuru
deshoo ka. (nan pun = which minute, more precise
than nanji = what time)
73. I think it will come in about five minutes later,
for sure. Use ato. Use de to mean in.
Ato gofun gurai de kuru to omoimasu yo. (gofun
gurai ni, also OK)
74. Say, excuse me. Hadn't the wallet fallen here?
Use ni rather than de.
Anoo. Sumimasen. Koko ni saifu ga ochite imasen
deshita ka. (ochiru = to fall, often used with ni to
indicate a precise location; otosu = to drop)
75. Sigh. I didn't see it, but... Use kedo.
Saa. Mimasen deshita kedo.
76. In the middle of honorable work, there's no
excuse, but wont you show the way to go to the
station and give? Speaking to a stranger.
Oshigoto chuu, mooshiwake arimasen ga, eki ni iku
michi o oshiete kudasaimasen ka.
77. Yeah, it's good for sure. On this corner ahead, if
you turn right, its the station, for sure.
Ee, ii desu yo. Kono saki no kado o, migi ni magaru
to, eki desu yo. (kono mae no kado, also OK)
78. Say. Excuse me. Please make money small.
Anoo. Sumimasen. Okane o chiisaku shite kudasai.
(cf. komakaku shite = make small or detailed)

79. Ah, excuse me. Now there is no small money for

sure. Soften this. Use plain speech with desu.
Aa, sumimasen. Ima chiisai okane ga nain desu yo.
(okane wa, also OK)
80. Excuse me. What day is next Sunday?
Sumimasen. Kondo no nichiyoobi wa nan nichi desu
ka.
81. It's the 28th for sure.
Nijuu hachi nichi desu yo.
82. Say. Excuse me. I'd like to buy a ticket, but...
Soften this. Use kedo.
Anoo. Sumimasen. Kippu o kaitain desu kedo.
(kippu ga, also OK)
83. If you put in money and push the button, the
ticket will emerge and come, for sure.
Okane o irete, botan o osu to, kippu ga dete kimasu
yo.
84. Until where will you go? Soften this.
Doko made ikun desu ka. (made ni, not OK)
85. If you consult to the division manager and see,
how would that probably be? Use te to mean and.
Use a polite word for how. Use tara for the next 3
responses.
Buchoo ni soodan shite mitara, ikaga deshoo ka.
(soodan = advice, consultation; soodan suru =
consult, ask for advice) (drink soda with Dan while
consulting)
86. If you consult to the division manager and see,
how is that?
Buchoo ni soodan shite mitara, doo desu ka.
87. If you consult to the division manager and see,
it's good for sure.
Buchoo ni soodan shite mitara, ii desu yo. (buchoo
to, also OK)
88. If one consults to the division manager, it's good
for sure. Use to.
Buchoo ni soodan suru to, ii desu yo.
89. Wouldn't it be better to consult to the division
manager? Soften this twice.
Buchoo ni soodan shita hoo ga, iin ja nain desu ka.
90. I think it would be better to consult to the
division manager, for sure.
Buchoo ni soodan shita hoo ga, ii to omoimasu yo.
91. These documents, how if I do will be good, I
wonder. Omit wo, ga and wa. Use kashira. Use tara
for the next 3 responses.
Kono shorui doo shitara ii kashira. (shorui = papers,
documents; kashira = I wonder) (show Louie the
documents) (shurui = kind, type) (kana also OK,
instead of kashira)
92. So, huh. If you consult to the division manager
and see ...
Soo ne. Buchoo ni soodan shite mitara.
93. So, huh. If you consult to the division manager
and see, how?
Soo ne. Buchoo ni soodan shite
Lesson 16.

95

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Lesson 16. mitara, doo...
94. The most common way to suggest that it would
be better for someone not to do something is to
follow the negative form of the verb with
Hoo ga ii
95. Since it's bad for the body, it's better not to
smoke tobacco for sure.
Karada ni warui kara, tabako o suwanai hoo ga ii
desu yo. (karada ni dame desu kara, not OK)
96. Until late at night, not being awake is better, I
think, for sure. Plain speech.
Yoru osoku made okite inai hoo ga ii to omou yo.
(cannot say yoru osoi; to make an adjective into an
adverb, add ku for an ii adjective and ni for a na
adjective; osoku is an adverb, tells when)
97. How is it if I buy this iron? Use tara to mean if
for all of the responses in this section.
Kono airon o kattara doo desu ka.
(airon o kau no wa doo, not wrong, but weird)
98. It's better to buy this iron for sure.
Kono airon o katta hoo ga ii desu yo.
99. Not to buy this iron would be better, for sure.
Kono airon o kawanai hoo ga ii desu yo.
100. How is it if you return to the company ahead of
me? Use saki rather than osaki in the next 3
responses.
Saki ni kaisha ni kaettara doo desu ka. (osaki, too
polite) (this cannot mean how is it if I return ahead
of you; to ask if I can return early, say, saki ni
kaisha ni kaette mo ii desu ka)
101. It would be better to return to the company
ahead of me, for sure.
Saki ni kaisha ni kaetta hoo ga ii desu yo. (osaki ni,
also OK)
102. It would be better not to return to the company
ahead of me, for sure.
Saki ni kaisha ni kaeranai hoo ga ii desu yo.
103. How is it if you request this work to Yamada?
Yamada san ni kono shigoto o tanondara doo desu ka.
104. It would be better to request this work to
Yamada, for sure.
Yamada san ni kono shigoto o tanonda hoo ga ii desu
yo.
105. It would be better not to request this work to
Yamada, for sure.
Yamada san ni kono shigoto o tanomanai hoo ga ii
desu yo.
106. How is it if you read that book over there?
Ano hon o yondara doo desu ka.
107. It would be better to read that book over there,
for sure.
Ano hon o yonda hoo ga ii desu yo.
108. It would be better to not read that book over
there, for sure.
Ano hon o yomanai hoo ga ii desu yo.
109. How is it if you cancel the contract?

Keiyaku o kyanseru shitara doo desu ka. (a contract

to buy Kay's yak)
110. It would be better to cancel the contract, for
sure.
Keiyaku o kyanseru shita hoo ga ii desu yo.
111. It would be better not to cancel the contract, for
sure.
Keiyaku o kyanseru shinai hoo ga ii desu yo.
112. How is it if you go in order to meet Michael?
Maikeru san ni ai ni ittara doo desu ka.
113. It would be better to go in order to meet
Michael, for sure.
Maikeru san ni ai ni itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
114. It would be better not to go to meet Michael, for
sure.
Maikeru san ni ai ni ikanai hoo ga ii desu yo.
115. How is it if you reserve the hotel in advance?
Hoteru o yoyaku shite oitara doo desu ka. (oku = do
in advance, becomes oitara; okiru = to get up,
becomes okitara)
116. It would be better to reserve the hotel in
advance, for sure.
Hoteru o yoyaku shite oita hoo ga ii desu yo.
117. It would be better to not reserve the hotel in
advance, for sure.
Hoteru o yoyaku shite okanai hoo ga ii desu yo.
118. I don't know /understand Yamakawa Trade's
phone number, but ... Soften this.
Yamakawa booeki no denwa bango ga wakaranain
desu ga. (booeiki = trade; trade bows & arrows at
the eki)
119. If you ask of 104 and see, it's good for sure.
Use rei to mean zero.
Ichi rei yon de kiite mitara ii desu yo. (104
equivalent to 411 in Japan) (OK to use zero instead
of rei)
120. I would like to know about Kyoto, but... Soften
this.
Kyooto ni tsuite shiritain desu ga. (not OK to say ni
tsuite o shiritain desu; dont use tsuite with o)
121. If you check in the library it's good for sure.
Use tara.
Toshokan de shirabetara ii desu yo.
122. Hey! It developed that I don't know/understand
the way, for sure.
Are! Michi ga wakaranaku narimashita yo.
(wakaranakunattan desu yo, also OK)
123. If you ask and see at that store over there, how
is that?
Ano mise de kiite mitara doo desu ka.
124. Is Japanese sushi delicious?
Nihon no sushi wa oishii desu ka.
125. Yeah, it's delicious for sure. If you eat it to see
one time, how is that?
Ee, oishii desu yo. Ichido tabete mitara doo desu ka.
126. As for today, since I'm busy, as
Lesson 16.

96

97
Lesson 16. for this work, it is extremely unable to
do. Use te to mean since. Use tottemo.
Kyoo wa isogashikute kono shigoto wa tottemo
dekimasen. (tottemo = terribly, extremely,
completely) (totemo also OK) (OK to substitute
either zenzen or chittomo for tottemo here) (to make
a te form of an ii adjective, add kute) (shigoto ga, not
wrong, but wa is better)
127. Well, if you decide to do it tomorrow?
Jaa, ashita suru koto ni shitara?
128. As for tomorrow, it will rain, reportedly, for
sure.
Ashita wa ame ga furu soo desu yo.
129. Well, as for tomorrow, wouldn't it be better not
to go to the ocean ? Soften the word good. Plain
speech. Dont use ka.
Ja, ashita wa umi ni ikanai hoo ga iin ja nai?
130. Use the te form of a verb to express the idea
of giving or receiving an action (as opposed to a
thing). I carried the president's luggage and gave.
Use mottsu.
Shachoo no nimotsu o motte sashiagemashita.
131. The president praised and gave. Plain speech.
Imply that he praised you.
Shachoo ga homete kudasatta. (homeru = to praise,
admire) (we all praise Homer)
132. By the president, I received praise.
Shachoo ni homete itadakimashita. (shachoo kara,
also OK)
133. Miss Hanada, for Miss Kuroda, bought a
sandwich, came and gave.
Hanada san ga Kuroda san ni sandoicchi o katte kite
agemashita.
134. My father, for me, bought and gave a sweater.
Chichi ga watashi ni seetaao katte kuremashita.
135. Younger sister, from my father, a sweater will
buy and receive. Use ni to mean from.
Imooto wa chichi ni seetaa o katte moraimasu.
(imooto ga, not OK, because she didnt do anything)
136. Mother, for the child, will make and give
cookies. Plain speech. Refer to someone elses
mother.
Okaasan ga kodomo ni kukkii o tsukutte ageru.
(kuuki = air, atmosphere) (haha ga watashi ni kukkii
o tsukutte kureru, also OK; use okaasan in this case
because it isnt clear that its your mother; use ageru
because it isnt clear that its your child)
137. The dog, for the purpose of walking, I will take
along and give. Plain speech.
Inu o sanpo ni tsurete itte yaru. (tsureru = to take a
person or animal along; the tsuki [moon] takes
Lenny along to see Lou)
138. For a second, please pass that places book.
Use kudasai as an imperative form of kudasaru.
Chotto soko no hon o totte kudasai.
139. For a second, pass that places book and give.

Use kure as an imperative form of kureru.

Chotto soko no hon o totte kure. (dont use kure
very much, since it sounds impolite)
140. Webb, its a lovely sweater, huh.
Uebbusan suteki na seetaa desu ne.
141. Thank you a lot. The wife knitted and gave it,
for sure. Soften this.
Arigatoo gozaimasu. Kanai ga ande kuretan desu yo.
(amu = knit; amimasu) (knitting an amulet in the
Andes)
142. My goodness. Its a good wife, huh. Use ara.
Ara, ii okusan desu ne. (ara used by women)
143. Its a good briefcase, huh.
Ii kaban desu ne. (kaban = briefcase; kabin = vase)
144. My American mother sent it and gave it. Use
okuru. Plain speech.
Amerika no haha ga okute kureta.
145. Michael, as for the watch, was it found?
Maikerusan, tokei wa mitsukarimashita ka.
(mitsukaru = to be found, mitsukeru = to find, to look
for) (tokei ga, also OK, if you want to stress watch)
146. Yeah, Kuroda found it and gave it to a person in
my in-group.
Ee, kurodasan ga mitsukete kuremashita.
147. That was good, huh. Sore wa yokatta desu ne.
148. As for Michael, was he on time for the bullet
train?
Maikerusan wa shinkansen ni maniaimashita ka.
149. A friend by car dropped me off and gave.
Tomodachi ga kuruma de okute kuremashita.
150. I knew/understood the way of as far as the
station.
Eki made no michi ga wakarimashita.
151. A policeman showed and gave me.
Omawarisan ga oshiete kuremashita.
152. Did the work finish?
Shigoto ga owarimashita ka. (shigoto wa, also OK)
153. Tanabe helped and gave me. Use tetsudau.
Tanabe san ga tetsudatte kuremashita.
154. Webb, as for this recent report, how did it
develop? Use aida. Use repooto.
Uebbu san kono aida no repooto wa doo narimashita
ka. (aida = between, during, interval; kono aida =
recently) (saikin no repooto is also OK)
155. Yeah, to the division manager he looked at it
and I received it.
Ee, buchoo ni mite itadakimashita.
155b. As for the documents in question, how did
they develop?
Rei no shorui wa, doo narimashita ka. (rei = example,
zero, what we discussed, soul, ghost, bow, salute,
gratitude, thanks; shorui = papers, documents) (the
reina [queen, in Spanish] sets an example)
156. To the division manager, he signed it and I
received it.
Buchoo ni sain shite itadakimashita. Lesson 16.

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Lesson 16. 157. As for next week's vacation, how
did it develop? Use kyuuka.
Raishuu no kyuuka wa doo narimashita ka. (kyuuka
= vacation) (spend vacation in a cute car)
158. By the section manager, he did approval and I
received it.
Kachoo ni kyoka shite itadakimashita.
(kyoka = permission, approval. Kyooka = subject,
course of study. Kyookai = church. Kyookasho =
textbook) (I got permission to drive a Kyoto car)
159. As for this recent plan, how did it develop?
Use aida. Use kikaku.
Kono aida no kikaku wa doo narimashita ka. (kikaku
= plan, project) (I key kaku [write] the project with
my car key) (cf. keikaku = plan; cf. yotei = plan)
160. By the president, I received praise.
Shachoo ni homete itadakimashita.
161. Barbara, since health developed, it was good,
huh. Use te to mean since.
Baabarasan genki ni natte yokatta desu ne.
162. The sickness time, as for your husband, did he
do something and give to our ingroup?
Byooki no toki, goshujin wa nanika shite kuremashita
ka. (shite agemashita also OK) (byooki na, not OK)
163. Yeah, he did cleaning and gave.
Ee, sooji o shite kuremashita.
164. Moreover, I also did laundryand gave it, for
sure. Plain speech.
Sore ni, sentaku mo shite ageta yo.
165. He did shopping, came and gave .
Kaimono o shite kite kuremashita.
166. He did a phone call to the honorable Mr. doctor
and gave.
Oishasan ni denwa o shite kuremashita.
167. With ice, he cooled the head and gave.
Koori de atama o hiyashite kuremashita. (hiyasu = to
cool, chill; cf. hieru = get cold, intransitive) (hiya, or
ohiya, = cold water; yu, or oyu, = hot water ; Hi
Yasuko, I chilled water for you; hiyoo = expense; Hi
Yoko, your expenses are low) (atama o samashite,
not OK; dont use samasu for the body, just for
physical objects, like water)
168. I created a meal also and gave it, for sure. Plain
speech.
Shokuji mo tsukutte ageta yo.
169. I received medicine also, came, and gave, for
sure. Plain speech.
Kusuri mo moratte kite ageta yo.
170. I measured the fever also and gave, for sure.
Plain speech.
Netsu mo hakatte ageta yo. (netsu = temperature,
fever; hakaru = measure, gauge, weigh) (a hack saw
carrying kangaroo measures the temperature) (cf.
hakkiri = clearly)
171. As for section manager Kitamura, did he check
the documents and give to you? Imply that Kitamura,

the speaker and the listener are in the same in-group.

Use chiekku suru.
Kitamura kachoo wa, shorui o chiekku shite
kuremashita ka. (shurui = kind, type)
172. Yes, he also signed and gave. Imply that he did
this for an inferior, i.e., for the speaker.
Hai, sain mo shite kudasaimashita.
173. Did he correct the kanji mistakes also and give?
Imply he did this for an inferior.
Kanji no machigai mo naoshite kudasaimashita ka.
(naosu = correct, repair, alter) (naoru = recover, get
well) (only use te yaru when you are personally
giving; not appropriate here)
174. The documents' method of writing also he
showed and gave. Use kata to mean method. (he did
this for an inferior)
Shorui no kaki kata mo oshiete kudasaimashita.
(either kaki tata or kaku hoohoo, is OK)
175. Father, buy this book. Plain speech.
Otoosan, kono hon o katte. When addressing ones
parent directly, its appropriate to use otoosan or
okaasan.
176. For the son I bought and gave the book. A
father is speaking. Plain speech.
Musuko ni hon o katte yatta.
177. From my father, the book was bought and
received. Use ni to mean from. Plain speech.
Chichi ni hon o katte moratta.
178. Taroo, please take me along for the purpose of a
walk.
Taroo san, sanpo ni tsurete itte kudasai.
179. I took the dog along for the purpose of a walk
and gave.
Inu o sanpo ni tsurete itte yarimashita.
180. By Taroo, for the purpose of a walk, he took me
along and I received. Use morau.
Taroo san ni sanpo ni tsurete itte moraimashita.
(itadakimashita, also OK)
181. Division manager, on the slip cannot you
probably sign and I receive?
Buchoo, denpyoo ni sain shite itadakemasen deshoo
ka. (denpyoo = slip, bill, receipt) (for the den pee in
the den during the yoga class, I got a bill or slip)
(sain o shite, also OK)
182. On the slip, I signed and gave to an equal.
Denpyoo ni sain o shite agemashita.
183. From the division manager, on the slip, he
signed and I received. Use ni to mean from.
Buchoo ni denpyoo ni sain o shite itadakimashita.
184. Hanada, won't you lend and give me a 10-yen
coin? (Hanada is in your in-group)
Hanada san, juu en dama o kashite kuremasen ka.
(dama = round thing, coin, slug)
185. I lent and gave a telephone card to Webb.
Uebbu san ni terehon kaado o kashite agemashita.
186. From Hanada, she lent a
Lesson 16.

98

99
Lesson 16. telephone card and I received. Use ni
to mean from.
Hanada san ni terehon kaado o kashite moraimashita.
187. As for July 10th, it was my birthday. Use a
man's word for my.
Shichigatsu tooka wa, boku no tanjoobi deshita.
188. As for on the birthday, everyone did and gave
various presents. Imply that they gave to the speaker.
Tanjoobi ni wa, minna ga iroiro na purezento o shite
kuremashita. (OK to omit ga)
189. As for my father, he drew and gave my face.
Use a mans word for my.
Chichi wa boku no kao o kaitekuremashita. (chichi
ga, also OK)
190. As for my mother, she made and gave delicious
food.
Haha wa gochisoo o tsukutte kuremashita.
191. As for younger sister, she bought and gave a
cake.
Imooto wa keeki o katte kuremashita.
192. As for the girlfriend, she knitted and gave a
sweater.
Garufurendo wa seetaa o ande kuremashita. (amu =
knit) (knitting an amulet in the Andes)
193. The meeting finished, and when I returned to
the seat, the following appearing memo was being
placed. Use te to mean and. Use to to mean when.
Use modoru. Use no yoo na to mean appearing.
Kaigi ga owatte, seki ni modoru to, tsugi no yoo na
memo ga oite arimashita. (seki = seat) (yoo = sound
like, look like, in such a way that, as) (tsugi no memo,
also OK) (memo o oite, not OK, sounds strange)
194. Contact memo. Renraku memo. (renraku =
contact, communication; renraku suru = to get in
contact with; renraku saki = address of contact) (raku
= ease, comfort; doozo oraku ni = make yourself
comfortable) (Ren will rake you to make contact)
195. From Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita to section
manager Kitamura, there was a phone call.
YotsuyaShooji no Yamashita san kara, Kitamura
kachoo ni denwa ga arimashita.
196. June 10th, about half past 4 p.m., section
manager Kitamura went for the purpose of meeting
Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita.
Rokugatsu tooka, gogo yojihan goro Kitamura
kachoo ga Yotsuya Shooji no Yamashita san ni ai ni
ikimashita.
197. Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita, June 10th about
half past 4 p.m., came for the purpose of meeting
section manager Kitamura.
YotsuyaShooji no Yamashita san ga rokugatsu tooka,
gogo yojihan goro, Kitamura kachoo ni ai ni
kimashita.
198. As for Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita, regarding
the merchandise catalogues thing, he wants to
consult with section manager Kitamura, I'm thinking.

Use shoohin. Use katarogu.

YotsuyaShooji no Yamashita san wa, shoohin
katarogu no koto ni tsuite, Kitamura kachoo to
soodan shitai to omotte imasu. (shoohin =
merchandise, goods, prize; soodan = discuss,
consultation) (drink soda with Dan while consulting)
(cosmetics = keshoohin; shinamono = merchandise,
article) (cf. seihin = product; the sailing Hindus
carry the product)
199. As for Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita, tomorrow
afternoon, he plans to do a phone call to section
manager Kitamura.
YotsuyaShooji no Yamashita san wa, ashita no gogo,
Kitamura kachoo ni denwa o surutsumori desu.
200. As for Yotsuya Shooji's Yamashita, a from
section manager Kitamuras phone call, during
tomorrow morning, is awaiting.
YotsuyaShooji no Yamashita san wa, Kitamura
kachoo kara no denwa o, ashita no gozen chuu, matte
imasu. (gozen chuu ni, not OK, sounds strange)
201. The one who received the from-YotsuyaShooji's-Yamashitas phone call, is Kuroda. Use
ukeru.
YotsuyaShooji no Yamashita san kara no denwa o
uketa no wa, Kuroda san desu. (ukeru = to receive,
accept) (the UK volcano erupts and the ocean
receives it) (denwa o moratta, not OK; must use
ukeru with a phone call)
202. As for Satoo called on and came thing, its for
the sake of meeting Kitamura. Use no to make a
noun phrase. Use tame.
Satoo san ga tazunete kita no wa, Kitamura san ni au
tame desu. (tazuneru = to inquire, call on someone)
(inquire or call on someone to learn about the taser
fired in the zoo while the animals neru [sleep])
(katazukeru = straighten up) (tame = benefit, sake)
203. As for the 'Satoo was waiting' one, its the
reception room. Use no to make a noun phrase,
which in this case refers to a place.
Satoo san ga matte ita no wa oosetsu shitsu desu.
(OK to replace desu with deshita) (Satoo san ga
matte ita tokoro wa ... is also OK; koto, not OK;
tokoro can also be used to mean place)
204. Satoo generally waits 15 minutes. Use daitai.
Satoo san wa daitai juu go fun machimasu.
Lesson 17
1. Young man Webb, just a moment.
Uebbu kun, chotto.
2. Say there, on next week's Friday, I desire you to
go to Osaka, but... Use dakedo. Soften this.
Ano ne, raishuu no kinyoobi ni, oosaka ni itte hoshiin
dakedo.
3. Eh, is it Osaka?
E, Oosaka desu ka.
4. Yeah. You are knowing Osakas Lesson 17.

99

100
Lesson 17. in-groups subsidiary company, huh?
Use a grunt to mean yeah. Use kogaisha. Plain
speech.
Un. Oosaka no uchi no kogaisha o shite iru ne.
(kogaisha = susidiary company) (cf. shisha = branch
office)
5. Yes. Its the Number-one Trade called company,
huh.
Hai. Dai ichi booeki to iu kaisha desu ne.
(trading company trades bows and arrows at the eki)
6. Right. I desire you to attend that place's meeting.
Use soo. Use shusseki. Soften this. Plain speech.
Soo. Soko no kaigi ni shusseki shite hoshiin da.
(shusseki suru = attend) (to attend you must have a
shuu seki [week's seat]) (shooseki = books,
pulications; shoosetsu = fiction) (kaigi ni dete
hoshiin, also OK)
7. Ah, yes. What sort of meeting is it probably? Use
haa. Use nan no.
Haa. Nan no kaigi deshoo ka. (haa = what?, or, ah,
yes)
8. The matter we discussed, it's a meeting regarding
the matter of putting out a branch office to America.
Use a shortened phrase for the matter we discussed.
Plain speech. Use nan to soften this.
Rei no, amerika e shisha o dasu ken ni tsuite no kaigi
nan da. (rei no = previously mentioned)
9. Yes, I understood.
Hai, wakarimashita.
10. Something documents will I take?
Nanika shorui o motte ikimasu ka.
11. Nah, because I sent them by facsimile, good for
sure. Use okuru. Plain speech.
Iya, fakushimiri de okutta kara ii yo.
12. While still that day is it OK if I don't return? Use
uchi.
Sono hi no uchi ni kaeranakute mo ii desu ka. To
convert an i adjective, or certain verbs ending in i,
like kaeranai, to and when juxtaposing two verbals
in one sentence, remove the final i and add kute, e.g.,
hirokute akarui desu = its spacious and bright.
13. Yeah. Good for sure. Use a grunt. Plain speech.
Un. Ii yo.
14. Since it happens to be Friday, spending to
Saturday/Sunday, if you sightsee at least Kyoto and
Nara and come, good for sure. Use kakeru. Use
kenbutsu. Use tara. Plain speech.
Choodo kinyoobi dakara, donichi ni kakete, Kyooto
to Nara demo kenbutsu shite kitara ii yo. (donichi =
Saturday and Sunday) (choodo = just, exactly, just so
happens) (kakeru = to spend time or money; cf.
kakaru, to cost or take time; kakeru: spend money
on cake; not OK to substitute sugoshite for kakete)
(demo = at least, or something) (donichi o kakete,
also OK, same meaning, but ni sounds better)
15. As for the report, send it by facsimile in advance.
Use hookoku. Use okuru. Plain speech.

Hookoku wa fakushimiri de okutte oite. (okutte

okinasai, also OK, same meaning)
16. Say, is it OK if I take the wife?
Anoo, kanai o tsurete itte mo ii desu ka.
17. Of course. But, as for your wife's expense, by
yourself, pay please, for sure. Use hiyoo.
Mochiron. Demo, okusan no hiyoo wa, jibun de,
haratte kudasai yo. (hiyoo = expense; cf. ryookin =
fee, charge, rate) (hi yooko, your expense is minimal)
(hiya = cold water; hiyasu = to chill)
18. Understood. Since the wife also, I also, still not
doing travel on Japan domestic, by all means, I would
like to go together. Use plain speech in the
subordinate clause. Use node to mean since.
Wakarimashita. Kanai mo watashi mo mada nihon
kokunai o ryokoo shite inai node, zehi, issho ni ikitai
desu. (kokunai = domestic, within the country) (nai =
inai = within or inside) (kokusai sen = international
airlines; kookuubin = airmail)
19. Say, section manager, I would like you to look at
the written itinerary for the business trip and I receive,
but. Soften this.
Anoo, kachoo, shutchoo no keikakusho o mite
itadakitain desu ga. (keikakusho = written itinerary,
proposal, plan of action) (keikaku = project, plan; cf.
seikaku na = accurate, precise) (Kay will kaku [write]
the plan) (keiyaku = contract) (cf. kikaku = project,
plan; yotei = plan)
20. Ah, bad, but since a guest came, at later I would
like you to do and I receive. Use kedo. Use node.
Soften the last verb. Plain speech.
A, warui kedo, kyaku ga kita node, ato ni shite
moraitain da. (dame dakedo, not OK) (an unusual
example of ato ni; ato de also OK, not as good here)
21. Yes. Well, again, of later, I will come.
Hai. Ja, mata ato de kimasu. (ato ni, also OK)
22. Say, Webb, you're going to Kyoto reportedly.
Woman's speech. Soften this.
Anoo, uebbu san, kyooto ni ikun desu tte.
23. Yeah, at the Osakas business trips return, I plan
to stop by. Use ni to mean at. Use nan to soften this.
Ee, Oosaka no shutchoo no kaeri ni yorutsumori nan
desu. (yoru = drop in, stop by; also = night, depend
on) (I drop in or stop by in the yoru [night]) (cf.
tazuneru, to call on, to inquire) (kaeri de, not OK)
24. A little, doing begging is OK, I wonder. Use
chotto. Use kashira.
Chotto onegaishite moo ii kashira. (negai = hope,
prayer, request; negau = ask, hope, pray, request)
(kashira used more by women, kana more by
men)
25. Yeah. What is it?
Ee. Nan desu ka.
26. I would like you to buy and come and me to
receive Kyoto's yatsuhashi-called sweets. Use no to
soften this. Plain speech.
Lesson 17.

100

101
Lesson 17. Kyooto no yatsuhashi to iu okashi o
katte kite moraitai no.
27. My ingroup's mother loves them, for sure. Plain
speech. Use no to soften this, which means you cant
use da.
Uchi no haha ga daisuki na no yo
28. Ah, its good for sure.
Aa, ii desu yo.
29. Ah, young man Webb. Its the
of-previous business trip's written itinerarys matter,
but, since my hand opened, bring it. Use sakki to
mean of previous. Use dakedo. Plain speech.
Aa, Uebbu kun. Sakki no shutchoo no keikakushoo
no ken dakedo, te ga aita kara, motte kite. (sakki no
= the aforementioned) (sakki = saki hodo = a little
while ago) (aku = to open, to be free) (te ga aku = to
have time, to be free)
30. Now, since I will finish looking at it. Plain
speech.
Ima, mite shimau kara.
31. As for section manager Kitamura, to Michael,
where is he saying he desires him going?
Kitamura kachoo wa maikeru san ni doko ni itte
hoshii to itte imasu ka.
32. As for the meeting, where will they do it?
Kaigi wa doko de shimasu ka.
33. They will do it at Osaka's Number One Trade.
Oosaka no dai ichi booeki de shimasu.
34. As for Michael, what sort of meeting will he
attend? Use nan no. Use deru.
Maikeru san wa nan no kaigi ni demasu ka.
35. It's a meeting regarding the matter of putting out
a branch office to America.
Amerika ni shisha o dasu ken ni tsuite no kaigi desu.
36. As for Michael, will he take something
documents?
Maikeru san wa nanika shorui o motte ikimasu ka.
37. He will take nothing.
Nanimo motte ikimasen.
38. As for Michael, to the business trip, will he go
alone?
Maikeru san wa shutchoo ni hitori de ikimasu ka.
39. No, his wife also together will go.
Iie, okusan mo issho ni ikimasu.
40. As for Michael, he wrote the business trip's
written itinerary.
Maikeru san wa shutchoo no keikakushoo o
kakimashita.
41. As for section manager Kitamura, now, since
he's busy, of later, he will go to Michael's place. Use
node.
Kitamura kachoo wa, ima, isogashii node, ato de,
Maikeru san no tokoro e ikimasu.
42. As for section manager Kitamura, to the
honorable Mr. guest, he did a bad thing.
Kitamura kachoo wa okyakusan ni warui koto o

shimashita.
43. As for Michael, for Kuroda, he was scheduled to
buy Osaka sweets and return. Use ni to mean for.
Maikeru san wa, kuroda san ni, oosaka no okashi o
katte kaeru koto ni narimashita.
44. Kuroda loves yatsuhashi.
Kuroda san wa yatsuhashi ga daisuki desu.
45. To say that you would like someone to do
something for you, use the te form of the verb plus
(3 responses).
Hoshii. Moraitai. Itadakitai. (kudasai, choodai or
ne, also OK)
46. Say, for a moment, I desire you to pass the onthe-table salt, but.. Soften this. Use dakedo.
Ano, chotto, teburu no ue no shio o totte hoshiin
dakedo.
47. Ah. Good for sure. Man's plain speech.
Aa. Ii yo.
48. Yeah. Good for sure. Plain speech. Use a
woman's word for emphasis.
Ee. Ii wa yo.
49. Forgive. Now, a little bit...
Gomen. Ima chotto. (meaning, I cant do it)
50. Excuse me. I would like you to carry this
luggage and I to receive, but. Use hakobu. Use
ordinary politeness. Use kedo. Soften this.
Sumimasen. Kono nimotsu o hakonde moraitain
desu kedo. (hakobu = to carry)
51. Yeah. Its good, for sure.
Ee. Ii desu yo.
52. Young man Yamada, for a moment, I desire you
to come to the meeting room, but ... Soften this.
Use dakedo.
Yamada kun, chotto, kaigi shitsu ni kite hoshiin
dakedo.
53. Yes, understood.
Hai, wakarimashita.
54. Yes, understood. Very polite.
Hai, kashikomarimashita. (kashikomarimashita = I
understand, Yes sir, said to a superior) (kashikoi =
intelligent) (komaru = to be perplexed, in trouble) (a
kashikoi [intelligent] person who was komarimashita
[incovenienced] but then understood)
55. There's no excuse, but ...
Moshiwake arimasen ga ...
56. There's no excuse, but ... (very polite)
Moshiwake gozaimasen ga ..
57. Division manager, I would like for you to sign to
this document and I humbly receive, but .. Soften this.
Buchoo, kono shorui ni sain o shite itadakitain desu
ga.
58. Bad, but.. Now, a little bit. Use kedo.
Warui kedo. Ima chotto. (meaning, I cant do it)
59. When you want to say that you would prefer
that someone not do something, you can use the
plain speech negative non-past
Lesson 17.

101

102
Lesson 17. form of the verb, followed by de,
plus (3 responses).
Hoshii. Moraitai. Itadakitai. (kudasai, choodai or
ne, also OK) (do not use ku when making verbs
negative; ku is only used to make i adjectives
negative; for example to say I desire that you not
eat, say tabenai de hoshii, not tabetakunai de hoshii)
60. Since Mother is sleeping due to illness, I desire
that you do not put out big sounds, but ... Use node.
Soften this.
Haha ga byooki de nete iru node, ookii oto o dasanai
de hoshiin desu ga.
61. Another way to say that you would prefer that
someone not do something is to use the te form of
the verb, followed by (3 responses).
Hoshikunai. Moraitakunai. Itadakitakunai.
62. As for a person's slander, I don't want you to say
and I receive it, huh.
Hito no warukuchi wa, itte moraitakunai desu ne.
(warukuchi = slander, abuse) (a warui kuchi [bad
mouth] is used for slander) (OK to omit desu)
63. The in-group's section manager, if one is tardy, is
super noisy, meaning he complains awfully. Dont
use wa or ga. Use to to mean if. Soften this.
Uchi no kachoo, chikoku o suru to, sugoku urusain
desu. (chikoku o suru = to be late, tardy) (Chik
travels from a foreign koku [country], so she's
usually late) (urusai da = to complain, to be
annoying, fussy, noisy)
64. I desire that you not be tardy. Plain speech.
Chikoku o shinai de hoshii.
65. Since only one minute one got delayed only,
about 15 minutes, he will say complaint, for sure. He
is understood. Use tatta and then dake. Use de to
mean since. Soften the last clause.
Tatta ippun okureta dake de, juugofun gurai, monku
o iiun desu yo. (tatta = only; cf. tada = only, tada no
= free of charge; tada not as good as tatta here) (it's
only a tatami between the futon and the floor) (tatta
ippun dake okurete, not OK) (okureru = to be late)
(monku = complaint) (the monk complains)
66. That's not all, and don't use pencils too much,
and make paper precious, and do more overtime,
and... Use de or te to mean and.
Sore dake ja nakute, enpitsu o tsukai suginai de, kami
o taisetsu ni shite, motto zangyoo o shite, (taisetsu =
precious, important) (omizu o taisetsu ni shite = don't
waste water) (sugiru = too much, osugiru = too
much quantity, e.g. satoo ga osugiru, kooto ga
ooki sugimasu; mizu ga atsusugimasu)
66b. write characters cleanly, and etc., already I will
become irritated approximately. Use toka. Use nan
to soften this.
ji o kirei ni kaite toka, moo iya ni naru kurai nan desu.
(toka = etc; nado, also OK) (kurai = about,
approximately, something like)

67. I would like you not to use pencils too much and
I to receive. Use plain speech for this and the next 3
responses.
Enpitsu o tsukai suginai de moraitai.
68. I desire that you make paper precious.
Kami o taisetsu ni shite hoshii.
69. I would like you to do more overtime and I
receive.
Motto zangyoo o shite moraitai.
70. I would like you to write characters cleanly and I
receive.
Ji o kirei ni kaite moraitai.
71. Every day, since I get dead tired, as for the
weekend, its only to sleep, for sure. Use te to mean
since. Use nan to soften this.
Mainichi, kuta kuta ni tsukarete, shuumatsu wa, neru
dake nan desu yo. (kuta kuta ni tsukareru = to
become dead tired) (kutabireru = to get tired)
(cutaneous cutaneous surgery on the knee makes me
dead tired)
72. Therefore, since do-a-date-with-the-girlfriend
time also doesnt exist. Use te to mean since. Use
dakara.
Dakara, gaarufurendo to deeto o suru jikan mo
nakute ... (OK to say jikan ga nakute)
73. Excuse me. I would like you to push the camera
shutter and I receive, but.. Soften this. Address this
to someone you don't know.
Sumimasen. Kamera no shattaa o oshite itadakitain
desu ga. (osu = push)
74. Because I want to do a planning meeting,
tomorrow, by half past 8, I desire you to come to the
company, but .... Use node. Use asu. Soften this.
Use dakedo.
Uchiawase o shitai node, asu, hachiji han made ni,
kaisha ni kite hoshiin dakedo. (uchiawase suru = to
do consultation, preliminary discussion, planning
meeting) (awaseru = to put together, combine; to
introduce people to each other) (while the uchi [ingroup] awaits serum, let's have a planning meeting)
(uchiawase = to bring the in-group together)
(awateru = to be in a panic) (atsumeru = to collect,
bring together) (matomeru = to bundle together, put
in order, settle, arrange, finish)
75. Excuse me. Because, as for tomorrow, at 9:00,
at Yamakawa Trade, I'm scheduled to meet Tsukino....
Use node.
Sumimasen. Ashita wa kuji ni yamakawa booeki de
tsukino san ni au koto ni natte imasu node ...
76. Kuroda, for me as well, I desire you to buy a
hamburger and come, but ... Use a man's word for
me. Use dakedo. Soften this.
Kuroda san, boku ni mo hanbaagaa o katte kite
hoshiin dakedo.
77. Yeah, it's good for sure. Nomura also, how... ?
Use a polite word for how.
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Lesson 17.
Ee, ii desu yo. Nomura san mo ikaga?
78. That's so. (use na as an intensifier) For me also,
buy and come for sure. Use a man's word for me.
Plain speech.
Soo da na. Boku ni mo katte kite yo.
79. Kuroda, I would like you to copy and I receive
this document, but... Soften this. Use dakedo.
Kuroda san, kono shorui o kopii shite moraitain
dakedo.
80. Tomorrow, morning, at 8:00, I would like you to
come to the front of the station and I receive, but..
Soften this. Use dakedo. Speaking to a friend.
Ashita, asa hachiji ni, eki no mae ni kite moraitain
dakedo.
81. I would like you to show those samples and I
receive, but ... Speaking to a salesperson. Soften this.
Sono sanpuru o misete itadakitain desu ga.
82. Say, to our wedding, we would like you to attend
and us to receive, but ... Use shusseki suru.
Speaking to a superior. Soften this.
Ano, watashitachi no kekkon shiki ni, shusseki shite
itadakitain desu ga. (shusseki suru = to attend) (to
attend you must have a shuu seki [week's seat])
83. If there is time, I would like you to look at this
report and I receive, but... Use tara. Use repooto.
Speaking to a superior. Soften this.
Jikan ga arimashitara, kono repooto o mite itadakitain
desu ga.
84. Excuse me, since I will call on the phone, I
would like you to make money small or detailed and
me to receive, but ... Speaking to a kiosk employee,
but use morau. Use node. Use kedo. Soften this.
Sumimasen. Denwa o kakeru node, okane o
komakaku shite moraitain desu kedo. (komakai =
small, detailed; komakaku suru = to make small, to
make change) (when in a coma, Kyle looked very
small) (chiisaku suru, not as good, sounds strange)(cf.
kuwashii = detailed,fully knowledgeable) (also OK,
maybe better, to use itadakitain here)
85. A car called Carolla.
Karoora to iu kuruma.
86. An American person called Michael Webb
Maikeru uebbu to iu amerika jin
87. As for the one that is stopped on that over there
places trees branch, what name bird is it?
Asoko no ki no eda ni tomatte iru no wa, nan to iu
tori desu ka. (eda = branch) (edamame grows on a
branch)
88. Ah, that over there is a sparrow for sure.
Aa, are wa suzume desu yo. (suzume = sparrow)
(Suzuki's me [eyes] are like sparrows)
89. Are you knowing the camera called Nikon?
Nikon to iu kamera o shitte imasu ka.
90. No, what sort of camera is it?
Iie, donna kamera desu ka.
91. It's a Japanese camera, and it's a very good

camera. Use de to mean. In this case and in some of

the following sentences, de can also be understood
as an abbreviation for desu.
Nihon no kamera de, totemo ii kamera desu.
92. Are you knowing the store named Mikimoto?
Mikimoto to iu mise o shitte imasu ka.
93. What sort of store is it?
Donna mise desu ka.
94. It's a store selling pearls, and it's very famous for
sure. Use de to mean and. Use nan to soften this.
Shinju o utte iru mise de, totemo yuumei nan desu yo.
(shinju = pearl) (Shinjuku is a pearl in Tokyo)
95. Are you knowing the person called Barbara?
Baabarasan to iu hito o shitte imasu ka.
96. What sort of person is she?
Donna hito desu ka.
97. She's Michael's wife, and she's cheerful, and
she's a very good person, for sure. Use de and then te
to mean and.
Maikeru san no okusan de, akarukute totemo ii hito
desu yo.
98. Are you knowing the person named Kintaroo?
Kintaroo to iu hito o shitte imasu ka.
99. What sort of person is he?
Donna hito desu ka.
100. He's a boy who emerges and comes in a
Japanese fairy tale, and he's a very strong boy for
sure. Use ni to mean in. Use de to mean and. Use
nan to soften this.
Nihon no mukashi banashi ni dete kuru otoko no ko
de, totemo tsuyoi otoko no ko nan desu yo.
(mukashi = old times; mukashis [old times] people
have mucous & cash) (banashi = hanashi; sometimes
ha is changed to ba) (dete kuru = to emerge and
come) (banashi ni dete, rather than banashi o dete,
because he comes out at, or in, the story; banashi de
dete, also OK; deru is usually used with wo, e.g.,
uchi o demasu)
101. Are you knowing the building called the
Sunshine building?
Sanshain biru to iu biru o shitte imasu ka. (biru =
building; cf. biiru = beer)
102. What sort of building is it?
Donna biru desu ka.
103. Of Tokyo, it's the second tallest building for
sure.
Tookyoo de nibanme ni takai biru desu yo. (not OK
to say nibanme no takai biru; also not OK to say
niban takai biru, but OK to say ichiban takai biru;
ichibanme ni takai biru sounds strange, not wrong)
(me = suffix indicating the order in which things are
arranged, i.e., numeral-th) (say nibanme no hikidashi,
but nibanme ni takai) (ni turns the adjective
nibanme into an adverb, modifying takai)
104. Are you knowing the flower called carnation?
Kaaneeshon to iu hana o shitte
Lesson 17.

103

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Lesson 17. imasu ka.
105. What sort of flower is it?
Donna hana desu ka.
106. On Mother's Day, it's a do-present-to-Mother
flower, and there are red and white etc. things, for
sure. Use plain forms of colors. Use de to mean and.
Haha no hi ni, okaasan ni purezento suru hana de, aka
ya shiro no mono ga arimasu yo.
107. How about some tea at least? Or, How about
some tea or something? Use a polite word for how.
Ocha demo ikaga desu ka. (demo expresses modesty
and suggests there are other possibly choices as well;
could mean 'at least' or 'or something')
108. With much trouble, since you're going to Kyoto,
if you could sightsee Kinkakuji at least and come... ?
Soften the first verb. Use dakara. Use tara. Use
kenbutsu.
Sekkaku kyooto ni ikun dakara, kinkakuji demo
kenbutsu shite kitara. (sekkaku = long-awaited,
precious, with much trouble) (sekkaku ni, not OK)
109. Since the weather is good, I wonder if I shall do
walking or something and come. Use the plain form
of kimashoo. Use kana.
Tenki ga ii kara, sanpo demo shite koyoo kana.
(koyoo = kimashoo) (OK to use kashira instead of
kana)
110. So much, if the condition is bad, as for the
business trip, if to Nomura or someone it will
exchange and you receive, meaning if he could take
your place? Use guai. Use tara to mean if, twice.
Soften the word bad. Sonna ni, guai ga waruin
dattara, shutchoo wa, nomura san ni demo kawatte
morattara. (ni kawaru = change into, take the place
of, intransitive) (kawaru = to change, intransitive; cf.
kaeru = to change, transitive, or to transform;
kawasu = to exchange) (the way your hair changed
is kawaii) (demo is added after ni, etc, but it replaces
wa, ga and o) (warukattara instead of waruin dattara,
also OK) (kibun ga waruin, also OK, but kimochi ga
waruin not right, as kimochi refers more to feeling,
rather than to illness)
111. You got tired probably. Use plain speech to
say got tired. How would cold juice or something
be? Use a polite word for how.
Tsukareta deshoo. Tsumetai juusu demo ikaga desu
ka.
112. It's boring huh. Shall we watch TV or
something? Use taikutsu.
Taikutsu desu ne. Terebi demo mimashoo ka.
(taikutsu = tedious, boring, not enough to do) (Thai
kutsu [shoes] are boring) (tsumaranai =
uninteresting; not OK to use tsumaranai here, but
you could say hon ga tsumaranai desu)
113. It's nice weather, huh. Wont we play tennis or
something?
Ii tenki desu nee. Tenisu demo shimasen ka.

114. We got hungry, huh. Will we not eat

hamburgers or something?
Onaka ga sukimashita ne. hanbaagaa demo
tabemasen ka. (suku = become empty, sparse)
115. Until Michael comes, let's be playing cards or
something.
Maikeru san ga kuru made toranpu demo shite
imashoo. (toranpu = playing cards; card game)
116. As for next Sunday, will we not go to Hakone
or somewhere by car?
Kondo no nichiyoobi wa kuruma de hakone ni demo
ikimasen ka. (hakone demo ni, not OK)
117. To say that it is all right to do something, use
the te or de form of the verb and follow it with
Mo ii.
118. In the next 4 responses, use te, with the
understanding that one may use either te or de,
depending on the verb.
Is it OK if I?
Te mo ii desu ka.
118b. Doesnt it matter if I?
Te mo kamaimasen ka.
119. Would it probably be OK if I?
Te mo ii deshoo ka.
120. Would it probably be all right if I? (very polite)
Te mo yoroshii deshoo ka.
121. Mother, OK if I eat this cake? Dont use wo
after cake. Plain speech.
Okaasan, kono keeki tabete mo ii?
122. Yeah. OK for sure. Use a woman's word for
emphasis.
Ee. Ii wa yo.
123. Bad for sure. Since I will put it out to very
honorable guests. Soften this. Use dakara.
Dame yo. Okyakusama ni dasun dakara.
124. Today would it probably be all right if I go to
the honorable home? Use a very polite word for good.
Kyoo otaku ni itte mo yoroshii deshoo ka.
125. Yeah. Go ahead. Welcome. Use a 1-word
form of the expression welcome.
Ee. Doozo irasshai. (the long forms aredoozo
irasshite kudasai, yoku irasshaimashita which
would be said after the person arrives, and
irasshaimase, but irasshaimase is too formal here)
126. A little bit, because Mother is sick. Plain
speech. Use node.
Chotto, haha ga byooki na node. (byooki imasu, not
OK)
127. Would it probably be OK if I borrow this
dictionary?
Kono jisho o karite mo ii deshoo ka.
128. Yeah, of course. It doesn't matter if you are
using it until tomorrow, for sure.
Ee, mochiron. Ashita made tsukatte ite mo
kamaimasen yo.
129. Thank you. I will be rescued.
Lesson 17.

104

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Lesson 17. Arigatoo. Tasukarimasu. (tasukaru =
to be saved, to be rescued, to be a big help; tasukeru
= to save, to rescue, to lend a hand) (the tassels on
the car were saved; the tassels on John Kerrys hat
saved him from irrelevance)
130. Section manager, as for this time schedule, it's
last month's thing, for sure. Use mono.
Kachoo, kono jikokuhyoo wa, sengetsu no mono
desu yo. (jikoku = time, hour; hyoo = table,
schedule, list; jikokuhyoo = time schedule) (I left the
timetable in the jeep with the Coke and Curies
healing yogurt) (cf. jiyuu = free)
131. Already is it all right if I throw it away? Very
polite.
Moo sutete mo yoroshii desu ka. (suteru, to throw
away; he threw away the suteeki [steak])
132. Nah, don't throw it away please.
Iya, sutenai de kudasai.
133. A little bit, because want-to-check thing exists.
Use koto. Plain speech.
Chotto shirabetai koto ga aru kara. (cannot say koto
desu kara; pen desu = heres a pen; pen ga aru =
there is a pen)
134. Is it all right if I put in honorable sugar? Very
polite.
Osatoo o irete mo yoroshii desu ka.
135. No, as for honorable sugar, it's fine.
Iie, osatoo wa kekkoo desu.
136. Is it OK if I borrow this umbrella?
Kono kasa o karite mo ii desu ka.
137. Teacher, is it OK if I say an opinion?
Sensei, iken o itte mo ii desu ka. (iken = opinion,
view; goiken = your differing view) (opinion about
Ikea's neighbor to the north) (cf. ike = pond; cf.
iiwake = reason)
138. Is it OK if I make the TV sound small? Plain
speech.
Terebi no oto o chiisaku shite mo ii?
139. Is it probably OK if I pay with a card?
Kaado de haratte mo ii deshoo ka.
140. Is it probably all right if I return before 5:00?
Very polite.
Go ji mae ni kaette mo yoroshii deshoo ka.
141. Ah, it doesn't matter for sure. Go ahead.
Aa. Kamaimasen yo. Doozo.
142. Since it became hot, is it OK to open the
windows? Plain speech.
Atsukunatta kara, mado o akete mo ii? (atsukunatte
kara = after it got hot)
143. Yeah, good for sure. Use a woman's intensifier.
Ee, ii wa yo.
144. Since it became dark and came (meaning, it
started to get dark), is it OK to turn on the light I
wonder? Use kashira. Plain speech.
Kurakunatte kita kara, denki o tsukette mo ii kashira.
cf. akari = light

145. Since differently a seat is not open, meaning a

different seat is not open, is it OK if I sit here? Use
the adverbial form of hoka no. Use plain speech for
the first clause. Use node. Use suwaru.
Hoka ni seki ga aite inai node, koko ni suwatte mo ii
desu ka. (hoka no seki = different seat; hoka ni seki
= seat at different place; isu = chair)
146. Say, excuse me. Because a friend is scheduled
to come. Use node.
Ano sumimasen. Tomodachi ga kuru koto ni natte
imasu node...
147. After work finished, because it was a do
sightsee Kyoto plan, with Barbara, of two people, we
departed from Tokyo. Use te kara. Use kenbutsu.
Use node. Use shuppatsu. Plain speech.
Shigoto ga owatte kara, Kyooto kenbutsu o suru yotei
datta node, baabara to futari de, tookyoo o shuppatsu
shita. (kyoto no kenbutsu suru, kyoto o kenbutsu
suru both also OK)
148. Until my work will finish, by herself, saying
she will sightsee Kyoto, Barbara, at the on-the-way
Kyoto station, got off the bullet train. Use kenbutsu.
Plain speech.
Watashi no shigoto ga owaru made, hitori de, kyooto
o kenbutsu suru to itte, baabara wa tochuu no kyooto
eki de, shinkansen o orita. (Hitori de = by oneself;
jibun de = I, myself.)
149. As for Barbara, when the work finishes, she
said that she desires me to do a phone call to the hotel.
Use tara. Plain speech.
Baabara wa shigoto ga owattara, hoteru ni denwa
shite hoshii to itta.
150. As for at the New Osaka station, number one
trade people, two of them, in order to meet/welcome,
came, gave and were. Use hito. Plain speech.
Shin oosaka eki ni wa, dai ichi booeki no hito ga,
futari, mukae ni kite kurete ita. (booeki no hito futari
ga, also OK) (mukaeru = to meet, receive) (to do mu
[nothing] and kaeru [return] is to meet/receive
someone) (mukoo = opposite side; mukoo ni = over
there) (cf. kangaeru = to think)
151. As for the company, from the station, it was
close. Plain speech. Kaisha wa eki kara chikakatta.
(cannot say chikai datta)
152. I greeted to the company people, and at soon
the meeting began. Use hito. Plain speech.
Kaisha no hito ni aisatsu o shite, sugu ni kaigi ga
hajimatta. (ai shite iru [I love you] and greet you
with satsu, paper currency) (cf. kangei suru = to
welcome)
153. Since the discussion regarding the matter of
putting out a branch office to America finished early,
we discussed regarding other things also. Use node.
Use hanashiai and then hanashiau. Plain speech.
Amerika ni shisha o dasu ken ni tsuite no hanashiai
ga hayaku owatta node, hoka no koto Lesson 17.

105

106
Lesson 17. ni tsuite mo hanashiatta. (hanashiau =
to consult, discuss; hanashiai = consultation) (cf.
soodan suru = to consult) (hanashiai = talk and meet)
154. As for the number one trade people, from now
on also, all the way, they would like me to do
cooperation and them to receive, they said. Use
hitotachi. Use kore to mean now. Plain speech.
Dai ichi booeki no hitotachi wa, korekara mo, zutto,
kyooryoku shite moraitai to itta. (kore kara = from
now on, hereafter) (kore de, not OK) (kyooryoku =
cooperation) (when I do Kyoto ryokoo [travel] to a
cool hotel, I need cooperation) (cf. manzoku =
satisfaction; cf. kyoka = permission, approval)
155. After that, a banquet developed. Use ato. Plain
speech.
Sono ato, enkai ni natta. (sore kara, also OK) (enkai
= banquet, party) (we encourage Kyle by having a
banquet)
156. About 10:00, from the Osaka station, I did a
phone call to Barbara. Plain speech.
Juuji goro, oosaka eki kara, baabara ni denwa shita.
157. Barbara was a little mad. Use chotto. Plain
speech.
Baabara wa chotto okotte ita. (okoru = to get angry;
Oklahoma Cory got mad) (okuru = send, see off;
okureru = to get delayed)
158. I desired you to do a phone call earlier, she said.
Plain speech.
Motto hayaku denwa shite hoshikatta, to itta.
(cannot say hoshii datta or hoshii deshita)
159. For that reason, I bought flowers and went
hurrying to the hotel. Use te to mean and. Plain
speech.
Sore de, hana o katte isoide hoteru e itta.
160. As for Barbara, what sort of thing did she
request of Michael?
Baabara san wa maikeru san ni donna koto o
tanomimashita ka.
161. When the work finished, she asked him to do a
phone call to the hotel. Use tara. Use koto to make a
noun phrase.
Shigoto ga owattara, hoteru ni denwa o suru koto o
tanomimashita.
162. As for the number one trade people, what did
they request of Michael? Use hito.
Dai ichi booeki no hito wa, maikeru san ni nani o
tanomimashita ka.
163. Reply with the number one trade person's words.
Use nasai.
Dai ichi booeki no hito no kotoba de kotaenasai.
(kotaeru = to answer, reply) (nasai can be added to
the stem form to give commands to subordinates)
164. From now also, all the way, do cooperation and
they would like to receive, they requested. Use to
to show quotes.
Kore kara mo zutto kyooryoku shite

moraitai to tanomimashita. (cannot substitute 'koto o'

for to, but could say 'morau koto o tanomimashita')
165. As for Michael, why is it that he bought flowers
and went to the hotel? Use naze. Use no to make a
noun phrase. Use plain speech w/ desu.
Maikeru san wa naze hana o katte hoteru ni itta no
desu ka. ('naze pan o taberu no desu ka' also OK,
but it doesn't sound right to substitute koto for no in
these sentences) (must use no to make a noun phrase
with plain forms of verb and desu, e.g., naze hoteru
ni itta no desu ka; cannot say naze hoteru ni itta desu
ka, but OK to say naze hoteru ni ikimashita ka, or
naze hoteru ni itta)
166. It's because, since he didn't do a phone call,
Barbara was a little mad. Use node & then kara. Use
plain speech with desu at the end.
Denwa o shinakatta node, baabara san ga chotto
okotte ita kara desu. (baabara san wa, also OK)
167. Michael to Barbara to do phone thing, as for
became late thing, why is it? Use no twice, to make
noun phrases.
Maikeru san ga Baabara san ni denwa suru no ga
osoku natta no wa dooshite desu ka. (could substitute
koto for no in the first instance but it wouldn't sound
right to use koto twice)
168. It's because, after the meeting, there was a
banquet. Use plain speech with desu at the end.
Kaigi no ato enkai ga atta kara desu. (kaigi no ato ni,
kaigo no ato de, both OK also)
169. As for the one that Webb will meet, he is
division manager Yamamoto, and is a fat person.
Use a shortened form of desu, which also means and.
Uebbu san ga au no wa yamamoto buchoo de futotte
iru hito desu. (futoru = to grow fat) (he's so fat, he
has to sleep on a futon with Ruth)
170. As for the one that Webb will meet, he is
section manager Yamada, and is a thin person. Use a
shortened form of desu, which also means and.
Uebbu san ga au no wa yamada kachoo de yasete iru
hito desu. (yaseru = to lose weight; yaseta = slender,
thin) (he lost so much weight, ya se que va morir [I
already knows hes going to die, in Spanish]) (hosoi
= thin, narrow, small, flimsy; can also be used for
people)
Lesson 18
1. Since I get delayed, excuse me. Use te to mean
since.
Okurete sumimasen. (okureru; an occurrence
delayed me)
2. It doesn't matter for sure. The honorable work
didn't finish readily probably. Soften this.
Kamaimasen yo. Oshigoto ga nakanaka
owaranakattan deshoo.
3. No, to tell the truth, it isn't so. Soften this.
Ie, jitsu wa, soo ja nain desu.
Lesson 18.

106

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Lesson 18. 4. Inside the train, while I am still
listening to a Japanese language tape, I completely
missed my stop. Use uchi ni. Dont use mada.
Soften this.
Densha no naka de, nihongo no teepu o kiite iru uchi
ni, norikoshite shimattan desu. (uchi ni = while still,
before; norikosu = to ride past, miss one's stop;
norikaeru = to transfer; nokosu = to leave, leave
behind; nokoru = to stay, stay behind) (Noriko sued
the man for missing his stop)
5. Ah, was that so? Soften this.
Aa, soo dattan desu ka.
6. As for to miss the stop approximately, good, but
since while to listen to tapes if you walk on the street
dangerous, please be careful, huh. Use kedo. Use to
to mean if. Use nagara.
Norikosu gurai wa ii kedo, teepu o kiki nagara michi
o aruku to abunai kara, ki o tsukete kudasai ne.
(teepu o kiite iru uchi ni, also OK, not as good)
7. Yes, I will be careful.
Hai, ki o tsukemasu.
8. Since study ahead/reviews time is a not readily
able to take thing. Use mono.
Yoshuu fukushuu no jikan ga, nakanaka, torenai
mono desu kara. (yoshuu suru = prepare for new
lessons, study ahead; fukushuu = review; jikan ga
toreru = to be able to take time; toru = to take)
(fukushuu suru = to review lessons; fuku [blow] a
shuu [week] on a review) (cf. yoshuu suru = prepare
for new lessons, study ahead; Yo-chan studies ahead
one shuu [week]) (torenai koto, not OK; dont use
koto with toru)
9. From next time, I'll see to it that I'm not delayed.
Kondo kara, okurenai yoo ni shimasu. (kondo = this
time, next time) (yoo ni suru = see to it that) (yoo
implies manner, hoo implies direction or side)
10. Teacher, the listen/take will not become skillful
readily, but how if I do will probably be good?
Soften the first verb. Use tara.
Sensei, kikitori ga nakanaka joozu ni naranain desu
ga, doo shitara ii deshoo ka. (kikitoru = hear,
understand; kikitori = dictation, listening)
11. Let's see. Does Webb have a TV or a radio?
Soo desu ne. Uebbu san wa terebi ka rajio o motte
imasu ka. (ka = or)
12. Yes, I have a TV also, a radio also.
Hai, terebi mo rajio mo motte imasu.
13. But, since work is busy, readily, I can't leisurely
watch even TV. Use te to mean since. Dont use
koto ga.
Demo, shigoto ga isogashikute, nakanaka, terebi mo
yukkuri miraremasen. (terebi demo, not OK; mo =
even; de = even though, so demo would be saying
TV even though, I cannot watch which doesnt
make sense; see Lesson 23, # 146) (of course, de has
other meanings, e.g., in, in the next sentence) (this

could also mean, I cant leisurely watch TV also)

14. But, in the case of a radio, even inside the
commuters on-the-ways train, you can listen
probably.
Demo, rajio nara, tsuukin no tochuu no densha no
naka de mo, kikeru deshoo. (nara, or naraba, =
conditional marker, in the case of, in the event that;
tsuukin = commute; kikeru = can hear/ask/listen;
kikoeru = be audible, able to be heard) (in the case of
Nara) (commute under the tsukis [moons] kind
gaze)
15. I can listen, but only by to listen to radio, will the
Japanese become skillful?
Kikemasu ga, rajio o kiku dake de, nihongo ga, joozu
ni narimasu ka.
16. Yeah, of course. Every day, while still being
listening, even the news, will come to understand, for
sure. Use uchi ni.
Eh, mochiron. Mainichi kiite iru uchi ni, nyuusu mo,
wakaru yoo ni narimasu yo. (nyuusu demo, not OK;
mo = even; demo = even though, or even it is)
(uchi ni = while still, before; yoo ni suru = see to it
that; yoo ni naru = come to be, become)
17. But since the news, the traffic information, etc.,
are too fast, to listen/take a lot won't be possible. Use
wa after traffic information. Use te to mean since.
Use koto ga.
Demo nyuusu ya kootsuu joohoo wa hayasugite,
totemo kikitoru koto ga dekimasen. (joohoo ga, also
OK) (kootsuu = traffic; tsuukin = commute; kootsuu
jiku = traffic accident; joohoo = information; cf.
tenki yohoo = weather report; kikitoru = hear,
understand) (people wear coats on the commute, and
this affects traffic; information about Joe's hoe) (OK
to substitute amari for totemo) (cf. jijoo = reason)
18. To convey the meaning if, then, for an ru
verb add reba to the verb root. As for the
beginning, if you are able to listen/take the weather
report accurately, then it will be good, for sure. Use
saisho.
Saisho wa tenki yohoo ga seikaku ni kikitorereba ii
desu yo. (saisho = the very first; the side show
comes first; seikaku ni = accurately, exactly; sane
people kaku [write] accurately; cf. chanto = exactly,
properly, safely, firmly, securely; cf. hakkiri =
clearly; cf. sekkaku = with much trouble; kikitoreru
= be able to hear, understand) (yohoo = forecast; the
yoo [Western] forecast is on yahoo) (kikitoru is a u
verb; kikitoreru is an ru verb) (kikitoretara, also OK;
kikitoru to, not OK) (yohoo o, also OK)
19. Before long, gradually, since the ear will
probably get used to it and come, worry isn't needed,
for sure. Use sono uchi.
Sono uchi, dandan, mimi ga narete kuru deshoo kara,
shinpai wa irimasen yo. (sono uchi [ni] = in time,
before long, by and by, soon; nareru Lesson 18.

107

108
Lesson 18. = to get used to; nareta = experienced)
(I got used to the nares of the kangaroo) (sono uchi
ni, also OK; sono aida, not OK; sono aida ni =
during that time) (shinpai ga, also OK)
20. Welcome home. It was late, huh. Use a
woman's word for emphasis. Plain speech.
Okaerinasai. Osokatta wa ne.
21. As for at 10:00, in spite of you were saying you
will return, already 11:00 for sure. Use a shortened
form of you were saying. Plain speech.
Juuji ni wa kaeru to itteta noni, moo juu ichiji yo.
(OK to omit wa; its used for emphasis)
22. Yeah, on the way since there is an accident, huh.
Use a grunt to mean yeah. Use te to mean since.
Un, tochuu de jiko ga atte ne. (jiko = accident;
jikokuhyoo = timetable) (because of the accident, the
jeep hit me in the colon) (jishin = earthquake, by
oneself, personally) (I left the timetable in the jeep
with the Coke and Curies healing yogurt)
23. The train was delayed for sure. Plain speech.
Soften this.
Densha ga okuretan da yo.
24. To convey the meaning of if, then, for a u
verb, add eba to the verb root. If one says, then
(meaning, that reminds me), earlier, on the TV news,
for the sake of an accident, the trains are stopping,
they were saying. Use tame ni. Use a woman's
word for emphasis. Use tte to show quotes. Use a
shortened form of they were saying.
Soo ieba, sakki, terebi no nyuusu de, jiko no tame ni,
densha ga tomatte iru tte itteta wa. (soo ieba = that
reminds me, come to think of it; ieba = if one says;
for a ru verb add reba to mean if, then; for a u
verb, add eba)
25. Because as for Barbara, every day, leisurely to
watch television time exists, good huh. Use te to
mean because. Plain speech.
Baabara wa mainichi yukkuri terebi o miru jikan ga
atte ii ne.
26. My goodness. Because its free time, it isnt
being watching, and I'm doing Japanese languages
study for sure. Use dakara. Use a short form of the
phrase being watching, & soften this. Use te to
mean and. Use no to soften the last clause. Plain
speech.
Ara, hima dakara miterun ja nakute, nihongo no
benkyoo o shite iru no yo. (ara = oh, my goodness,
used by women; are = expression of mild surprise)
(mite irun ja nai = arent you watching?; mite inai =
you arent watching) (ja nakute is used to say that X
isnt Y see p. 27 of the Long Grammar Guide)
(hima dakara mite inai, not OK, since it confuses inai
doesnt exist, and ja nai not the case)
27. Ah, so question mark. The Japanese language
school's teacher also, watch TV etc., listen to radio
etc., as for to do, will become study of listen/taking,

he was saying, for sure. Use tari twice to mean etc.

Use no to make a noun phrase. Use tte to show
quotes. Use a shortened form of was saying. Plain
speech.
A, sooka. Nihongo gakkoo no sensei mo, terebi o
mitari, rajio o kiitari suru no wa, kikitori no benkyoo
ni naru tte itteta yo. (tari = etc. when following the
past stem of a verb, follow the last tari with suru)
28. Since it isn't the teacher was saying, it's was
saying honorably, probably. Use te to mean since.
Use plain speech except for deshoo at the end.
Sensei ga itteta ja nakute, osshatte ita deshoo.
(ossharu = honorably say or be called) (the OSHA
kangaroo says honorably)
29. As for Michael, since the work didn't finish
readily, he was delayed to Japanese language class.
Use node. Use jugyoo.
Maikerusan wa shigoto ga nakanaka owaranakatta
node, nihongo no jugyoo ni okuremashita. (we take a
jug of yogurt to class)
30. As for to Michael, to-do-review time hardly
exists.
Maikerusan ni wa, fukushuu o suru jikan ga amari
arimasen. (fuku [blow] a shuu [week] on a review)
31. As for Michael, Japanese languages
listen/taking is skillful.
Maikerusan wa nihongo no kikitori ga joozu desu.
32. As for Michael, still, to listen/take Japanese
language news, traffic information etc. can't be done.
Use koto ga.
Maikerusan wa mada nihongo no nyuusu ya kootsu
joohoo o kikitoru koto ga dekimasen.
33. As for Barbara, every day, because there is free
time, she is watching TV.
Baabara san wa, mainichi, hima dakara, terebi o mite
imasu.
34. As for Barbara, if she watches TV, the Japanese
will become skillful, she is thinking. Use tara.
Baabara san wa, terebi o mitara, nihongo ga joozu ni
naru to omotte imasu.
35. Sorry.
Gomen.
35b. Discourtesy.
Shitsurei.
36. Forgive me.
Gomen nasai.
37. Excuse me.
Sumimasen.
37b. Excuse me for what I did.
Sumimasen deshita.
38. I committed a discourtesy.
Shitsurei shimashita.
39. Theres no excuse.
Mooshiwake arimasen.
39b. There's no excuse for what I did. Less polite.
Mooshiwake arimasen deshita.
Lesson 18.

108

109
Lesson 18. 40. More polite. Theres no excuse.
There's no excuse for what I did.
Mooshiwake gozaimasen. Mooshiwake gozaimasen
deshita.
41. Truly, theres no excuse.
Honto ni, mooshiwake arimasen.
42. More than can be expressed, excuse me for what
I did.
Doomo sumimasen deshita.
43. Because I am delayed, forgive me. Did you
wait? Use te to mean because. Plain speech.
Okurete gomen nasai. Matta?
44. No. That much. How did it happen? Use a
grunt to mean no. Use no to soften this. Plain speech.
Dont use ka.
Uun. Sonna ni. Dooshita no?
45. For the sake of an accident, since the streets were
being crowded thing. Use tame ni. Use mono. Use
dakara.
Jiko no tame ni, michi ga konde ita mono dakara.
46. Because communication is delayed, excuse me
for what I did. Use te to mean because.
Renraku ga okurete sumimasen deshita. (renraku =
contact, communication) (Ren rakes you with his
claws to contact you)
47. Because the meeting was a not readily ended
thing. Use mono.
Kaigi ga nakanaka owaranakatta mono desu kara.
(owaranakatta koto, not OK; mono implies
because; not OK to omit desu kara)
48. Ah, is that so? It doesn't matter, for sure.
Aa, soo desu ka. Kamaimasen, yo.
49. Properly, if you don't do communication and
give, I get inconvenienced. Use chanto. Use to. Use
naa as an intensifier. Plain speech.
Chanto, renraku shite kurenai to, komaru naa.
(chanto = exactly, properly, neatly, clearly,
respectably, without fail, fully)
50. Since I beg a troublesome thing, terrible, there's
no excuse. Use taihen. Very polite. Use te to mean
since.
Mendoo na koto o onegaishite, taihen, moshiwake
gozaimasen. (mendoo = annoyance, difficulty, care;
mendookusai = annoying, tiresome) (cf. meiwaku =
annoyance, nuisance, trouble; meiwaku o kakeru =
to inconvenience; not OK to use meiwaku here)
(negai = hope, prayer, request) (when men have
dough, it causes difficulty)
51. No. It's nothing. This can also mean youre
welcome.
Iie. Doo itashimashite.
52. As a result of the bus was delayed, I got tardy.
Use tame ni for the next 2 responses.
Basu ga okureta tame ni, chikoku shimashita.
(chikoku suru = to be late for, to be tardy) (Chik
travels from a foreign koku [country], so she's

usually late) (basu ga okurete tami ni, also OK; basu

ga okurete kara, also OK; basu ga okureta no tame ni,
not OK)
53. As for Tanaka, as a result of a cold, he is unable
to come to the party, reportedly. Use soo.
Tanaka san wa, kaze no tame ni, paatii ni korarenai
soo desu. (kuru becomes korareru = able to come)
54. As far as the stations closely, I went by car, but
the street was very crowded.
Eki no chikaku made, kuruma de ikimashita ga,
michi ga totemo konde imashita. (eki chikai made,
not OK; eki no chikai made, not OK)
55. Compared to the hour we did the appointment , I
was as much as one hour delayed. We is understood.
Yakusoku shita jikan yori, ichijikan mo okuremashita.
(yakusoku o shita, also OK)
56. Since I got delayed, forgive me. Because the
streets were very crowded. Use te to mean since.
Use node. Plain speech.
Okurete gomen nasai. Michi ga totemo konde ita
node.
57. Is that so? Since very late, will no longer come
question, I thought, for sure. Use a very shortened
phrase for is that so? Use amari. Plain speech.
Soo. Amari osoi kara, moo konai ka to omotta yo.
(when amari is used with a positive sentence, it
means very much) (to kangaeta is too formal, not
OK) (Still do = Mada + affirmative. No longer do =
Moo + negative.)
58. On Tuesday, we will do a party at Tanaka's home.
Kayoobi ni Tanaka san no uchi de paati o shimasu.
59. Suzuki also was planning to go, but suddenly he
was scheduled to do a business trip to Osaka.
Suzuki san mo ikutsumori deshita ga, kyuu ni,
Oosaka ni shutchoo suru koto ni narimashita. (also
OK to say shutchoo o suru)
60. There's no excuse, but it completely became
unable to go to the party. Soften the first phrase.
Mooshiwake nain desu ga, paatii ni ikenaku natte
shimaimashita. (iku becomes ikareru; ikenai = wont
go; ikanai = cant go; for u verbs, add anai; for
ru verbs, add nai, to the verb root, to make a
negative)
61. Suddenly since to-Osaka-do-business-trip-wasscheduled thing it is. Use mono.
Kyuu ni, oosaka ni shutchoo suru koto ni natta mono
desu kara. (not OK to use koto instead of mono)
62. No, to Suzuki also by all means we wanted him
to come and we receive, but it's too bad, huh. Suzuki
is not in your in-group. Soften the first clause.
Iie, Suzuki san ni mo zehi kite itadakitakattan desu ga,
zannen desu ne. (moraitakattan, also OK)
63. As for Harada, with Yamada a at 3:00-to-meet
appointment, he was doing.
Harada san wa Yamada san to sanji ni au yakusoku o
shite imashita. (sanji ni no au, not OK; Lesson 18.

109

110
Lesson 18. OK to say sanji ni yakusoku)
64. But, since a meeting becomes long, as for at 3:00,
he was not able to meet. Use te to mean since. Dont
use koto ga.
Demo kaigi ga nagaku natte, sanji ni wa aemasen
deshita. (aenakatta, also OK)
65. As for Yamada, he completely returned.
Yamada san wa kaette shimaimashita.
66. Hello. It's Harada, but as for a little while ago,
there was no excuse.
Moshi moshi. Harada desu ga, saki hodo wa,
mooshiwake arimasen deshita. cf. sakki = before
67. Since its a-meeting-became-completely-long
thing. Use mono.
Kaigi ga nagakunatte shimatta mono desu kara. (not
OK to use koto instead of mono)
68. Ah, is that so? Well, again next time, please be
good to me. Use dewa. Use a 3-word shortened
version of the expression please be good to me.
Aa, soo desu ka. Dewa, mata kondo yoroshiku
onegai shimasu.
69. As for Yamamoto, to a document borrowed from
Kurosawa, he spilled coffee.
Yamamoto san wa, Kurosawa san kara karita shorui
ni koohii o koboshimashita. (shorui = document;
shurui = variety; kobosu = to spill) (the co-boss
spilled coffee)
70. There's no excuse. (very polite) To the
document, I completely spilled coffee.
Mooshiwake gozaimasen. Shorui ni koohii o
koboshite shimaimashita.
71. I will inconvenience, huh. Please be more
careful, for sure. Use plain speech for the 1st clause.
Komaru nee. Motto ki o tsukete kudasai yo.
72. From the library, I borrowed 3 books, but since I
am busy, there was no reading time. Use te to mean
since.
Toshokan kara hon o sansatsu karimashita ga,
isogashikute yomu jikan ga arimasen deshita.
73. For that reason, to return them became late. Use
no to make a noun phrase.
Sore de kaesu no ga osoku narimashita.
74. Since returning them became late, excuse me.
Use te to mean since. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Kaesu no ga osoku natte sumimasen. (kaishite osoku,
not OK; OK to say hon o kaishite sumimasen, if you
are apologizing for returning a book)
75. Its because I'm busy, and reading-time-didntexist thing. Use te to mean and. Use kara. Use
mono.
Isogashikute yomu jikan ga nakatta mono desu kara.
(not OK to say koto instead of mono; mono adds
emotion & also means because)
76. Was that so? Well, it can't be helped, huh. In
the 2nd clause, use plain speech with desu.
Soo deshita ka. Jaa, shikata ga nai desu ne. (desu is

optional)
77. But as for from now, please be careful, for sure.
Use kore to mean now.
Demo kore kara wa, ki o tsukete kudasai yo.
78. Another way to say etcetera is to add the
suffix tari to the past plain speech stems of verbs
or the past stems of i adjectives. The past plain
speech stem of a verb or the past stem of an i
adjective is the part remaining after you remove
the final ta or t a. When using tari, the last item
listed, if you are listing more than one item, is
followed by (2 responses)
Suru. Or Desu.
79. As for evenings, watch TV etc., listen to records,
etc., I do and spend. Use sugosu.
Yoru wa terebi o mitari, rekoodo o kiitari shite
sugoshimasu. (not OK to substitute kakemasu)
80. As for Sundays, do laundry etc., do cleaning etc.,
sometimes go out for the purpose of shopping etc. I
do. Use dekakeru.
Nichiyoobi wa sentaku o shitari, sooji o shitari,
tokidoki kaimono ni dekaketari shimasu.
81. As for in the park, a lot of people are and do
walking etc., draw pictures etc., do talk etc. are doing.
Use oozei no. Use te to mean and
Kooen ni wa, oozei no hito ga ite, sanpo o shitari, e o
kaitari, hana-shi o shitari shite imasu. (takusan no
hito, also OK)
82. Because small children exist, at here, do baseball
etc. you mustn't do. Use kodomo. Use node.
Chiisai kodomo ga iru node, koko de, yakyuu o
shitari shite wa ikemasen. (OK to use tari by itself, to
mean etc., without listing a series of items)
83. To express the idea, sometimes yes sometimes
no, combine the past plain speech stem of the same
verb in the affirmative and in the negative and
follow each verb with
Tari.
84. Every morning are you jogging?
Maiasa jogingu o shite imasu ka.
85. No. Sometimes I do, sometimes I don't do.
Iie. Shitari shinakattari desu. (OK to omit desu)
86. As for the honorable work direction, how is it. Is
it busy?
Oshigoto no hoo wa, doo desu ka. Isogashii desu ka.
87. Yeah, sometimes it's busy, sometimes its free
time.
Ee, isogashikattari hima dattari desu.
88. Every morning, are you reading a newspaper of
Japan?
Maiasa nihon no shinbun o yonde imasu ka.
89. No, sometimes I read, sometimes I don't read.
Iie, yondari yomanakattari desu.
90. What kind of thing do they do?
Donna koto o shimasu ka.
91. Sing songs etc., dance etc., do
Lesson 18.

110

111
Lesson 18.
games etc. they do.
Uta o utattari, odottari, geemu o shitari shimasu.
(odoru = to dance) cf. odoita = got astonished, from
odoroku
92. Exchange business cards etc., introduce people
etc. they do. Use hito.
Meishi o kookan shitari, hito o shookai shitari
shimasu. (kookan = exchange) (I want to exchange
this Coke can for a Pepsi) (not OK to use kaettari
instead of kookan shitari here) (shookai suru =
introduction, I introduced Shokei to Kyle)
93. Do laundry etc., do cleaning etc., read books etc,
go to department stores for the purpose of shopping
etc. they do.
Sentaku o shitari, sooji o shitari, hon o yondari,
depaato ni kaimono ni ittari shimasu.
94. Make western clothes etc., take dogs along and
go for the purpose of a walk etc., they do. Use te to
mean and.
Yoofuku o tsukuttari, inu o tsurete sanpo ni ittari
shimasu. (itta = ikimashita, iimashita, irimashita)
(inu o sanpo ni tsurete ittari, also OK)
95. To do walking etc., do jogging etc, as for to do,
its good for health, huh. Use no to make a noun
phrase.
Sanpo o shitari jogingu o shitari suru no wa, kenkoo
ni ii desu ne. (kenkoo = health; kenkoo na = healthy,
fit) (Kens colds stopped after he got healthy)
96. If you eat too much etc., drink too much, etc., do,
it will develop sickness for sure. Use to.
Tabe-sugitari nomisugitari suru to, byooki ni
narimasu yo.
97. Reserve a hotel etc., put western clothes in a bag,
etc. doing, I will do travel preparations.
Hoteru o yoyaku shitari yoofuku o baggu ni iretari
shite, ryokoo no junbi o shimasu. cf. shitaku, also =
preparations
98. Watch TV etc., listen to tapes, etc. doing, I'm
doing Japanese language study.
Terebi o mitari teepu o kiitari shite, nihongo no
benkyoo o shite imasu.
99. As for on the girlfriend's birthday, watch a movie
etc., do a meal etc. we will do.
Garufurendo no tanjoobi ni wa, eiga o mitari shokuji
o shitari shimasu.
100. Do you read the newspaper every day?
Mainichi shinbun o yomimasu ka.
101. No, sometimes I read, sometimes I don't read.
Iie, yondari yomanakattari desu.
102. As for on Sunday, do you always go for the
purpose of golf?
Nichiyoobi ni wa itsumo gorufu ni ikimasu ka.
103. Sometimes I go, sometimes I don't go.
Ittari ikanakattari desu.
104. As for at the time when work is busy, I don't go.
Shigoto ga isogashii toki ni wa ikimasen.

105. Every night, do you watch TV? Soften this.

Maiban, terebi o mirun desu ka.
106. Sometimes I watch, sometimes I don't watch.
Mitari minakattari desu.
107. The time when interesting programs exist, I
watch.
Omoshiroi bangumi ga aru toki mimasu.
108. Are you always wearing a hat? Soften this.
Itsumo booshi o kabutte irun desu ka.
109. Sometimes I wear one, sometimes I don't wear
one.
Kabuttari kaburanakattari desu. (kaburu)
110. The summer's hot time only, I'm wearing it.
Natsu no atsui toki dake kabutte imasu.
111. As for in Japan, as for vegetables, are they
expensive throughout the year?
Nihon de wa yasai wa ichinenjuu takai desu ka. (not
OK to use ni instead of de; dont use ni with desu)
112. Sometimes they're expensive, sometimes they're
cheap.
Takakattari yasukattari desu. (yasunda = I rested)
113. As for summer, generally they're cheap for sure.
Use daitai.
Natsu wa daitai yasui desu yo. (taitei yasui, also OK)
114. If I could do Spanish, one time, I would like to
go to Mexico and see, huh. Use tara.
Supeingo ga dekitara, ichido mekishiko e itte mitai
desu ne.
115. Forgive huh. Since there wasn't a 10-yen coin,
I couldn't do the phone for sure.
Plain speech.
Gomen ne. Juu en dama ga nakatta kara, denwa ga
dekinakatta yo.
116. As for the child time, not at all, I could not
swim. Use oyogu. Use koto ga. Use zenzen.
Kodomo no toki wa, zenzen oyogu koto ga
dekimasen deshita. (chittomo oyogu, also OK) (suiei
o suru koto ga, also OK)
117. Since the teacher was busy, I couldn't do a
question. Use node. Use koto ga.
Sensei ga isogashikatta node, shitsumon o suru koto
ga dekimasen deshita
118. As for Michael, in Japanese, he can write a
letter, for sure. Soften this. Use koto ga.
Maikeru san wa nihongo de tegami o kaku koto ga
dekirun desu yo.
119. To show that something is possible, change a
u verb root, i.e. the pre-u form, by adding
Eru
120. To show that something is possible, change
an ru verb root, i.e. the pre-ru form, by adding
Rareru
121. It's possible to write a letter. 2 responses. Use
wo and then ga. Dont use koto ga. Use plain speech
for the next 4 responses.
Tegami o kakeru. Tegami ga kakeru.
Lesson 18.

111

112
Lesson 18. (may use either wo or ga after direct
objects when using potential verbs)
122. It's possible to call on the phone. 2 responses,
using wo and ga.
Denwa o kakerareru. Denwa ga kakerareru.
(verb = kakeru)
123. If I could talk Spanish, I would like to travel
Spain and see, but. Use ga after Spanish. Dont use
koto ga. Use tara. Soften this.
Supeingo ga hanasetara, supein o ryokoo shite mitain
desu ga.
124. Since, as for Barbara, she can eat anything, go
ahead, please don't worry. Dont use koto ga. Use
node.
Baabara wa nandemo taberaremasu node, doozo,
shinpai shinai de kudasai.
125. Sometimes, rareru is shortened to reru,
meaning the ar is removed. As for this nut, is it
edible?
Kono kinomi wa taberemasu ka. (kinomi = nuts,
fruits, berries; a nut is a ki no [trees] mimi [ear])
(mi = fruit, nut, body, person, meat)
126. The next 2 verbs are irregular and can be said in
2 ways. Dont use koto ga for the next 7 responses.
Use plain speech for the next 7 responses. Can go. 2
responses.
Ikareru. Ikeru. Iku is considered an ru verb
because you double the t when making the te or ta
form, but the can go and can come forms are irregular.
127. Can come. 2 responses.
Korareru. Koreru.
128. Can do.
Dekiru. (after dekiru, may use wa or ga, but not wo)
129. Is visible.
Mieru. (mirareru, also OK, implies I have time to
watch, etc.)
130. Is audible.
Kikoeru. (kikeru = can hear, can ask)
131. From here, Mt. Fuji can be seen well, for sure.
Dont use plain speech.
Koko kara fujisan ga yoku miemasu yo. (miraremasu,
also OK)
132. Is the next-door-room's radio sound audible?
Tonari no heya no rajio no oto ga kikoemasu ka.
(kikemasu, also OK, but kikoeru refers more to the
sound and kikeru refers more to the person hearing it)
(oto wa, not OK, because that means sound in
general)
133. One can swim in the pool. Two responses, one
with koto ga, one without.
Puuru de oyogu koto ga dekimasu. Puuru de
oyogemasu. (puuro o oyogemasu, not OK; but kawa
o oyegamasu, OK; umi o oyogemasu, OK)
134. From now on, unless otherwise specified, use
ga rather than wo after direct objects when using
potential verbs. Also, don't use koto ga unless

otherwise indicated. One can do golf. One can do

tennis.
Gorofu ga dekimasu, tenisu ga dekimasu.
135. One can eat Japanese cooking. One can eat
Chinese cooking.
Nihon ryoori ga taberaremasu, chuuka ryoori ga
taberaremasu. (chuuka ryoori = Chinese cuisine)
(chuu candy is part of Chinese ryoori [cuisine])
(ryoori o, also OK, not as good)
136a. One can watch TV.
Terebi ga miraremasu. (cf. mieru = to be able to see,
appear; watchable; miemasu, also OK, but this
means the TV can be seen)
136b. One can use a refrigerator.
Reizooko ga tsukaemasu. (tsukau koto ga dekimasu,
also OK)
136c. One can use a bath/toilet.
Basu toire ga tsukaemasu.
137. One can ride in a boat. Use booto.
Booto ni noremasu.
137b. One can fish.
Tsuri ga dekimasu. (cf. tsuukin suru = to commute)
138. One can play tennis. 2 responses, one with koto
ga and one without.
Tenisu o suru koto ga dekimasu. Tenisu ga dekimasu.
139a. One can bowl.
Booringu ga dekimasu.
139b. One can do mountain climb.
Yama nobori ga dekimasu.
140. One can eat French cuisine.
Furansu ryoori ga taberaremasu.
141a. One can do bird watching. Dont use wa or ga.
Baado uotchingu dekimasu. (uotchingu ga also OK)
141b. One can enter a hot spring.
Onsen ni hairemasu. (hairu is considered a u verb
since you double the t when making the te or ta
form)
142. Rooms facilities.
Heya no setsubi. (setsubi = facilities; setsumei =
explain; sotsugyoo = graduation) (he setsumei shita
[explained] the bees found in the facilities)
143. As for at the A hotel, one can swim in a pool,
but as for at the B hotel, one cannot swim.
A hoteru de wa, puuru de oyogemasu ga, B hoteru de
wa oyogemasen.
144. At the A hotel also, at the B hotel also, a
possible sport is tennis.
A hoteru de mo, B hoteru de mo, dekiru supootsu wa
tenisu desu.(dekiru supootsu ga, not OK, too specific)
145. As for at the A hotel, a refrigerator can be used,
but as for at the B hotel, it cannot be used.
A hoteru de wa, reizooko ga tsukaemasu ga, B hoteru
de wa tsukaemasen.
146. As for Japanese cuisine, at the A hotel also, at
the B hotel also, it can be eaten.
Nihon ryoori wa A hoteru de mo B
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Lesson 18. hoteru de mo taberaremasu.
147. As for at the B hotel, French cuisine can be
eaten, and as for at the A hotel, Chinese cuisine can
be eaten. Use shi to mean and.
B hoteru de wa, furansu ryoori ga taberaremasu shi,
A hoteru de wa chuuka ryoori ga taberaremasu.
148. As for at the A hotel's pond, to fish etc., ride in
a boat, etc., to do is possible. Use booto. Use koto ga.
A hoteru no ike de wa tsuri o shitari booto ni nottari
suru koto ga dekimasu. (ike = pond) (Ike used to fish
in a pond on his farm)
149. As for at the B hotel, in addition to the room's
honorable bath, one can enter a hot spring.
B hoteru de wa, heya no ofuro no hoka ni onsen ni
hairemasu. (ofuro no betsu ni, not OK; but you can
say either betsu no ofuro or hoka no ofuro)
150. Come to be such that. Get to be such that.
Get to the point that.
Yoo ni naru. (yoo ni suru = to see to it, to make an
effort, to take care that) (yoo ~ manner, hoo ~
direction)
151. As for in Japan, when June becomes, it gets to
the point that it often rains. Use to.
Nihon de wa rokugatsu ni naru to, yoku ame ga furu
yoo ni narimasu.
152. Since the store becomes pretty, it got to the
point that lots of honorable customers come. Use te
kara. Use takusan no.
Mise ga kirei ni natte kara, takusan no okyakusan ga
kuru yoo ni narimashita. (oozei no okyakusan, also
OK)
153. I would like to get to the point that I can read a
Japanese language newspaper.
Nihongo no shinbun ga yomeru yoo ni naritai desu.
(shinbun o yomeru, also OK)
154. While still being doing practice, it got to the
point that I was able to skate. Dont use mada. Use
uchi.
Renshuu shite iru uchi ni, sukeeto ga dekiru yoo ni
narimashita. I wrenched my back practicing shooting.
(uchi ni = while still)
155. Thanks to you, I got to the point that I can use a
word processor.
Okage sama de, waapuro ga tsukaeru yoo ni
narimashita. (waapuro ga dekiru, also OK)
(waapuro o tsukaeru, also OK)
156. Since every day I listened to Japanese language
radio broadcasts, I got to the point that I was able to
hear/take news. Use node. 2 responses, one with
koto ga and one without. In both responses, use wo
after the direct object. Mainichi nihongo no rajio
hoosoo o kiita node, nyuusu o kikitoreru yoo ni
narimashita. (also OK to say nyuusu ga kikitoreru)
Mainichi nihongo no rajio hoosoo o kiita node,
nyuusu o kikitoru koto ga dekiru yoo ni narimashita.
(kikitoru = hear, understand; kikitoru is a u verb;

kikitoreru = potential form; kikitorareru = passive

form = news is listenable) (hoosoo = broadcast; hoso
= slender, narrow, thin & round) (the hose is slender;
the hose song is broadcast)
157. Throughout summer vacation, since I
commuted to a pool, I got to the point that I was able
to swim 500 meters. Use node. 2 responses, one
without koto ga and one with.
Natsuyasumi chuu, puuru ni kayotta node, go hyaku
metoru oyogeru yoo ni narimashita. Natsuyasumi
chuu, puuru ni kayotta node, go hyaku metoru oyugu
koto ga dekiru yoo ni narimashita. (natsuyasumi
chuu ni means sometime during summer vacation)
158. Falling many times, finally, I got to the point
that I was able to ride a bicycle. 2 responses, one
without koto ga and one with.
Nandomo koronde, yatto, jitensha ni noreru yoo ni
narimashita. (norareru = bike is ridable) Nandomo
koronde, yatto, jitensha ni noru koto ga dekiru yoo ni
narimashita. (nando = how many times;nandomo =
any number of times, many times; nandemo =
whatever, anything, e.g., nandemo taberaremasu)
(nankai mo, also OK; can also say nanjikan mo,
nannen mo, nanpun mo, nankagetsumo, all = many)
(dokoka = somewhere; dokomo = everywhere,
nowhere [with negative]; dokodemo = anywhere,
wherever) (korobu = to fall down; when the chorus
booed, he fell down) (yatto = with difficulty, finally,
barely, somehow; cf. yatte, trying, from yaru; finally,
after trying, he found a yak's toe) (nattoo = fermented
soybeans)
159. Because every day I practiced, I got to the point
that I was able to write kanji skillfully. Use node.
Dont use koto ga for the next 2 responses.
Mainichi renshuu shita node, kanji ga joozu ni kakeru
yoo ni narimashita. (also OK, kanji o joozu ni)
160. To a Japanese persons friend teaching and I
receiving, I got to the point that I was able to sing
Japans songs.
Nihonjin no tomodachi ni oshiete
moratte, nihon no uta ga utaeru yoo ni narimashita.
(also OK, uta o utaeru) (tomodachi ga oshiete, not
OK; tomodachi kara oshiete, also OK)
161. To see to it that. To make an effort to. To
take care that.
Yoo ni suru. (yoo ni naru = come to be such that,
get to be such that, get to the point that) (suru yoo ni
naru = come to do; suru yoo ni suru = make an effort
to do)
162. I'll make an effort to memorize more kanji.
Motto kanji o oboeru yoo ni shimasu.
163. Being careful to meals, you must make an effort
to not become sick, for sure. Use shinai to ikemasen
to mean you must.
Shokuji ni ki o tsukete, byooki ni naranai yoo ni
shinai to ikemasen yo. (shinai to
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Lesson 18. ikemasen = shinakute wa ikemasen =
shinakereba naranai desu, etc. = must do something;
see Lesson 23)
164. Yes. Properly thinking of nutrition, I will make
an effort to do meals. Use kangaeru.
Hai. Chanto eiyoo o kangaete, shokuji o suru yoo ni
shimasu. (chanto = exactly, properly, explicitly, the
way it should be done; cf. choodo = exactly, just so
happens) (eiyoo = nutrition, nourishment; Eiko eats
yogurt for good nutrition) (eigyoo = business, trade)
165. As for today's kanji test, the marks were bad,
huh. Use tesuto. Use seiseki.
Kyoo no kanji no tesuto wa, seiseki ga warukatta
desu ne. (seiseki = results, records, marks) (because
Sei-san had a seki [cough], his marks were bad)
(kekka = result, consequence) (I said kekko desu to
the offer of alcohol; the consequence was that I felt
good the next day) (cf. tensuu = points, score)
166. Excuse me. I will make an effort to study more.
Sumimasen. Motto benkyoo suru yoo ni shimasu.
(benkyoo o suru, also OK)
167. Yesterday, did you listen to the Japanese
language tape?
Kinoo nihongo no teepu o kikimashita ka.
168. No. As for tonight, certainly I will make an
effort to listen. Use kanarazu.
Iie. Konban wa kanarazu kiku yoo ni shimasu.
(kanarazu = certainly, without fail) (there are
certainly Canadian racists; kakawarazu = whatever,
regardless; aikawarazu = as always) (OK to
substitute zehi for kanarazu, but kitto sounds wrong)
169. Because it's a cold, you must not smoke tobacco
for sure.
Kaze desu kara, tabako o sutte wa ikemasen yo.
(kaze dakara also OK, but then it sounds like youre
saying not to smoke because of the wind)
170. Yes, I will not an effort not to smoke.
Hai, suwanai yoo ni shimasu.
171. And then, honorable sake also please don't
drink very much.
Sore kara, osake mo amari nomanai de kudasai.
172. Yes. I will make an effort not to drink.
Hai, nomanai yoo ni shimasu.
173. As for the return-is-late time, do a phone call,
huh.
Kaeri ga osoi toki wa, denwa o shite ne.
174. Yes, I will make an effort to call on the phone
for sure. Use a grunt. Plain speech.
Un, denwa o kakeru yoo ni suru yo. (denwa de
kakeru, not OK; OK to say denwa de hanasu)
175. Again, you were delayed huh.
Mata okuremashita ne.
176. Excuse me. As for tomorrow, I will make an
effort not to be delayed.
Sumimasen. Ashita wa okurenai yoo ni shimasu
177. As for the homework, how did it do?

Shukudai wa doo shimashita ka. (shokudoo =

cafeteria) (Meaning, what happened?)
178. Excuse me. I forgot. As for this following, I
will make an effort not to forget.
Sumimasen. Wasuremashita. Kono tsugi wa,
wasurenai yoo ni shimasu. (not OK to say kondo wa,
but kondo kara wasurenai yoo ni shimasu is OK)
179. To indicate a period within which an action
occurs, i.e. to say while still (or before, in
negative constructions), follow a noun plus no, or
a plain non-past verb or i adjective, or a na
adjective plus na, with
Uchi ni. (aida ni = while, as)
180. To indicate a period during or throughout
which an action occurs, i.e., to say while, or as,
follow a noun plus no, or a plain non-past verb or
i adjective, or a na adjective plus na, with
Aida ni. (uchi ni = while still)
181. While you are still a student, study in advance
often. Use nasai.
Gakusei no uchi ni, yoku benkyoo shite okinasai.
182. While I'm a student, I plan to travel on various
places. Use a shortened form of various. Gakusei no
aida ni, ironna tokoro o ryokoo surutsumori desu.
(ironna = a lot of, various; similar to iroiro na)
(tokoro ni ryokoo, also OK)
183. Go ahead, while it's still hot, eat please.
Doozo, atsui uchi ni tabete kudasai.
184. While the soup still doesn't get cold, please
drink.
Suupu ga samenai uchi ni nonde kudasai. (sameru =
get cold, cool off, come to one's senses) (Uncle Sam
is erudite, so he'll cool off) (hiyasu = to chill
something, transitive ) (Hi Yasuko, Ill chill water for
you) (samasu = to reduce the temperature of a hot
item, like coffee, transitive)
185. Since, while it still doesn't rain, I think it would
be better to return, from now, I will commit a
discourtesy. (meaning, I will leave) Use kore de.
Ame ga furanai uchi ni kaetta hoo ga ii to omou kara,
kore de shitsurei shimasu. (kore kara doesnt sound
as good; OK to say kore kara
kaerimasu or kore de kaerimasu)
186. While the rain is stopping, let's go for shopping
and come.
Ame ga yande iru aida ni, kaimono ni itte kimashoo.
(cannot say ame ga tomatte iru because cant use
tomaru with ame) (OK to say ame ga furanai aida ni )
(yamu = to stop; yameru = to quit, resign) (not OK
to substitute owaru; cant use owaru with ame)
187. Uchi ni, like aida ni, can alsobe used to mean
as, i.e., as an action is being done. As I am
listening to the teacher's speech, it became sleepy and
came. Use uchi ni. Plain speech.
Sensei no hanashi o kiite iru uchi ni, nemukunatte
kita. (neru & nemuru = sleep;
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Lesson 18.
nemui = sleepy)
188. From next year, prices will rise. Use nedan.
Rainen kara, nedan ga agarimasu.
189. While still cheap, it would be better to buy in
advance for sure.
Yasui uchi ni, katte oita hoo ga ii desu yo.
190. While the baby still does not awake, let's do the
cleaning completely.
Akachan ga okinai uchi ni sooji o shite
shimaimashoo. (from okiru, to wake up)
191. The black tea will cool off, for sure.
Koocha ga samemasu yo. (sameru = wake up, come
to one's senses, cool off, fade or lose color) (Uncle
Sam is erudite, so he'll cool off)
192. While still hot, please drink.
Atsui uchi ni, nonde kudasai.
193. While Michael is going to the company, a
package arrived from the American parents. Use
todoku.
Maikeru san ga kaisha ni itte iru aida ni amerika no
ryooshin kara kozutsumi ga todokimashita. (todoku
= to arrive; todokeru = to deliver, send, submit)
194. While still is listening to music, it became
wanting to dance and came.
Ongaku o kiite iru uchi ni, odoritakunatte kimashita.
(cf. odoroku = to become astonished)
195. While it still doesn't become dark, let's go for a
walk and come.
Kurakunaranai uchi ni, sanpo ni itte kimashoo.
196. While the section manager is leaving his seat,
an honorable customer called on and came. Use
hazusu.
Kachoo ga seki o hazushite iru aida ni, okyakusan ga
tazunete kimashita. (also OK to say hazushite iru
uchi ni) (tazuneru, to inquire, call on someone)
(inquire why use taser in a zoo while animals neru
[sleep]) (hazusu = remove, go away, miss; hazushite
iru uchi ni, also OK) (cf. yoru = drop in, stop by)
197. While the reply still is not sent, again, the
following letter came completely (meaning, came
anyway).
Henji o dasanai uchi ni, mata, tsugi no tegami ga kite
shimaimashita.
198. At this year's April, I became section manager.
Kotoshi no shigatsu ni, kachoo ni narimashita.
199. As for the beginning, I was very pleased, but, as
for these days, a little bit. Use hajime. Use ureshii.
Use no to soften this.
Hajime wa, totemo ureshikatta no desu ga, kono goro
wa, chotto. (saisho wa, also OK) (OK to substitute
yorokobimashita for ureshikatta) (not OK to say kono
uchi wa, chotto) (kono aida, not OK)
200. Since I become section manager,compared to
before, overtime became numerous. Use te kara.
Kachoo ni natte kara, mae yori, zangyoo ga ooku
narimashita.

201. Since, in spite of the fact that the subordinates

are working, I alone, cannot return before others.
Buka ga shigoto o shite iru noni, watashi dake, saki
ni kaeremasen kara. (buka = subordinate; because
the bukka [price] was high, the buka [subordinte]
couldn't afford it)
202a. The following sentence is divided into 3 parts.
Even vacation days, will section manager's work
probably properly accomplish? Use chanto. Use
plain speech.
Yasumi no hi mo, kachoo no shigoto ga chanto
dekiru daroo ka,
202b. On subordinates, will the control probably
skillfully accomplish etc. I think, and... Use umaku.
Dont use wa or ga after control. Plain speech. Use
nado. Use kangaeru. Use te to mean and.
Buka o, umaku kontorooru dekiru daroo ka nado to
kangaete, (umai = delicious, skillful, promising,
successful; uma = horse; the horse [uma] is
successful) (not OK to say kontorooru umaku
dekiru) (to kangaete itte, also OK)
202c. Not at all, I can't take the fatigue out of myself.
Use chittomo.
Chittomo, tsukare ga toremasen. (OK to use zenzen
rather than chittomo) (tsukare = fatigue; tsukareru =
to get tired) (toreru = can take it; toru = take) (tomu
= grow rich) (other examples of nouns made from
verbs: kaeri, hajime, mukae, hanashiai)
204. Recently, even night I cannot sleep. Use
nemureru. Plain speech. Soften this.
Saikin, yoru mo nemurenain desu. (neru and nemuru
both = to sleep; nemuru becomes nemurareru,
shortened to nemureru; nerenain desu, also OK)
205. After getting into bed, as much as 2 hours, as
much as 3 hours, unable to sleep thing is numerous.
Soften this. Use koto.
Beddo ni haitte kara, nijikan mo sanjikan mo
nemurenai koto ga ooin desu.
206. For that reason, early in the morning, I can't get
up, and even breakfast, I can hardly eat. Use shi to
mean and. Use chooshoku.
Sore de asa hayaku, okiraremasen shi, chooshoku mo,
amari taberaremasen. (okiremasen and taberemasen,
both also OK)
207. Even the newspaper I can hardly read. Soften
this.
Shinbun mo amari yomenain desu. (shinbun mo also
= also; shinbun demo, not OK)
208. If I read, the head becomes painful, and... Use
to. Use te to mean and. Plain speech.
Yomu to, atama ga itaku natte.
209. To go to the company became bitter. Use no to
make a noun phrase.
Kaisha ni iku no ga, tsuraku narimashita. (tsurai =
painful, hard) (tsuki [moon] rays are bitter)
210. As for Yamada, he is a very
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Lesson 18.
sincere person, I think. Use a polite
word for person.
Yamada san wa totemo majime na kata da to
omoimasu. (majime na = sincere, industrious,
serious) (magic Mexicans are very sincere) (makoto
= truth, sincerity)
211. Definitely, as for the section manager's work,
its probably terrible, I think. Use tashika ni.
Tashika ni, kachoo no shigoto wa, taihen daroo to
omoimasu. (tashika ni = definitely; tashika na =
secure, reliable) (shika = only [w/ negative], e.g.
mizu shika nomanai) (if you take a taxi to see shikas
[deers] knees, you will definitely spend a lot of
money) (not OK to substitute kanarazu for tashika ni
here; kanarazu doesnt go with to omou)
212. But, humans, by themselves, as for to do
everything, they are unable. Use nanimokamo. Use
koto to make a noun phrase.
Demo, ningen wa, hitori de, nanimokamo suru koto
wa dekimasen. (ningen = human being, mankind) (a
ningyoo [doll] who is gentle is human) (ningyoo =
doll; the nincompoops who eat gyoza collect dolls) cf.
ninjin = carrot (ningen ga, also OK) (nanimokamo =
everything; nanimo = nothing) (when you take
nanimo [nothing] and camouflage it, it looks like
everything) (nanimokamo o suru, not OK) (suru koto
ga, also OK) (instead of nanimokamo, OK to use
zenbu; subete is even better, since zenbu implies all
of what is in front of you; minna, not OK, since it
implies all of a group of people)
213. To the subordinates, to entrust work thing is
also necessary. Use koto.
Buka ni, shigoto o makaseru koto mo hitsuyoo desu.
(makaseru = to leave up to someone else, to entrust)
(when macaroni gets into the serum, you have to
entrust the problem to the lab technician)
214. And then, as for on vacation days, do sports etc.,
do walking etc., listen to good music etc, do please.
Use soshite.
Soshite, yasumi no hi ni wa, supootsu o shitari, sanpo
o shitari, ii ongaku o kiitari shite kudasai.
215. Before long, you will get to the point that you
are able to relax.
Sono uchi ni, rirakkusu dekiru yoo ni narimasu.
(sono uchi [ni] = in time, before long, by and by,
soon) (cf. uchi ni, used to indicate a period within
which an action occurs, i.e. to say while still)
216. Nevertheless, cant take the fatigue out of
yourself etc., can't sleep etc., if you do, please consult
a specialtys honorable doctor. Use sore demo. Use
tara.
Soredemo, tsukare ga torenakattari nemurenakattari
shitara, senmon no oisha san ni soodan shite kudasai.
(soredemo = nevertheless; cf. keredomo = but - also
OK here; cf. sore ni shitemo = even so, be that as it
may - also OK here) (senmon = specialty; senmonka

= specialist) (if you study for sen [1,000] Mondays,

you will learn a specialty) (cf. kakawarazu = in spite
of, regardless, although not OK here)
217. As for Yamada will tire thing, why is it? Use
no to make a noun phrase.
Yamada san ga tsukareru no wa dooshite desu ka.
(tsukareru = to get tired)
218a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Since he became section manager, compared
to before, overtime work increased etc... Use te kara.
Use tari to mean etc.
Kachoo ni natte kara, mae yori zangyoo ga fuetari
(note that there is only one tari in this sentence; this
is still followed by desu in the 2nd part of the
sentence) (fueru = increase) (fuego [fire in Spanish]
ruined my house and my insurance rates increased)
(zangyoo ga agattari, not OK; cannot use agaru with
zangyoo)
218b. Part 2. Even vacation days he thinks about
various work things, and he cannot rest leisurely, its
because. Use kangaeru. Use te to mean and. Use
plain speech with desu.
Yasumi no hi mo shigoto no koto o iroiro kangaete,
yukkuri yasumenai kara desu. (yasumenai =
yasumemasen = I cannot rest; yasumanai = I wont
rest; yasumeraremasen = passive form, i.e., I am told
I cannot rest) (iroiro na shigoto no koto o kangaete,
also OK)
220. As for Yamada, as for on vacation days, what
kind of things is he thinking? Use kangaeru.
Yamada san wa, yasumi no hi ni wa, donna koto o
kangaete imasu ka.
221. Will the section manager's work probably
properly accomplish, on the subordinates, skillfully
will the control probably accomplish, etc., he is
thinking. Use chanto. Use umaku. Use nado.
Kacho no shigoto ga chanto dekiru daroo ka, buka o
umaku contorooru dekiru daroo ka nado to kangaete
imasu. (cannot say contorooru umaku dekiru;
contorooru ga, also OK)
222. As a result of that, as for Yamada, how did it
develop? Use tame ni.
Sono tame ni, Yamada san wa, doo narimashita ka.
223a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Night unable to sleep etc., morning unable to
get up early etc., even breakfast hardly able to eat,
etc... Use tari to mean etc. Use chooshoku.
Yoru nemurenakattari, asa hayaku okirenakattari,
chooshoku mo amari taberarenakattari ... (okirenai =
short form of okirarenai = I cannot get up; okiranai =
I wont get up)
223b. Part 2. If he reads the newspaper, head
becomes painful etc., to do, it got to this point. Use
to to mean if.
Shinbun o yomu to, atama ga itakunattari, suru yoo ni
narimashita.
Lesson 18.

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Lesson 18. 225. As for at the company, which
make-an-effort thing is being advised? Use yoo ni
suru. Use koto.
Kaisha de wa, dono yoo ni suru koto o susumete
imasu ka. (susumeru = to advise, suggest,
urge; I advised Sue to spend a summer getting
erudite; susumu = to make progress; susumi =
progress; setsumei = explanation) (hoo = direction,
side; yoo = look like, sound like, for the use of; yoo
ni = as, like; yoo ni suru = see to it that, to make an
effort, to take care that; yoo ni naru = come to be,
become)
226. By oneself, not to do everything, and entrust
work to subordinates thing is being advised. Use de
to mean and. Use koto.
Hitori de nanimokamo shinai de, buka ni shigoto o
makaseru koto o susumete imasu. (nanimokamo =
everything) (when you take nanimo [nothing] and
camouflage it, it looks like everything) (makaseru =
to leave up to someone else, to entrust; when
macaroni gets into the serum, you have to entrust the
problem to the lab technician) (not OK to substitute
shinakute for shinai de here; the te in nakute is
used to show a reason, not to mean and or ing)
227. If one can take vacation, how to do thing is
being advised? Use tara. Use koto.
Yasumi ga toretara, doo suru koto o, susumete imasu
ka. (toreru = can take it; toru = take; tottara = if one
takes) (donna yoo ni suru koto, also OK; dono yoo
ni suru koto, also OK, but a different meaning)
(yasumi o, also OK)
228. Do sports etc, do walking etc., listen to good
music, etc., do thing is being advised. Use koto.
Supootsu o shitari, sanpo o shitari, ii ongaku o kiitari
suru koto o susumete imasu.
229. If, if fatigue cannot take out of himself, how to
do thing is being advised? Use moshi, tara. Use koto.
Moshi, tsukare ga torenakattara, doo suru koto o
susumete imasu ka.
230. To consult to a specialtys honorable doctor is
being advised. Use koto.
Senmon no oisha san ni soodan suru
koto o susumete imasu.
231. As for Mary Smith, about how many kanji can
she read? Use dono in the next 3 responses.
Marii Sumisu san wa, kanji ga, dono kurai yomemasu
ka. (not OK to say ikutsu kurai, but OK to substitute
ikutsu for dono kurai) (kanji o, also OK)
232. As for Mary Smith, about how many kanji can
she write?
Marii Sumisu san wa, kanji ga, dono kurai kakemasu
ka. (not OK to say ikutsu kurai, but OK to substitute
ikutsu for dono kurai) (kanji o, also OK)
233. Laboring one hour, about how much money can
she receive?
Ichijikan hataraite, dono kurai no okane ga

moraemasu ka. (not OK to say ikutsu kurai or ikura

kurai or ikura no; but OK to substitute ikura for dono
kurai no, i.e., ikura okane) (okane ga dono kurai, also
OK) (okane o, also OK)
234. As for the result of the test, about when will she
know/understand? Use shiken. Use kekka.
Shiken no kekka wa, itsu goro, wakarimasu ka.
(kekka = result, consequence) (I said kekko desu to
the offer of alcohol, and the consequence was that I
felt good the next day) (OK to substitute seiseki for
kekka) (shiken = exam; Im chicken about exams)
235. As for the result of the test, by what can she be
informed and receive? Use shiken. Use kekka.
Shiken no kekka wa, nani de shirasete moraemasu ka.
(shiraseru = to inform, notify; shirase = notification;
shiru = to know; shiraberu = to check) (after I
shiraberu [check] the serum results, I will inform
you) (makaseru = entrust, delegate)
Lesson 19
1. Webb, pretty soon bonuses will come out huh.
Use shooyoo. Plain speech. Use a womans word
for emphasis.
Uebbu san, moo sugu shooyo ga deru wa ne.
(shooyo = bonus) (show Yo-chan his bonus)
2. Eh? Shooyu?
E? Shooyu? (shooyu = soy sauce) (show you where
the soy sauce is)
3. Not shooyu. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Shooyo, for sure. Plain speech.
Shooyu ja nai wa. Shooyo yo.
4. Bonus thing for sure. As for the one called bonus,
what (question) are you knowing? Use a colloquial
term for as for the one called. Use a contracted
form of are you knowing. Dont use ka at the end.
Boonasu no koto yo. Boonasu tte nani ka
shittemasu? (tte can mean speaking of; it can
substitute for wa as a topic marker, but only if the
predicate expresses the speakers emotive
evaluation/judgment; e.g., you can say, Keikosan
tte hen na hito desu, but you cant say, Keikosan
tte sensei desu; hen = strange)
5. Of course, I am knowing, for sure.
Mochiron, shitte imasu yo.
6. As for me, I desire about a 3-week vacation. Use
a mans word for me. Use an intensifier. Plain
speech.
Boku wa sanshuukan gurai yasumi ga hoshii naa.
(sanshuukan gurai no yasumi, also OK)
7. One week only for sure, as for summer vacation.
Isshukan dake yo, natsu yasumi wa.
8. Cant I receive the bonus as vacation? Soften this.
Boonasu o yasumi de moraenain desu ka. (boonasu
ga, also OK)
9. Yeah, as for in Japan, as for bonuses, we receive
them in money, for sure. Plain speech. Lesson 19.

117

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Lesson 19. Use no to soften this.
Ee, nihon de wa, boonasu wa okane de morau no yo.
10. Really. About how much? Use hee. Use dono.
Hee, dono kurai? (ikura gurai, also OK; ikura kurai,
not OK; ikutsu, not OK when talking about money)
11. As for usually, the salarys 2 to 3 month quantity,
huh. Use futsuu.
Futsuu wa, kyuuryoo no nisan kagetsu bun ne. (bun
= division, part, segment; a bun is one segment of
the bottom) (kyuuryoo = salary; I spend my salary
on curios)
12. But, as for Webbs case, about 0.8 month
quantity I wonder, since hes a new-enter company
employee. Use kashira. Use dakara.
Demo, Uebbu san no baai wa, rei ten hachikagetsu
bun gurai kashira, shin nyuu shain dakara. (baai =
case; in the case of a bar ai [meeting in a bar], one
drinks too much) (ten = point, dot, spot; a point
denotes a tenth) (shinnyuu shain = new employee;
shinnyuu = invasion; a shiny youth invades;
shinnyuu-sei = new student; yunyuu suru = to
import; export = yushutsu suru) (OK to substitute
kana for kashira) (nyuuin suru = go into hospital)
(nyushoo suru = to win a prize; yushoo suru = to win
a victory)
13. What do you mean, except for 0.8 month only, it
doesnt come out (question)? Use no to soften this.
Plain speech.
Nanda, rei ten hachikagetsu shika denai no ka.
(nanda = what do you mean?, do you mean to say?,
is this all?, its nothing!; cf. nante = what sort of,
such a thing) (shika = except for only; use with
negative verb) (hakkagetsu, also OK)
14. Besides, only one week (question mark), as for
summer vacation.
Sore ni, isshukan dake ka, natsuyasumi wa.
15. When you think about it, too much labor, isnt it,
as for Japanese people. Use nan to soften the phrase
too much labor. Dont use ka. Plain speech.
Yappari, hatarakisugi nan ja nai, nihonjin wa. (OK to
omit nan) (hatarakisugi is a noun; also OK to say
hatarakisugirun ja na, or hatarakisugi ja nai)
16. True huh. I also think so. Use soo twice. Plain
speech. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Soo ne. Watashi mo soo omou wa.
17. As for in America, about how long do they rest?
Plain speech. Use no to soften this. Dont use ka.
Amerika de wa, dono kurai yasumu no.
18. It will depend to the person, but usually about
one month, I wonder. Use kedo. Use daitai. Use
kana.
Hito ni yoru kedo, daitai ikka getsu gurai kana.
19. Eh, as much as one month. Good huh. Use a
womans word for emphasis. Plain speech.
E, ikkagetsu mo. Ii wa nee.
20. Hanada, as for summer vacation, how will you

do? Soften this. Use plain speech with desu.

Hanada san, natsuyasumi wa, doo surun desu ka.
21. I will return to the hometown, because its obon.
Plain speech. Use no to soften the first phrase. Use
dakara.
Inaka ni kaeru no, obon dakara. (when Im inactive, I
go to my hometown)
22. But, as for at Obon, since a lot of people return
to the hometowns, trains and roads etc. get crowded,
and its terrible. Use oozei no. Use te or de to mean
and. Use no to soften the last clause, and therefore
use a substitute for da. Plain speech.
Demo, obon ni wa, oozei no hito ga, inaka ni kaeru
kara, densha ya dooro ga konde, taihen na no.
(dooro = road; I found a dollar on the road)
(koosokudooro = highway; koo [this] socks dollars
ended up on the highway; doori/toori = street)
(taihen no na, not OK)
23. In order to buy a trains reserved seats tickets, at
the station, for a long time, they line up, etc, they do,
for sure. Use ken to mean ticket. Use tame. Use tari.
Use no to soften this.
Densha no shiteisekiken o kau tame ni, eki de, nagai
aida narandari suru no yo. (shiteisekiken = reserved
seat ticket; shitei suru = to appoint, designate; if you
use a shiny taser, you will be designated) (ken =
ticket; 4 meanings for ken: Ken has a ticket to go
see about a matter regarding a house in his
prefecture) (nagai aida = a long time) (naraberu transitive; narabu - intransitive)
24. Really. Is that so? And then, as for the one that
is called obon, what is it? Use hee. Use sore de.
Hee, soo desu ka. Sore de, obon to iu no wa, nan
desu ka.
25. As for simply, explanation isnt possible, but its
a buddhist honorable festival and at this time, the
souls of dead people return and come. Use kedo.
Use de to mean and. Use toki. Plain speech. Use no
to soften the last clause.
Kantan ni wa, setsumei dekinai kedo, bukkyoo no
omatsuri de, kono toki ni, shinda hito no tamashii ga
kaette kuru no. (kantan = simple, easy; life in
Canton is easy; when you add ni to an adjective, it
becomes an adverb) (bukkyoo = Buddhism; a
Buddhist will read a book kyoo [today]) (matsuri =
festival, matsuru = worship, deify) (shinda =
shinimashita, died; shinu = to die) (tamashii = soul,
spirit; souls eat tamagos with shiites) (setsumei ga,
also OK)
26. In order to console those souls, of everyone, the
bonodori-called dance we do, for sure. Use tame.
Use dansu to mean dance in this lesson. Use no to
soften this.
Sono tamashii o nagusameru tame ni, minna de,
bonodori to iu dansu o suru no yo. (nagusameru = to
console, divert; sameru, intransitive
Lesson 19.

118

119
Lesson 19. = to cool off; Uncle Sam is erudite, so
he'll cool off; cf. hiyasu, transitive = to cool, chill;
with Nagaina goo they sameru [cool off] and are
consoled) (bonodori = the Bon dance)
27. Hmm. By the way, as for the one called
Hanadas hometown, where is it? Use fuun.
Colloquial.
Fuun. Tokoro de, Hanada san no inaka tte, doko desu
ka. (fuun = hmm)
28. Kagoshima for sure.
Kagoshima yo.
29. Excuse me. As for the one called Kagoshima,
where is it? Colloquial.
Sumimasen. Kagoshima tte, doko desu ka.
30. Kyushus at-farthest-south-it-exists prefecture,
for sure. Kyuushuu no ichiban minami ni aru ken yo.
(ken = prefecture)
31. The Sakurajima-called volcano exists. Use a
womans word for emphasis. Plain speech.
Sakurajima to iu kazan ga aru wa. (kazan = volcano)
(the volcano in Kazakhstan north)
32. Ah, one time on TV I have seen it.
Aa, ichido terebi de mita koto ga arimasu.
33. I would like to see the real one and see. Use an
intensifier. Dont use da or desu.
Honmono o mite mitai naa. (honmono = the real
thing; hoomon suru = visit; hoomu = platform) (hon
[book] mono [things] are genuine) (cannot say
honmono no o mitai, but OK to say honmono no
kazan o mitai)
34. Sometime with the wife for the purpose of play
come. Good place for sure. Plain speech.
Itsuka okusan to asobi ni kite. Ii tokoro yo.
35. Yeah, thank you. By all means I want to go huh.
Ee, arigatoo. Zehi ikitai desu ne.
36. Its so, meaning thats it! At this next summer
vacation, is it OK if we go? Use plain speech to say
its so.
Soo da. Kondo no natsuyasumi ni itte mo ii desu ka.
37. Eh!
E!
38. As for Michael, by what does he want to receive
the bonus, is he saying?
Maikerusan wa boonasu o nani de moraitai to itte
imasu ka.
39. He wants to receive it by vacation, he is saying.
Yasumi de moraitai to itte imasu.
40. As for Michael, about how much bonus can he
receive?
Maikerusan wa boonasu o dono kurai moraemasu ka.
41. About 0.8 month quantity, he can receive.
Rei ten hachikagetsu bun gurai moraemasu.
(hakkagetsu, also OK) (gurai o moraemasu, also OK)
42. As for Michael, the himself-will-receive bonus,
is numerous he is saying, is few he is saying? (use o
instead of wa after bonus)

Maikerusan wa, jibun ga morau boonasu o, ooi to itte

imasu ka, sukunai to itte imasu ka. (OK to use
boonasu wa, instead of boonasu o) (using o here
because boonasu is understood as the object of
morau) (not OK to use takusan instead of ooi)
43. Its few, he is saying. Meaning, its a little.
Sukunai to itte imasu.
44. As for in America, as for summer vacation,
usually, about how much can one take? Use daitai.
Amerika de wa, natsu yasumi wa, daitai, dono kurai
toremasu ka. (toremasu = toraremasu)
45. Its about one month.
Ikkagetsu gurai desu. (kurai also OK)
46. As for Hanadas hometown, where is it?
Hanada san no inaka wa, doko desu ka.
47. Its Kagoshima.
Kagoshima desu. (kangaroo shima [island])
48. As for Hanada, why, at summer vacation, will
she will return to her hometown? Use dooshite. Use
no to soften this.
Hanada san wa, dooshite, natsu yasumi ni, inaka e
kaeru no desu ka.
49. Its because its Obon. Use dakara.
Obon dakara desu.
50. As for Hanada, as for on Obon, of everyone,
what will she do, is she saying?
Hanada san wa, obon ni wa, minna de, nani o suru to
itte imasu ka.
51. She is saying that she will do the dance called
bonodori.
Bonodori to iu dansu o suru to itte imasu.
52. As for Michael, what would he like to see and
see, is he saying? Use wo rather than ga after what.
Maikeru san wa, nani o mite mitai to itte imasu ka.
(nani ga, also OK)
53. He is saying that he would like to see and see the
real Sakurajima.
Honmono no sakurajima o mite mitai to itte imasu.
56. Jealous! Use an intensifier.
Urayamashii naa. (urayamashi = enviable, envious)
(the Uras were jealous that the yama [mountain] was
owned by the Shiites)
57. Its very much happiness, meaning, its a lot of
happiness.
Totemo shiawase desu. (shiawase = luck, fortune,
happiness; shiawase na = happy) (the shia was
seved and was happy) (cannot say takusan no
shiawase)
58. Surprised sound. Scared!
Kya! Kowai! (Kya = sound made when surprised;
Im surprised you bought a Kia) (kowai = afraid,
frightful, terrific) (Im scared of Koala bears if
theyre white)
59. Since the train is being crowded, its irritating.
Use te to mean since. Plain speech. Use an
intensifier.
Lesson 19.

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Lesson 19. Densha ga konde ite iya da naa.
60. Will you give these flowers to me? Me is
understood. Speaking to someone outside your ingroup. Soften this.
Kono hana o kudasarun desu ka.
61. My. Pleased. Use a womans word for my.
Maa. Ureshii. (ureshii = happy, glad, pleased,
delightful, pleasant, wonderful) (I'm pleased about
the urea she's making) (maa used by females only)
62. As for today, pleasant! Use an intensifier.
Kyoo wa, tanoshii naa.
63. As for to do tennis, its after a long time of
absence for sure. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Use nan to soften this.
Tenisu o suru no wa, hisashiburi nan desu yo.
(hisashiburi = after a long time of absence) (after a
long time of absence, I realize that his sash is buried)
64. Because many good friends are possible, its
happiness. Use te to mean because.
Ii tomodachi ga takusan dekite, shiawase desu.
65. To nobody, my feelings will understand and I
cannot receive thing, sad. Use o rather than ga after
feelings. Use no to make a noun phrase. Mark this
phrase as the subject. Plain speech.
Darenimo watashi no kimochi o wakatte moraenai no
ga, kanashii. (moraenai can mean either will not
receive or cannot receive; no such word as morainai)
(compared to kimochi, kibun is more related to
health) (Canadian Shiites are sad in the winter)
(kimochi ga, also OK)
66. Because nobody, for the purpose of meeting,
doesnt come and give, lonely! Nobody is in your
in-group. Use node. Plain speech.
Daremo ai ni kite kurenai node, sabishii. (sabishii =
sad, lonely, desolate; sabishigaru = feel lonely, miss
a person; sabishisa = loneliness) (because Sabins
vaccine was taken by the Shiites, he felt sad and
lonely)
67. As for to ride on got-crowded train thing, its
irritating. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Konda densha ni noru no wa, iya desu. (komu
densha = train that will get crowded)
68. Because of rain, not able to go for the purpose of
a picnic, such a thing, boring! Use de to mean
because. Use tsumaranai. Plain speech.
Ame de pikunikku ni ikenai nante, tsumaranai.
(nante = what sort of, such a thing; cf. nanda = what
do you mean?, do you mean to say?, is this all?, its
nothing!) (not OK to substitute datte for nante, but
OK to substitute kara; OK to substitute ikenakute for
ikenai nante) (nante replaces koto ga or no ga)
(ikanai = I wont go; ikenai = I cant go) (not OK to
substitute taikutsu desu = nothing to do for
tsumaranai = boring, uninteresting, not enjoyable)
69. What do you mean, 5th place (question mark). In
spite of, with all my might I ran, I got completely

disappointed. Use a contracted colloquial form of I

got completely disappointed.
Nanda, goi ka. Isshooken mei hashitta noni, gakkari
shichatta. (nanda = what do you mean?, is this all?,
its nothing!; nande = colloquial for why) (-i = rank,
grade) (isshooken mei [ni] = hard, with all ones
might) (I show Ken how I work with all my might,
and May kneels) (gakkari suru = to become
disappointed or discouraged) (because the gakkoo
has to carry her, I am disappointed) (shichatta = shite
shimaimashita) (isshoken mei ni, also OK)
70. By one to zero, I lost, such a thing, mortifying.
Use de to mean by. Plain speech.
Ittai zero de, maketa nante, kuyashii. (tai = versus) (I
will compete versus the Thai) (makeru = to lose) (you
make me lose) (kuyashii = disappointing, mortifying)
(the cure of the yak was done by shiites, which was
mortifying) (cf. kuwashii = detailed, fully explained)
71. Eh! As for the bank, its until 3:00? I got
inconvenienced. Use plain speech for the last clause.
Use an intensifier.
E! Gingkoo wa sanji made desu ka. Komatta naa.
72. In spite of the fact that I want to withdraw money.
Plain speech. Dont use dasu.
Okane o orishitai noni. (noni = in spite of the fact)
(orosu; oro, i.e. gold, sues to be withdrawn)
73. Ah, I got surprised. Suddenly, a dog jumps out
and will come thing. Soften this using n da. Use
mono which in this case means because. Plain
speech.
Aa, bikkuri shita. Kyuu ni inu ga tobidashite kurunda
mono. (tobu = to fly, jump; Toby can fly; tobidasu =
to jump out; tobideru, also OK, so you could
substitute tobidete) (kurunda = kuru, softened; need
to add da or desu when you use n or no to soften a
verb) (tobidashite kita kara, also OK; kitanda mono,
also OK; OK to omit mono, used more by women;
not OK to substitute koto for mono here. Mono here
can be translated as because.)
74. With Saito, it was scheduled to marry,
reportedly? Womans speech. Soften this.
Saito san to, kekkon suru koto ni nattan desu tte?
(cannot say kekkon suru koto ni suru, because youre
using suru twice)
75. Envious! Use a womans word for emphasis.
Urayamashii wa. (urayamashii = envious; urayamu
= envy) (the Uras were jealous that the yama
[mountain] was owned by the Shiites)
76. Ooh, already I got angry. Use uun. Plain speech.
Use zo, a mans word for emphasis.
Uun, moo, okotta zo. (okoru = to get angry) (zo =
mans word for emphasis)
77. As for her, because always for the appointments
time she gets delayed, I get inconvenienced. Use
node.
Kanojo wa itsumo yakusoku no jikan Lesson 19.

120

121
Lesson 19. ni okureru node, komarimasu.
(okureru = to be late)
78. If she sees this big snake, as for Tanaka, surely,
shell get astonished, for sure. Use tara.
Kono ookii hebi o mitara, Tanaka san wa, kitto,
odorokimasu yo. (hes not hebi, hes my snake)
(odorokasu = to surprise, frighten, threaten;
odoroku/odorokimasu = to get surprised,
astonished; odokasu = frighten, threaten; odoru = to
dance; odotta = I danced; odoroita = I got surprised)
(when youre frightened, you start to odoru [dance]
off and kimasu [come] back) (yorokobu = to be
pleased)
79. As for Tanaka, since she saw a big snake, she got
astonished. Use te to mean since.
Tanaka san wa, ookii hebi o mite, odorokimashita.
80. As for Tanaka, since she saw a big snake, she
was being astonished. Use te to mean since.
Tanaka san wa, ookii hebi o mite, odoroite imashita.
81. To say that someone appears to have certain
feelings, remove the final i from the i adjective,
and add
Garu.
82. As for young man Taroo, since he lost to the
baseballs game, he appeared to be being mortified.
Use te to mean since. Use garu.
Taroo kun wa, yakyuu no shiai ni makete,
kuyashigatte imashita. (that yak looks cute in its
baseball uniform) (shiai = competition, game; my
shiriai [acquaintance ] likes to go to baseball games)
(makeru, you make me lose) (kuyashii =
disappointing, mortifying) (the kuyakushoo [ward
office] was taken over by Shiites, which was
mortifying) (kuyashigarimashita, also OK)
83. Another way to say that someone seems to
have certain feelings is to remove the final i from
an i adjective and add
Soo (na). (soo can also be used after a na adjective)
84. Michael, you like tennis huh. Soften this.
Maikeru san, tenisu ga suki nan desu ne.
85. Extremely pleasant it seemed for sure. Use
zuibun. Use soo. Use the past form of desu rather
than the past form of pleasant.
Zuibun tanoshi soo deshita yo. (zuibun tanoshikatta
soo desu yo, not OK, since this means reportedly it
was extremely pleasant)
87. If you invite Hanada to a movie and give,
certainly she will get delighted probably. Use tara.
Hanada san o eiga ni sasotte agetara, kitto yorokobu
deshoo. (Im delighted that I can go to Europe to
comb a bull)
88. To say that you believe someone has certain
feelings, say (plain speech)
To omou.
89. If you take the children to Disneyland, they will
get delighted I think, for sure. Use tara. Use plain
speech to say they will get delighted.

Kodomotachi o dizuniilando ni tsurete ittara,

yorokobu to omoimasu yo.
91. As for Michael, he went to Kyoto, but since it
rained, it was boring, he was saying. Use kedo. Use
te to mean since. Use tsumaranai.
Maikeru san wa, kyooto ni itta kedo, ame ga futte,
tsumaranakatta to itte imashita. (taikutsu datta, not
OK here; taikutsu = not enough to do)
92. Excuse me. This, was completely broken by
someone. Referring to a machine. Dont use wo.
Soften this.
Sumimasen. Kore, kowashite shimattan desu.
(kowasu = to break, transitive; kowareru = to break,
intransitive) (the koala will surely break it) (waru,
transitive; wareru, intransitive, exception to the e
rule) (waru is used only for glass and wood; in war,
we break glass and wood)
93. Eh, I was inconvenienced! Use an intensifier.
Except for this one thing only, it doesnt exist, for
sure. (meaning, this is the only one) Use hitotsu.
Soften the last clause. Plain speech.
Ee, komatta naa. Kore hitotsu shika nain desu yo.
(shika = except for only; use with negative verb)
(OK to omit hitotsu) (kono hitotsu, not OK)
94. Next time, it was scheduled that I will transfer to
Osaka, for sure. Soften this.
Kondo, oosaka ni tenkin suru koto ni nattan desu yo.
(tenkin = transfer; ten kings told him to transfer)
95. Well, as for from now, readily it will become
unable to meet, huh. Use kore to mean now.
Jaa, kore kara wa, nakanaka aenakunarimasu ne.
(nakanaka = considerably, quite, not easily, not
readily) (aenai = will not meet and cannot meet; no
such word as ainai; aenaku comes from aenai; for an
i adjective add ku and naru to describe a change in
state; the ai form is inflected like an adjective) (kore
de, also OK; kore de wa, not OK)
95b. I will become lonely. Use an intensifier. Plain
speech.
Sabishiku naru naa. (sabishii = sad, lonely) (because
Sabins vaccine was taken by the Shiites, he felt sad
and lonely)
96. Someone surprises you by coming up from
behind. Ah, I got astonished! Plain speech.
Ah, odoroita! (odoroku/odorokimasu = to be
surprised, astonished, frightened; odoroita =
odorokimashita) (odoroku kita, not OK)
97. Excuse me. Suddenly, since an errand got ready,
it became unable to do tennis, for sure. Use te to
mean since. Soften this. Use yooji.
Sumimasen. Kyuu ni yooji ga dekite, tenisu ga
dekinakunattan desu yo. (yooji = business, errand;
yoo & goyoo also = business job, errand; cf. yooi =
preparations) (to clean the cat Yoko is my business;
this might be called Yoko sooji [cleaning]) (cf.
ostukai also = errand)
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Lesson 19. 98. In spite of the fact that to
enjoyment I was doing, meaning I was looking
forward to it, its too bad. Use an intensifier. Plain
speech.
Tanoshimi ni shite ita noni, zannen da naa.
(tanoshimu = to enjoy; tanoshimi ni suru = to look
forward to) (you could substitute kara for noni, but
it wouldnt sound right)
99. As for this years raise of the wage base, it is
0.7%, reportedly, for sure. Use da soo.
Kotoshi no beesuappu wa, rei ten nana paasento da
soo desu yo. (beesuappu = raise of the wage base)
(ten = point, dot, spot) (nana sounds better than
shichi here) (not OK to omit da)
100. What do you mean? Except for 0.7%, only, its
nothing? Soften this.
Nanda, rei ten nana paasento shika nain desu ka.
100b. Its disappointment! Use an intensifier. Plain
speech.
Gakkari da naa. (nanda = what do you mean?, do
you mean to say?, is this all?, its nothing!) (shika =
except for only; use with negative verb) (gakkari
suru = to become disappointed or discouraged)
(because the gakkoo has to carry her, I am
disappointed)
101. You studied well, huh. As for the test, it was
100 points, for sure. Use tesuto.
Yoku benkyoo shimashita ne. Tesuto wa hyaku ten
deshita yo.
102. Eh, is that true. Pleased (with intensifier)!
Except for 90 points only, I cannot take, I was
thinking.
E! Honto desu ka. Ureshii naa. Kyuujuu ten shika
torenai to omotte imashita. (I'm pleased about the
urea she's making) (shika = except for only; use with
negative verb) (toranai = I will not take; torareru =
passive form of toru; toru is a u verb)
103. Please go for the purpose of shopping and come.
Speaking to a child.
Kaimono ni itte kite choodai.
104. Its irritating. Use an intensifier. Now with the
friend Im playing, for sure. Plain speech. Soften
this.
Iya da naa. Ima tomodachi to asonde irun da yo.
105. Because I will marry with Suzuki, I desire one
month vacation, but... Use node. Soften the last
clause.
Suzuki san to kekkon suru node, ikkagetsu yasumi ga
hoshiin desu ga. (yasumi ga ikkagetsu hoshiin, also
OK; yasumi o, also OK) (ikkagetsu no yasumi, also
OK, not as good)
106. All of one month? Saitos work to whom if I
request will be good, I wonder? Use tara. Use kana.
Ikkagetsu mo? Saito san no shigoto o dare ni
tanondara ii kanaa.
107. Congrats. Good huh. Use an intensifier used

by women. I also ...

Omedetoo. Ii wa nee. Watashi mo ...
107. Saito, ... it was good huh. Use a womans word
as an intensifier. Plain speech.
Saito san, yokatta wa nee.
108. As for Saito, pleased it seems.
Saito san wa, ureshii soo desu.
109. As for Mr. section manager, he is being
inconvenienced.
Kachoo san wa, komatte imasu.
110. As for Hamano, he is being disappointed.
Hamano san wa, gakkari shite imasu. (gakkari suru =
to become disappointed or discouraged; gakkari desu,
also OK)
111. As for Hanada, envious it seems.
Hanada san wa, urayamashi soo desu. (urayamashii
= enviable, envious)
112. As for Kuroda, she is being delighted.
Kuroda san wa, yorokonde imasu.
113. As for Hoshi, lonely it seems.
Hoshi san wa, sabishi soo desu. (sabishii = sad,
lonely, desolate)
114. As for Hoshi, sad it seems.
Hoshi san wa, kanashi soo desu.
115. Hanada, as for today I desire you to do a little
overtime work, but... Use sukoshi. Soften this. Use
dakedo.
Hanada san, kyoo wa sukoshi zangyoo shite hoshiin
dakedo. (zangyoo o shite also OK, not as good)
116. As for Hanada, it looks like being
inconvenienced. Use yoo.
Hanada san wa, komatte iru yoo desu. (yooda or yoo
desu = look like, be like, appear, seem) (iru soo desu,
or irun da soo desu, not OK; these both mean
reportedly she is being inconvenienced)
117. As for Hanada, she is appearing irritated. Use
garu.
Hanada san wa, iya gatte imasu. (to say that
someone appears to have certain feelings, use an i
adjective stem, or a na adjective, plus garu) (iya is a
na adjective)
118. As for Hanada, irritated it seems. Use soo.
Hanada san wa, iya soo desu. (iya is a na adjective)
119. As for Hoshi, pleased it seems. Use soo.
Hoshi san wa, ureshi soo desu.
120. As for the girl, she is appearing mortified. Use
garu.
Onna no ko wa, kuyashi gatte imasu. (kuyashii =
disappointing, mortifying)
121. As for the boy, he is being delighted.
Otoko no ko wa, yorokonde imasu.
122. As for the honorable customer, hes being
astonished.
Okyaku san wa, odoroite imasu.
(odoroku/odorokimasu = to be surprised, astonished)
123. Mizuno, doing a smile, is
Lesson 19.

122

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Lesson 19. extremely pleased it seems, huh. Did
something exist, meaning, did something happen?
Dont use wa or ga. Use zuibun. Use soo. Use plain
speech with desu. Soften the last clause.
Mizuno san, nikoniko shite, zuibun ureshi soo desu
nee. Nanika attan desu ka. (nikoniko suru = to
smile; when St. Nicholas gets nicotine, he smiles)
124. Yeah, he received as much as a six-month part
bonus reportedly, for sure. Soften this.
Ee, boonasu o rokkagetsu bun mo morattan da soo
desu yo. (bun = division, part, segment) (rokkagetsu
bun mo boonasu, also OK)
125. Really? As for that, super. Envy! Use hee.
Use an intensifier after the word envy.
Hee! Sore wa sugoi. Urayamashi naa. (urayamashi
= enviable, envious) (ga, not OK, because you didn't
introduce the topic)
126. As for me, except for a two month part only I
will not be able to receive, for sure. Use a mans
word for me. Soften this.
Boku wa, nikkagetsu bun shika moraenain desu yo.
(shika = except for only; use with negative verb)
(moraenai = will not receive and also cannot receive;
cannot say morainai although you can say
moraimasen)
127. So much a lot of money, to what will he use it
probably? Plain speech. Soften this.
Sonna ni takusan no okane o, nani ni tsukaun daroo.
(nani de, not OK, it means with what)
128. To his wife, the-wife-since-before-appeared-tobe-wanting-diamond-necklace he will do a present
reportedly. Use garu.
Okusan ni, okusan ga mae kara hoshigatte ita daiya
no nekkurasu o purezanto suru soo desu. (purezanto
ni suru, also OK)
129. My, since have-a-good-husband, wife, its
happiness, huh. Use a womans word for my. Use
te to mean since. Dont use wa or ga.
Maa, ii goshujin o motte, okusan, shiawase desu nee.
(shiawase = luck, fortune, happiness; shiawase na =
happy; happy that the Shia was seved)
130. So so. For us also, she will do delicious food
and give, reportedly, for sure. Use a mans word for
us. She is in the speakers in-group.
Soo soo, bokutachi ni mo, gochisoo shite kureru soo
desu yo. (soo soo = oh yes, now I remember) (also
OK to say gochisoo o tsukutte kureru soo desu, but
then you need to use o) (gochisoo o shite, also OK,
but not as good)
131. Wow, pleased! When?
Waa, ureshii! Itsu? (ureshii = happy, glad, pleased,
delightful, pleasant, wonderful)
132. This next Thursday.
Kondo no mokuyoobi.
133. Eh! Thats too bad. Plain speech. Use an
intensifier.

Ee! Zannen da naa.

134. As for me, that day, it is a business trip for sure.
Use a mans word for me. Use nan to soften this.
Boku wa sono hi shutchoo nan desu yo.
135. One week only for sure, as for summer vacation.
Isshukan dake yo, natsuyasumi wa.
136. For the health not good for sure, as for smoking
tobacco. Use a contracted colloquial form of as for
smoking. Plain speech.
Kenkoo ni yokunai yo, tabako o sutcha. (sutcha =
sutte wa) (suu = to smoke, suck, inhale) (Kens
colds stopped after he got healthy)
137. Did you give flowers? To the teacher? Use
ordinary politeness. Plain speech. Use no to soften
this. Dont use ka.
Hana o ageta no? Sensei ni.
138. Ah, it was pleasant. The friend coming and
giving. Plain speech.
Aa, tanoshikatta, tomodachi ga kite kurete.
139. As for this store, except for Obon and New
Year only, it doesnt rest.
Kono mise wa obon to oshoogatsu shika
yasumimasen. (shoogatsu = January, New Years
Day, New Year; we o [humbly] show all the gatsus
[months] on New Years Day) (shika = except for
only; use with negative verb) (OK to substitute
ganjitsu for oshoogatsu)
140. Hey! Inside of the wallet, except for 1,000 yen
only, is not being entered. (meaning, theres only
1000 yen) Use a contracted form of is not being
entered. Plain speech.
Are! Saifu no naka ni sen yen shika haittenai. (use
ni with hairu)
141. Except for 5 days duration only, I cannot rest,
such a thing! I got disappointed! Plain speech for
the first clause.
Itsukakan shika yasumenai nante, gakkari shimashita.
(gakkari suru = to become disappointed or
discouraged) (Kan, meaning duration, is required for
weeks and hours. Kan is optional for years, months,
days and minutes. Do not use the optional kan before
mae ni, ato ni, or go ni. OK to omit kan here, but it
wouldn't sound as good.)
142. If you want to vacation more, except to resign
the company only, doesnt exist, huh. Use tara.
Motto yasumitakattara, kaisha o yameru shika
arimasen ne. (yamu = to stop; stop cows from
eating yams; yameru = to resign)
143. Im overwhelmed. Now in the store, as for
being placed ones, this is the only one. Use nan to
soften the last phrase.
Osoreirimasu. Ima mise ni, oite aru no wa, kore dake
nan desu. (mise de, not OK; based on aru, not oku)
144. Except for only this, doesnt it exist? Use
both dake and shika. Soften this.
Kore dake shika nain desu ka. (OK Lesson 19.

123

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Lesson 19. to omit dake; arimasen ka, also OK)
145. It cant be helped, huh. Use plain speech and
desu. Well, with this is fine.
Shikata ga nai desu ne. Jaa, kore de kekkoo desu.
(OK to omit desu in the first sentence)
146. As for in the store, except for this only, it didnt
exist, for sure. Soften this.
Mise ni wa, kore shika nakattan desu yo. (nain
deshita, not OK)
147. As for summer vacation, how many days can
you take? Soften this.
Natsuyasumi wa, nannichi torerun desu ka. (toru,
toreru = can take) (nannichi kan, also OK)
148. That, except for one week only, I cannot take,
for sure. Mark that as the subject. Soften this.
Sore ga, isshukan shika torenain desu yo. (sore wa,
not as good)
149. From Tokyo to Kyoto, by bullet train, about
how long will it take? Soften this.
Tokyoo kara, kyooto made, shinkansen de, dono
kurai kakarun desu ka.
150. Will it probably take a great deal? Use zuibun.
Soften this. Dont use ka.
Zuibun kakarun deshoo?
151. No, except for 2 hours and 45 minutes only, it
doesnt take, for sure. Soften this.
Iie, nijikan yonjuu gofun shika kakaranain desu yo.
(not OK to omit kan, since it's required for weeks and
hours)
152. If one is living in Tokyo, does the rent cost
extremely probably? Use to. Use zuibun. Soften
this. Dont use ka.
Tookyoo ni sunde iru to, yachin ga zuibun kakarun
deshoo? (yachin = rent; rent for the yacht of Mr.
Chin)
153. Yeah, but as for me, since Im living in
company housing, except for 20,000 yen only, it
doesnt cost.
Ee, demo watashi wa shataku ni sunde imasu kara,
niman yen shika kakarimasen. (shataku = company
housing for employees; the Shah takes you to
company housing) (shitaku = preparations, private
home; otaku = your home) (she takes u to the otaku
to make preparations) (shanai = inside the train or
inside the company)
154. Its a pleasant show, huh. Until the end,
remaining how many hours exist?
Tanoshii shoo desu nee. Owari made, ato nanjikan
arimasu ka. (ato = the rest, the remaining; another,
when used with a following number) (nanjikan ga,
not OK; in general, dont use ga w/ numbers, e.g.
sen yen arimasen)
155. Remaining, in 20 minutes, (meaning, in another
20 minutes), the end is, for sure.
Ato nijippun de, owari desu yo. (ato nijippun ni, not
OK; must use de with ato) (nijuupun, also OK)

156. Except for remaining 20 minutes only, doesnt

it exist? Soften this. Thats too bad. Use plain
speech in the last clause. Use an intensifier.
Ato nijippun shika nain desu ka. Zannen da naa.
157. As for at your company, able-to-speak-English
people, a lot, exist probably? Use takusan. Soften this.
Dont use ka.
Anata no kaisha ni wa, eigo o hanaseru hito ga
takusan irun deshoo? (hanasu, hanaseru = able to
speak) (eigo ga hanaseru, also OK) (hito ga ooin
deshoo, also OK) (OK to say oozei irun deshoo but
cannot say oozein deshoo)
158. That, except for two/three people only, they
dont exist, for sure. Mark that as the subject.
Soften this.
Sore ga, nisan nin shika inain desu yo. (nain, not OK,
because you're referring to people) (nisan nin hito,
not OK, sounds redundant)
159. I would like to do a meal and go, but, you, are
you having money? Soften the 1st clause. Use
dakedo. Use a mans word for you. Use a contracted
form of having. Dont use wa, ga or ka. Plain speech.
Shokuji o shite ikitain dakedo, kimi, okane o
motteru?
160. Now, except for 1,000 yen only, I am not
having, but. Plain speech. Use kedo.
Ima, senyen shika motte inai kedo. (motte nai, also
OK)
161. What do you mean? Except for that only,
doesnt it exist (question mark)? Use both dake and
shika. Use no to soften this. Plain speech.
Nanda, sore dake shika nai no ka. (inai, not OK,
because it isn't living)
161b. Well, not doing a meal, lets return to home.
Use de to mean since. Plain speech.
Jaa, shokuji o shinai de, uchi ni kaeroo.
162. Mother, 5 friends will come, but, sweets, are
they bought and exist? Soften the first clause. Use
dakedo. Dont use wa in the 2nd clause. Plain speech.
Dont use ka.
Okaasan, tomodachi ga gonin kurun dakedo, okashi,
katte aru?
163. Eh. All of 5 people. Except for cakes 3 only,
they are not bought and do not exist, for sure.
Cakes is the subject. Use plain speech to say do
not exist. Use no to soften this.
E! Gonin mo. Keeki ga mittsu shika katte nai no yo.
(keeki o mittsu, also OK) (katte inai, also OK)
163b. Inconvenienced huh. Use a womans
intensifier. Plain speech.
Komatta wa nee.
164. As for this bag, except for that store over there
only, they are not selling, reportedly, for sure. Use
plain speech to say they arent selling. Use soo
desu.
Kono baggu wa, ano mise shika utte nai Lesson 19.

124

125
Lesson 19. soo desu yo. (mise de shika, also OK)
(mise ga shika not OK; cannot use ga with shika)
165. Well, if you desire it, except to go for the
purpose of buying to that store over there only, it
doesnt exist, huh. Use tara. Plain speech. Use a
womans intensifier.
Jaa, hoshikattara, ano mise ni kai ni iku shika nai wa
ne.
166. As for that movie over there, its until today,
reportedly, for sure. Use soo desu.
Ano eiga wa, kyoo made da soo desu yo. (not OK to
omit da)
167. Is that so? Well, its raining, but today except
for to go for the purpose of seeing, it doesnt exist,
huh. Use kedo. Use plain speech, except for desu at
the end.
Soo desu ka. Jaa, ame ga futte iru kedo, kyoo mi ni
iku shika nai desu ne.
168. To ask about things like identity, definition,
description or explanation concerning unfamiliar
items, in other words, to say as for the one
called, what is it or how is it or why is it, etc., use
one of the following 3 phrases + a question word +
desu ka. The second one is more bookish and the
third one is colloquial.
To iu no wa. To wa. Tte.
169. As for the one called Hong Kong, what kind of
place is it?
Honkon to iu no wa, donna tokoro desu ka.
170. As for the one called Hong Kong, what kind of
place is it? (colloquial)
Honkon tte, donna tokoro desu ka.
171. Stores are a lot, and a very lively place it is.
Use te to mean and.
Mise ga takusan atte, totemo nigiyaka na tokoro desu.
(we do onigiri yaki [burning] after dinner, and it's
lively)
172. As for the one called hara ga tatsu, how called
thing is it (meaning what does it mean)? Colloquial.
Hara ga tatsu tte, doo iu koto desu ka. (hara ga tatsu
= to get angry; hara = abdomen; tatsu = to stand)
(OK to substitute imi for koto) (nan to iu koto, also
OK, not as good)
173. To become want-to-get-angry, called thing it is
for sure. (meaning, thats what it means)
Okoritakunaru to iu koto desu yo. (okoru = to get
angry) (OK to substitute imi for koto)
174. As for the one called tofu, what is it?
(colloquial)
Tofu tte, nan desu ka.
175. From soybeans was made, white and soft food
it is for sure. Use de to mean from. Use te to mean
and.
Daizu de tsukutta shirokute yawarakai tabemono
desu yo. (daizu = soybean; if you feed the tigers too
many soybeans, they will die at the zoo) (yawarakai =

soft; Yahweh gave a warranty for the kite, but the

terms were soft) (tsukutte, not OK) (To convert an i
adjective to and when juxtaposing two verbals in
one sentence, add kute, e.g., hirokute akarui desu.)
176. To that over theres buildings inside, as for
entering, its bad for sure. Use tatemono. Plain
speech. Use a contracted colloquial form of as for
entering.
Ano tatemono no naka ni, haitcha dame da yo.
177. As for the one called bad, why is it? (Meaning,
why do you say bad?) Use dooshite. Colloquial.
Dame tte, dooshite desu ka.
178. Since under construction, since dangerous it is
for sure. Use de and then kara to mean since. Plain
speech.
Kooji chuu de, abunai kara da yo. (kooji = construction; koojoo = factory; when a koojoo [factory]
is being constructed, it has a ji [letter] on it) (abunai
dakara yo, not OK; but OK to say abunai desu kara
yo)
179. As for the one called Hinamatsuri, on March 3,
we decorate Hina dolls and we celebrate girls
growth. Plain speech.
Hinamatsuri to iu no wa, sangatsu mikka ni, Hina
ningyoo o kazatte, onna no ko no seichoo o iwau,
(kazaru = to decorate; they decorate Kazakhstan
kangaroos) (seichoo = growth; say Margaret Cho
and you will grow) (iwau = to celebrate; eels? Wow!
Lets celebrate)
179b. Its a Japanese event.
Nihon no gyooji desu. (gyooji = festival, event;
well eat gyooza in a jeep at the festival; cf. matsuri,
festival) (jigyoo = business enterprise; jugyoo =
class, lesson)
180. As for the one called word processor, a
computer was used typewriter-like thing it is.
Bookish. Use yoo na.
Waapuro to wa, konpyuutaa o tsukatta, taipuraitaa no
yoo na mono desu.
181. As for the one called Kagoshima, where does it
exist? Soften this. Kagoshima to iu no wa, doko ni
arun desu ka.
182. It exists at Kyushus farthest south, for sure.
Kyuushuu no ichiban minami ni arimasu yo.
183. As for the one called A companys president,
who is it? Colloquial.
A sha no shachoo tte dare desu ka.
184. Its Nakayama.
Nakayama san desu.
185. As for the one called kaki, what is it?
Colloquial.
Kaki tte, nan desu ka. (kaki = persimmon, oyster,
summer; a persimmon in the pocket of my khaki
jacket)
186. Its an autumns fruit, for sure.
Aki no kudamono desu yo. (give me
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Lesson 19. fruit, kudasai)
187. As for the one called summer vacation, when is
it? Colloquial.
Natsuyasumi tte, itsu desu ka.
188. From July 20 until September 5th, it is for sure.
Shichigatsu hatsuka kara kugatsu itsuka made desu
yo. (hatsuka = the 20th; on the 20th the hat sucker
buys a new hat; nijuunichi, also OK) (hatachi = age
20; on your 20th birthday, they give you a hat and
some cheese)
189. As for the one called not able to go for the
purpose of mountain climb, why is it? Colloquial.
Use naze.
Yama nobori ni ikenai tte, naze desu ka. (ikanai = I
wont go)
190. Because of illness, Im sleeping. Use te or de.
Soften this.
Byooki de nete irun desu.
191. As for the one called Kyoto, what kind of place
is it? Colloquial.
Kyooto tte, donna tokoro desu ka.
192. Old temples and shrines etc., many exist place it
is, for sure.
Furui otera ya jinja ga takusan aru tokoru desu yo.
193. As for in Japan, in summer, frequently we eat
soomen, for sure. Soften this.
Nihon de wa, natsu ni, yoku soomen o taberun desu
yo. (soomen = thin wheat noodles; sewing men like
to eat soomen) (a Japanese boss surrounded by
soomen, who say soo all the time and eat soomen in
the summer)
194. As for the one called soomen, what kind of
thing is it? Colloquial.
Soomen tte, donna mono desu ka.
195. As for soomen, its a food like udon, and
compared to udon its thin, for sure. Use yoo. Use
de to mean and. Soften this.
Soomen wa, udon no yoo na tabemono de, udon yori
hosoin desu yo. (hosoi = thin, slender; the hose with
soy sauce on it is thin) (cf. yasete iru = a person is
thin)
196. As for me, as for mountains, I like them, but, as
for the ocean, I dont like it much for sure. Soften
the 2nd clause.
Watashi wa, yama wa suki desu ga, umi wa amari
suki ja nain desu yo.
197. As for the one called I dont like, why is it?
Colloquial.
Suki ja nai tte, dooshite desu ka.
198. Being, I cant swim. Dont use koto ga. Soften
this.
Datte, oyogenain desu. (datte = well, because;
seems to mean is being, so could explain datte as
being or being that) (oyogu, oyogeru)
199. As for of only to be looking at people-areswimming-thing, since its boring. Use hito; this is

the subject. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use dake

ja to mean as for of only. Use tsumaranai.
Hito ga oyoide iru no o mite iru dake ja, tsumaranai
desu kara. (kono hon dake ga tsumaranai = kono hon
dake ja tsumaranai = only this book is boring; sake
dake ja nai we dont just have sake; benkyoo suru
dake ja naku asobimasu = he not only studies, but
also plays) (OK to substitute bakari for dake) (dake
ja and bakari ja are commonly used phrases meaning
only) (easier to understand if you substitute de wa
for ja) (oyoide iru hito o mite iru, also OK)
200. Webb, as for the mid-year gift, did you already
send it? Use okuru.
Uebbu san, ochuugen wa moo okurimashita ka.
(ochuugen = mid-year gift; Ill chew the general and
make him into a gift for the mid-year)
201. As for the one called ochuugen, what is it?
Ochuugen to iu no wa, nan desu ka.
202. As for the one called ochuugen, obons time, a
to-send-to-people-who-developed-care gifts thing it
is, for sure. Use koro to mean time. Use koto. Use
okuru.
Ochuugen to iu no wa, obon no koro, osewani natta
hito ni okuru okurimono no koto desu yo. (osewani
naru = to receive care; sewa = care, assistance; sewa
o suru = to take care of a person; sewa o kakeru = to
cause inconvenience or trouble; he sewa o shita
[took care of] me through seven wars) (okurimono =
gift; a sent thing) (cannot substitute mono for koto
because youre talking about the idea of a gift)
203. As for the one called oseibo, Ive heard of it,
but... Use kedo.
Oseibo to iu no wa, kiita koto ga arimasu kedo.
(oseibo = year-end gift; Ill give you an o
[honorable] sailboat at the end of the year)
204. Ah, as for that, in-December-to-send a gift it is,
for sure. Use okuru.
Aa, sore wa juunigatsu ni okuru okurimono desu yo.
(sore ga, not OK)
205. As for the one called bonus, what is it?
Colloquial.
Boonasu tte, nan desu ka.
206. As for the one called bonus, what is it
(question) are you knowing? Colloquial. Use plain
speech to say what is it.
Boonasu tte, nanda ka shitte imasu ka.
207. As for the one called bonus, what (question) are
you knowing? Colloquial.
Boonasu tte, nani ka shitte imasu ka.
208. Now, what time is it?
Ima, nanji desu ka.
209. Now, what time is it (question) do you
know/understand?
Ima nanji da ka wakarimasu ka.
210. Now, what time (question) do you know/
understand? Use plain speech to say Lesson 19.

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Lesson 19. what time is it.
Ima nanji ka wakarimasu ka.
211. To whom if I ask will it probably be good? Use
tara.
Dare ni kiitara ii deshoo ka.
212. To whom if I ask good (question), please teach
me. Use tara.
Dare ni kiitara ii ka oshiete kudasai.
213. As for to next weeks party, how many will
come? (meaning, how many people?)
Raishuu no paatii ni wa, nannin kimasu ka.
214. How many will come (question) Im not
hearing.
Nannin kuru ka kiite imasen.
215. As for summer vacation, where will you go?
Natsu yasumi wa doko ni ikimasu ka.
216. Where to I will go (question), still I am not
arranging.
Doko ni iku ka mada kimete imasen. (kimeru = to
decide, settle, arrange transitive; Kim is erudite, so
she will arrange; kimaru = to be decided, settled,
arranged; when a kimono is arranged, kimono aru)
217. From Hanada, to where they are planning to go
(question), I heard. Use ni to mean from.
Hanada san ni, doko e ikutsumori ka, kikimashita.
(to kikimashita, not OK; ka replaces to, ga, wa and
wo when used in the middle of a sentence. Ka also
seems to substitute for no and koto in situations
where they might be used to make noun phrases.)
218. As for Saitos wedding, when is it? Are you
hearing?
Saitoo san no kekkonshiki wa, itsu desu ka, kiite
imasu ka.
219. At the station, how many hours I lined up
(question), already I completely forgot.
Eki de nanjikan narabimashita ka, moo wasurete
shimaimashita. (narabu = to line up, intransitive;
narabimashita = naranda; naraberu = to line up,
transitive; narabemashita = narabeta; cf. narau = to
learn; naraimashita = naratta = learned)
220. Who wont come (question), early, it would be
better to check in advance, for sure.
Dare ga kimasen ka, hayaku shirabete oita hoo ga ii
desu yo. (konai, also OK)
221. As for Osaka, where it exists (question), with
this map, please teach.
Oosaka wa doko ni arimasu ka, kono chizu de,
oshiete kudasai.
222. To tomorrows party, who will come (question),
I dont know.
Ashita no paatii ni, dare ga kimasu ka, shirimasen.
223. To reserve the hotel was possible (question), I
will ask Kuroda and see.
Hoteru o yoyaku dekimashita ka, kuroda san ni kiite
mimasu. (hoteru no yoyaku, not OK) (not OK to use
ga after yoyaku; can say hoteru o yoyaku dekimasu,

or can say yoyaku ga dekimasu, but cannot say

hoteru o yoyaku ga dekimasu)
224. As for Tanaka, what he is doing (question), if it
were Kimura, she will be knowing probably. Use
tara.
Tanaka san wa nani o shite imasu ka, kimura san
dattara, shitte iru deshoo. (Tanaka san ga, not OK)
(dattara = if it were; Noriko dattara, wakaru deshoo
= if it were Noriko, she would know) (cf. datte =
because)
225. The meeting, when we will do (question), with
Michael, consult in advance please.
Kaigi o itsu shimasu ka, maikeru san to, soodan shite
oite kudasai.
226. As for Kagoshima, where it exists (question),
are you knowing? Use plain speech to say exists.
Kagoshima wa doko ni aru ka shitte imasu ka.
227. As for A companys president, who (question
mark) are you knowing?
A-sha no shachoo wa, dare ka shitte imasu ka.
228. As for the one called kaki, what (question) are
you knowing? Colloquial.
Kaki tte, nani ka shitte imasu ka.
229. As for summer vacation, when (question) are
you knowing?
Natsu yasumi wa itsu ka, shitte imasu ka.
230. Why for the purpose of mountain climb, cant
he go (question)? Are you knowing? Use naze. Use
no to soften the first verb.
Naze yama nobori ni ikenai no ka, shitte imasu ka.
(ikanai = wont go; ikenai = cant go) (OK to omit
no, but this makes the sentence too harsh)
231. Kyoto what kind of place (question), are you
knowing? Mark Kyoto as the subject.
Kyooto ga donna tokoro ka shitte imasu ka. (donna
tokoro da ka, also OK)
232. As for Michael, for the sake of Kuroda, he
bought a Kyoto souvenir and came. Use tame.
Maikeru san wa, kuroda san no tame ni, kyooto no
omiyage o katte kimashita. (omiyage = gift; my
Yankee gentleman always brings a gift)
233. Barbara, as for always television is watching
thing, what kind of purpose (question), do you
know/understand? Use no to make a noun phrase.
Use nan no. Use tame. Barbara is the subject.
Baabarasan ga, itsumo terebi o mite iru no wa, nan no
tame ka, wakarimasu ka.
234. For the sake of to attend a meeting, next week, I
was scheduled to do a business trip to Osaka. Use
tame.
Kaigi ni deru tame ni, raishuu, oosaka e shutchoo
suru koto ni narimashita.
235. As for for the sake of to memorize French,
when you think about it, it would probably be better
to do a foreign study to France, huh. Use tame. Use
yahari.
Lesson 19.

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Lesson 19. Furansugo o oboeru tame ni, yahari,
furansu ni ryuugaku shita hoo ga ii deshoo ne. (the
ryukkusakku [rucksak]carrying gakusei [students]
study abroad)
236. Instead of using tame ni, meaning for the
sake of, or for the purpose of, if you just want to
make a milder statement , like such that, so as to,
or in such a way as to, use
Yoo ni.
237. So as to not catch cold, please be careful. (Use
yoo ni for the next 3 sentences.)
Kaze o hikanai yoo ni, ki o tsukete kudasai. (not
kaze o hikanai tame ni)
238. So that any of them can read, please write
characters cleanly.
Daredemo yomeru yoo ni, ji o kirei ni kaite kudasai.
(not yomeru tame ni, which would imply that truly
everyone needs to be able to read them) (donata
demo, also OK) (If you follow a question word with
demo, it means any, e.g., doredemo means any of
them, whichever one)
239. In such a way that to me also will understand,
more easily do explanation please.
Watashi ni mo wakaru yoo ni, motto yasashiku
setsumei shite kudasai. (OK to substitute kantan ni,
meaning simple or brief, for yasashiku; ku changes
yasashii into an adverb)
240. In order to check the meaning of words, I
consult a dictionary. Plain speech. (Use tame ni for
the next 7 sentences.)
Kotoba no imi o shiraberu tame ni, jisho o hiku. (imi
= meaning, sense, significance; the meaning of
imitate is to pretend to be) (hiku = pull, subtract,
look up, draw down, attract, swelling go down; hicks
hiku [pull] out dictionaries and look up stuff)
241. In order to board a bullet train, I go to Tokyo
Station. Plain speech.
Shinkansen ni noru tame ni, tookyoo eki ni iku.
242. In order to do Michaels welcome party, I will
reserve a restaurant. Plain speech.
Maikeru san no kangeikai o suru tame ni, resutoran o
yoyaku suru.
243. In order to teach and receive the part that I
dont understand, I will go to the teachers room.
Use tokoro to mean part. Plain speech.
Wakaranai tokoro o oshiete morau tame ni, sensei no
heya ni iku. (tokoro = place, address, part; juushoo
= address) (OK to substitute koto for tokoro)
244. In order to insert gasoline, I will stop the cars
engine. Plain speech.
Gasorin o ireru tame ni, kuruma no enjin o tomeru.
245. In order to quickly neatly write documents, I
will use a word processor. Plain speech.
Shorui o hayaku kirei ni kaku tame ni, waapuro o
tsukau. (hayakute, not OK; hayaku kaku = I write
quickly)

246. In order to go for the purpose of family travel, I

will take vacation. Plain speech.
Kazoku ryokoo ni iku tame ni, yasumi o toru.
247. Sometime tomorrow, so as to arrive, I will send
the package by express delivery. Use asu. Use
todoku. Use yoo. Use dasu.
Asujuu ni, todoku yoo ni, kozutsumi o sokutatsu de
dashimasu. ( (socks tatsu [stand] when delivered
express) (asuchuu, not OK) (todoku = to arrive;
todokeru = to deliver)
248. To everyone, clearly, in order to be audible,
please talk with a big voice. Use minna. Use yoo.
Use ookii na.
Minna ni hakkiri kikoeru yoo ni, ookii na koe de
hanashite kudasai. (hakkiri [to]= clearly, distinctly;
hakkiri shinai = unclear, uncertain; hakkiri shita =
clear, obvious, definite, certain; a kitty with a hack
saw sends a clear and distinct message; hakkiri ni,
not OK) (cf. hakaru = measure or weigh) (cf. seikaku
= accurate, exact) (koe = voice; the co-ed has a loud
voice) (not OK to substitute kikeru which = can hear,
can ask; kikoeru = is audible) (ookii koe, also OK)
249. In order to meet my came-from-America friend,
I went to a Shinjuku hotel. Use tame.
Amerika kara kita tomodachi ni au tame ni, shinjuku
no hoteru ni ikimashita.
250. So as to not be delayed to class, I will decide to
leave the house a little earlier. Use yoo.
Jugyoo ni okurenai yoo ni, moo sukoshi hayaku ie o
deru koto ni shimasu. (jugyoo = classroom
instruction, class; I bring a jug of yogurt to class)
251. So as not to mistake the phone number, while
looking at the notebook, I turned the dial. Use
machigaeru. Use yoo. Use nagara.
Denwa bango o machigaenai yoo ni, techoo o mi
nagara, daiyaru o mawashimashita. (machigaeru =
machigau; OK to substitute machigawanai) (techoo
= notebook; I left my notebook on the techo [roof in
Spanish]) (daiyaru = dial) (mawasu, transitive = to
turn, spin; mawaru, intransitive = to turn, spin; you
have to turn the dial on ma's washing machine) (cf.
magaru = to turn a corner etc.)
252. As for this pamphlet, so that also to foreigners
they can read, it is written in English and French etc.
Usegaikokujin. Use yoo. Use ya with nado.
Kono panfuretto wa, gaikokujin ni mo yomeru yoo ni,
eigo ya furansugo nado de kaite arimasu.
253. So that children will get delighted, sweets, a lot,
I bought in advance. Use kodomo. Use yoo.
Kodomo ga yorokobu yoo ni, okashi o takusan katte
okimashita. (yorokobu = to be delighted, Im
delighted that I can go to Europe to comb a bull)
254. So that the illness will quickly heal, I will drink
medicine and sleep. Use yoo. Use te or de to mean
and.
Byooki ga hayaku naoru yoo ni, kusuri Lesson 19.

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Lesson 19.
o nonde nemasu.
255. In order to quickly heal the illness, I will drink
medicine and sleep. Use tame. Use te or de to mean
and.
Byooki o hayaku naosu tame ni, kusuri o nonde
nemasu.
256. As for at Japanese companies, usually, in
summer and winter, the salarys 2 slash 3 month
portion apiece bonus comes out. Use futsuu.
Nihon no kaisha de wa, futsuu, natsu to fuyu ni,
kyuuryoo no nisan kagetsu bun zutsu boonasu ga
demasu. (kyuuryoo = salary, pay, wages; I spend my
salary on curios) (zutsu no boonasu, also OK)
257. As for Japanese people, with this money, they
return to their hometowns etc., they travel etc., they
enjoy leisure etc., they do savings, etc., they do. Use
tari.
Nihonjin wa, kono okane de, inaka ni kaetari, ryokoo
o shitari, rejaa o tanoshindari, chokin o shitari
shimasu. (rejaa = leisure, recreation) (tanoshimu = to
enjoy; a tanoshii [pleasant] moo cow can enjoy life;
tanoshinda = tanoshimimashita) (chokin = savings;
the high level of savings is choking the economy)
(use the suffix tari to mean etc., after the past stems
of verbs or adjectives) (cf. chokosetsu = directly)
258. As for Webb, since he is a new employee, as for
the bonus, since except for 0.8 month portion only he
cannot receive, he is being disappointed. Use node
and then kara.
Uebbusan wa, shinnyu shain na node, boonasu wa,
rei ten hachikagetsu bun shika moraenai kara,
gakkari shite imasu. (shinnyuu shain = new
employee; shinnyuu = invasion; shining youth
invade the country; shinnyuu-sei = new student;
yunyuu suru = to import; export = yushutsu suru;
shin [new] people are nyuu employees) (gakkari suru
= to become disappointed or discouraged)
259a. The following question is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for in America, bonus to-receive-invacation thing is also possible, but ...
Amerika de wa, boonasu o yasumi de morau koto mo
dekimasu ga ...
259b. Part 2. as for in Japan, that-said-customdoesnt-exist thing they know, and, as for Webb, he
got astonished. Use koto. Use te to mean and.
Nihon ni wa, soo iu shuukan ga nai koto o shitte,
uebbu san wa, odorokimashita. (nihon de wa, also
OK) (soo iu koto = that sort of thing, not necessarily
having to do with speaking, but can remember it that
way, like that speaking thing) (shuukan = week;
custom, practice, habit; its my custom to keep my
shoes in a can) (odoroku = odorokimasu = to be
surprised, astonished)
260. Japanese people also, as for recently, very much,
got to the point that they will take summer vacation.
Use daibu. Nihonjin mo, saikin wa, daibu,

natsuyasumi o toru yoo ni narimashita. (daibu = a lot,

quite a bit, very much) (yoo ni naru = come to be
such that, get to be such that. get to the point that;
yoo ni suru = to see to it, to make an effort, to take
care that; yoo ~ manner, hoo ~ direction)
261. However, if you compare to Europe, America
etc., still, as for summer vacation, its short. Use
shikashi. Use to.
Shikashi, yooroppa ya amerika ni kuraberu to, mada,
natsuyasumi wa, mijikai desu. (shikashi = but,
however; shes chic and has cash; however, she
isnt very generous; keredomo also OK; sore ni
shitemo, also OK) (kuraberu = to compare; if you
compare treating a wart to curing Abes rupture, it
isnt much) (shiraberu = to check; naraberu = line up)
262. As for Sapporos snow festivals photograph,
which is it?
Sapporo no yukimatsuri no shashin wa dore desu ka.
(Matsumoto will surely be at the festival)
263. As for Yumiko, why is she looking at
Sapporos snow festivals photos. Use naze.
Yumiko san wa, naze sapporo no yukimatsuri no
shashin o mite imasu ka.
264. For the sake of Yumiko will do travel
reservations. Yumiko is the subject. Use tame.
Plain speech.
Yumiko san ga ryokoo no yoyaku o suru tame. (ga
better than wa here, since answering a question)
265. For the sake of she will invite Barbara along for
the purpose of travel. Use ni and then tame. Plain
speech.
Baabarasan o ryokoo ni sasoo tame.
266. Because she remembered last years snow
festival. Plain speech.
Kyonen no yukimatsuri o omoidashita kara.
(omoidasu = to remember, recollect; omoi = idea,
thought, sentiment, love; dasu = to take out) (oboeta
= memorized)
Lesson 20
1. Webb, from section manager Kitamura, did you
hear the speech in question?
Uebbu san, kitamura kachoo kara, rei no hanashi o
kikimashita ka.
2. No, not yet. To tell the truth, now, I just came.
Use nan to soften this.
Iie, mada desu. Jitsu wa, ima, kita tokoro nan desu.
3. Is that so? Well, from the section manager, please
listen to the speech directly.
Soo desu ka. Ja, kachoo kara chokusetsu hanashi o
kiite kudasai. (kachoo ni, also OK) (chokusetsu =
directly, nothing in between; when he chokes you, it
sets you back, but hes direct; chokusen = straight
line; oosetsu shitsu = reception room; taisetsu =
important; shoosetsu = fiction, novel; shinsetsu =
kind; cf. chokin = savings) (hanashi Lesson 20.

129

130
Lesson 20. o chokusetsu kiite kudasai, also OK)
4. Hey (to express surprise or doubt). How did it
happen, as for that injury? Soften this.
Oya, dooshitan desu ka, sono kega wa. (not OK to
say doo shimattan desu ka, but OK to say dooshite
shimattan desu ka; shimatta = shimashita,
shimaimashita or shimarimashita) (kega = injury; he
got the injury at a kegger)
5. Yeah, since the weather is good, by bicycle, as far
as the station, I shall go, I thought. Soften this.
Ee, tenki ga ii kara, jitensha de eki made ikoo to
omottan desu.
6. And then, the time when I tried to turn the corner
near the home, I fell over. Use soshite. Use toki.
Soften this.
Soshite, uchi no chikaku no kado o magaroo to shita
toki, korondan desu. (uchi no chikai kado, also OK)
(korobu = to fall; cf. kobosu = to spill)
7. Ah, is that so? Please be careful huh.
Aa, soo desu ka. Ki o tsukete kudasai ne.
8. Besides, pretty soon its probably the inside-thecompany sports tournament? Dont use ka.
Sore ni, moo sugu shanai undoo kai deshoo? (shanai
= inside the train, within the company; intra-office;
when we do things within the company, we do them
without the Shah, sha-nai) (undoo = exercise, sport;
undoogutsu = athletic shoes, sneakers) (kangeikai =
welcome party; kai is like kaigi)
9. To Webb also, to the relay race, you will go out
and I shall receive, since Im thinking.
Uebbu san ni mo, riree ni dete moraou to omotte
imasu kara.
10. Yeah. Uh, as for the sports tournament, when
was it again? Use eeto.
Ee. Eeto, undoo kai wa, itsu deshitakke. (itsu
deshitakke = when was it again? I heard once, but I
dont remember.) (que? I heard it before but forgot)
(datta kke, also OK; da kke, also OK))
11. Its the 18th of this month for sure.
Kongetsu no juuhachinichi desu yo.
12. Ah, its pretty soon, huh.
Aa, moo sugu desu ne.
13. By the way, if it rains, how will it develop,
meaning what will you do? Use tara. Soften this.
Tokoro de, ame ga futtara, doo narun desu ka. (doo
narun desu ka = whats happening, what are you
doing?)
14. Is it rain? If it rains, then, as for the sports
tournament, its postponement for sure. Use eba.
Ame desu ka. Ame ga fureba, undoo kai wa, enki
desu yo. (enki suru = to postpone; enki =
postponement; cf. anki = memorization) (if you
encourage kicking, we will have to postpone the
match) (enkai = banquet)
15. Is that so? If it doesnt precipitate, then its
good huh. Use eba.

Soo desu ka. Furanakereba ii desu ne.

16. Young woman Hanada, as for the relay, already
is it starting? Use a contracted plain speech form of
is it starting.
Hanada kun, riree wa, moo hajimatteru?
17. Yeah. Just now Tanabe is in the process of
running. Use choodo.
Ee. Choodo ima Tanabe san ga hashitte iru tokoro
desu. (tadaima could be substituted for choodo ima,
but sounds strange here; OK to say tadaima hashitte
imasu.
18. Look! Over there ... Use hora
Hora. Asoko... (hora = look, see, listen)
19. As for young woman Kuroda and young man
Webb, etc, not yet? Plain speech.
Kuroda kun ya Uebbu kun wa mada?
20. Kuroda, from now, is just about to run. Use kore
to mean now.
Kuroda san ga, kore kara, hashiru tokoro desu.
(kuroda san wa, also OK; ga is more specific) (ima
kara, also OK)
21. Now, Tanabe, to Kuroda, is handing the baton,
for sure.
Ima, Tanabe san ga, Kuroda san ni, baton o watashite
imasu yo.
22. Kuroda, do your best! Use the te form.
Kuroda san, ganbatte!
23. Young woman Kuroda, do your best! Imperative
form.
Kuroda kun, ganbare! (ganbaru = try hard, do ones
best) (to make the imperative form, take the verb
root and add e for a u verb; add ro for an ru verb)
24. As for the following, its Webb for sure.
Tsugi wa, Uebbu san desu yo. (tsugi no wa, not OK
here, but you could say tsugi no wa when talking
about objects)
25. Kuroda, the time when she was trying to hand
the baton to Webb, falls over. Use toki. Plain speech.
Kuroda san ga, Uebbu san ni baton o watasou to shita
toki, korobu. (OK to substitute koronda for korobu)
26. Ah, Kuroda is falling over. Use the exclamatory
form of the verb. Kuroda, get hold of yourself! Use a
one-word form of get hold of yourself. Plain
speech.
Aa! Kuroda san ga koronda. Kuroda san, shikkari!
(shikkari suru = to get hold of oneself, pull oneself
together, compose oneself; shikkari! = come on!,
cheer up!, dont give up!; shikkari = firmly, tightly,
strongly; when shiites carry the whips, they pull
themselves together; shikkari shita = firm, stable,
reliable) (tashika ni = definitely; )
27. Ah, young man Webb rescues, and is taking the
baton. Use te to mean and. Use the exclamatory
form of is taking. Plain speech.
A, Uebbu kun ga, tasukete, baton o totta. (tasukeru =
help, assist, support, rescue; the tassels Lesson 20.

130

131
Lesson 20. on John Kerrys hat rescue him from
irrelevance; tetsudau = help, assist; tetsudatte, not
OK here; refers more to help with work)
28. Run! Run! Imperative form.
Hashire! Hashire! (hashiru is a u verb)
29. Young man Webb, fast! Use an intensifier.
Uebbu kun, hayai naa. (this means that Webb runs
fast; hayaku hashiru naa = same meaning; to tell
him to run fast, say hayaku hashire dont use naa)
30. By the way, as for Kuroda, OK I wonder? Use
kana.
Tokoro de, Kuroda san wa, daijoobu kana.
31. Yeah. For a moment, I will look and come.
Ee. Chotto mite kimasu.
32. Everyone, thank you for your honorable trouble.
Use a 2-word abbreviation of this phrase. Dont use
san.
Minna, gokuroosama. (kuroo = hardship, suffering,
trouble; kuro = black; the suffering put him in a
kuroi [black] mood) (the longer version is gokuroo
sama deshita, meaning thank you for your hard work)
33. You did your best well, huh. Plain speech.
Yoku ganbatta ne.
34. As for to first place you could not become, but
since, to third place you won a prize, its splendid for
sure. Use kedo. Soften the second phrase. Use
dakara. Plain speech.
Ichi i ni wa narenakatta kedo, san i ni nyuushoo
shitan dakara, rippa da yo. (nyuushoo suru = to win a
prize; nyuuin suru = to be hospitalized; shin nyuu
shain = new employee) (at the nyuu show in Nyuu
York, I won a prize) (dekinakatta, not OK here;
dekiru = able to do, but cant be used to mean not
able to win a prize or place)
35. And then, as for Kurodas injury, OK? Use sore
de.
Sore de, Kuroda san no kega wa, daijoobu?
36. Now, at over that way, they are doing medical
treatment. Use atchi.
Ima, atchi de, teate o shite imasu. (teate suru = to
treat medically; when you provide medical treatment,
you do it mano a mano,or te a te)
37. The time she tried to hand the baton, falling over,
she hit the leg strongly, reportedly. Use toki. Use
soo.
Baton o watasooto shita toki, koronde, ashi o tsuyoku
utta soo desu. (utsu = strike, hit, hammer; uchimi =
bruise; utta = uchimashita or urimashita, i.e., sold) (I
utilized a submarine to strike him)
38. I see. It was terrible huh. Use soo. Plain speech.
Soo. Taihen datta ne.
39. Well, celebrating third place prize,
at the return, with beer, shall we do a toast? Plain
speech.
Ja, san i nyuushoo o iwatte, kaeri ni, biiru de kanpai
shiyoo ka. (nyuushoo = prize) (iwau = to celebrate)

(kaeri de, not OK; kaeri refers to a time, not a place)

40. Wow. Its good, huh. Agreed.
Waa. Ii desu ne. Sansei. (sansei suru = to agree,
sansei = agreement) (the sanseis [3rd generation
Japanese immigrants] came to an agreement)
41. As for Webb, when did he sustain an injury?
Uebbu san wa, itsu, kega o shimashita ka.
42. Riding on a bicycle, its the time when he tried to
turn the corner near the home. Use toki.
Jitensha ni notte, uchi no chikaku no kado o
magarooto shita toki desu.
43. As for Webb, at the sports tournament, to what
will he go out, meaning what sport will he play?
Uebbu san wa, undookai de, nani ni demasu ka.
44. He will go out to the relay.
Riree ni demasu.
45. If it rains on the 18th, as for the sports tournament,
how will it develop? Use tara.
Juuhachinichi ni ame ga futtara, undookai wa, doo
narimasu ka.
46. Postponement will develop.
Enki ni narimasu. (if you encourage kicking, we will
have to postpone the match)
47. At following Tanabe, who will run?
Tanabe san no tsugi ni, dare ga hashirimasu ka.
48. Its Kuroda.
Kuroda san desu.
49. As for the one who fell over, who is it?
Koronda no wa, dare desu ka.
50. Its Kuroda.
Kuroda san desu.
51. As for the person who fell over, did she sustain
an injury?
Koronda hito wa, kega o shimashita ka.
52. Yes. She hit the leg strongly. She is understood.
Hai. Ashi o tsuyoku uchimashita. (utsu; I utilized a
submarine to strike him) (ashi ga tsuyoku
utaremashita, using the passive tense see Lesson 23
meaning the leg was hit strongly, sounds strange,
since it sounds like the leg did something; the
alternate expression, ashi o tsuyoku utaremashita,
meaning the leg was hit on me, sounds OK)
53. As for the Webb group, to what place did it
develop, meaning 1st place, 2nd place etc.?
Uebbu san tachi wa, nan i ni narimashita ka. (nani i,
not OK)
54. To third place it developed.
San i ni narimashita.
55. As for the Webb group, after the sports
tournament, what will they do?
Webb san tachi wa, undookai no ato, nani o shimasu
ka. (ato de, or ato ni, both also OK; ato de is better)
56. They will go for the purpose of drinking beer.
Biiru o nomi ni ikimasu.
57. To form the plain speech form of I shall, for a
u verb, add oo to the root, i.e., the
Lesson 20.

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132
Lesson 20. pre-u form. I shall write.
Kakoo. (= kakimashoo)
58. To form the plain speech form of I shall, for
an ru verb, add yoo to the root, i.e., the pre-ru
form. I shall eat.
Tabeyoo. (= tabemashoo)
59. The following 3 verbs are irregular. I shall go.
Plain speech.
Ikoo. (= ikimashoo)
60. I shall come. Plain speech.
Koyoo. (= kimashoo) (The koi shall come.)
61. I shall do. Plain speech.
Shioo. (= shimashoo)
62. Well (sigh). Its the last athletic competition.
Plain speech.
Saa. Saigo no kyoogi da. (kyoogi = athletic
competition, discussion, conference, doctrine,
teaching) (carrying kyoos [todays] guitar, I
competed in an athletic competition) (cf. saisho =
first)
63. Good, I shall do my best. Use yoshi to mean
good or OK! Plain speech.
Yoshi, ganbaroo. (yoshi = good!, OK!, all right then,
Ill do it , lets begin, etc.)
64. Already its 6 oclock. Well (sigh), shall I get
up? Plain speech
Moo rokuji da. Saa, okiyoo ka.
65. Already, as for honorable sushi, is it good
(meaning, have you had enough)?
Moo, osushi wa ii desu ka.
66. Yeah, since Im full, I already cant eat.
Meaning, I cant eat anymore. Use de to mean since.
Use a womans word for emphasis.
Ee. Onaka ga ippai de, moo taberaremasen wa.
67. Well, as for the remainder, I shall decide to eat it.
Use a mans word for I.
Ja, nokori wa, boku ga taberu koto ni shimashoo.
(nokoru = to remain, stay behind; nokori =
remainder; nokoshi, not OK no such word)
68. In the following section, use plain speech to say
shall. As for tomorrow, I shall get up early, I think.
Ashita wa, hayaku okiyoo to omoimasu.
69. Thinking that together we shall watch a movie or
something, I did a phone call to Barbara.
Issho ni eiga de mo miyoo to omotte, Baabarasan ni
denwa o shimashita. (not OK to omit de, as mo by
itself might mean also and create confusion) (this
demo, meaning or something, is different from
the mo and demo that are used to mean even;
see Lesson 18, #13, and Lesson 23, #146)
70. Next years summer, I shall go to England, Im
thinking.
Rainen no natsu, igirisu ni ikoo to omotte imasu.
71. As for tomorrow, I shall go to school, Im
thinking.
Ashita wa gakkoo ni ikou to omotte imasu.

72. I shall study more, I think.

Motto benkyoo shiyoo to omoimasu.
73. This book, sometime today, I shall read, Im
thinking.
Kono hon o kyoo juu ni yomoo, to omotte imasu.
74. I shall sit on that bench over there, I think. Use
suwaru.
Ano benchi ni suwaroo to omoimasu. (OK to
substitute kakeyoo for suwaroo)
75. At 10:00 I shall start the meeting, I think.
Juu ji ni kaigi o hajimeyoo to omoimasu.
76. I shall drink coffee at that shop over there, Im
thinking.
Ano mise de koohii o nomoo to omotte imasu.
77. Recently, its not enough exercise, for sure. Use
nan to soften this.
Saikin, undoo busoku nan desu yo.
(-busoku = not enough; undoobusoku = not enough
exercise; nebusoku = not enough sleep) (If there are
oku [100 million] buses, its not enough to carry all
the people in the world)
78. For that reason, every day, I shall go to the
company walking, Im thinking, for sure. Soften this.
Sore de, mainichi kaisha ni aruite ikoo to omotte irun
desu yo.
79. Ah, as for that, its good for health, huh.
Aa, sore wa kenkoo ni ii desu ne. (kenkoo = health,
genki = healthy)
80. The clothes bought last year became unable to
wear for sure. Use kirareru. Soften this.
Kyonen katta fuku ga, kirarenakunattan desu yo.
(kiru = to wear; kirareru = kireru = can wear;
became able to wear = kirareru yoo ni nattan)
81. Really. Did you get that fat? Use hee. Soften
this.
Hee. Sonna ni futtotan desu ka. (futoru = to get fat)
82. Yeah. For that reason, I shall reduce a little more
weight, Im thinking.
Ee. Sore de, moo sukoshi taijuu o herasoo to omotte
imasu. (taijuu = weight of a person; tai is an
alternate reading for the kanji for karada; the Thai
Jews check their weight every day; cf. juutai =
critical condition, gridlock) (herasu = to lesson,
decrease, reduce; opposite of fueru; the heralds sue
to reduce the number of messages they have to
proclaim) (sageru, not OK for reducing weight)
83. In America, a heavy rain fell, reportedly, huh.
Use soo desu.
Amerika de ooame ga futta soo desu ne.
84. Yeah, since a little worry, huh, I shall call on the
phone to the parents, Im thinking. Use chotto. Use
de to mean since.
Ee, chotto shinpai de ne, ryooshin ni denwa o
kakeyoo to omotte imasu.
85. Recently, no-smoking places became numerous,
huh. Use basho.
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Lesson 20.
Saikin, kinen no basho ga oku
narimashita ne. (kinen na basho, also OK)
86. Yeah, for that reason, I shall stop tobacco, Im
thinking, for sure. Soften this.
Ee, sore de tabako o yameyoo to omotte irun desu yo.
87. As for summer vacation, how will you do.
Soften this.
Natsuyasumi wa doo surun desu ka.
88. I shall travel to Europe, Im thinking.
Yooroppa ni ryookoo shiyoo to omotte imasu.
89. As for that, jealous! Use an intensifier.
Sore wa urayamashii naa.
90. Its a pretty tablecloth, huh.
Kirei na teeburukurosu desu ne.
91. A Mexican friend sent and gave it for sure. Use
okuru. Soften this.
Mekishiko no tomodachi ga okutte kuretan desu yo.
92. For that reason, I shall write a letter of thanks,
Im thinking.
Sore de, orei no tegami o kakoo to omotte imasu.
(orei = thanks, gratitude; Oregon Indians give thanks
every day)
93. To express the idea to try to do something,
implying that one failed or that one is not
succeeding very well, use the plain lets form of
the verb, followed by
To suru.
94. Look, the injured bird is trying to fly. Use hora.
Plain speech.
Hora, kega o shita tori ga, toboo to shite iru. (hora =
look, see, listen!) (tobu = to fly)
95. As for my father, he tried to extract the wines
cork, but he couldnt. Plain speech.
Chichi wa, wain no sen o nukoo to shita ga,
dekinakatta. (sen = cork; we have sen [1,000] corks)
(nuku = to pull out, extract; when we nuke you, that
will extract all your corks)
96. When I tried to call on the phone, there was no
10-yen coin. Use tara. Soften this.
Denwa o kakeyoo to shitara, juu en dama ga nakattan
desu.
97. Trying to drink juice, I spilled it completely.
Juusu o nomoo to shite, koboshite shimaimashita.
98. When I drank this juice to see, it was delicious.
Use tara. Plain speech.
Kono juusu o nonde mitara, oishikatta.
99. Every day, Im making an effort to drink juice.
Mainichi, juusu o nomu yoo ni shite imasu.
100. He is trying to jump into the pool. Use plain
speech for the next 8 responses.
Puuru ni tobikomoo to shite iru. (tobikomu = to jump
into; tobikomi = diving; tobu = fly, jump) (komu =
get crowded; when we all tobimasu [jump] into the
pool, it komu [gets crowded])
101. He is trying to call on the phone.
Denwa o kakeyoo to shite iru.

102. He is trying to board a train.

Densha ni noroo to shite iru.
103. She is trying to leave for the purpose of
shopping. Use dekakeru.
Kaimono ni dekakeyoo to shite iru.
104. He is trying to hang the record, meaning to play
it.
Rekoodo o kakeyoo to shite iru. (kakeru = to hang,
wear glasses or a necklace, cover, sit down, spend
time or money, phone, keep in mind, care about)
105. She is trying to type. Use utsu.
Taipu o utoo to shite iru. (utsu = beat, strike, impress,
touch the heart, fire a gun) (uchimashoo = utoo)
106. He is trying to cut the fish.
Sakana o kiroo to shite iru. (kiru is a u verb)
107. The car is trying to turn left.
Kuruma ga, hidari ni magaroo to shite iru. (magaru =
to turn a corner, to bend)
108. Excuse me. From tomorrow, I will see to it to
get up early in the morning.
Sumimasen. Ashita kara, asa hayaku okiru yoo ni
shimasu.
109. Every morning , Im trying to get up early, but I
cannot get up readily. Soften this twice. Use the
longer form of cannot get up.
Maiasa hayaku okiyoo to shite irun desu ga,
nakanaka okirarenain desu. (okirareru = okireru)
110. If you get up early in the morning, is the feeling
that good? Use to. Soften this.
Asa hayaku okiru to, sonna ni kimochi ga iin desu ka.
(compared to kimochi, kibun is more related to
health ) (kimochi ga, sonna ni iin, also OK)
111. Well, I also, one time, will get up early in the
morning and see.
Jaa, watashi mo, ichido, asa hayaku okite mimasu.
112. On this river swimming, whether I can cross or
not, this time, I will swim and see.
Kono kawa o oyoide watareru ka dooka, kondo,
oyoide mimasu. (wataru is a u verb)
113. Ah, danger. A child swimming on the river is
trying to cross.
A, abunai! Kodomo ga kawa o oyoide wataroo to
shite imasu. (wataru = to cross) (use o because of
wataru, but generally either kawa o oyogu or kawa de
oyogu is OK; both umi o oyogu and umi de oyogu
are also OK)
114. As for from now, on the river swimming,
crossing etc., I will not do. Use kore to mean now.
Use tari.
Kore kara wa, kawa o oyoide watattari shimasen.
115. I will see to it to cross on the bridge.
Hashi o wataru yoo ni shimasu. (hashi de, not OK, as
you cannot use a bridge, you can only cross on it)
116. Is on the verge of running, is ready to run.
Hashiru tokoro. (tokoro desu, also OK)
117. Is in the process of running, is
Lesson 20.

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Lesson 20. in the middle of running.
Hashitte iru tokoro. (tokoro desu, also OK)
118. Has just finished running, is at the point of
having just finished running.
Hashitta tokoro. (tokoro desu, also OK)
119. Excuse me. Again, of later, please come.
Sumimasen. Mata ato de kite kudasai.
120. From now, Im on the verge of leaving. Use
kore to mean now. Use dekakeru. Use nan to soften
this.
Kore kara dekakeru tokoro nan desu.
121. Since tomorrow a Japanese language test exists,
now, Im in the middle of doing that study. Use
shiken. Use node.
Ashita nihongo no shiken ga aru node, ima, sono
benkyoo o shite iru tokoro desu.
122. In summer vacation, what I shall do question,
now, Im the process of thinking. Use plain speech
to say I shall. Use to to show quotes. Use kangaeru.
Natsu yasumi ni, nani o shiyoo ka to, ima, kangaete
iru tokoro desu. (OK to omit to)
123. As for my father, now, into the honorable bath,
he has just entered. Use nan to soften this.
Chichi wa, ima, ofuro ni, haitta tokoro nan desu.
124. At after 30 minutes, again, can you not do a
phone call and we receive? Use go. Very polite.
Sanjippun go ni, mata, denwa o shite itadakemasenka.
(ato sanjippun de, OK; ato sanjippun ni, not OK; ato
sanjippun go ni, or go de, both not OK) (sanjuppun,
also OK)
125. Yes, now, from the honorable bath, he has just
finished rising.
Hai. Ima, ofuro kara agatta tokoro desu. (agaru = to
rise up, to enter a house)
126. Please wait a moment. Very polite.
Shooshoo omachi kudasai.
127. At I am in the process of thinking/feeling that I
shall go for the purpose of shopping, Kinoshita came.
Kaimono ni ikoo to omotte iru tokoro ni, kinoshita
san ga kimashita.
128. Another way to express the idea of just
having done something, besides using the past
tense of a verb followed by tokoro, is to use the
past tense of the verb followed by
Bakari.
129. The past tense followed by tokoro implies
that the action was done just now, while the past
tense followed by bakari implies that the action
was done
A while ago.
130. As for my father, now, he has just returned and
come.
Chichi wa, ima, kaette kita tokoro desu.
131. As for my father, he has returned and come a
while ago, and, still, he isnt doing a meal, meaning
he hasnt eaten. Use de to mean and.

Chichi wa, kaette kita bakari de, mada, shokuji o

shite imasen.
132. I began Japanese study a while ago, and still
except for only two months are not elapsing, meaning
they havent elapsed. Use de to mean and.
Nihongo no benkyoo o hajimeta bakari de, mada
nikagetsu shika tatte imasen. (tatsu = to stand, to
elapse) (while the guards tatsu [stand] at the palace,
time elapses) (OK to substitute kakatte for tatte)
133. On the verge of hitting the ball.
Booru o utsu tokoro.
134. In the process of hitting the ball.
Booru o utte iru tokoro.
135. Has just finished hitting the ball.
Booru o utta tokoro.
136. On the verge of lighting a fire.
Hi o tsukeru tokoro.
137. In the process of lighting a fire.
Hi o tsukete iru tokoro.
138. Has just finished lighting a fire.
Hi o tsuketa tokoro.
139. On the verge of handing the baton.
Baton o watasu tokoro.
140. In the process of handing the baton.
Baton o watashite iru tokoro.
141. Has just finished handing the baton.
Baton o watashita tokoro.
142. On the verge of doing a meal.
Shokuji o suru tokoro.
143. In the process of doing a meal.
Shokuji o shite iru tokoro.
144. Has just finished doing a meal.
Shokuji o shita tokoro.
145. Hes in the process of putting on shoes.
Kutsu o haite iru tokoro desu. (haku = to put on or
wear, on feet or legs) (haitte iru = is entered, haite iru
also = is vomiting, from hakimasu)
146. Hes on the verge of boarding a train.
Densha ni noru tokoro desu.
147. From now, hes on the verge of climbing to the
mountain. Use kore to mean now.
Kore kara, yama ni noboru tokoro desu. (yama o
noboru, also OK, but not as good as ni)
148. Close to the river, hes in the process of resting.
Use soba.
Kawa no soba de yasunde iru tokoro desu.
148b. Hes in the process of drinking the rivers
water.
Kawa no mizu o nonde iru tokoro desu.
148c. Hes in the process of washing the face.
Kao o aratte iru tokoro desu. (arau; Arafat washes
dishes under the bridge)
149. Michael has just fallen over.
Maikerusan ga koronda tokoro desu.
150. When reporting what you see as an
exclamation, what tense of the verb Lesson 20.

134

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Lesson 20. should you use?
The past tense.
151. Ah, hes coming, hes coming! Use plain
speech for the next 3 responses.
A, kita, kita.
151. Ah, Kuroda is falling over!
Aa, Kuroda san ga koronda.
152. Hitting, catching, throwing!
Utta, totta, nageta. (nageru = to throw, to give up;
Nag the erudite cobra, can throw a ball)
153. Pretty soon, Mt. Fuji should be visible, but, huh.
Use nan to soften. Use kedo.
Moo sugu, fujisan ga mieru hazu nan desu kedo nee.
154. Ah, its visible, its visible! Dont use plain
speech.
A, miemashita, miemashita. (mieta, also OK)
155. The documents should have been placed on this
desk, but. Use nan to soften this. Plain speech. Use
dakedo. Use an intensifier.
Shorui o kono tsukue no ue ni oita hazu nan da kedo
naa.
156. Ah, here they are, here they are! Plain speech.
Use the exclamatory tense for the next 2 responses.
A, atta, atta.
157. Hes hitting! Its a home run. Use plain speech
for the 1st clause.
Utta. Homu ran desu.
158. Ah, the runner is running! Dont use wa or ga.
Use the exclamatory tense and also plain speech for
the next 3 responses.
Ah! Rannaa hashitta.
159. Ah, its coming!
A, kita.
160. Ah, its there, its there! (referring to a bird)
Aa, ita ita.
161. To express the conjectural or hypothetical
idea, if, then, add the following suffix to the root
of a u verb:
Eba.
162. To express the idea of if, then, add the
following suffix to the root of an ru verb:
Reba.
163. If I write, then ...
Kakeba.
164. If I eat, then ...
Tabereba.
165. If I go, then ...
Ikeba.
166. The following 2 verbs are irregular. If I come,
then ...
Kureba.
167. If I do, then ...
Sureba.
168. For i adjectives, including nai, add kereba to
the stem. If its expensive, then ...
Takakereba.

169. For na adjectives, add nara or naraba or de

areba to the adjective. If its clean, then ... Use de
areba.
Kirei de areba. (kirei nara, kirei naraba, both also
OK)
170. Referring to a noun, whether animate or
inaminate, if it is, then ... 2 responses.
De areba. Nara. (naraba, not OK)
171. Again, referring to an inanimate or animate
noun, If it isnt, then ...
De nakereba.
172. If you go to the station by 1:00, then you can
meet Yamada for sure. Use eba. Dont use koto ga.
Ichi ji made ni eki ni ikeba, yamada san ni aemasu yo.
173. If, if its cheap, then I will buy that desk. Use
moshi.
Moshi, yasukereba, sono tsukue o kaimasu.
174. If it isnt cheap, then I wont buy. Use eba.
Yasukunakereba, kaimasen.
175. If, if tomorrow is sunny, then we will go to
Disneyland. Dont use wa or ga. Use eba.
Moshi, ashita harereba, dizuniirando ni ikimasu.
176. Do not use the eba form to mean when or
whenever. When I arrived at Kyoto station, Tanaka,
for the purpose of meet/receive, came and was. Use
tara.
Kyooto eki ni tsuitara, tanaka san ga, mukae ni, kite
imashita. (mukaeru = to meet, receive) (to do mu
[nothing] and kaeru [return] is to meet/receive
someone)
177. When Taro comes, lets start the meeting. Use
tara. Dont use san after Taro in the next 2 responses.
Taroo ga kitara, kaigi o hajimemashoo.
178. If Taro comes, then the meeting will probably
go well. Use eba. Use umai.
Taroo ga kureba, kaigi ga umaku iku deshoo. (umai
= delicious, skillful, promising, successful) (uma =
horse; the uma [horse] is successful) (ikimashoo,
not OK, since it implies that you will do something
with the
listener)
179. If you are using an active verb like iku, do
not use the eba form before commands, requests
or suggestions. If, if you go to Kyoto, please buy a
souvenir and come. Use tara.
Moshi, kyooto ni ittara, omiyage o katte kite kudasai.
180. The eba form is often used to give
instructions or state scientific principles, etc.
If you insert money and push the white button, the
ticket will emerge and come. Use eba. Use te twice
to mean and.
Okane o irete, shiroi botan o oseba, kippu ga dete
kimasu. (osu = to push, press, stamp)
181. Mr. honorable customer, as for the strawberries,
how are they?
Okyakusan, ichigo wa doo desu ka.
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Lesson 20. (I have ichi go [1 + 5] strawberries)
182. Since I will make them cheap, please buy them
for sure.
Yasuku shimasu kara, katte kudasai yo.
183. Let me see. If they are cheap, then its OK to
buy, but. Use eba. Use kedo. Plain speech.
Soo desu ne. Yasukereba, katte mo ii kedo.
184. Tomorrow, together, wont you go for the
purpose of a picnic?
Ashita, isshoo ni, pikunikku ni ikimasen ka.
185. Let me see. If the weather is good, its OK to
go for sure. Use eba.
Soo desu ne. Tenki ga yokereba, itte moo ii desu yo.
186. Well, lets do a phone call to NTTs 177 and
make sure and see. Use te twice to mean and.
Jaa, NTT no ichi nana nana ni denwa shite,
tashikamete mimashoo. (tashikameru = to make sure,
ascertain; if you take a taxi and a camera, you can
get photos of the kangaroo & ascertain its qualities;
cf. tashika ni = definitely; if you take a taxi to see the
shikas [deers] knees, it will definitely be expensive)
187. From here, as far as the station, about how
many minutes is it?
Koko kara, eki made, nanpun gurai desu ka.
188. If you walk, its far, but if you go by car, then
its about 10 minutes. Use to and then eba.
Aruku to, tooi desu ga, kuruma de ikeba, jippun gurai
desu.
189. Are you knowing the meaning of this kanji?
Kono kanji no imi o shitte imasu ka.
190. Sigh, as for me, a little bit ...
Saa, watashi wa, chotto ...
191. If you consult on a dictionary, then you will
understand, I think, for sure. Use eba.
Jisho o hikeba, wakaru to omoimasu yo. (hiku = to
draw, pull, catch cold, consult a dictionary, play a
stringed instrument)
192. The childs time, what do you want to become,
you were thinking? Use koro.
Kodomo no koro, nani ni naritai to omotte imashita
ka. (koro = approximate time, time when) (OK to
substitute naritakatta for naritai)
193. Its a basketball player.
Basukutto booru no senshu desu. (senshu = athlete)
(athletes are sensual)
194. If the height had been a little more tall, then I
could have become an athlete, but. Use eba. Soften
this. Use kedo.
Moo sukoshi, se ga takakereba, senshu ni naretan
desu kedo. (OK to substitute nattan for naretan, but it
changes the meaning, i.e., I became rather than I
could have become) (senshu ni dekitan, and senshu
ga naretan, both not OK)
195. Its a good camera, huh. I also desire such a
camera. Use a mans word for I. Use an intensifier.
Use plain speech for the last clause.

Ii kamera desu nee. Boku mo, sonna kamera ga

hoshii naa.
196. Is that so. As for me, since I no longer use it, if
you desire it, its OK if you take it away for sure.
Use plain speech to say I no longer use it. Use eba.
Soo desu ka. Watashi wa moo tsukawanai kara,
hoshikereba, motte itte mo ii desu yo.
197. As for at the ski area, can you already ski? Use
sukii joo.
Sukii joo de wa, moo sukii ga dekimasu ka. (sukii
joo = ski area; kuukoo = hikoojoo = airport; Joe
flies into the hikoojoo and skis at the sukiijoo)
198. Yeah, if it snows a little more, then it will get to
the point that skiing can be done. Use eba.
Ee, moo sukoshi yuki ga fureba, sukii ga dekiru yoo
ni narimasu.
199. Tomorrow will you not go for the purpose of
seeing a movie?
Ashita eiga o mi ni ikimasen ka.
200. Yeah, but will it be crowded probably? Use a
contracted form of will be crowded. Dont use ka.
Ee, demo konderu deshoo?
201. If its being empty, meaning uncrowded, it will
be OK to go, but. Use eba. Use kedo. Plain speech.
Suite ireba, itte mo ii kedo ...
202. When you arrive in Kyoto, please do a phone
call. Use tara.
Kyooto ni tsuitara, denwa o shite kudasai.
203. If you leave the house at 9:00, then you will be
on time, for sure. Use deru. Use eba.
Kuji ni ie o dereba, maniaimasu yo. (maniau = to be
on time)
204. If its hot, then its OK to open the window for
sure. Use eba.
Atsukereba, mado o akete mo ii desu yo.
205. If you meet Yamada, please hand this letter.
Use tara.
Yamada san ni attara, kono tegami o watashite
kudasai.
206. Please do your best.
Ganbatte kudasai. (ganbaru = to try hard, do ones
best)
207. Please get hold of yourself! Use yaru.
Shikkari yatte kudasai. (shikkari = to get hold of
oneself, compose oneself; firmly, tightly, strongly;
shikkari! = come on, cheer up, dont give up) (yaru =
to give, to do) (when shiites carry the whips, they pull
themselves together) (shikkari shite kudasai, also
OK)
208. By all means, please do victory.
Zehi yuushoo shite kudasai. (zehi = by all means;
yuushoo = victory, championship) (I won a victory at
the yucca show) (nyuushoo = prize)
209. By all means, please succeed.
Zehi seikoo shite kudasai. (seikoo = success,
accomplishment; seikoo suru = to
Lesson 20.

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137
Lesson 20.
succeed) (if they sell GEICO and
rename it SEIKOO, it will be a success)
210. You will go out to the relay, reportedly? Do
your best, huh. Use n datte.
Riree ni derun datte? Ganbatte ne.
211. As for the next work, its terrible huh.
Kondo no shigoto wa taihen desu ne.
213. As for at the baseball game, by all means,
please do victory.
Yakyuu no shiai de wa, zehi, yuushoo shite kudasai.
214. Yeah, Ill do my best for sure. Mans speech.
Use a grunt to mean yeah. Use plain speech for the
next 2 responses.
Un, ganbaru yo.
215. Yeah, Ill do my best. Use a womans word for
emphasis.
Ee, ganbaru wa.
216. Yes, Ill do my best. More formal.
Hai, ganbarimasu.
217. To form the imperative form of a u verb,
used at sporting events to shout encouragement,
follow the verb root with
E
218. Run!
Hashire. (hashiru is a u verb, since the t is doubled
in its te form, hashitte)
219. To form the imperative form of a ru verb,
follow the verb root with
Ro (mnemonic for e + ro: e ros [love] is imperative,
i.e., to make the imperative form, use e with u verbs
and ro with ru verbs)
220. Throw!
Nagero.
221. The following 3 verbs are irregular. Go!
Ike.
222. Come!
Koi.
223. Do it!
Shiro.
(Mnemonic for irregular imperative verbs:
theres a shiroi [white] koi in the ike [pond]; shiro,
koi, ike)
224. Become well quickly, please.
Hayaku yoku natte kudasai.
225. Take care. Said to a sick person.
Odaijini.
226. By a traffic accident, you did an injury
reportedly. Womans speech. Soften this.
Kootsuuu jiko de, kega o shitan desutte? (kootsuu =
traffic; kootsuu joohoo = traffic report)
227. Please become well quickly, huh.
Hayaku yoku natte kudasai ne.
Did you catch a cold? Soften this.
Kaze o hiitan desu ka.
229. Go ahead, take care.
Doozo, odaiji ni.
230. Yeah, thank you. Mans informal speech.

Un, arigatoo.
231. Yeah, thank you. Womans informal speech.
Ee, arigatoo.
232. Yes, thank you a lot. More formal.
Hai. Arigatoo gozaimasu.
233. Please dont be concerned, literally, dont do to
spirit.
Ki ni shinai de kudasai. (ki = spirit, soul, feeling,
intention, inclination; the key to the armys spirit is
the king; ki ni suru = ki ni naru = worry about, be
concerned; ki ni iru = to like, favor, be please; ki ni
iranai = ki ni kuwanai = to dislike)
234. Please dont drop your spirit.
Ki o otosanai de kudasai. (ki o otosu = to get
downhearted; otosu = to drop, lose, decrease)
235. Please dont do disappointment.
Gakkari shinai de kudasai.
236. Please put forth health, meaning keep your chin
up.
Genki o dashite kudasai. (dasu = put forth, produce,
issue, draw out, take out, generate, show, mail, hand
in or serve a meal)
237. Please dont do worry.
Shinpai shinai de kudasai.
238. Please dont do brooding.
Kuyokuyo shinai de kudasai. (kuyokuyo suru = to
mope, brood; he just keeps brooding curdled yogurt,
curdled yogurt) cf. zukizuki = throbbing pain; cf.
kuta kuta ni tsukareru = to become dead tired
239. Its OK for sure.
Daijoobu desu yo.
240. Excuse me. I completely broke an honorable
plate. Soften this.
Sumimasen. Osara o watte shimattan desu. (waru =
to divide, split, break, dilute, go below a value or
score) (when you break something, its warui)
(kowasu, transitive, = to break; kowareru,
intransitive, = to break) (waru, transitive; wareru,
intransitive, exception to the e rule) (waru is used
only for glass and wood; in war, we break glass and
wood)
241. Its good for sure. Soften this.
Iin desu yo.
242. Please dont be concerned, literally, dont do to
spirit.
Ki ni shinai de kudasai.
243. Was the tests mark bad? Soften this. Use
tesuto. Use ken.
Tesuto no ten ga, warukattan desu ka. (ten = point,
dot, mark, exhibition) (seiseki, kekka, tensu all also
OK) (ten wa, also OK, more general)
244. But so much dont do disappointment.
Demo, sonna ni gakkari shinai de.
245. Yeah, thank you. Mans speech. Use a grunt.
Un, arigatoo.
246. Yeah, thank you. Womans
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Lesson 20. speech.
Ee, arigatoo.
247. Yes, thank you a lot. More formal.
Hai, arigatoo gozaimasu.
248. Dont drop your spirit, and please do your best,
huh. Use de to mean and.
Ki o otosanai de, ganbatte kudasai ne.
249. Congratulations.
Omedetoo gozaimasu.
250. It was good, huh.
Yokatta desu ne.
251. It was wonderful, huh.
Subarashikatta desu ne.
252. Victory, congratulations.
Yuushoo, omedetoo gozaimasu. (yuushoo = victory,
championship)
253. To the exam you passed, reportedly. It was
good huh. Use shiken. Soften the 1st clause. Use a
womans speech to say reportedly.
Shiken ni ukattan desutte. Yokatta desu ne. (ukaru =
pass an exam; UK aru [exist] exams are the ones
that were passed) (ukeru = take exam, undergo
surgery, accept; uketoru = receive)
254. Smith, the before this photography exhibit, was
wonderful, huh. Dont use wa or ga.
Sumisu san, kono mae no shashinten, subarashikatta
desu ne. (shashinten = photography exhibit; ten =
exhibition; shodooten = calligraphy exhibition;
there are ten exhibitions every year) (ten also = sky,
heaven, score, dot, period, point, item)
255. Webbs last spurt was super huh.
Dont use wa or ga.
Uebbu san no lasuto supaato sugokatta desu ne.
256. Do your best, huh.
Ganbatte ne.
257. Become well quickly, please, huh.
Hayaku yoku natte kudasai ne.
258. Since, if I wash it, it will become clean, its OK
for sure. Use eba.
Araeba, kirei ni narimasu kara, daijoobu desu yo.
259. Please dont do to spirit, meaning dont be
concerned.
Ki ni shinai de kudasai.
260. Victory, congrats.
Yuushoo omedetoo.
261. Honorable work, do your best, huh.
Oshigoto, ganbatte ne.
262. So much dont do disappointment, meaning
dont be so disappointed.
Sonna ni gakkari shinai de.
263. As for Michael, for the purpose of the sports
tournaments preparation, on last weeks Sunday, he
went out to the company. Use tame. Use junbi.
Maikerusan wa undookai no junbi no tame ni,
senshuu no nichiyoobi ni, kaisha ni demashita.
264. And then, to that exchange, meaning, in place

of that, on next weeks Tuesday, he wants to take

comp time, Im thinking. Use sore de.
Sore de, sono kawari ni, raishuu no kayoobi ni,
daikyuu o toritai to omotte imasu. (sore de = and
then, consequently, for that reason; sono kawari ni =
instead of that, in place of that; kawaru = to change,
to take someone else's place, to differ; ni kawaru =
change into, take the place of, intransitive) (the way
your hair changed is kawaii; cf. kaeru = to change,
transform, transitive) (daikyuu = compensatory time;
sit on a dike and watch cute girls while on
compensatory time)
265. As for that day, he plans to be at the house.
Sono hi wa, ie ni irutsumori desu.
266. As for at the sports tournaments preparation,
you did well and gave to us, huh. Use de to mean at.
Use yaru. The listener is in your in-group.
Undookai no junbi de wa, yoku yatte kuremashita ne.
267. Thank you for the honorable trouble you had.
Gokuroo sama deshita. (kuroo = hardship, suffering,
trouble; kuro = black; the suffering put him in a
kuroi [black] mood)
Lesson 21
1. Honorable wife, for a moment, a humble want-toask thing exists, but. Use kiku. Use koto. Soften
this. Use kedo.
Okusan, chotto, okiki shitai koto ga arun desu kedo.
(See #140 in this lesson re: how to make a humble
verb construction.)
2. Mrs. Tanabe. Yes, what is it probably? Use fujin
to mean Mrs. or housewife. Dont use ka for the next
2 responses.
Tanabe fujin. Hai, nan deshoo. (the housewife
comes from fuji north & wears funny jeans)
3. This kind of thing came by the mail, but, this,
what is it probably? Use mono. Soften this. Use
kedo.
Konna mono ga yuubin de kitan desu kedo, kore, nan
deshoo.
4. Ah, its the electricity costs demand, for sure.
Aa, denkidai no seikyuu desu yo. (dai = same kanji
as kawaru = cost, price, to change, intransitive ;
kaeru = to change, transitive; basudai = bus fare,
shokujidai = cost of a meal) (seikyuu suru = to
demand, claim, request; seikyuu na = impatient,
impetuous) (we demand a safe cure for cancer)
5. Electricity cost? Ah, is it the electricitys fee?
Denkidai? Aa, denki no ryookin desu ka. (ryookin =
fare, fee, price; same initial kanji as ryoori, meaning
materials, fee, charge, rate) (the Leo kindergarten
charges a fee) (OK to substitute denkiryoo for denki
no ryookin; ryoori = cooking)
6. Say, this, where if I pay, then it will be good?
Dont use wo or wa after this. Use eba. Soften this.
Ano, kore, doko de haraeba iin desu ka. Lesson 21.

138

139
Lesson 21. 7. If you pay at a nearby bank, then it
will be good for sure. Use eba. Soften this.
Chikaku no ginkoo de haraeba iin desu yo.
8. In the case of exist-in-front-of-the-station banks,
anywhere is good for sure. Dont use no after station.
Eki mae ni aru ginkoo nara, dokodemo ii desu yo.
(eki no mae ni aru ginkoo, also OK) (nara, or naraba,
= conditional marker, in the case of, in the event that;
In the case of Nara.)
9. Is that so? For that reason, at the bank, how if I
do is good? Use tara. Soften this.
Soo desu ka. Sore de, ginkoo de, doo shitara iin desu
ka. (doo sureba, doo suru to, both also OK)
10. If you go to the bank, since a guidance person
will exist, if you ask that person, then you will
understand, for sure. Use to. Then use eba.
Ginkoo ni iku to, annai no hito ga imasu kara, sono
hito ni kikeba, wakarimasu yo. (annai = guidance,
information, introduction, invitation; annai suru = to
guide, show, introduce)
11. Is that so? As for the banks, they are until 3:00
for sure, huh.
Soo desu ka. Ginkoo wa, sanji made desu yo ne.
12. Will I probably be on time?
Maniau deshoo ka. (maniamashoo, not OK it
implies that youre going together)
13. Yeah, if you go now, then you will be on time
for sure. Use eba.
Ee, ima ikeba, maniaimasu yo.
14. But, by the 8th of next month, if you pay, then it
will be good probably? Use eba. Dont use ka.
Soften this.
Demo, raigetsu no yooka made ni, haraeba iin
deshoo?
15. Tomorrow, leisurely, if you will honorably go ....
Use eba.
Ashita, yukkuri, irasshareba. (irassharu = to go,
come, be, exist; honorific)
16. In the case of tomorrow, I also will go, and. Use
shi.
Ashita nara, watashi mo ikimasu shi.
17. Thank you a lot. But, as for tomorrow, a little bit,
since its an errand exists thing. Use yoo to mean
errand. Use mono.
Arigatoo gozaimasu. Demo, ashita wa, chotto, yoo
ga aru mono desu kara. (cf. yooji = errand; yooi =
preparation; yooi na = easy) (aru koto, not OK)
(mono implies because)
18. Say, I would like to pay the electricity cost, but
how if I do is good, probably? Soften this twice.
Use tara. Dont use ka.
Anoo, denkidai o haraitain desu ga, doo shitara iin
deshoo? (denkidai ga haraitai, also OK, but doesnt
sound as good, since youre using ga twice)
19. Person in charge. Is it the electricity cost?
Kakari in. Denkidai desu ka. (kakari = person in

charge, kakarichoo = assistant section chief) (the

person in charge kakarimasu [hangs] pictures)
20. As for the electricity costs people, its this
ways service window. Use a polite word for people.
Denkidai no kata wa, kochira no madoguchi desu.
21. Please honorably take this boxs card. Use
bokkusu.
Kono bokkusu no kaado o, otori kudasai. (hako also
= box)
22. When the cards number arrives at here, its the
very honorable customers turn for sure. Use suuji.
Use tara.
Kaado no suuji ga koko ni tsuitara, okyakusama no
ban desu yo. (ban = turn, order)
23. I will wait extremely, huh. Use zuibun. Soften
this.
Zuibun matsun desu ne.
24. Its so, huh. As for the end of the month, always,
it gets crowded, for sure. Soften this.
Soo desu ne. Getsumatsu wa, itsumo, komun desu yo.
(getsumatsu = end of the month)
25. If its like this every month, its terrible, huh.
Use koo to mean like this. Use da and then desu.
Use to.
Maitsuki koo da to, taihen desu ne. (konna ni dattara
not OK; konna ni da to, not OK; but konna dattara
OK; konna ni aru to, OK; konna da to, OK; also OK
to say itsumo konna ni konde imasu) (maigetsu and
maigatsu not OK)
26. Yeah. Say, as for the very honorable customer,
to this ways bank, do you honorably hold a savings
account? Use desu.
Ee. Ano, okyakusama wa, kochira no ginkoo ni
kooza o omochi desu ka. (kooza = savings account)
(Im maintaining a savings account to pay for my
Cozaar) (motsu = mochimasu = to hold, carry, own,
possess)
27. Yeah, its my husbands, but... Use kedo.
Ee, shujin no desu kedo.
28. In that case, if you choose from-the-savingsaccounts automatic withdrawal, its convenient, for
sure. Use sore nara. Use ni suru to mean to choose.
Use to.
Sore nara, kooza kara no jidoo hikiotoshi ni suru to,
benri desu yo. (sore nara = if thats so, well then, in
that case; nara = in the case of) (jidoo hiki otoshi =
automatic withdrawal; jidoo = automatic; Jesus
dough accumulates automatically; jidoosha = car;
jidooteki na = automatic; hiku = pull, subtract, draw
down, attract, swelling go down; otosu = drop, lose,
decrease) (jidoo hikiotoshi koto ni suru, not OK; you
use koto with verbs, in this construction, e.g., taberu
koto ni shimasu) (not OK to use sore jaa instead of
sore nara, but OK to substitute sore de wa)
29. As for the one called automatic withdrawal, what
is it? Colloquial.
Lesson 21.

139

140
Lesson 21. Jidoo hikiotoshi tte, nan desu ka.
30. From the savings account, automatically, every
months electricity cost you pay. Soften this.
Kooza kara, jidooteki ni, maitsuki no denkidai o
haraun desu. (jidooteki = automatic; jidoo as in
jidoosha, plus techie, since its high-tech)
31. How if I do, will it be good? Use eba. Soften
this.
Doo sureba iin desu ka.
32. On this application form, honorably write the
honorable name and honorable address, and, at here,
push the personal seal, please. (meaning, apply your
personal seal) Use naru to form the honorific request
write. Use te to mean and.
Kono mooshikomi yooshi ni, onamae to gojuusho o
okaki ni natte, koko ni, inkan o oshite kudasai.
(mooshikomi = application; mooshikomu = apply
for; mooshiwake = apology, excuse; when the
mooshiwake [excuses] komu [get crowded] , you
need to apply for a dispensation) (yooshi = printed
form; the form was printed on Yo-chans sheets)
(osu = to push, to stamp; they pushed me in
Osutoraria [Australia]) (in this case, you dont put
the honorific o in front of the verb that, since it
starts with o, i.e. cannot say inkan o o oshite)
33. Say, excuse me. As for a personal seal, we
arent holding one, meaning we dont have one, but
by signature will it be good? Soften the phrase we
arent holding one.
Ano sumimasen. Inkan wa, motte nain desu ga, sain
de ii desu ka. (inkan o, also OK) (OK to substitute
inain for nain)
34. Yeah, it doesnt matter, for sure. Please receive
your husbands signature and come.
Ee, kamaimasen yo. Goshujin no sain o moratte kite
kudasai. (itadaitte, not OK; too polite for spouses)
35. Mrs., or housewife, Tanabe . Oh, Barbara. Use
ara.
Tanabe fujin. Ara, baabarasan.
36. As for the bank, already, did you honorably
finish? Use sumu. Dont use ka.
Ginkoo wa moo osumi ni narimashita? (sumu,
intransitive = to live, to come to an end, to be
finished; sumasu, transitive, = to finish something)
(sumeru = habitable)
37. Yeah.
Ee.
38. How? (meaning, how did it go?) It was simple,
probably? Use plain speech to say it
was. Dont use ka.
Doo? Kantan datta deshoo?
39. Yeah, the bank person kindly taught and gave.
Ee, ginkoo no hito ga, shinsetsu ni oshiete
kuremashita. (OK to substitute yasashiku for
shinsetsu ni, but not quite as good)
40. For that reason, from next month, I chose to

choose automatic withdrawal. Use suru twice.

Sore de, raigetsu kara, jidoo hikiotoshi ni suru koto ni
shimashita. (ni suru = I choose or decide; koto ni
suru = I choose or decide)
41. Ah, in the case of automatic withdrawal, because
its convenient, its good huh. Use de to mean
because.
Aa, jidoo hikiotoshi nara, benri de ii desu ne.
42. Tanabe, you are honorably carrying luggage, a
lot, huh. Use motsu with desu.
Tanabe san, nimotsu o takusan omochi desu nee.
(takusan no nimotsu omochi, also OK) (ohakobi, not
OK; hakobu is not one of the verbs that can be
preceded by o and followed by desu to say that
someone else is doing something)
43. One thing shall I humbly carry? Dont use wo.
Use motsu. Dont use ka.
Hitotsu omochi shimashoo. (hitotsu o, also OK, but
not as good)
44. Oh, oh, thanks. Use ara.
Ara, ara, doomo.
45. To Barbaras home, as for the one that came by
the mail, what was it?
Baabara san no uchi ni, yuubin de kita no wa, nan
deshita ka.
46. Its the electricity costs demand.
Denkidai no seikyuu desu.
47. As for Tanabe, where if you pay the
electricitycost will be good, did she say? Use eba.
Tanabe san wa, denkidai o, doko de haraeba ii to
iimashita ka.
48. At the nearby bank, if you pay it will be good,
she said.
Chikaku no ginkoo de haraeba ii to iimashita.
49. As for Barbara, with Tanabe, together, did she
decide to go to the bank?
Baabara san wa, tanabe san to, issho ni, ginkoo ni iku
koto ni shimashita ka.
50. No, she decided to go by herself.
Iie. Hitori de iku koto ni shimashita.
51. As for the banks person in charge, to Barbara,
how if she does will be convenient, did he say? Use
eba.
Ginkoo no kakari in wa, baabara san ni, doo sureba
benri da to iimashita ka.
52. If she chooses automatic withdrawal, it will be
convenient, he said. Use eba.
Jidoo hikiotoshi ni sureba benri da to iimashita.
(koto ni sureba, not OK; koto used only with verbs)
53. As for Barbara, from now, every month, to the
bank, for the purpose of paying the electricity cost,
does she plan to go? Use kore to mean now. Use ni
to mean for the purpose of.
Baabara san wa, kore kara, maitsuki, ginkoo ni,
denkidai o harai ni ikutsumori desu ka.
54. No. She decided to decide on Lesson 21.

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Lesson 21. automatic withdrawal.
Iie. Jidoo hikiotoshi ni suru koto ni shimashita.
55. As for Barbara, to Tanabe, what did she do and
give?
Baabara san wa, tanabe san ni, nani o shite
agemashita ka.
56. She carried the baggage and gave. Use motsu.
Nimotsu o motte agemashita.
57. Excuse me. Its these documents, but how if I do
is good? Soften this twice, using nan and n. Use
tara.
Sumimasen. Kono shorui nan desu ga, doo shitara iin
desu ka. (shurui = variety)
58. Ah, as for those, if you receive the division
managers signature, it will be good for sure. Use
eba. Soften this.
Aa. Sore wa, buchoo no sain o moraeba iin desu yo.
(OK to substitute itadakereba for moraeba)
59. I would like to buy a subway ticket, but how if I
do is good? Soften the first verb. Use eba.
Chikatetsu no kippu o kaitain desu ga, doo sureba ii
desu ka. (kippu ga, also OK)
60. You insert money here, and if you push this
button, its good for sure. Use te to mean and. Use
eba.
Koko ni okane o irete, kono botan o oseba ii desu yo.
(osu = to push)
61. Because the ticket emerges and comes.
Kippu ga dete kimasu kara.
62. Inconvenienced. Use an intensifier. I
completely became unable to attend tomorrows
meeting. Contracted colloquial form. Plain speech.
Komatta naa. Ashita no kaigi ni derarenakunatchatta.
(derarenai = cannot attend; derarenakunatta =
became unable to attend; derarenakunatte
shimaimashita = derarenakunatchatta) (te wa = cha,
de wa = ja, te shimau = chau, de shimau = jau)
63. Well, to someone, if it exchanges and you
receive? Use eba.
Jaa, dareka ni, kawatte moraeba? (kawaru,
intransitive = change, take the place of; kaeru,
transitive form = change, replace, exchange,
transform)
64. Work, a lot, is being remaining, and today also,
again its overtime for sure. Use te to mean and. Use
nan to soften this.
Shigoto ga takusan nokotte ite, kyoo mo, mata
zangyoo nan desu yo. (nokoru = stay behind;
nokosu = leave behind; if you spell Noriko[ru] as
Noko [ru], you leave the ri behind)
65. If you dont think that by yourself you shall do
everything, its good for sure. Use eba. Soften this.
Hitori de nanimokamo shiyoo to omowanakereba, iin
desu yo. (omowanai = will not think; to express if,
then, for i adjectives, add eba; or nakereba, if
negative)

66. As for a little bit, if you entrust to subordinates?

Use tara.
Sukoshi wa, buka ni makasetara? (makaseru = to
leave up to someone else, to entrust) (when macaroni
gets into the serum, you have to entrust the problem
to the lab technician) cf. bukka = prices
67. By yourself, its better not to think that you shall
do everything, for sure.
Hitori de, nanimokamo shiyoo to omowanai hoo ga ii
desu yo.
68. The from Tokyo Station to the Hilton Hotel to go
method I dont know/understand, but... Use hoohoo.
Soften this.
Tookyoo eki kara hiruton hoteru e iku hoohoo ga,
wakaranain desu ga. (hoohoo = method, way,
manner, means; hoo = hoho = cheek; first hoo =
direction, side, e.g., yasunda hoo ga ii desu, densha
no hoo ga hayai desu, A yori B no hoo ga takai desu,
tenpura no hoo ga suki desu, kooen no hoo e itte
kudasai; second hoo = law, method) (hoteru made
iku, also OK) (iki-kata is actually better than iku
hoohoo) (hoteru no iku hoohoo, not OK)
69. If you do a phone call to the hotel and see, its
good for sure. Use eba.
Hoteru ni denwa o shite mireba ii desu yo.
70. From Tokyo Station if you ride in a taxi, its
good for sure. Use tara.
Tookyoo eki kara takushii ni nottara ii desu yo.
71. By subway, if you go as far as Akasaka, its good
for sure. Use to. Chikatetsu de akasaka made iku to ii
desu yo.
72. I would like the Japanese to become skillful, but.
Soften this.
Nihongo ga joozu ni naritain desu ga.
73. If you go to Japanese language school, its good
for sure. Use to.
Nihongo gakkoo ni iku to ii desu yo.
74. If you listen to Japanese language news every
day, its good for sure. Use tara.
Nihongo no nyuusu o mainichi kiitara ii desu yo.
75. I would like to take vacation, but since work is
busy, readily ... Soften this. Use te to mean since.
Yasumi o toritain desu ga, shigoto ga ishogashikute,
nakanaka ... (yasumi ga, also OK)
76. To someone if they could help and you receive,
its good for sure. Use tetsudau. Use to.
Dareka ni tetsudatte morau to ii desu yo.
77. It would be better to do holiday work attendance,
and finish the work early, for sure. Use te to mean
and. Use sumaseru.
Kyuujitsu shukkin o shite, shigoto o hayaku sumaseta
hoo ga ii desu yo. (kyuujitsu shukkin = to work on a
holiday; kyuujitsu = holiday, vacation; shukujitsu =
national holiday; ganjitsu = New Years Day; on
holidays, we practice a cool form of jiujitsu; on
national holidays we practice a
Lesson 21.

141

142
Lesson 21. shucks form of jiujitsu; ) (shukkin
suru = to go to work; shukkin = go to work,
attendance; we attend work to be shucking corn)
(sumasu = will finish, transitive; also, sumaseru =
will finish; sumu = will finish, intransitive; Sue
finished mashing the potatoes) (sumashita, also OK)
78. I would like to know this machines use way,
but ... (i.e., Id like to know how to use it.) Use kata.
Soften this. Use kedo.
Kono kikai no tsukai kata o shiritain desu kedo.
(kikai = machine; this machine will kick you in the
eye) (-kata = direction, way, square, side, person)
(tsukau kata, not OK; OK to say tsukau hoohoo,
tsukau mono or tsukau koto, but you must say tsukaikata) (-kata ga, also OK)
79. If you ask Yamamoto, its good for sure. Use to.
Yamamoto san ni kiku to ii desu yo.
80. If you read the machines explanation sheet, its
good for sure. Use to.
Kikai no setsumeisho o yomu to ii desu yo.
(setsumeisho = manual, instructions; suffix sho =
writing, letter, book; also can = place, office,
institute; cf. hookokusho = written report,
kuyakusho = ward office)
81. I would like to enter a Japanese university.
Soften this.
Nihon no daigaku ni hairitain desu.
82. What kind of universities exist, question, I would
like to know, but. Soften this.
Donna daigaku ga aru ka shiritain desu ga. (aru ka o,
also OK)
83. If you go to the Japans embassy, ask and see,
its good for sure. Use to.
Nihon no taishikan ni itte kiite miru to ii desu yo.
(taishi = embassador; taishikan = embassy; they eat
a lot of Thai chicken at the embassy) (nihon tashikan,
also OK) (cf. toshokan = library)
84. If you check at a library and see, its good for
sure. Use tara.
Toshokan de shirabete mitara ii desu yo.
85. To express the idea if it is, or in case it is, in
addition to the to, tara and eba forms that youve
learned, theres a 4th conditional form, often used
to clarify the subject under discussion in order to
make a comment. After a noun or a na adjective,
add
Nara.
86. After an i adjective or a plain verb, you may
use the following before nara, but they are
optional
No or n.
87. As for this honorable plate, to a marriage
celebrations present, how is it probably?
Kono osara wa, kekkon iwai no purezento ni doo
deshoo ka. (kekkon = marriage; iwau = celebrate;
iwai = celebration; eels? Wow! Lets celebrate)

(kekkon iwai actually means wedding present, so

kekkon iwai no purezento is a bit redundant)
88. In the case of this honorable plate, surely, the
opposite person also, will be pleased and give to us
for sure. Meaning, the person who receives the gift
will be pleased for you. Use kitto. Use a polite word
for person. Use ki ni iru. The opposite person is not
in your in-group.
Kono osara nara, kitto, aite no kata mo, ki ni itte
kudasaimasu yo. (aite = the person with whom you
are speaking, the opponent, parter, associate; aite o
suru = keep company with; aite ni suru = deal with a
person sincerely; aite ni shinai = ignore a person)
(the opposite person aite imasu [is meeting you])
(ki ni itte agemasu, not OK; sounds wrong)
89. As for this room, its a little hot, huh. Use
sukoshi.
Kono heya wa sukoshi atsui desu ne.
90. In case its hot, its OK to open that places
window, for sure. Use n nara. Use soko.
Atsuin nara, soko no mado o akete mo ii desu yo.
91. At before I return to the country, meaning my
country, I would like to travel, but where if I go will
probably be good, huh? Soften the verb like to
travel. Use tara. Dont use ka.
Kuni ni kaeru mae ni, ryokoo ga shitain desu ga,
doko e ittara ii deshoo ne? (ryokoo o, also OK)
92. In the case of to go for travel, as for Hokkaido,
how is it?
Ryokoo ni iku nara, hokkaidoo wa doo desu ka. (iku
no nara, also OK)
93. Hot springs, a lot, exist, for sure.
Onsen ga takusan arimasu yo.
94. This work, will it be ready by next weeks
Monday? Dont use wa or ga.
Kono shigoto, raishuu no getsuyoobi made ni
dekimasu ka.
95. Is it Monday? As for Monday, its impossible,
huh.
Getsuyoobi desu ka. Getsuyoobi wa muri desu ne.
96. In the case of until Wednesday, it will
accomplish, but...
Suiyoobi made nara, dekimasu ga. (dekiraremasu =
it can be done; cannot say dekiremasu) (made ni nara,
also OK)
97. As for your older brother, does he honorably
exist?
Onii san wa, doko ni irasshaimasu ka. (dochira ni,
also OK, even more polite)
98. The word nara functions much like the topic
marker wa, but implies a greater emphasis. Is it
my older brother? In the case of my older brother, he
should have gone to and be existing at the park, but...
Use kedo.
Ani desu ka. Ani nara, kooen ni itte iru hazu desu
kedo. (te form of iru = ite; te form Lesson 21.

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Lesson 21. of iku = itte)
99. Dattara can also be used instead of nara. If
its this honorable plate, surely, the opposite person
also, will be pleased and give to us for sure. Use
dattara. Use kitto. Use a polite word for person. Use
ki ni iru. Use a polite word for give.
Kono osara dattara, kitto, aite no kata mo, ki ni itte
kudasaimasu yo.
100. I would like to go to the mountains, but where
is probably good, question mark, huh? Soften the
first clause. Use dakedo.
Yama ni ikitain dakedo, doko ga ii deshoo ka ne.
101. In the case of to go to the mountains, Mt. Fuji is
good for sure.
Yama ni iku nara, fujisan ga ii desu yo. (iku no nara,
also OK)
102. In the case of mountains, Mt. Fuji is good for
sure.
Yama nara, fujisan ga ii desu yo.
103. Shall we drink coffee or something?
Koohii demo nomimashoo ka.
104. So, huh. In the case of to drink coffee,
Rameeru is good. Plain speech. Use a womans
word for emphasis.
Soo ne. Koohii o nomu nara, rameeru ga ii wa.
(nomu no nara, also OK)
105. Id like to go to a hot springs, but somewhere
good place, wont you teach and give? Soften the
first phrase. Use dakedo. Speaking to someone in
your in-group.
Onsen ni ikitain dakedo, dokoka ii tokoro o oshiete
kuremasen ka.
106. In the case of hot springs, Hakone is good for
sure.
Onsen nara, Hakone ga ii desu yo.
107. Cold, huh. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Samui wa ne.
108. In the case of cold, if you turn on the heater?
Soften the first phrase. Use eba.
Samuin nara, sutoobu o tsukereba? (tsukeru = turn
on, transitive; tsuku = turns on by itself) (n is
optional) (danboo o tsukereba, also OK)
109. For a moment, Im going to the supermarket
and will come, for sure. Plain speech.
Chotto suupaa ni itte kuru yo.
110. In the case of to go to the supermarket, buy fruit
and come, huh.
Suupaa ni iku nara, kudamono o katte kite ne.
111. For my wifes birthday, what shall I give, I
wonder. Plain speech. Use kanaa.
Kanai no tanjoobi ni, nani o ageyoo kanaa.
112. In the case of your wifes birthday present,
wouldnt an accessory be good?
Soften this. Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Okusan no tanjoobi no purezento nara, akusesari ga
iin ja nai?

113. As for tomorrow, it will rain, reportedly, for

sure. Use soo desu.
Ashita wa ame ga furu soo desu yo.
114. In the case of it will rain, as for I will go for
golf thing, I shall stop, I wonder. Use n nara. Use
no to make the second phrase into a noun phrase.
Use yameru. Plain speech. Use kana.
Ame ga furun nara, gorufu ni iku no wa yameyoo
kana. (yamu, intransitive, yameru, transitive = to
stop) (iku no o yameyoo, also OK)
115. I shall buy A companys stock, Im thinking,
but how is it probably huh? Soften the phrase Im
thinking. Dont use ka.
A sha no kabu o kaoo to omotte irun desu ga, doo
deshoo ne. (kabu = stock, share; we bought stocks in
a caboose company) (omooo is the plain speech
form of omoimashoo)
116. As for A company, it will not go up, I think.
A sha wa agaranai to omoimasu.
117. In the case of B company, it will go up, I think,
but. Use kedo.
B sha nara, agaru to omoimasu kedo.
118. I would like to meet Tokyo Tradings president,
but will he probably meet and give? Soften the first
phrase.
Tookyoo booeki no shachoo ni aitain desu ga, atte
kudasaru deshoo ka. (the trading company trades
bows and arrows at the eki)
119. As for the president, its impossible, I think.
Shachoo wa muri da to omoimasu.
120. In the case of the division manager, he will
meet and give, I think, but. Use kedo.
Buchoo nara atte kudasaru to omoimasu kedo.
121. Now I would like to buy the
book you are reading, but at the Mr. Bookstore of the
station front, can I probably buy? Soften the verb
would like to buy.
Ima anata ga yonde iru hon o kaitain desu ga, eki mae
no honyasan de, kaeru deshoo ka. (kaeru = to return,
to return an object, to change or alter, to change
money, to hatch a frog or toad, to be able to buy)
122. As for at the station fronts bookstore, not, I
think, for sure. Use ni instead of de.
Eki mae no honya ni wa nai to omoimasu yo. (honya
de wa nai, not OK; but OK to say honya de wa
kaemasen) (cannot use de because nai = arimasen,
and you must use ni with arimasu or arimasen)
123. In the case of a larger bookstore, it exists, I
think, but...
Motto ookii honya nara, aru, to omoimasu ga.
124. The new products camera, for 60,000 yen, I
would like to sell, but how is it probably? Use shin
seihin. Soften this. Use kedo. Dont use ka.
Shin seihin no kamera o, rokuman en de uritain desu
kedo, doo deshoo. (shin seihin = new product;
seihin = product; keshoohin =
Lesson 21.

143

144
Lesson 21. cosmetics; keshoo = makeup; shoohin
= merchandise; hinamatsuri = girls or dolls
festival; the sailing Hindu invented a product)
(kamera ga, not OK)
124b. As for for 60,000 yen, you cannot sell, I think.
Use ureru.
Rokuman en de wa, urenai to omoimasu. (urenai
derives from the u verb, uru; urenai implies people
wont buy; urarenai derives from the passive verb
urareru and implies that the goods cannot be sold at
that price, since they are too precious etc.)
125. In the case of about 40,000 yen, you might be
able to sell, huh.
Yon man en gurai nara, ureru kamoshiremasen ne.
126. Sometime, with Michael, together, I shall do a
meal, Im thinking, but when, if I invite him along,
will it probably be good, huh?
Soften the verb, Im thinking. Use kedo. Use eba.
Dont use ka.
Itsuka, maikeru san to issho ni shokuji o shiyoo to
omotte irun desu kedo, itsu sasoeba ii deshoo ne.
(verb sasou)
127. Thats so, huh, meaning let me see. In the case
of Friday, would it not be good? Use plain speech
with desu to say would it not be good. Soften the
word good.
Soo desu ne. Kinyoobi nara iin ja nai desu ka. (not
OK to substitute yokunai for iin ja nai; iin ja nai =
isnt it good?, yokunai = it isnt good)
128. Please write the address in kanji at here.
Koko ni juusho o kanji de kaite kudasai.
129. Eh, is it in kanji? Inconvenienced. Use plain
speech for the last phrase. Use an intensifier.
E, kanji de desu ka. Komatta naa.
130. In the case of hiragana, I can write, but. Soften
this.
Hiragana nara kakerun desu ga.
131. I desire you to repair this clock, but when will it
be ready? Soften the first phrase.
Kono tokei o naoshite hoshiin desu ga, itsu dekimasu
ka.
132. Thats so, huh. Since now, a little bit busy ...
Use chotto.
Soo desu ne. Ima chotto isogashii kara ...
133. In the case of after 3 days, it will be ready for
sure. Use go.
Mikka go nara dekimasu yo. (ato mikka nara, not
OK; but ato mikka de is OK; ato mikkakan nara is
OK, but changes meaning to during 3 days)
134. Will we not do a meal at that store over there?
Ano mise de shokuji o shimasen ka.
135. Nah, previously I just did a meal a while ago
for sure. Use nan to soften this.
Iyaa, sakki shokuji o shita bakari nan desu yo.
136. In the case of coffee, I can drink, but ... Use
kedo.

Koohii nara nomemasu kedo.

137. Verbs like irassharu, meaning to be, come or
go, or ossharu, to say, are honorific. To form an
honorific verb construction with other verbs, put
o in front of the verb stem, and follow the verb
stem with
Ni naru. Or Ni narimasu.
138. As for the president, every day, he honorably
listens to the 2:00 news.
Shachoo wa, mainichi, niji no nyuusu o okiki ni
narimasu.
139. As for this morning, at what time did you
honorably depart? Use dekakeru.
Kesa wa, nanji ni, odekake ni narimashita ka.
140. To form a humble verb construction,
referring to actions that you perform, put o in
front of the verb stem, and follow the verb stem
with
Suru. Or shimasu.
141. For a moment, I will humbly inquire, but from
here, as for, as far as Tokyo station, how if I go will
probably be good? Use tazuneru. Use eba.
Chotto, otazune shimasu ga, koko kara tookyoo eki
made wa, doo ikeba ii deshoo ka. (tazuneru = to
inquire, call on someone) (inquire why use taser in a
zoo while animals neru [sleep]) (oukagai shimasu,
also OK, somewhat more humble, but both are OK)
142. Excuse me. I would like to humbly pay the
phone cost, but is at here probably good? Soften the
first verb. Use a polite word for good.
Sumimasen. Denwa dai o oharai shitain desu ga,
koko de yoroshii deshoo ka.
143. Please lend me the dictionary, huh.
Jisho o kashite kudasai ne.
144. Since tomorrow I will humbly return it.
Ashita okaeshi shimasu kara.
145. Do not use the humble form unless your action
directly affects someone else. Hey, I got tired. I
would like to ride in a car, huh. Use yaa to mean hey.
Yaa, tsukaremashita. Kuruma ni noritai desu ne.
146. For a limited number of verbs, including
machimasu, mochimasu, kaerimasu, kikimasu,
yomimasu and tsukaimasu, you can form an
honorific verb construction, used to say what
someone else is doing, by putting o in front of the
verb stem, and following the verb stem with
Desu.
147. Well then, I will commit a discourtesy. Use
sore de wa. Use itasu.
Sore de wa, shitsurei itashimasu. (meaning, I will
leave) (itasu = to do, humble)
148. My goodness, are you already honorably
returning? Use ara. Use desu for the next 2
responses.
Ara, moo okaeri desu ka.
149. Division manager, a very
Lesson 21.

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Lesson 21. honorable customer is honorably
waiting in the reception room.
Buchoo, okyakusama ga, oosetsushitsu de omachi
desu. (shitsu = room, oo setsu = honorable setting;
actually means occasion, time or event) (generally
speaking, use matsu with de rather than ni)
150. Recently did you meet young man Tanaka?
Saikin tanaka kun ni aimashita ka.
151. No, as for teacher, did you honorably meet
him? Dont use desu.
Iie, sensei wa oai ni narimashita ka.
152. Its probably heavy. I shall humbly hold/carry.
Omoi deshoo. Omochi shimashoo.
153. Elderly person. Thank you.
Roojin. Arigatoo. (roojin = elderly person; a low jin
[person]) (roojo = old woman)
154. As for of one person, since very much unable to
hold/carry, its a was-being-inconvenienced moment,
for sure. Use ja instead of de wa. Use te to mean
since. Use nan to soften this.
Hitori ja, totemo motenakute, komatte ita tokoro nan
desu yo. (to make a te form of an ii adjective, add
kute) (tokoro = place, moment) (motsu = to hold,
carry; motanai = will not carry; moteru = can carry;
to show that something is possible, change a u verb
root by adding eru; motenai = cannot carry; motte
inai = am not carrying it)
155. Hello (on the phone). As for teacher, does he
honorably exist?
Moshi moshi, sensei wa, irasshaimasu ka.
155b. An honorific word used to mean come, go
or exist is oide. Oide ni narimasu means he is
there. Oide kudasai can mean either please come
or please go. Hello, as for teacher, is he there? Use
oide.
Moshi moshi, sensei wa, oide ni narimasu ka. (oide
ni narimasu = irasshai-masu = comes, goes, is, stays)
(oide desu and oide ni naru = honorific equivalents of
iku, kuru and iru)
156. Teachers wife. No, he doesnt exist. Humble.
Sensei no okusan. Iie, orimasen.
157. About what time will he honorably return?
Nanji goro okaeri ni narimasu ka.
158. As for today, as for at about 8:00, he will return,
he was saying, but...
Kyoo wa hachiji goro ni wa kaeru to itte imashita ga.
159. To say I will humbly do a phone call, say
odenwa shimasu. Is that so? Well, again about that
time, I will humbly do a phone call. Use koro.
Soo desu ka. Ja, mata sono koro odenwa shimasu.
(sono goro, not wrong, but doesnt sound as good)
160. Company employee. Did you already probably
honorably hear the section managers speech?
(speaking to the president)
Shain. Kachoo no hanashi o moo okiki ni
narimashita deshoo ka.

161. President. Naa, I still am not hearing nothing

for sure. Plain speech.
Shachoo. Iya, mada nanimo kiite inai yo.
162. Shall I humbly take care of the coat?
Kooto o oazukari shimashoo ka. (azukaru = keep,
take care of, be in charge of; he takes care of the
azucar [sugar in Spanish] kangaroo)
163. As for coffee, how is it? Meaning, would you
like some? Very polite.
Koohii wa ikaga desu ka.
164. Shall I humbly add sugar?
Satoo o oire shimashoo ka.
165. Shall I humbly hang a record?
Rekoodo o okake shimashoo ka. (kakeru = hang,
wear glasses, sit down, spend, telephone, keep in
mind)
166. Shall I humbly show a car book?
Kuruma no hon o omise shimashoo ka.
167. Is the word processor being open, meaning
available? Use a contracted form of is available.
Dont use wa or ga. Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Waapuro aiteru?
168. The division manager is honorably using. Use
desu for the next 4 responses.
Buchoo ga otsukai desu. (otsukai ni natte imasu, also
OK)
169. Darling, the very honorable customer is
honorably returning for sure.
Anata, okyakusama ga okaeri desu yo.
170. Are you honorably forgetting the umbrella?
Kasa o owasure desu ka.
171. Do you not honorably have an umbrella? Use
motsu. Plain speech. Soften this.
Kasa o omochi ja nain desu ka. (omochi nain, not
OK, because the negative form of omochi desu, used
in honorific constructions, is omochi ja nai; the
negative of a non-honorific verb would be inai or
imasen, e.g., kasa o motte imasu,
kasa o motte imasen )
172. To form an honorific form of a verb request,
in order to ask someone to do something in
business or official situations, as opposed to
personal or social situations, put o before the verb
stem, i.e. the pre-masu form, and follow the verb
stem with (5 responses, all using polite speech).
For the first three responses, say please, will you not
give, will you not probably give.
Kudasai. Kudasaimasenka. Kudasaimasen
deshoo ka.
For the next 2 responses, say will I not receive and
may I not receive.
Itadakimasen ka. Itadakemasen ka.
173. Please honorably write
your honorable name and honorable address here.
Use the honorific request form used in business
situations in this section.
Lesson 21.

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Lesson 21.
Koko ni onamae to gujuushoo o okaki
kudasai. (okaki ni natte kudasai, also OK)
174. As for the honorable reply, by letter, wont you
honorably inform and give?
Ohenji wa, tegami de, oshirase kudasaimasenka.
(shiraseru = to inform, notify; shirase = notification;
shiru = to know; shiraberu = to check) (after I
shiraberu [check] the serum results, I will inform
you)
180. I will do humble guidance.
Goannai shimasu. (cf. goshookai shimasu = I will
introduce you.)
181. As for the concert, its from half past 6.
Konsaato wa rokuji han kara desu.
182. After about 30 minutes, please honorably wait
in the lobby. Use ato. Use hodo to mean about.
Ato sanjippun hodo, robii de, omachi kudasai. (hodo
= about, some, not as ... as, the more ... the more,
almost) (cf. nochihodo, later, after awhile) (nochi =
future; I'll like gnocchi in the future; hodo = more)
(naruhodo = I see) (OK to substitute matte itte
kudasai for omachi kudasai; matte kudasai, also OK)
187. The hotels bellboy to the honorable customer.
Hoteru no booi ga okyakusan ni. (booi = waiter,
bellboy)
188. As for the honorable errand time, please
honorably use this ways phone. Use goyoo.
Goyoo no toki wa, kochira no denwa o otsukai
kudasai. (yoo = business, work, something to do,
errand, service; cf. yooji = business, errand; cf.
yooken = business; cf. yooi = preparation, also =
simple, easy; Yo-chans iPad helps him prepare,
which is easy) (cf. otsukai = errand; otetsudai san =
maid)
175. To say please come or please go, in this
formal honorific construction, dont use kuru or
iku. Instead say
Oide kudasai.
176. Another way to say please come, in this
formal construction, is
Okoshi kudasai. (kosu = to go over, cross, move;
the co-shipmasters come to work) (cf. koshi = low
back, waist or hip; cf. kobosu = to spill)
177. To say please do, in this formal honorific
construction, dont use suru. Instead say
Nasatte kudasai. (nasaru = honorific equivalent of
suru, e.g. ashita wa, doo nasaimasu ka; similar to
naru; doo nasarimasu ka, also OK, but more oldfashioned; when NASA does things, they do them
honorably) (onasai kudasai, not OK)
178. That signboard over there is unable to be read
well. Soften this.
Ano kanban ga, yoku yomenain desu. (the signboard
says cans are banned) (kanban o, not OK)
179. Excuse me, but wont you read it and give?
Speaking to a stranger. From this point on, use

ordinary polite speech.

Sumimasen ga, yonde kudasaimasenka. (if using
formal honorific speech, OK to say oyomi
kudasaimasenka)
183. A little bit, as for that day, the circumstances
are bad. Use chotto. Soften this.
Chotto, sono hi wa, tsugoo ga waruin desu.
184. Wont you change the day and give? Speaking
to someone outside your in-group.
Hi o kaette kudasaimasenka. (hinichi, also OK here,
better, because more clear) (kawaru, intransitive =
change, take the place of; kawasu = to exchange;
kaeru, transitive form = change, replace, exchange,
transform; kaesu = to give back, return)
185. Honorable customer to clerk. Its a little cold.
Soften this.
Okyakusan ga tenin ni. Chotto samuin desu.
186. Wont you stop the air conditioner and give?
Use eakon. Use tomeru. Speaking to someone
outside your in-group.
Eakon o tomete kudasaimasenka. (keshite, also OK)
189. Very honorable Barbara Webb. Used to open a
letter.
Baabara uebbu sama.
190. In spite of the fact that we entered in September,
every day, hot days continue, huh.
Kugatsu ni haitta noni, mainichi, atsui hi ga
tsuzukimasu ne. (tsuzuku = continue, go on, last,
follow, extend; the tsukis [moons] Suzuki continues
undercover; tsuzukeru = to continue, transitive)
191. Barbara, are you healthy?
Baabara san, ogenki desu ka.
192. As for me, as always, Im healthy.
Watashi wa, aikawarazu, genki desu. (aikawarazu =
as always, as usual) (Ikea was racist, as usual) (kakawarazu = nevertheless; the kaka was racist;
nevertheless I let it lie) (kanarazu = without fail, for
certain; cf. tashika na = certain; tashika ni =
certainly)
193. Last week, I received/took a from-Barbaras
honorable letter. Use uketoru. Senshuu, baabarasan
kara no otegami o uketorimashita. (uketoru = to
receive, get, take, accept, interpret) (ukeru = to
receive, accept; the UK volvano erupts and the
ocean receives it; toru = to catch, take)
194. At the beginning of October, with Michael, to
this way, you will honorably come, reportedly, huh.
Use soo desu.
Juugatsu no hajime ni, maikeru san to, kochira ni,
irassharu soo desu ne. (juugatsu no saisho, doesnt
sound right)
195. Terribly pleasingly I think/feel. Meaning, Im
very pleased. Dont use to.
Taihen ureshiku omoimasu. (OK to substitute totemo
for taihen; not OK to substitute zuibun)
196. By the way, as for to this way, Lesson 21.

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Lesson 21. by what will you honorably come?
Tokoro de, kochira e wa, nani de irasshaimasu ka.
197. As for to come to Nagano, to come by JR line
method, and to come by car method, exist. Use ni
after the verb to come in the 1st phrase, to objectify
the idea of coming. Use hoohoo. Use to twice, to
show an exhaustive list.
Nagano ni kuru ni wa, jee aru sen de kuru hoohoo to,
kuruma de kuru hoohoo to ga arimasu. (sen =
transport system, line, track; there are sen [1000]
tracks) (hoohoo = method, way, manner, means; cf.
hoho = cheek; first hoo = direction, side, e.g.,
yasunda hoo ga ii desu, densha no hoo ga hayai desu,
A yori B no hoo ga takai desu, tenpura no hoo ga suki
desu, kooen no hoo e itte kudasai; second hoo = law,
method) (Santa says hoho when you pinch his cheek,
but he says hoohoo when he hears your method)
(when listing things exhaustively, may use to after
every item, including the last item) (kuru ni =
coming; ni can be used after a short introductory
remark before the main sentence, e.g. ima omou ni ...
= now thinking about it...; not OK to omit ni here;
Nagano ni kuru no wa, or kuru koto wa, not OK)
(Nagano ni kuru toki wa, or kuru toki ni wa, also OK,
but the meaning is slightly different)
198. If you come by the JR line, its fast and
convenient. Use eba. Use te to mean and.
Jee aru sen de kureba, hayakute benri desu.
199. If you ride on special express, 3 hours duration,
if you ride on express, in 4 hours duration and a little
you will arrive. Use eba. Use sukoshi. Use de to
mean in.
Tokkyuu ni noreba, sanjikan, kyuukoo ni noreba,
yojikan to sukoshi de tsukimasu. (toku [special]
express gets to Tokyo faster, but kyuukoo [express]
people have more cute coats) (cf. kuukoo = airport)
200. The special express side, since the number of
long thin objects (meaning trains) is numerous, is
convenient. Use no hoo ga. Use node.
Tokkyuu no hoo ga, honsuu ga ooi node, benri desu.
(honsuu = number of long thin objects, like trains;
hon = counter for long objects; e.g., enpitsu no
honsuu wa, nanbon desu ka) (there are lots of long,
thin objects in Honshuu, but if you spell it Honsuu,
the 2nd h is not one of them)
201. As for the holidays, since it will get crowded,
by haste, it would be better to reserve reserved seats
in advance, for sure. Use node. Use hayame to
mean haste.
Kyuujitsu wa, komu node, hayame nishiteiseki o
yoyaku shite oita hoo ga ii desu yo. (kyuujitsu =
holiday; shukujitsu = national holiday; on holidays,
we practice a cool form of jiujitsu) (hayame ni = as
early as possible, earlier than expected; hayameru =
to hasten, speed up, advance, bring forward; the
hayai mare hastens) (narubeku = as ... as possible,

e.g., narubeku hayaku kaette kimasu) (shiteisekiken =

reserved seat ticket; shitei suru = to appoint,
designate; ken = ticket) (if you use a shiny taser, you
will be designated)
202. As for of nonreserved seats, you cannot sit, it
might be. Use jaa instead of de wa. Use suwaru.
Jiyuuseki jaa, suwarenai kamoshiremasen. (jiyuu =
freedom, liberty; jiyuu na = free; jiyuu ni = freely;
jiyuugyoo = freelance work; jiyuuseki = unreserved
seat) (I specialize in GU [genitourinary] problems
because of the freedom it gives me to do research)
(kakerarenai, or kakerenai, also OK here, not as good
as suwarenai)
203. As for the come-by-JR-line time, if you use a
discount ticket, its good for sure. Use riyoo suru to
mean use. Use to to mean if.
Jee aru sen de kuru toki wa, waribiki kippu o riyoo
suru to ii desu yo. (waribiki suru = to discount;
waribiku = to discount, reduce; wareware = us,
mostly used by men) (the wary bee reduced his
prices) (riyoo suru = to use, utilize) (Leo uses his
claws to hunt) (cf. ryookin = fee, fare)
204. As for detailed things, if you ask at the stations
green ticket window, they will probably teach and
give to our in-group. Use kuwashii. Dont use iro
after green. Use eba.
Kuwashii koto wa, eki no midori no madoguchi de
kikeba, oshiete kureru deshoo. (kuwashii = full,
detailed, minute; speaking of knowledge, wellversed, familiar) (its a cool washing machine,
carved in minute detail) (komakai = small or detailed,
but it isnt OK here; mostly it means small or
relatively unimportant details) (seikaku na = accurate,
precise) (mawasu = to turn, spin; mawashi = sumo
wrestlers loincloth) (midori = green; the middle of
the Oreo was green) (use midori , not midori iro, to
describe a ticket window)
205. A car also is convenient, but since the roads
will get very crowded, it would probably be better to
give up in advance. Use dooro. Use node.
Kuruma mo benri desu ga, dooro ga totemo komu
node, yamete oita hoo ga ii deshoo. (yameru = to
stop, give up, resign; yamu = to stop, intransitive;
tomeru = to stop, transitive; sumasu = to finish or to
put up with things as they are; sumaseru = to end,
transitivive; sumu = to come to an end) (dooro =
road, way, street; I found a dollar on the road)
206. Its a lodging matter, but if you stay at my
house, its good for sure. Use ken. Use eba.
Yado no ken desu ga, watashi no ie ni tomareba, ii
desu yo. (yado = inn, hotel, lodging; yadoya =
Japanese inn, ryokan) (the yawning dog reminds me
its time to find lodging) (tomaru = to stop,
intransitive; or to stay the night) (4 meanings for
ken: Ken has a ticket to go see about a matter
regarding a house in his prefecture) Lesson 21.

147

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Lesson 21. 207. As for hotels, Japanese inns etc.,
they are expensive, and because of the falls travel
season, since they are very crowded. Use shi. Use
de to mean because.
Hoteru ya ryokan wa takai shi, aki no ryokoo shiizun
de, totemo konde imasu kara.
208. As for reserve, it is not needed for sure.
Enryo wa irimasen yo. (enryo = reserve, restraint,
modesty; enryo suru = to hesitate, to be reluctant) (I
have to encourage Leo because hes so restrained or
reserved) (cannot use enryo ga here, because ga is
too specific for enryo; e.g., you would never refer to
kono enryo or ano hito no enryo) (iru = to need, want,
be necessary) (enkai = banquet)
209. Well, to-the-honorable-two-people able-tohonorably-meet day, I am looking forward on. Use
dewa. Use dekiru. Use a humble word for I am.
Dewa, ofutari ni oai dekiru hi o, tanoshimi ni shite
orimasu. (oau dekiru, not OK, because when you
make a verb honorific, you use the stem form; OK to
say aeru hi; also OK to say au koto ga dekiru hi)
(tanoshimi = pleasure; tanoshimi ni shite iru [I am
doing to pleasure] means Im looking forward to it,
or on it)
210. As for Sakamoto, in order to go as far as
Nagano, if you use what then it will be good, is she
saying? Use tame ni. Use eba.
Sakamoto san wa, nagano made iku tame ni, nani o
tsukaeba ii to itte imasu ka.
211. JR lines special expresss reserved seats.
Je aru sen no tokkyuu no shiteiseki.
212. Concerning discount tickets, at where if you ask
is good? Use eba. Dont use iro.
Waribiki kippu ni tsuite, doko de kikeba ii desu ka.
213. Its the stations green ticket window.
Eki no midori no madoguchi desu.
214. As for Sakamoto, as for lodging, how if to do
will be good, is she saying? Use eba.
Sakamoto san wa, yado wa, doo sureba ii to itte
imasu ka.
215. If one stays at Sakamotos house, its good, she
is saying. Use eba.
Sakamoto san no ie ni tomareba ii to itte imasu.
216. As for Sakamoto, when will she be able to meet
the Barbara group? Dont use koto ga.
Sakamoto san wa, itsu, baabarasan tachi ni aemasu ka.
217. She will be able to meet at the beginning of
October.
Juugatsu no hajime ni aemasu. (saishoo ni, not OK)
218. As for Brown, why is he being inconvenienced?
Buraun san wa, dooshite, komatte imasu ka.
219. Its because, in the taxi, he completely forgot
important documents. Use daiji.
Takushii ni daiji na shorui o wasurete shimatta kara
desu. (takushii de, also OK, but ni is better) (daiji na
= important; doozo odaiji ni = take care of yourself)

(its important to dye the stolen jeep)

220. As for Suzuki, to where if one does a phone call,
it will be good, he said? Use eba.
Suzuki san wa, doko ni denwa o sureba ii to iimashita
ka.
221. If one does a phone call to taxi kindaika center,
its good, he said. Use eba.
Takushii kindaika sentaa ni denwa sureba ii to
iimashita. (kindai = modern times, kindaika =
modernization)
222. As for Suzuki, was he knowing that places
telephone number? Use soko.
Suzuki san wa, soko no denwa bango o shitte
imashita ka.
223. No, he was not knowing.
Iie, shitte imasen deshita.
224. As for the time you dont know/understand a
phone number, how if you do is good? Use eba.
Denwa bango ga wakaranai toki wa, doo sureba ii
desu ka. (not OK to say denwa bango o wakaranai)
225. If you ask of NTTs 104, its good. Use eba.
NTT no ichi zero yon de kikeba ii desu. (ichi rei yon,
also OK) (ni kikeba, also OK)
Lesson 22
1. Have some tea. If there is anything honorable
errand, with this heres honorable telephone, go
ahead. Use tara.
Ocha o doozo. Nanika goyou ga arimashitara,
kochira no odenwa de doozo. (yooji = errand, also
OK; Yo-chan does a lot of errands in his jeans)
2. Well, go ahead take your honorable time. Use
dewa. Use a 1-word abbreviation of the expression
take your honorable time.
Dewa doozo goyukkuri. (the longer expression is
doozo goyukkuri shite kudasai)
3. Yes, thanks.
Hai doomo.
4. As for Tokyo still hot, but as for Hakone, its cool,
huh. Use kedo.
Tookyoo wa mada atsui kedo, Hakone wa suzushii
desu ne.
5. Truly, its so, huh.
Hontoo ni, soo desu ne.
6. By the way, at before to do a meal, will we not
enter a hot spring?
Tokoro de, shokuji o suru mae ni, onsen ni
hairimasen ka.
7. Let me see. Since I walked on a mountain and
sweated, I want to bathe on hot water and feel
refreshed, huh. Use te twice, to mean and.
Soo desu ne. Yama o aruite, ase o kaita kara, oyu o
abite, sappari shitai desu ne. (oyu de, not OK) (ase =
sweat, asses sweat; ase o kaku = to sweat; I kaku
[write] on a mirror with my ase [sweat]; cf. aza =
bruise) (abiru = take shower or bath)
Lesson 22.

148

149
Lesson 22. (sappari suru = to feel refreshed; after
sap paring, I jump in the pool and feel refreshed;
sappari shita = neat, plain, frank; sappari wakaranai
= I dont understand at all; )
8. As for to the hot spring, will we take something?
Onsen ni wa, nanika motte ikimasu ka. (nanika o,
also OK)
9. Towel and summer robe.
Taoru to yukata. cf. yuugata = evening
10. Inside that box, they are entered for sure.
Sono hako no naka ni haitte imasu yo.
11. Ah, is this a summer robe?
Aa, kore ga yukata desu ka. (kore wa, also OK)
12. Yeah, after you entered the hot springs, you will
wear it for sure. Use ato. Soften the second clause.
Ee, onsen ni haitta ato, kirun desu yo. (kiru = to wear,
to cut; I wear kiwi roots: I cut them too) (ato ni, ato
de, both OK)
13. It looks hot, huh. Use soo.
Atsu soo desu ne.
14. As for me, as for hot honorable baths, they are
bad for sure. Use boku. Use nan to soften this.
Boku wa, atsui ofuro wa dame nan desu yo.
15. Since it isnt that hot, its OK for sure.
Sonna ni atsukunai kara, daijoobu desu yo.
16. Well, me first. Use boku.
Jaa, boku ga osaki ni. (use o before saki in
conversation, regardless of who goes first)
17. Ah, good feeling.
Aa, ii kimochi.
18. Is that so? Ah, hot.
Soo desu ka. A, atsui.
19. Is it hot?
Atsui desu ka.
20. Yeah, as for to me, it gets a little too hot, huh.
Use boku. Use chotto.
Ee, boku ni wa chotto atsusugimasu ne.
21. Is that so. Well, a little, lets put in water. Use
sukoshi.
Soo desu ka. Ja, sukoshi mizu o iremashoo.
22. How is it, with about this much?
Doo desu ka, kono kurai de. (gurai, also OK)
23. Since, if we put in too much, it will become
lukewarm. Use to. Plain speech.
Iresugiru to, nuruku naru kara. (nurui = tepid,
lukewarm; the nurse made Louie lukewarm tea)
24. Let me see. Still a little hot, but about this much
hot, for the body is better, it appears, I have a feeling.
Use chotto. Use kedo. Use kono kurai. Use hoo ga
for the comparison. Use yoo na to mean it appears.
Soo desu ne. Mada chotto atsui kedo, kono kurai
atsui hoo ga, karada ni ii yoo na ki ga shimasu. (ki ga
suru = have a feeling that; literally, feeling does) (na
shows that the preceding phrase modifies ki) (if you
use ki ga shimasu, must use yoo, not soo) (To say
that an adjective or a verb seem to be, based on
evidence, follow them with Yoo or yoo na.) (ki ga

suru = to have a feeling that; ki ni iru = it pleases

me; ki ni iranai = ki ni kuwanai = I dislike; ki ni
suru = ki ni naru = worry about, be concerned; ki
ni shinai = to not care; ki o otosu = to get
downhearted; ki o tsukeru = to be careful)
25. Yeah, as for this places hot spring, it appears
good to katakori and stomachs sickness etc., for sure.
Use i to mean stomach. Use rashii.
Ee, koko no onsen wa, katakori ya i no byooki ni ii
rashii desu yo. (kata = shoulder; that kata [person]
has big shoulders; katakori = stiff shoulders; there
were stiff kata [shoulders]in Corinth from doing too
much sculpture) (i = stomach; theres an eel in my
stomach) (To state that a verb or adjective is true,
based on hearsay, follow the verb or the adjective
root with rashii.) (byooki ni yoku kiku rashii, also
OK)
26. Katakori? As for the one called katakori, what is
it? Use tte.
Katakori. Katakori tte, nan desu ka.
27. Ah, the shoulder muscle becomes hard and
becomes painful thing it is for sure. Use te to mean
and. Use koto.
Aa, kata no kinniku ga, katakunatte itakunaru koto
desu yo. (kinniku = muscle; pro athletes have
muscles of kin [gold] niku [meat]) cf. kinshi =
prohibition (katai = hard, firm, stiff, conscientious;
the cat eye, from the mouses perspective, is hard and
firm) (not OK to substitute mono for koto, as katakori
is a concept)
28. As for Michael, that called thing (meaning, that
sort of thing), doesnt it exist? Dont use wa or ga
after thing. Meaning, doesnt that happen to you?
Maikeru san wa, soo iu koto arimasen ka. (soo iu
koto = that sort of thing)
29. Yeah, its nothing, huh. Meaning, it never
happens.
Ee, nai desu nee.
30. Another groups person seems to be coming, huh.
Report what you hear as an exclamation. Use yoo.
Hoka no dantai no hito ga, kita yoo desu ne. (dantai
= group, party; a group of dancing tigers)
31. Gradually, shall we leave? Use sorosoro.
Sorosoro, demashoo ka. (dandan not OK here; OK
to say dandan joozu ni natta = gradually I got skilled,
or dandan futotta = gradually I got fat)
32. Yeah, lets do so.
Ee, soo shimashoo.
33. Ah, I drank well. (meaning I had plenty to drink)
Plain speech.
Aa, yoku nonda.
34. When you think about it, after you entered a hot
spring, as for beer that one drinks, its delicious huh.
Use ato de.
Yappari, onsen ni haitta ato de nomu biiru wa oishii
desu nee. (ato ni nomu, also OK,
Lesson 22.

149

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Lesson 22. not as good)
35. Yeah, everyone seemed to be enjoying
themselves, huh. Literally, it seemed pleasant. Dont
use wa or ga. Use soo.
Ee, minna tanoshisoo deshita ne. (tanoshikatta soo
desu, not OK, as this means reportedly it was
pleasant) (To state or exclaim how something
appears to you, follow the stem of an i adjective,
or a na adjective, or a verb stem, with soo, soo na,
soo desu, or soo da.)
36. Stars, many are visible huh.
Hoshi ga takusan miemasu ne.
37. Tomorrow also the weather
seems to be good huh. Use soo.
Ashita mo tenki ga yosa soo desu ne. (instead of
saying isoo, say yosa soo; yosa or nasa can
precede soo, meaning appears to be. e.g., mondai
wa nasa soo da = it seems there isnt a problem,
kuruma wa yosa soo desu = it appears to be a good
car; cannot say kuruma soo desu) (yoi becomes yo,
cannot say isa soo) (ii soo desu = someone said it
was good; yosa soo desu = it seems good; mondai
wa nai soo desu = someone said there is no
problem; mondai ja nasa soo desu = it appears it
isnt a problem; oishisoo desu = it looks delicious;
oishii soo desu = reportedly its delicious; kawaii
soo desu = reportedly shes cute; kawaisoo desu =
shes pitiable, pitiful, poor)
38. Thats so, huh. Ah, ah, ah-choo!
Soo desu ne. Ha, ha, hakkushon. (when you hack
into that cushion, the dust makes me say Ah-choo)
39. Ah, Webb, it seems you caught a cold, huh. Use
yoo.
A, Uebbu-san, kaze o hiita yoo desu ne.
40. Yeah, a little, a chill does. (meaning I have a
chill) Use chotto.
Ee, chotto samuke ga shimasu. (samuke = chill; a
samui keg gives a chill when you drink it)
41. Besides, a little fever also seems to exist. Use
sukoshi. Use yoo.
Sore ni, sukoshi netsu mo aru yoo desu.
42. Im sorry to hear that. Plain speech. Use an
intensifier.
Sore wa ikenai na.
43. Lets return to the room.
Heya ni kaerimashoo.
44. Because, as for the insides of the rooms, warm.
Plain speech.
Heya no naka wa atatakai kara. (ga, also OK)
45. Thats so huh. Tanabe, are you having cold
medicine?
Soo desu ne. Tanabe san, kaze kusuri o motte imasu
ka.
46. Nah, but Kuroda is having some for sure.
Iya, demo Kuroda san ga motte imasu yo.
47. Its Chinese medicine, and to a cold it seems to

have a good effect, for sure. Use de to mean and.

Use the adverbial form of good. Use rashii.
Chuugoku no kusuri de, kaze ni yoku kikurashii desu
yo. (kiku = to be good for, to have an effect; also
= to hear, to ask; If you kiku [listen] to the doctor,
the medicine will have an effect)
48. To the Japanese inns person, as for an errand
exists time, you use a phone. (meaning, you call
him) Use yoo to mean errand. Plain speech.
Ryokan no hito ni, yoo ga aru toki wa, denwa o
tsukau.
49. As for the summer robe, you put it on at before
you enter the hot spring. Plain speech.
Yukata wa, onsen ni hairu mae ni kiru.
50. As for to the hot water, Michael entered first.
Plain speech.
Oyu ni wa, maikeru san ga saki ni haitta.
51. As for the hot springs hot water, it was
lukewarm. Plain speech.
Onsen no oyu wa, nurukatta.
52. As for the Michael group, with another groups
person together, they entered the hot spring. Plain
speech.
Maikerusantachi wa, hoka no dantai no hito to issho
ni, onsen ni haitta.
53. As for Tanabe, he is having cold medicine. Plain
speech.
Tanabe san wa kaze kusuri o motte iru.
54. Inside the room, compared to outside, its cooler.
Use hoo ga for the comparison. Plain speech.
Heya no naka no hoo ga, soto yori, suzushii.
55. Hot coffee.
Atsui koohii.
56. Hot pot.
Atsui nabe. (Nabby eats from a pot)
57. Hot day.
Atsui hi.
58. Hot summer.
Atsui natsu.
59. Warm soup.
Atatakai suupu.
60. Warm hands.
Atatakai te.
61. Warm room.
Atatakai heya.
62. Lukewarm soup.
Nurui suupu.
63. Cold water.
Tsumetai mizu.
64. Cold hand.
Tsumetai te.
65. Cool wind.
Suzushii kaze.
66. Cool autumn.
Suzushii aki.
67. Cold wind.
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Lesson 22. Tsumetai kaze.
68. Cold day.
Samui hi.
69. Cold winter.
Samui fuyu.
70. Its cold huh. At that places store, lets drink
hot coffee.
Samui desu ne. Soko no mise de atsui koohii o
nomimashoo.
71. While still warm, go ahead with the soup.
Atatakai uchi ni suupu o doozo.
72. Thank you. Hey, a little bit, it is becoming
lukewarm, huh. Use sukoshi.
Arigatoo. Are, sukoshi nurukunatte imasu ne.
73. Ah, excuse me. Soon I will warm it.
A, sumimasen. Sugu atatamemasu. (atatameru = to
heat up; the atatakai mare warms up her muscles
before the race) (atatamaru, intransitive)
74. The hot summer finished, and it became the cool
autumn. Use te to mean and.
Atsui natsu ga owatte, suzushii aki ni narimashita.
75. As for today, a cold wind blew, and it was a cold
all-day. Use te to mean and.
Kyoo wa tsumetai kaze ga fuite, samui ichinichi
deshita. (fuku becomes fuite; furu becomes futte;
nuku becomes nuite, opening; muku becomes muite,
skinning) (samukatta ichinichi desu, not OK; it
sounds strange)
76. Very honorable guests are met/welcomed
warmly. Plain speech.
Okyakusama o atatakaku mukaeru. (cf. kangei suru
= to welcome, aisatsu suru = to greet) (cf. mukau =
to face, or head for)
77. Since empathy doesnt exist, a cold person. Use
te to mean since.
Omoiyari ga nakute, tsumetai hito. (omoiyaru =
empathize, care about; omoiyari = empathy,
consideration; omoidasu = remember; I omoimasu
[think] and yaru [give] to my cat; thats empathy)
78. As for that honorable tea, since it is hot, a little
bit, please cool it (meaning, let it cool) and drink.
Use sukoshi.
Sono ocha wa atsui desu kara, sukoshi samashite
nonde kudasai. (samasu = to cool, transitive, sameru
= to cool, intransitive)
79. Cold beer, go ahead.
Tsumetai biiru o doozo.
80. Ah, delicious. Its being well-chilled, huh. Use
an intransitive verb.
Aa, oishii. Yoku hiete imasu ne. (hieru = to chill,
intransitive; hiyasu = to chill, transitive; similar to
kieru and kesu; Hi Yasuko, I chilled water for you; cf.
hiyoo = expense)
81. Yeah, since morning, in the refrigerator, I chilled
it in advance. Plain speech. Soften this.
Ee, asa kara, reizooko de hiyashite oitan desu.
82. Its cold, huh. Lets get in the hot spring and

warm up. Use te to mean and.

Samui desu ne. Onsen ni haitte, atatamarimashoo.
(atatameru = to warm up, transitive; atatamaru =
warm up, intransitive)
83. Customer: As for today, as for outside, the wind
is strong and cold, but as for inside of the room, a
heater is being entered, and its hot, huh. Use te to
mean and twice. Use keredo. Use danboo to mean
heater.
Kyaku: Kyoo wa, soto wa kaze ga tsuyokute samui
keredo, heya no naka wa danboo ga haitte ite, atsui
desu ne. (danboo = heater, danboo suru = to heat;
Dans boy got him a heater)
84. A little more, wont you make the temperature
low and give? Use sukoshi. Use hikui. Speaking to
an equal or inferior.
Moo sukoshi, ondo o hikuku shite kuremasen ka.
(ondo o sagete kuremasen ka, also OK) (ondo =
temperature; if its your own dough, you keep the
temperature cool in winter) (hikui = low)
85. Busboy: Yes, now I will lower it.
Booi: Hai, ima sagemasu. (sageru = to lower,
transitive; sagaru = to lower, intransitive)
86. Say, shall I open the window a little? Use
sukoshi.
Anoo, mado o sukoshi akemashoo ka.
87. Since, if the cold air enters and comes, soon it
will become cool. Use te to mean and. Use eba.
Tsumetai kuuki ga haitte kureba, sugu suzushiku
narimasu kara.
88. Thank you. First, I would like to enter the hot
spring, but is this places hot spring hot? Use mazu.
Soften the first phrase. Use dakedo.
Arigatoo. Mazu onsen ni hairitain dakedo, koko no
onsen wa atsui desu ka. (mazu = first; first she
married a zookeeper)
89. It isnt very hot.
Amari atsuku arimasen.
90. Since its about 32 degrees and lukewarm, by the
hotel, a little bit they are warming it. Use de to mean
and. Use node. Use de to mean by. Use sukoshi.
Sanjuuni do gurai de, nurui node, hoteru de, sukoshi
atatamete imasu. (do = degree, times)
91. Is that so? When I emerge and come from the
bath, a cold beer, if you please. Use tara.
Soo desu ka. Furo kara dete kitara, tsumetai biiru o
onegaishimasu.
92. Understood. (Humble speech)
Kashikomarimashita.
93. Im sorry I kept you waiting. Since the pan is
hot, please be careful.
Omatase shimashita. Nabe ga atsui desu kara, ki o
tsukete kudasai.
94. Ah, its seemingly delicious boiled tofu, huh.
Use soo.
Aa, oishisoo na yudoofu desu ne.
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Lesson 22. (yudoofu = boiled tofu; when you add
yuu [hot water] to tofu, you get yudoofu)
95. While still hot, lets eat.
Atsui uchi ni tabemashoo.
96. As for to-make-coffee times hot waters
temperature, hot is better. Use ireru. Use hoo ga for
the comparison in the next 9 responses.
Koohii o ireru toki no oyu no ondo wa atsui hoo ga ii
desu. (OK to substitute atsui no ga for atsui hoo ga,
but not as clear) (atsusa ga, not OK)
97. In summer, as for soup that one drinks, cold is
better.
Natsu ni nomu suupu wa tsumetai hoo ga ii desu.
98. As for winters pools water, warm is better.
Fuyu no puuru no mizu wa atatakai hoo ga ii desu.
99. As for the honorable baths hot water, hot is
better.
Ofuro no oyu wa atsui hoo ga ii desu.
100. As for beer, cold is better.
Biiru wa tsumetai hoo ga ii desu.
101. As for wine, not very cold is better.
Wain wa amari tsumetaku nai hoo ga ii desu.
102. Summer, as for the room to do work, cool is
better.
Natsu, shigoto o suru heya wa suzushii hoo ga ii desu.
103. As for to swim in the ocean times air
temperature, hot is better.
Umi de oyogu toki no kion wa, atsui hoo ga ii desu.
(kion = air temperature; ki = spirit, soul, feeling, tree,
similar to air; on = temperature) (umi o oyogu, not
OK; cannot swim on the ocean)
104. As for to do mountain climb times air
temperature, cool is better.
Yamanobori o suru toki no kion wa, suzushii hoo ga
ii desu.
105. To state how something appears to you,
follow the stem of an i adjective, or a na adjective,
or a verb stem, meaning the pre-masu form, with
either soo, soo desu, or soo da.
106. It looks like it will rain. Use some form of soo
for the next 5 responses.
Ame ga furi soo desu.
107. As for Kuroda, she received a present, and
appeared pleased. Use te to mean and.
Kuroda san wa, purezento o moratte, ureshi soo
deshita.
108. Soo may be followed by na, to make a na
adjective. Wow, delicious appearing cake.
Waa, oishisoo na keeki.
109. I can eat about three, it appears. Use the longer
form of the potential verb stem. Plain speech.
Mittsu gurai taberare soo. (tabere soo, also OK)
110. As for that store over there, since many people,
lively it appears. Use oozei no. Use de to mean
since.
Ano mise wa, oozei no hito de, nigiyaka soo desu.

111. Hurriedly I must return to the home town. Use

te wa narimasen.
Isoide inaka ni kaeranakute wa narimasen. (see
Lesson 23, # 68, for more detail on the I must form)
112. My father will die, it appears. Use soo. Use
nan to soften this.
Chichi ga shini soo nan desu. (shinu = to die; the
shiny uranium caused him to die)
113. Ah. Terrible. The child will drown, it appears.
Use soo. Plain speech.
A! Taihen. Kodomo ga obore soo da. (oboreru = to
drown, oboeru = to memorize; while watching an
obo rerun, he fell into the river and drowned)
(oboreta soo da, not OK, but oboreta yoo da, it
looked like he drowned, is OK)
114. To say that an i adjective does not appear to
be true, follow the adjective stem with (4 responses,
using various combinations of ja, dewa, nai and
arimasen).
Soo dewa nai, soo dewa arimasen, soo ja nai, or
soo ja arimasen. (You may also use these 3 phrases
after na adjectives, when you want to say that na
adjectives dont appear to be true.)
115. Not appear to be interesting. Use soo dewa nai.
Omoshirosoo dewa nai.
116. Another way to say that an i adjective
appears not to be true, e.g., to say he appears not
to be tall, etc., is to follow the ku form of the
adjective with nasa soo desu.
117. It appears not interesting.
Omoshiroku nasa soo desu. (omoshirosoo ja
arimasen, also OK)
118. To say that it appears that an action will not
take place, follow a verb stem, i.e. the pre-masu
form, with (4 responses)
Soo ni nai, soo ni arimasen; soo mo nai, soo mo
arimasen.
119. It does not appear that he will go. Use soo ni nai.
Ikisoo ni nai. (ikisoo mo nai, ikisoo ni arimasen,
ikisoo mo arimasen, all also OK; ikisoo mo nai is
stronger than ikisoo ni nai; ikisoo ja arimasen and
ikisoo ja nai are not OK)
119b. You may also say that it appears that an
action will not take place by using nasa, i.e., by
following the verbs negative stem, or the pre-nai
form, with nasa soo desu. It appears that he will not
go.
Ikanasa soo desu.
120. As for that book over there, it doesnt appear to
be interesting. Use soo ja arimasen.
Ano hon wa omoshiro soo ja arimasen. (omoshiroku
nasa soo desu, also OK)
121. As for that book over there, it appears to be not
interesting. Use nasa soo.
Ano hon wa omoshiroku nasa soo desu.
122. Since people are few, it doesnt
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Lesson 22. appear to be lively. Use te to mean
since. Use soo ja arimasen.
Hito ga sukunakute, nigiyaka soo ja arimasen.
123. Another way to say that a na adjective
appears to be untrue is to follow it with ja nasa
soo desu. Since people are few, it appears not to be
lively. Use te to mean since.
Hito ga sukunakute, nigiyaka ja nasa soo desu.
124. As for today, as for rain, appear to precipitate
does not exist. Use soo ni arimasen.
Kyoo wa, ame wa, furisoo ni arimasen.
125. To say how things appear, based on evidence,
use (2 responses, including the adjective form)
Yoo, Yoo na. (equivalent to seems, seems to be,
must be, I guess its)
126. To say that a noun seems to be, based on
evidence, follow the noun with (2 responses,
including the adjective form)
No yoo, no yoo na.
126b. To say that a noun seemed to be, based on
evidence, follow the noun with (3 responses,
including an adjective form). Plain speech.
Datta yoo, datta yoo na, no yoo datta.
127. To say that an i adjective or a verb seem to
be, based on evidence, follow them with (2
responses, including an adjective form)
Yoo or yoo na.
127b. To say that a na adjective seems to be,
based on evidence, follow it with (2 responses,
including an adjective form)
No yoo, no yoo na.
128. The street is being wet.
Michi ga nurete imasu. (nureru/nurete = to get wet;
the new red roof got wet; nude teller is wet;
nugu/nuide = to take off shoes or clothes; nuru = to
paint [exception to e rule]; I nuru [paint] the new
roof)
129. It seems that it rained. Use yoo for the next 3
responses.
Ame ga futta yoo desu.
130. From the afternoon, it seems that it will rain.
Gogo kara, ame ga furu yoo desu.
131. As for this medicine, it seems to have a good
effect.
Kono kusuri wa, yoku kiku yoo desu. (kiku = to be
good for, to have an effect)
132. The fever went down completely.
Netsu ga, sagatte shimaimashita. (sagaru = to go
down, sagasu = to search)
133. As for that voice over there, it seems to be
Michael, huh. Use yoo or na yoo or no yoo for the
next 4 responses.
Ano koe wa, maikeru san no yoo desu ne.
134. Michael, you seem to like cake, huh. You eat
all of 3 and. Use te to mean and. Use plain speech
for the last clause.

Maikeru san, keeki ga, suki na yoo desu ne. Mittsu

mo tabete. (suki is a na adjective here)
135. As for to this next trip, as for Michael, it seems
he will not go for sure.
Kondo no ryokoo ni wa, maikeru san wa, ikanai yoo
desu yo.
136. Already it seems to be 3:00, huh.
Moo sanji no yoo desu ne.
137. Another way to state that a noun appears to
exist, based on slim or indirect evidence, is to
follow the noun with (3 responses, one present and
two past tense)
Rashii, datta rashii, rashikatta. (rashii is an i
adjective)
138. To state that it appears that an action will
occur, or that an adjective appears to be true,
based on slim or indirect evidence, follow the verb
or the adjective with
Rashii (rashii is often used to refer to something you
merely read or heard)
139. As for today, it appears that it will rain, huh.
Use yoo.
Kyoo wa, ame ga furu yoo desu ne.
140. Yeah, it appears to be so, huh. Use rashii.
Ee, soo rashii desu ne.
141. From the weather report, they were saying so
for sure. Use de to mean from.
Tenki yohoo de, soo itte imashita yo.
142. As for to that store over there, I have never
gone, but it appears to be delicious for sure. Use nain
in the second section. Use rashii.
Ano mise ni wa, itta koto wa nain desu ga, oishirashii
desu yo. (itta koto ga, also OK)
143. Since the after-effects of a campfire exist,
someone at here was camping, it seems. Use ato to
mean after-effects. Use rashii. Plain speech.
Takibi no ato ga aru kara, dareka ga koko de kyanpu
o shite itarashii. (takibi = fire, bonfire; only tacky
bees build bonfires in a dry forest) (OK to substitute
nokori for ato) (OK to omit ga after dareka)
144. Comparing yoo, or yoo na, with rashii, which
one implies more uncertainty?
Rashii.
145. A chill does (meaning I have a chill). I caught a
cold, it appears. Use yoo.
Samuke ga shimasu. Kaze o hiita yoo desu. (samuke
= chill)
146. A chill does. I caught a cold, it appears. Use
rashii.
Samuke ga shimasu. Kaze o hiita rashii desu.
147. It appears to be a cold huh. (since a doctor is
speaking to a patient, he would not use rashii)
Kaze no yoo desu ne.
148. Another word with the same meaning as yoo
or rashii, which is popular with young people, is
Mitai
149. As for today, it looks like it will Lesson 22.

153

154
Lesson 22. rain. Use mitai for the next 2
responses. Plain speech for the next 2 responses.
Kyoo wa ame ga furu mitai. (mitai da, or mitai desu,
also OK)
150. That medicine over there had an effect, it seems.
Ano kusuri ga kiita mitai. (kiku = to be good for, to
have an effect)
151. Already Im thoroughly healthy.
Moo sukkari genki desu. (sukkari = really,
completely, thoroughly; Sue carries her
responsibilities thoroughly and completely) cf.
sappari = neat, plain, frank; sappari suru = to feel
refreshed; cf. shikkari = firmly, tightly, strongly;
shikkari suru = to get hold of ones self
152. From only saw, it appears a fever exists.
(meaning, based on seeing only) Use de to mean
from. Use soo. Plain speech.
Mita dake de, netsu ga ari soo da.
153. Feeling and seeing, it appears
a fever exists. Use te to mean and & also ing. Use
yoo. Plain speech.
Sawatte mite netsu ga aru yoo da. (cf. sagaru, to
drop, hang or go down)
154. Hearing from someone, it appears a fever exists.
Use kara. Use te to mean ing. Use rashii. Plain
speech.
Dareka kara kiite, netsu ga aru rashii. (you may not
use da after an i adjective, so rashii da is not OK)
155. Its delicious-appearing cuisine, huh. Use soo or
soo na for the next 9 responses.
Oishisoo na ryoori desu ne.
156. As for the room it appears to be warm.
Heya wa atataka soo desu.
157. As for this times fish, it appears to be big.
Kondo no sakana wa ooki soo desu.
158. Its a difficult appearing book, huh.
Muzukashi soo na hon desu ne.
159. Ah. It appears the book will fall. Plain speech.
A! Hon ga ochisoo. (ochiru = to fall, intransitive;
otosu = to drop, transitive)
160. Terrible. To the company, it appears I will get
delayed. Plain speech.
Taihen. Kaisha ni okuresoo. (okureru; I was
delayed to o [honorably] cure Ruth)
161. Since people, a lot, gather, it appears to be
lively, huh. Use hito. Use te to mean since.
Hito ga takusan atsumatte, nigiyaka soo desu ne.
(atsumaru = to meet, accumulate; atsumeru = to
collect, transitive; atatameru = to warm up,
transitive; atatamaru = to get warm, intransitive)
162. Since to do nothing doesnt exist, (meaning,
theres nothing to do) it appears to be free time. Use
koto ga to make a noun phrase. Use te to mean since.
Hima is an adjective here, not a noun.
Nani mo suru koto ga nakute, hima soo desu. (hima
is an adjective here, not a noun, so it can be used with

soo, just like rusu soo, genki soo, etc.) (a double

negative is still a negative in Japanese) (hima na
tooki soo desu, not OK)
163. Since to do nothing doesnt exist, it appears to
be boring. Use koto ga to make a noun phrase. Use
te to mean since. Use taikutsu.
Nani mo suru koto ga nakute, taikutsu soo desu.
(taikutsu = boring) (tsumaranai = uninteresting; there
is no corresponding verb)
164. As for the criminal, using dynamite, he broke
the safe, it appears. Use yoo or no yoo for the next 5
responses. Plain speech.
Hannin wa, dainamaito o tsukatte, kinko o kowashita
yoo da. (hannin = burglar, criminal; a hannin
[criminal] is only half a nin [person]; hannichi =
anti-Japanese) (kinko = safe; they keep the toner
cartridges in a safe at Kinkos; kenkoo = health)
(kowasu = to break, transitive; the koalas supervisor
broke the sub; kowareru = to break, intransitive; in
koala reruns, things break; kowai = frightening)
(not OK to substitute watta for kowashita; waru,
transitive, is used only for glass and wood; in war,
we break glass and wood; wareru, intransitive = to
break, split; waru and wareru are exceptions to the e
rule)
165. As for the criminal, breaking the window glass,
he entered inside, it appears. Plain speech.
Hannin wa mado garasu o watte, naka ni haitta yoo
da. (waru = to divide, split, break, dilute, go below a
value or score) (when you break something, its warui
[bad]) (OK to substitute kowashite for watte)
166. As for the criminal, he is tall, it appears. Plain
speech.
Hannin wa, se ga takai yoo da. (both se and sei are
OK)
167. As for the criminal, he was wearing gloves, it
appears. Plain speech. Hannin wa, tebukuro o shite
ita yoo da. (shite iru yoo datta, OK, but means it
looked he was)
168. As for the criminal, one person, it appears.
Plain speech.
Hannin wa, hitori no yoo da.
169. As for Kitamura, sick, it appears. Use a
womans intensifier. Plain speech. Use rashii for the
next 8 responses.
Kitamura san wa, byooki rashii wa.
170. As for tomorrow, it appears to be rain, for sure.
Ashita wa, ame rashii desu yo.
171. As for Barbara, to somewhere she is being
departed, it seems. Barbaras husband is speaking.
Plain speech. Use an intensifier.
Baabara wa dokoka ni dekakete iru rashii na.
172. An accident existed, it appears. Plain speech.
Jiko ga atta rashii.
173. He got hungry, it appears. Plain speech. Use a
womans intensifier.
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155
Lesson 22. Onaka ga suita rashii wa.
174. As for to the party, she will not attend, it
appears. Plain speech. Use an intensifier.
Paatii ni wa denai rashii na.
175. That cat over there ate the fish, it appears. Plain
speech.
Ano neko ga sakana o tabeta rashii. (neko wa, also
OK)
176. Those two people over there, they did a quarrel,
it appears. Dont use wa or ga. Plain speech. Use an
intensifier.
Ano futari, kenka o shita rashii na. (kenka suru = to
quarrel, to fight; Ken called Barbie a name, causing
a quarrel)
177. My, that cake over there is delicious, it appears.
Use a womans word for my. Dont use wa or ga.
Plain speech. Choose soo or rashii, whichever is
more appropriate.
Maa, ano keeki oishisoo.
178. According to the guidebook, as for that hotel
over there, the view is good, it appears. Use nagame.
Choose rashii or kamoshirenai.
Gaidobukku ni yoru to, ano hoteru wa
nagame ga ii rashii. (nagame wa is OK, but ga is
preferred here, to avoid having two was following
each other in one sentence) (nagame = view;
Nagainas game was to find a spot with the best view
of her prey) (keshiki = sights, scenery, view)
179. Doctor: You caught a cold, it appears, huh.
Choose rashii or yoo.
Isha: Kaze o hiita yoo desu ne.
180. As for Sakata, will he go on the next trip?
Sakata san wa, kondo no ryokoo ni ikimasu ka.
181. Well (sigh). I dont know/understand well. He
might go, huh.
Saa. Yoku wakarimasen. Iku kamoshiremasen ne.
182. From inside the room, looking at outside, as for
outside, it appears cold, huh. Choose soo or rashii.
Heya no naka kara soto o mite, soto wa samu soo
desu ne. (rashii implies that you have some evidence
for your statement, although not as much as the
evidence needed for yoo)
183. (hearing the cars to stop noise) Ah, the
president arrived, it appears, huh. Choose soo or yoo.
(Kuruma no tomaru oto o kiite) A, shachoo ga tsuita
yoo desu ne. (kuruma ga tomaru, also OK)
184. As for these shoes, as for to me, they appear to
be small. Use yoo.
Kono kutsu wa watashi ni wa chiisai yoo desu.
185. That person over there appears to be Tanaka.
Person is the subject. Use rashii. Plain speech.
Ano hito ga tanakasan rashii. (hito wa, also OK)
186. Excuse me. Again, of later. The train will
leave, apparently. Use deru. Use soo. Use nan to
soften this.
Sumimasen. Mata ato de. Densha ga de soo nan

desu. (de soo desu = apparently; deru soo desu =

reportedly) Mata ato de means Ill see you later.
187. Even rain they will do the sports tournament, it
appears. Use demo to mean even. Use rashii.
Ame demo undookai o suru rashii. (demo = even
though, a hypothetical situation; mo = even; see
Lesson 18, #13, and Lesson 23, #146)
188. November 20th.
Juuichi gatsu hatsuka.
189. As for today, for an employee trip, we came to
Hakone. Plain speech.
Kyoo wa, shain ryokoo de Hakone ni kita. (ryokoo
ni, not OK)
190. Morning, as for the leave Tokyo time, it was
being cloudy, and it will rain, it appeared, but ... Use
te to mean and. Use soo. Plain speech.
Asa, tookyoo o deru toki wa, kumotte ite, ame ga furi
soo datta ga,
191. as for from the afternoon, it got sunny very
much well, and, as for rain, not at all, appear to
precipitate did not exist. Use te to mean and. Use
totemo yoku. Use zenzen. Use soo. Use ni rather
than mo to say appear to precipitate did not exist.
Plain speech.
gogo kara wa, totemo yoku harete, ame wa, zenzen,
furi soo ni nakatta. (totemo harete, yoku harete, both
also OK) (furi soo mo nakatta, also OK, not as good
here; furanasasoo deshita, also OK) (ame ga, also
OK, but not as good)
192. As for from the weather report, it will
precipitate they were saying, but. Soften the last verb.
Plain speech. Use keredo.
Tenki yohoo de wa, furu to itte itan da keredo.
193. At before to go to the Japanese inn, of everyone,
we climbed to a mountain. Use minna. Plain speech.
Ryokan ni iku mae ni, minna de, yama ni nobotta.
(minna to, also OK)
194. Everyone, energetically was climbing, but as
for section manager Kitamura, he is extremely being
tired, it appeared. Dont use wa or ga after the first
noun. Use zuibun. Use yoo. Plain speech.
Minna, genki ni nobotte ita ga, Kitamura kachoo wa,
zuibun tsukarete iru yoo datta. (minna wa, also OK;
minna ga, not OK) (OK to use ita yoo datta, or ita
yoo da, instead of iru yoo datta)
195. She asked division manager Tsuchida, but
recently, as for the section manager, overtime is
numerous, it appears, for sure, Kuroda said. Soften
the first verb. Use dakedo. Use rashii. Use a
womans intensifier. Plain speech.
Tsuchida buchoo ni kiitan dakedo, saikin, kachoo wa,
zangyoo ga ooi rashii wa yo, to Kuroda san ga itta.
(the past tense of ooi is ookatta)
196. We arrived at the Japanese inn, and when we
entered the hot spring, section manager Kitamuras
fatigue also he was able to take out
Lesson 22.

155

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Lesson 22.
of himself, it appears. Use te to
mean and. Use tara. Plain speech. Use rashii.
Ryokan ni tsuite, onsen ni haittara, Kitamura kachoo
no tsukare mo toreta rashii. (toreta yoo da, also OK)
(toru = to take; toreru = to be able to take)
197. Beer, like delicious, he was drinking. (meaning,
he drank like it was delicious) Use soo. Plain speech.
Biiru o oishi soo ni nonde ita.
198. While we do a meal, karaoke began. Plain
speech.
Shokuji o shi nagara, karaoke ga hajimatta.
199. As for Hamano, he likes songs a lot, apparently.
Use totemo. Use yoo. Plain speech.
Hamano san wa, uta ga totemo suki na yoo da. (not
OK to omit na) (OK to say totemo uta ga suki ...)
200. Grasping a microphone, he was singing many
times. Use nandomo. Plain speech.
Maiku o nigitte, nandomo uttate ita. (nigiru = to take
hold, grasp; I had to grasp the nigiyaka [lively]
kangaroo) (nando = how many times; nandomo =
any number of times, many times; nandemo =
whatever, anything, e.g., nandemo taberaremasu;
nanimo = nothing) (dokoka = some-where; dokomo
= everywhere, nowhere; dokodemo = anywhere,
wherever)
201. After the meal, we go out to the Japanese inns
outside, and when we were looking at stars, a big
sneeze emerged. Use te to mean and. Use tara. Use
ookina. Plain speech.
Shokuji no ato, ryokan no soto ni dete, hoshi o mite
itara, ookina kushami ga deta. (hoshi = star; we put a
whole sheet over the window to block the starlight)
(kushami = sneeze; I used a cushion to protect my
amigo [friend in Spanish] from my sneeze) (cf.
hakkuchon = achoo) (usually you say uchi o deru, or
uchi o dekakeru; use ni in this case to indicate they
were going to the outside)
202. Likely, I caught a cold, it appears. Plain speech.
Use dooyara. Use rashii.
Dooyara, kaze o hiita rashii. (dooyara = likely,
seems; if you put a doughnut in the yard with an
apple, its likely it will be gone by morning; doomo,
also OK = probably; cf. dooyatte = how) (also OK
to substitute osoraku for dooyara)
203. From Kuroda I received medicine, and I
decided to sleep early. Use ni to mean from. Use te
to mean and. Plain speech.
Kuroda san ni kusuri o moratte, hayaku neru koto ni
shita.
204. As for the medicine received from Kuroda, its
Chinese medicine, and it works well, it appears. Use
ni to mean from. Use de to mean and. Use rashii.
Plain speech.
Kuroda san ni moratta kusuri wa, chuugoku no kusuri
de, yoku kiku rashii. (kiku = to have an effect, to be
good for; also = to hear, to ask; if you kiku [listen]

to the doctor, the medicine will have an effect)

205. As for tomorrow, again, to health Ill be able to
become, it appears, I have a feeling. Use soo na.
Plain speech.
Ashita wa, mata, genki ni nare soo na ki ga suru.
(nareru = able to become; also can mean get used to)
(ki ga suru = have a feeling that; literally, feeling
makes) (soo da ki, not OK)
206. As for Sunday, usually, with the lover I do a
date. Use taitei.
Nichiyoobi wa, taitei, koibito to deeto o shimasu.
(taitei = usually, general) (koibito = lover; the koi bit
off my lovers finger) (koi = romantic love; koi ni
chiru = to fall in love)
207. As for last week, by boat, from Asakusa, we
went as far as Hamarikyuu.
Senshuu wa, fune de, Asakusa kara, Hamarikyuu
made ikimashita.
208. As for at before to get on the boat, since the
wind was blowing strongly, to a great degree, it will
rock, it appears (exclamation point), I thought. Use
node. Use zuibun. Use soo da. Use omou. Use na
to mean exclamation point.
Fune ni noru mae ni wa, kaze ga tsuyoku fuite ita
node, zuibun, yure soo da na to omoimashita.
(yureru = to roll, rock, pitch, sway; Eureka! This
band rocks) (yure so da to omoimashita, also OK) (cf.
yaburu = to tear)
209. But, when we get on the boat and see, as for
compared to was thinking, it did not rock. Use to to
mean when. Use hodo.
Demo, fune ni notte miru to, omotte ita hodo wa,
yuremasen deshita. (omotte datta, not OK; cannot
say omotte desu or omotte da) (yurenakatta, also OK)
(omotta ita yori, also OK)
210. From the boat, Boosoohantoo could be seen
well.
Fune kara, Boosoohan-too ga yoku miemashita.
(Boosoo = name; hantoo = peninsula, can think of as
han [half] a too [island] [too = shima = island])
211. After we got down the boat, we did a meal in
Ginza. Use ato.
Fune o orita ato, Ginza de shokuji o shimashita.
(fune o orite kara, also OK)
212. At before to go, by telephone, I made a
reservation in advance.
Iku mae ni, denwa de, yoyaku o shite okimashita.
213. As for the restaurant, since it was very crowded,
since I make a reservation in advance, it was good, I
thought. Use node and then te, to mean since. Use
omou.
Resutoran wa, totemo konde ita node, yoyaku o shite
oite yokatta to omoimashita. (OK to substitute shite
oita no wa for shite oite) (yoyaku = reservation: I
made a reservation to serve yogurt to the yak)
214. After the meal, at Yuurakuchoo, Lesson 22.

156

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Lesson 22. we saw a movie.
Shokuji no ato, yuurakuchoo de, eiga o mimashita.
(Yuurakuchoo = district south of Ginza) (ato ni, not
OK; ato de, also OK)
215. The movie will start, from one hour before, a
lot of people were lined up. Use takusan.
Eiga ga hajimaru ichijikan mae kara, takusan no hito
ga, narande imashita. (naratte = learning)
216. Of the newspaper, since that movie was
praising, it probably is, I think. Use kara to mean
since. Use plain speech to say it probably is.
Shinbun de, sono eiga o homete ita kara daroo to
omoimasu. (homeru = to praise, admire)
217. After we watched the movie, at a coffee house,
while drinking honorable tea, we did talking. Use ato.
Eiga o mita ato, kissaten de, ocha o nomi nagara,
hanashi o shimashita. (ato de, also OK; ato ni, not
OK)
218. As for her, all day long, she seems to be very
much pleasant, meaning enjoying herself, and to
todays date she is being satisfied, it appeared. Use
soo and then yoo. Use de to mean and.
Kanojo wa, ichinichijuu, totemo tanoshi soo de, kyoo
no deeto ni manzoku shite iru yoo deshita.
(tanoshimu = to enjoy) (manzoku = satisfaction,
contentment; manzoku suru = to get satisfied; If you
have a man in your kazoku [family], you are more
satisfied) (kanojo wa tanoshii desu = shes pleasant,
having a good time)
219. Before to get on the boat, as for the wind, how
was it?
Fune ni noru mae, kaze wa doo deshita ka. (mae ni,
also OK; mae de, not OK)
220. It was blowing strongly.
Tsuyoku fuite imashita.
221. As for the restaurant, how was it. Soon, was
the meal possible?
Resutoran wa doo deshita ka. Sugu shokuji ga
dekimashita ka.
222. It was very crowded. But, since he made the
reservation in advance, soon the meal was possible.
Use demo. Use plain speech to say made the
reservation in advance. Use node.
Totemo konde imashita. Demo, yoyaku o shite oita
node, sugu shokuji ga dekimashita.
223. Why, as for her, to todays date she got satisfied,
it appears, he thought? Use naze. Use yoo. Plain
speech. Use no to soften the last verb.
Naze, kanojo wa, kyoo no deeto ni manzoku shita
yoo da to omotta no desu ka.
224. Its because, all day long, very pleasant
appearing, she was acting. (Meaning, she was acting
like she was enjoying herself.) Use soo. Use ni
suru to mean making or acting.
Ichinichijuu, totemo tanoshi soo ni shite ita kara desu.
(tanoshiku shite ita, also OK, meaning she was

happy) (tanoshii ni suru, not OK; cannot use ii

adjective with ni) (tanoshimu, tanoshimasu = to
enjoy; tanoshimi ni shite imasu = shes looking
forward to; tanoshiku shite imasu = shes having a
good time) (ni suru also = to make juice etc.; ni suru
also = to decide)
225. It will rain, it appears. Use soo.
Ame ga furi soo desu.
226. It will rain, it appears. Use yoo.
Ame ga furu yoo desu.
227. It will rain, it appears. Use rashii.
Ame ga furu rashii desu.
228. It will rain, it appears. Use mitai.
Ame ga furu mitai desu.
229. Its delicious, it appears. Use soo.
Oishisoo desu.
230. Its delicious, it appears.
Oishii yoo desu.
231. Its delicious, it appears. Use rashii.
Oishii rashii desu.
232. Its delicious, it appears. Use mitai.
Oishii mitai desu.
233. Its lively, it appears. Use soo.
Nigiyaka soo desu.
234. Its lively, it appears. Use yoo.
Nigiyaka na yoo desu.
235. Its lively, it appears. Use rashii.
Nigiyaka rashii desu.
236. Its lively, it appears. Use mitai.
Nigiyaka mitai desu.
237. It appears to be cake. Use soo.
You cant say this using soo. If you say keeki da soo
desu, that means, reportedly, its cake, not it appears
to be cake. Generally, you may only use soo with
adjectives and verbs. There are two exceptions: nasa
or yosa. For example, mondai wa nasa soo desu (it
seems there is no problem), kuruma wa yosa soo desu
(it seems the car is good). [you could also say
mondai ja nasa soo desu (it seems it isnt a
problem)] (sa is a suffix that makes a noun out of the
stem of an i adjective see Lesson 23, # 301; so
nasa could mean nothingness and yosa goodness)
238. It appears to be cake. Use yoo.
Keeki no yoo desu.
239. It appears to be cake. Use rashii.
Keeki rashii desu.
240. It appears to be cake. Use mitai.
Keeki mitai desu.
241. As for that shape over there, its a tree, it
appears. Use soo.
You cant say this using soo. If you say, ano katachi
wa ki da soo desu, that means reportedly that shape is
a tree.
242. As for that shape over there, its a tree, it
appears. Use yoo.
Ano katachi wa, ki no yoo desu.
Lesson 22.

157

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Lesson 22. 243. As for that shape over there, its a
tree, it appears. Use rashii.
Ano katachi wa, ki rashii desu.
244. As for that shape over there, its a tree, it
appears. Use mitai.
Ano katachi wa, ki mitai desu.
245. Its a tree-like shape. Use soo.
You cant say this using soo. (ki no yoo na katachi
da soo desu means, reportedly, its a tree-like shape)
246. Its a tree-like shape. Use yoo.
Ki no yoo na katachi desu.
247. Its a tree-like shape. Use rashii.
Ki rashii katachi desu. (since rashii is an i adjective,
you dont use no or na after it)
248. Its a tree-like shape. Use mitai.
Ki mitai na katachi desu.
249. She is looking forward to it.
Tanoshimi ni shite imasu.
250. She is having a good time. Two responses. For
the first response, literally, she is doing pleasantly.
Tanoshiku shite imasu.
250b. For the 2nd response, literally, she is enjoying
herself.
Tanoshinde imasu.
251. She is having a good time, it appears. Use soo.
Literally, she appears pleasant.
Tanoshi soo desu. (depending on whether you are
referring to tanoshimu or tanoshii, this means either
she appears to be enjoying herself or that appears
to be pleasant) (tanoshiku shite iru soo desu = she is
having a good time, reportedly)
252. She is having a good time, it appears. Use yoo.
3 responses. For the 1st response, literally, she seems
to be enjoying herself.
Tanoshinde iru yoo desu.
252b. For the 2nd response, literally, she appears to
be doing pleasantly.
Tanoshiku shite iru yoo desu.
252c. For the 3rd response, literally, it appears to be
pleasant.
Tanoshii yoo desu.
253. She is having a good time, it appears. Use
rashii. 3 different responses.
Tanoshinde iru rashii desu.
Tanoshiku shite iru rashii desu.
Tanoshii rashii desu.
254. She is having a good time, it appears. Use mitai.
3 different responses.
Tanoshinde iru mitai desu.
Tanoshiku shite iru mitai desu.
Tanoshii mitai desu.
255. Soo can mean seems to be you may use it
with i adjective stems, na adjectives, and verb
stems. You may not use it (if you mean seems to
be) after the verb da. You maynot use it with
nouns, other than nasa and yosa. To say that it

seems that an action will not take place, add soo ni

nai or soo mo nai to the verb stem. Another way
to say that it seems that an action will not take
place is to follow the negative stem, or the pre-nai
form, of the verb with nasa soo desu. You may
use na after soo, to make an adjective. By
contrast, soo can also be used to mean
reportedly. In this case it follows the adjective
itself (not the stem) or the verb itself (not the
stem). It can be used after the verb da.
Reportedly, its good.
Ii soo desu. (ii da soo desu not OK, since you
cannot follow an i adjective with da, e.g., not OK
to say oishii da soo desu; must say oishii soo desu.
Yoi soo desu, is OK. OK to say kuruma da soo
desu. OK to say kirei da soo desu.)
256. It seems to be good.
Yosa soo desu.
257. Reportedly, it isnt good.
Yokunai soo desu. (yokunai da soo desu, not OK,
since nai functions as an i adjective and thus cannot
be folowed by da)
259. It seems to be not good.
Yoku nasa soo desu.
260. Reportedly, it was good.
Yokatta soo desu. (yokatta da soo desu, also OK)
261. It seemed to be good.
Yosa soo deshita. (ii soo deshita = reportedly, it was
good)
262. Reportedly, it wasnt good.
Yokunakatta soo desu. (yokunai soo deshita, not
OK)
264. It seemed to be not good.
Yoku nasa soo deshita.
265. Reportedly, a problem exists.
Mondai ga aru soo desu.
266. Reportedly, its a problem.
Mondai da soo desu.
267. It seems its a problem.
You cannot say this using soo.
268. Reportedly, problems dont exist.
Mondai wa nai soo desu.
269. Reportedly, it isnt a problem.
Mondai ja nai soo desu.
270. It seems that problems dont exist.
Mondai wa nasa soo desu.
271. It seems it isnt a problem.
Mondai ja nasa soo desu.
272. Reportedly, its expensive.
Takai soo desu.
273. It seems that its expensive.
Taka soo desu.
274. Reportedly, it isnt expensive.
Takakunai soo desu.
275. It seems to be not expensive.
Takakunasa soo desu.
Lesson 22.

158

159
Lesson 22. 276. It doesnt seem to be expensive.
Use ja arimasen.
Takasoo ja arimasen. (takasoo ni arimasen and
takasoo mo arimasen, both also OK)
277. Reportedly, it was delicious.
Oishikatta soo desu.
278. It seemed to be delicious.
Oishi soo deshita.
279. Reportedly, it wasnt delicious.
Oishikunakatta soo desu.
280. It didnt seem to be delicious. Use ja arimasen.
Oishisoo ja nakatta. (oishisoo ni nakatta, also OK;
oishisoo mo nakatta, sounds strange)
281. It seemed to be not delicious.
Oishiku nasa soo deshita.
282. Reportedly, shes cute.
Kawaii soo desu. (kawaii da soo desu, not OK, since
kawaii is an i adjective and cannot precede da)
283. She is pitiable.
Kawaisoo desu.
284. Shes not cute, reportedly.
Kawaikunai soo desu. (kawaikunai da soo desu, not
OK, since you cannot use da after nai)
286. Reportedly, its lively.
Nigiyaka da soo desu.
287. It appears to be lively.
Nigiyaka soo desu.
288. Reportedly, it was lively.
Nigiyaka datta soo desu.
289. It appeared to be lively.
Nigiyaka soo deshita.
290. Reportedly, it wasnt lively.
Nigiyaka ja nakatta soo desu. (nigiyaka ja nakatta da
soo desu, also OK)
291. It appeared to be not lively.
Nigiyaka ja nasa soo deshita.
292. Reportedly, he will go.
Iku soo desu.
293. Apparently, he will go.
Iki soo desu.
294. Reportedly, he went.
Itta soo desu.
295. It looked like he is going to go.
Iki soo deshita.
296. Reportedly, he will not go.
Ikanai soo desu.
297. It doesnt appear that he will go. 2 responses.
Plain speech.
Iki soo ni nai, ikisoo mo nai.
297b. Apparently, he will not go.
Ikanasa soo desu.
298. Reportedly, he did not go.
Ikanakatta soo desu.
299. It did not seem that he will go. 2 responses.
Plain speech.
Iki soo ni nakatta, ikisoo mo nakatta. (ikisoo ja

nakatta, not OK)

300. Reportedly, hes a teacher.
Sensei da soo desu.
301. Apparently, hes a teacher.
You cannot say this using soo.
302. Reportedly, he was a teacher.
Sensei datta soo desu.
303. He seemed to be a teacher.
You cannot say this using soo.
304. He isnt a teacher, reportedly.
Sensei ja nai soo desu.
305. He seems not to be a teacher.
Sensei ja nasasoo desu.
306. He wasnt a teacher, reportedly.
Sensei ja nakatta soo desu.
307. He seemed not to be a teacher.
Sensei ja nasasoo deshita
308. It seems I cannot eat all this cake. (i.e., I will
leave some)
Kono keeki o nokoshi soo desu.
309. an expensive-looking car.
Takasoo na kuruma.
310. a sky which looks like it will rain
Ame ga furi soo na sora
311. Yoo means it appears, based on evidence
you may use it with i adjectives and verbs; you
may say na yoo after a na adjective; say no yoo
after a noun; you may use na after yoo to make an
adjective but only if you use it after a noun, not
after another adjective or a verb.
312. It seems to be good.
Ii yoo desu.
313. It seems to be not good.
Yokunai yoo desu.
314. It seems that it was good.
Yokatta yoo desu.
315. It seems that it was not good.
Yokunakatta yoo desu.
316. It seems that a problem exists.
Mondai ga aru yoo desu.
317. It seems like a problem.
Mondai no yoo desu.
318. It seems that problems dont exist.
Mondai wa nai yoo desu.
319. It seems that it isnt a problem.
Mondai ja nai yoo desu.
320. It seems to be expensive.
Takai yoo desu.
321. It seems to be inexpensive.
Takakunai yoo desu.
322. It seems that it was delicious.
Oishikatta yoo desu.
323. It seems that it was not delicious.
Oishikunakatta yoo desu.
324. She seems to be cute.
Kawaii yoo desu.
Lesson 22.

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Lesson 22. 325. She seems to be pitiable.
Kawaisoo na yoo desu. (kawaisoo is a na adjective)
326. She seems not to be cute.
Kawaikunai yoo desu.
327. She seems not to be pitiable.
Kawai soo ja nai yoo desu.
328. It seems clean.
Kirei na yoo desu.
329. It seems to be not clean.
Kirei ja nai yoo desu.
330. It seems that it was clean.
Kirei datta yoo desu.
331. It seems that it wasnt clean.
Kirei ja nakatta yoo desu.
332. It seemed clean.
Kirei na yoo deshita.
333. It seemed that it isnt clean.
Kirei ja nai yoo deshita.
334. It seems that he will go.
Iku yoo desu.
335. It seems that he wont go.
Ikanai yoo desu.
336. It seems that he went.
Itta yoo desu.
337. It seems that he didnt go.
Ikanakatta yoo desu.
338. He seems to be a teacher.
Sensei no yoo desu.
339. It seems that he isnt a teacher.
Sensei ja nai yoo desu.
340. It seems that he was a teacher.
Sensei datta yoo desu.
341. It seems that he wasnt a teacher.
Sensei ja nakatta yoo desu.
342. It looks like I cannot eat all of this cake. (i.e. I
will leave some)
Kono keeki o nokosu yoo desu.
343. an expensive-looking car.
You cannot say this using yoo. You may only use
yoo na after a noun, not after adjectives or verbs.
343b. a person that looks like Tanaka
Tanaka san no yoo na hito
344. a sky which looks like it will rain
You cannot say this using yoo.
345. Rashii and mitai mean it appears; rashii
implies more uncertainty than yoo; you cannot
say rashii da (just as you cannot say oishii da) but
rashii desu is OK; rashii no da, is also OK.
Rashii is an i adjective and is inflected like one.
Dont use na after rashii; instead use rashii alone
as an i adjective. You may not combine rashii
with other adjectives or verbs to make adjectives.
You may not use it after objects, or after animals,
to make adjectives. However, you may use it after
nouns representing people to make adjectives, e.g.,
sensei rashii hito is a person who is like a teacher.

You may use na after mitai to make an adjective,

but only if you use it after a noun, not after
another adjective or after a verb.
It seems to be good. 2 responses.
Ii rashii desu. Ii mitai desu.
346. It seems to be not good. 2 responses.
Yokunai rashii desu.
Yokunai mitai desu.
347. It seems that it was good. 2 responses.
Yokatta rashii desu.
Yokatta mitai desu.
348. It seems that it wasnt good. 2 responses.
Yokunakatta rashii desu.
Yokunakatta mitai desu.
349. It seems that a problem exists. 2 responses.
Mondai ga aru rashii desu.
Mondai ga aru mitai desu.
350. It seems to be a problem. 2 responses.
Mondai rashii desu. Mondai mitai desu.
351. It seems that problems dont exist. 2 responses.
Mondai wa nai rashii desu.
Mondai wa nai mitai desu.
352. It seems that it isnt a problem. 2 responses.
Mondai ja nai rashii desu.
Mondai ja nai mitai desu.
353. It seems to be expensive. 2 responses.
Takai rashii desu. Takai mitai desu.
354. It seems to be inexpensive. 2 responses.
Takakunai rashii desu.
Takakunai mitai desu
355. It seems that it was delicious. Use rashii. Plain
speech.
Oishikatta rashii. (oishii rashikatta, not OK, just
doesnt sound right, even though oishii rashii is
correct)
355b. It seems that it was delicious. Use mitai.
Oishikatta mitai desu.
356. It seems that it was not delicious. 2 responses.
Oishikunakatta rashii desu. (Oishikunai rashikatta,
OK, but not as good. Oishirashikunakatta desu
sounds strange.) Oishikunakatta mitai desu.
357. She seems to be cute. 2 responses.
Kawaii rashii desu.
Kawaii mitai desu.
358. She seems to be pitiable. 2 responses.
Kawaisoo rashii desu.
Kawaisoo mitai desu.
359. She seems to be not cute. 2 responses.
Kawaikunai rashii desu.
Kawaikunai mitai desu.
360. It seems to be clean. 2 responses.
Kirei rashii desu.
Kirei mitai desu.
361. It seems to be not clean. 2 responses.
Kirei ja nai rashii desu. (Kirei rashikunai desu, not
OK)
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Lesson 22. Kirei ja nai mitai desu.
363. It seems that it was clean. 2 reponses.
Kirei datta rashii desu.
Kirei datta mitai desu.
364. It seems that it wasnt clean. 2 responses.
Kirei ja nakatta rashii desu. (kirei ja nai rashikatta
sounds wrong; anyway it means it seemed that it
isnt clean)
Kirei ja nakatta mitai desu.
365. It seemed that she is pretty. Use rashii. Plain
speech.
Kirei rashikatta. (kirei datta rashii not OK, since it
means that it seems that she was pretty)
366. It seems that she was pretty. Use rashii.
Kirei datta rashii desu.
367. It seems that he will go. 2 responses.
Iku rashii desu.
Iku mitai desu.
368. It seems that he wont go. 2 responses.
Ikanai rashii desu.
Ikanai mitai desu
369. It seems that he went. 2 responses.
Itta rashii desu.
Itta mitai desu.
370. It seems that he didnt go. 2 responses.
Ikanakatta rashii desu.
Ikanakatta mitai desu.
371. It seems that hes a teacher. 2 responses.
Sensei rashii desu.
Sensei mitai desu.
372. It seems that he isnt a teacher. 2 responses.
Sensei ja nai rashii desu.
Sensei ja nai mitai desu.
373. It seems that he was a teacher. Use rashii
Sensei datta rashii desu.
373b. It seemed that he is a teacher. Use rashii.
Sensei rashikatta desu.
373c. It seems that he was a teacher. Use mitai.
Sensei datta mitai desu.
373d. It seemed that he is a teacher. Use mitai.
Sensei mitai deshita.
374. It seems that he wasnt a teacher. 2 responses.
Sensei ja nakatta rashii desu.
Sensei ja nakatta mitai desu.
375. It looks like I cant eat all this cake. (i.e. I will
leave some) 2 responses.
Kono keeki o nokosu rashii desu.
Kono keeki o nokosu mitai desu.
376. An expensive-looking car. 2 responses.
You cant say this using rashii. You may only
combine rashii with nouns representing people, to
make adjectives.
You cant say this using mitai. You may only form
adjectives with mitai by using mitai na after nouns,
not after adjectives or verbs.
377. A car that looks like a Toyota. Use rashii.

You may not use rashii after objects to form

adjectives. You may form adjectives with rashii by
using it after nouns representing people, e.g., sensei
rashii hito is a person who is like a teacher.
378. A car that looks like a Toyota. Use mitai.
Toyota mitai na kuruma.
Lesson 23
1. Say, I beg you (meaning, can you help me?).
Anoo, onegai shimasu
2. Reception. Yes, how did you do? Very polite.
Meaning, whats wrong?
Uketsuke. Hai, doo nasaimashita ka. (nasai =
imperative form of nasaru; nasaru = to do, honorific)
3. A little bit, the head hurts, and, in addition, a little
fever appears to exist. Use chotto and then sukoshi.
Use te to mean and. Use yoo. Use nan to soften the
last clause.
Chotto, atama ga itakute, sore ni, sukoshi netsu ga
aru yoo nan desu.
4. Is that so?
Soo desu ka.
5. As for this hospital, is it the first time?
Kono byooin wa hajimete desu ka.
6. Yeah.
Ee.
7. Are you honorably holding an insurance paper?
Use desu.
Hokenshoo o omochi desu ka. (hoken = insurance;
we have insurance for hockey nose injuries)
8. Yes, this is it.
Hai, kore desu.
9. Yes, well, until the name is called, on that places
chair, be sitting please. Use the passive form of the
verb, to be called. Use kakeru.
Hai. Jaa, namae o yobareru made, soko no isu ni
kakete ite kudasai. (yobu = to call, yobareru = to be
called, passive form) (suwatte, not as polite) (to form
a passive verb form, add areru to a u verb root;
add rareru to an ru verb root; irregular forms
are iku, becomes ikareru; kuru, becomes
korareru; suru, becomes sareru; use ni after the
doer of the action) (by comparison, to show that
something is possible, add eru to a u verb root & add
rareru to an ru verb root; so the ru verb passive form
is the same as the possible form) (isu = chair; this
chair is government-issue) (may use either ni or de
with kakeru; ni is more specific and more common)
10. And then, while being waiting, please measure
the fever in advance, huh. Use aida ni.
Sore kara, matte iru aida ni, netsu o hakatte oite
kudasai ne. (hakaru = to weigh, measure; a hack
saw carrying kangaroo measures the temperature)
(cf. hakkiri = clearly) (matte i nagara, doesnt sound
right)
11. Yes, thermometer. (meaning,
Lesson 23.

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Lesson 23. heres a thermometer)
Hai, taionkei. (ondo = temperature; if its your own
dough, you keep the temperature cool in winter;
taion = body temperature, Thai ondo [temperature];
kion = air tempertature; taionkei, or taionki =
thermometer; onkei = thermometer; the tie on Kay is
also a thermometer)
12. Nurse. Webb, Michael Webb. Please honorably
enter the medical examination room.
Kangofu. Uebbusan, maikeru uebbusan. Shinsatsu
shitsu ni ohairi kudasai. (kangofu = nurse; the nurse
can go to the patients funeral; shinsatsu = medical
examination; the doctor wears a shiny satin suit
during the exam) (cf. kensa = examination) (kensa
shitsu, also OK) (cf. shinsetsu na = kind)
13. Doctor. How did it happen? Dont use ka.
(meaning, whats wrong)
Isha. Doo shimashita.
14. A little, the head hurts and fever exists. Use
chotto. Use te to mean and. Soften the last clause.
Chotto, atama ga itakute, netsu ga arun desu.
15. Moreover, the body also is lethargic. Soften this.
Sore ni, karada mo daruin desu. (darui = heavy, dull,
listless, no energy, lethargic, sluggish; when the
Bodhidharuma is in, I feel lethargic)
16. Show the thermometer please.
Taionkei o misete kudasai.
17. Yes.
Hai.
18. Well. I see. As much as 38 degrees exists. Use
uun to mean well. Plain speech.
Uun. Naruhodo. Sanjuuhachi do mo aru.
19. A little, open the mouth please. Use chotto.
Chotto, kuchi o akete kudasai. (kuchi = mouth; I
have cheese in my mouth; kushi = comb, skewer;
the comb and skewer are shiny)
20. Yes. Its fine, meaning thats fine.
Hai. Kekkoo desu.
21. Well then, take off the outer clothes, please. Use
sore de wa.
Sore de wa, uwagi o nuide kudasai. (uwagi = jacket;
I threw my jacket under the wagon; shitagi =
underwear) (nuide, from nugu = to take off)
22. Yes, suck the breath largely; meaning, breathe
deeply.
Hai, ookiku iki o sutte. (iki = breath; your breath
smells icky) (suu = breathe in, suck in; cf. suteru = to
throw away, becomes sute) (iki o ookiku sutte, also
OK)
23. Yes, exhale.
Hai, haite. (haku = to exhale, expel, disgorge; also =
to sweep, to wear shoes or socks; I exhale when I
haku [put on shoes]) (cf. haitte = te form of hairu, to
enter) (wind will blow = kaze ga fuku; I blow my
nose = hana o kamu; Camus blew his nose a lot)
24. By now, have you ever done a big illness? Use

ookina.
Ima made ni, ookina byooki o shita koto ga arimasu
ka. (ima made, also OK; this means until now,
rather than by now)
25. Not particularly. Use betsu.
Iie, betsu ni.
26. Well. It appears to be a cold, huh. Use uun.
Uun. Kaze no yoo desu ne.
27. Two/three days, leisurely you must rest, huh.
Use a contracted form of nakute wa. Use ikemasen.
Ni san nichi, yukkuri yasumanaku cha ikemasen ne.
(cha = te wa see questions 68 & 75 below)
28. Is that so? But I am not able to be leisurely
resting, for sure. Use iru. Soften this.
Soo desu ka. Demo yukkuri yasunde irarenain desu
yo. (irareru = can stay, can be)
29. The day after tomorrow, an important meeting
exists, and at before that, I have to make meeting
literature, and ... Use daiji. Soften the first clause.
Use de to mean and. Use nakute wa ikemasen. Use
shi to mean and at the end.
Asatte, daiji na kaigi ga arun de, sono mae ni, kaigi
no shirioo o tsukuranakute wa ikemasen shi ...
(shirioo = literature; literature about shiroi [white]
cheerios; shorui = documents) (arun de is short for
aru node; atte doesnt sound as good)
30. Is that so? Well, as for the company, its all right
if you dont rest, but returning early to home, see to it
to sleep, please. Use kedo.
Soo desu ka. Ja, kaisha wa yasumanakute moo ii
kedo, hayaku uchi ni kaette, neru yoo ni shite kudasai.
(yoo ni suru = to make an effort, to see to it)
31. You must not do the impossible, for sure.
Meaning dont overexert yourself.
Muri o shite wa, ikemasen yo. (muri o suru = to
overexert, to try to do something unfeasible)
32. Yes.
Hai.
33. And then, until the fever goes down, you must
not get into the honorable bath for sure.
Sore kara, netsu ga sagaru made, ofuro ni haitte wa
ikemasen yo.
34. Shower also, I must not?
Shawaa mo ikemasen ka. (shawa mo abite ikemasen
ka, is the longer version of this sentence)
35. Yeah, shower also, you must not, huh.
Ee, shawaa mo ikemasen ne.
36. And then, even appetite is not, properly you must
eat, for sure. Use sore kara. Use temo to mean even.
Use kichinto. Use nakucha dame desu.
Sore kara, shokuyoku ga nakutemo, kichinto
tabenakucha dame desu yo. (shokuyoku = appetite;
if you shock Yoko, she loses her appetite) (kichinto =
properly, exactly, the way it ought to be; if you kiss
the chin and the toe, thats the way it ought to be) (To
convert an i adjective to and when
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163
Lesson 23. juxtaposing two verbals in one
sentence, add kute to the stem, e.g., hirokute akarui
desu.) (demo = even) (cha = te wa; tabenakucha =
tabenakute wa) (to say someone must not do
something, use the te form followed by wa, followed
by ikemasen or dame desu or komarimasu)
37. Its good right?
Ii desu ne.
38. Yes, understood.
Hai, wakarimashita.
39. Well then, medicine, 3 days quantity, I shall put
out in advance. Use sore ja.
Sore ja, kusuri o mikkabun, dashite okimashoo.
(mikkabun = 3 days quantity) (oku = to set, place)
40. Do something allergies exist?
Nanika arerugii ga arimasu ka.
41. No, they dont exist.
Iie, arimasen.
42. Well, two/three days, watching the condition, if
its the fever doesnt appear to go down, again please
come. Use yoosu. Use yoo desu. Use tara.
Ja, nisan nichi, yoosu o mite, netsu ga sagaranai yoo
deshitara, mata kite kudasai. (yoosu = condition,
state; yoosu contains the kanji yoo, implying
apparent condition; the condition of Yo-chans suit
was good; yoosu o miru = to see how things are
going; chooshi o mite not OK, since chooshi is more
definite) (cf. chooshi = condition; the condition of
Margaret Chos sheets was terrible; both chooshi
and yoosu can be used for a medical condition, but
yoosu is better)
43. Take care. (said to a sick person)
Odaiji ni.
44. Thank you a lot for what you did.
Arigatoo gozaimashita.
45. Michael Webb, yes, its honorable medicine.
Maikeru Uebbu san, hai, okusuri desu.
46. At one day, 3 times, at after meals, two tablets
each, please drink. Use kai. Use ato.
Ichinichi ni sankai, shokuji no ato ni, nijoo zutsu,
nonde kudasai. (-joo = tablets, pills; Joe takes pills)
47. A three-day supply is entered. Dont use wa or
ga.
Mikka bun haitte imasu. (mikka bun ga, also OK)
48. Yes, understood. And then, how honorable
much is it? Use a shortened form of sore de.
Hai, wakarimashita. De, oikura desu ka.
49. Inserting the first-doctor-visit fee, total, its 2300
yen. Use ryoo. Use gookei.
Shoshin ryoo o irete, gookei, nisen sanbyaku en desu.
(shoshin ryoo = fee for first visit to a doctor; at the
first doctors visit, be sure to show your shin) (cf.
ryookin = fare, fee, price; cf. nesshin = enthusiasm)
(gookei = sum, total; if Shokei adds up the go [5]
canes, the total is gookei; gookei suru = add up;
gookei de = in total) (OK to substitute zenbu de for

gookei)
50. Yes, 2300 yen. Thank you very much for what
you did.
Hai, nisen sanbyaku en. Doomo arigatoo
gozaimashita.
51. Take care. (said to a sick person)
Odaiji ni.
52. As for Michael, to the reception person, what did
he hand?
Maikerusan wa, uketsuke no hito ni, nani o
watashimashita ka.
53. He handed the insurance paper.
Hokenshoo o watashimashita.
54. As for Michael, while waiting, what did he do?
Use aida ni.
Maikeru san wa, matte iru aida ni, nani o shimashita
ka. (matte i nagara sounds awkward here; dont use
this construction in questions; OK to say matte i
nagara, hon o yonde imasu = while waiting, I am
reading a book )
55. He measured the fever.
Netsu o hakarimashita.
56. As for Michael, by now, has he ever done a big
illness? Use ookina.
Maikerusan wa, ima made ni, ookina byooki o shita
koto ga arimasu ka. (OK to omit ni, in this case)
57. He hasnt.
Arimasen.
58. As for Michael, why, is he unable to rest
leisurely? Use naze. Use no to soften this.
Maikerusan wa, naze, yukkuri yasumenai no desu ka.
59. Its because he has to make a meetings literature.
Use nakutewa ikenai.
Kaigi no shirioo o tsukuranakute wa ikenai kara desu.
60. As for the honorable doctor, to Michael, what
kind of thing must he not do, he said?
Oisha san wa, maikeru san ni, donna koto o shite wa
ikenai to iimashita ka.
61. Enter to an honorable bath etc., take a shower
etc., he must not do, he said. Use tari.
Ofuro ni haittari, shawaa o abitari shite wa ikenai to
iimashita. (abiru = to shower or bath; I always have
a biiru [beer] while showering)
62. As for Michael, do allergies exist?
Maikerusan wa, arerugii ga arimasu ka.
63. They dont exist.
Arimasen.
64. As for Michael, medicine, how many days
supply did he receive?
Maikeru san wa, kusuri o, nannichi bun moraimashita
ka.
65. Three days supply he received.
Mikka bun moraimashita.
66. As for medicine, when, about how much, if he
drinks, is it good? Use dono. Use eba.
Kusuri wa, itsu, dono kurai nomeba
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Lesson 23. ii desu ka. (dono gurai, also OK)
(ikura, not OK, just used for money)
67. At one day, 3 times, at after meals, two tablets
each, it is. Use kai.
Ichinichi ni sankai, shokuji no ato ni, nijoo zutsu desu.
68. There are at least 9 possible ways to say one
must, literally if not, its bad. Each of these
begins with one of three phrases meaning if not.
Those three phrases are:
Nakereba, nakute wa, nai to.
69. Each of the 9 ways to say one must do, ends with
one of the following 3 phrases, meaning its bad or
it wont do. Use plain speech for two of these
phrases.
Naranai, ikenai, dame desu. (also, narimasen,
ikemasen)
70. With this in mind, what are the 9 ways to say
one must?
Nakereba naranai, nakereba ikenai, nakereba
dame desu.
Nakute wa naranai, nakute wa ikenai, nakute wa
dame desu.
Nai to naranai, nai to ikenai, nai to dame desu.
71. One way or another, by tomorrow, I must write
this report. Use dooshitemo. Use repooto. Use
nakereba naranai. Soften this.
Dooshitemo, ashita made ni, kono repooto o
kakanakereba naranain desu. (cf. kakenakereba
naranai = I must hang something)
72. It isnt only meat, and you must eat vegetables
also for sure. Use bakari. Use te to mean and. Use
nai to ikemasen.
Niku bakari ja nakute, yasai mo tabenai to ikemasen
yo. (use ja nakute to say that X isnt Y; see p. 27 of
the Long Grammar Guide)
73. Since probably they are probably being worried,
as for to the New Yorks honorable parents, you must
do more phone calls, for sure. Use nakute wa dame
desu.
Tabun shinpai shite iru daroo kara, nyuuyooku no
goryoshin ni wa, motto denwa o shinakute wa dame
desu yo.
74. In colloquial speech, nakereba is often
shortened to (2 responses):
Nakya. Nakerya.
75. In colloquial speech, nakutewa is often
shortened to
Nakucha.
76. Again, did you get late? Use chikoku. Plain
speech. Use no to soften this. Dont use ka.
Mata chikoku shita no? (chikoku o shita, also OK,
not as good)
77. You must get up earlier, probably. Use nakya
dame.
Motto hayaku oki nakya dame deshoo.
78. Because of the October meetings preparations,
since we are busy, every day, I must do overtime.

Use de to mean because. Use node to mean since.

Use nakucha naranai. Soften the last verb.
Juugatsu no kaigi no junbi de, isogashii node,
mainichi, zangyoo o shinakucha naranain desu.
79. The son, since to a traffic accident he met, from
now, I must go to the hospital. Use node. Use kore
kara. Use nakerya naranai. Soften the last verb.
Musuko ga, kootsuu jiko ni atta node, kore kara,
byooin ni ikanakerya naranain desu.
80. It is common for speakers to omit the second
phrase when saying that one must do something.
As for the colds time, meaning the time when you
have a cold, you must leisurely rest. Use nakute wa.
Kaze no toki wa, yukkuri yasumanakute wa.
81. As for tomorrow, since its golf, I must get up
early. Use dakara. Use nai to in the shortened form.
Ashita wa, gorufu dakara, hayaku okinai to.
82. Webb, on this next Saturday, wont you come to
the home to play?
Uebbu san, kondo no doyoobi ni, uchi ni asobi ni
kimasen ka.
83. Thank you a lot. But, as for this next Saturday,
for work, I have to go for the purpose of golf. Use
nakucha naranai. Soften this.
Arigatoo gozaimasu. Demo, kondo no doyoobi wa,
shigoto de, gorufu ni ikanakucha naranain desu.
84. Is that so? Its too bad, huh. Well, again next
time.
Soo desu ka. Zannen desu ne. Ja, mata kondo.
85. I have to write a report. Use repooto. Use
nakucha ikenai.
Repooto o kakanakucha ikenai.
86. I have to receive a Japanese lesson. Use lessun.
Use ukeru. Use nakucha naranai.
Nihongo no lessun o ukenakucha naranai. (ukeru =
to receive, accept; uketoru = to receive, get, take,
accept, interpret)
87. I have to teach English to a friends child. Use
nakute wa naranai.
Tomodachi no kodomo ni eigo o oshienakute wa
naranai.
88. I have to learn the use method of a new computer.
Use kata. Use nakute wa ikenai.
Atarashii konpyuutaa no tsukai kata o narawanakute
wa ikenai. (tsukau hoohoo, also OK)
89. I have to do wifes help, meaning help the wife.
Use nakucha ikenai.
Kanai no tetsudai o shinakucha ikenai.
(tetsudawanakucha, also OK) (not OK to substitute
tasuke for tetsudai; tetsudau = help with small
things; tasukeru = to rescue)
90. The friend, as far as the airport, in order to
meet/receive, I have to go. Use nakute wa naranai.
Tomodachi o, kuukoo made, mukae ni ikanakute wa
naranai.
91. I have to meet a lawyer. Use
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Lesson 23. nakereba naranai.
Bengoshi ni awanakereba naranai.
92. I have to go for the purpose of a being-hospitalized-friends honorable visit. Use nakucha naranai.
Nyuuin shite iru tomodachi no omimai ni ikanakucha
naranai. (mimai = a visit to a sick person; I mimic
an airplane, when I visit her in the hospital)
93. Tomorrow, to Fukuoka, I was scheduled to do a
business trip. Use asu.
Asu, Fukuoka ni, shuchoo suru koto ni narimashita.
(shuchoo o suru, also OK, not as good) (I plan to
shoot Margaret Cho on the business trip)
94. Section manager, as for the at Fukuoka work,
what is it?
Kachoo, Fukuoka de no shigoto wa nan desu ka.
95. He must listen to the works explanation in
advance. Use nakute wa narimasen.
Shigoto no setsumei o kiite okanakute wa narimasen.
96. I beg reservations, i.e., please make reservations.
Yoyaku o onegai shimasu.
97. She must reserve the plane, the hotel etc. in
advance. Use nakute wa ikemasen.
Hikooki ya hoteru o yoyaku shite okanakute wa
ikemasen.
98. Yes, travel expenses. Use hi.
Hai, ryohi. (this means, here are the travel expenses)
(ryohi = traveling expenses) (-hi = cost, expense;
healing is expensive; shokuhi = food cost) (dai also
= cost, e.g., takushii dai, shokuji dai) (ryoohoo =
both; ryokan = inn; ryoori = cuisine; hiyoo also =
cost, expense)
99. He must receive travel expenses in advance. Use
nakute wa narimasen.
Ryohi o moratte okanakute wa narimasen.
100. He must prepare the meetings literature in
advance. Use yooi suru to mean prepare. Use nakute
wa ikemasen.
Kaigi no shiryoo o yooi shite okanakute wa ikemasen.
(yooi = preparation, also = simple, easy; Yo-chans
iPad helps him prepare, which is easy) (OK to
substitute junbi for yooi; not OK to use shitaku with
shiryoo)
101. He was scheduled to do the inside-the-company
sports tournaments self-scrutiny meeting.
Shanai undookai no hanseikai o suru koto ni
narimashita. (hansei = scrutiny, self-scrutiny, regret;
Hansel identified the problem with the birds eating
the crumbs and did self-scrutiny) (hanseikai =
meeting to consider how to do something better next
time; kai = meeting, e.g., enkai, undookai) (shanai =
inside the train, within the company, intra-office;
when we do things within the company, we do them
when the Shah is inai [not present])
102. At when shall we do it?
Itsu ni shimashoo ka.
103. They have to arrange the date. Use kimeru.

Use nakutewa ikemasen.

Hinichi o kimenakutewa ikemasen. (hinichi = date,
number of days; hi = sun; the date is a hi [sun]nichi
[day]) (kimeru = to decide, settle, arrange; kimaru =
to be decided, settled, arranged) (when you arrange
for a kimono, kimono aru)
104. At when to do question mark, we must arrange.
Use nakutewa narimasen.
Itsu ni suru ka kimenakutewa narimasen.
105. Thursday afternoon, are meeting rooms open?
Mokuyoobi no gogo, kaigi shitsu wa aite imasu ka.
(if you say shitsu ga, it implies the meeting room)
106. She must reserve the meeting room in advance.
Use nakute wa ikemasen.
Kaigi shitsu o yoyaku shite okanakute wa ikemasen.
107. As for communication of to the people in
charge? Use e to mean to. Use kakari no hitotachi.
Kakari no hitotachi e no renraku wa. (kakari =
person in charge; the person in charge kakarimasu
[hangs] pictures)(renraku = contact, communication)
108. Now, I am doing for sure. Use yaru.
Ima, yatte imasu yo.
109. To the people in charge, they must
communicate the date and place. Use basho. Use
nakute wa narimasen.
Kakari no hitotachi ni hinichi to basho o renraku
shinakute wa narimasen. (basho o shirasenakutewa
ikemasen, also OK = they must inform)
110. Please ascertain the to-do-attendance peoples
number. Use hito. Use shusseki. Use kazu.
Shusseki suru hito no kazu o tashikamete kudasai.
(shusseki = attendance; shusseki suru = attend) (to
attend you must have a shuus [week's] seki [seat])
(shooseki = books, publications; shoosetsu = fiction)
(kazu = number; the number of kazoos determines
the number of people) (cf. suuji = number) (hito no
ninzuu, also OK) (tashikameru = to make sure,
ascertain; if you take a taxi and a camera, you can
get photos of the kangaroo & ascertain its qualities;
tashika ni = definitely; if you take a taxi to see the
shika [deer], youll hurt your knee, and it will
definitely be expensive)
111. They must ascertain the to-do-attendance
peoples number in advance. Use nakereba narimasen.
Shusseki suru hito no kazu o tashikamete
okanakereba narimasen. (OK to use ninzuu instead
of kazu; not OK to use suuji)
112. In order to receive surgery, he was scheduled to
be hospitalized.
Shujutsu o ukeru tame ni, nyuuin suru koto ni
narimashita. (shujutsu = operation, surgery; since
your shunt juts out, you need surgery) (shuuji =
calligraphy; skukujitsu = national holiday; shooyo =
bonus; shooyu = soy sauce)
113. To the company, vacations notification must
be sent in advance. Use the noun
Lesson 23.

165

166
Lesson 23. form of todokeru. Use dasu. Use
nakute wa narimasen.
Kaisha ni yasumi no todoke o dashite okanakute wa
narimasen. (todoke = notification; we got
notification that Toms dog has to spend the night at
the kennel) (OK to substitute shirase for todoke, from
shiraseru = to inform) (todoku = to arrive; Toms dog
went to KU (Kansas U.) and arrived) (todokeru = to
notify, to deliver; the stem of this verb, todoke, is a
noun)
114. Work must get finished by someone in advance.
Use sumaseru. Use nakereba narimasen.
Shigoto o sumasete okanakereba narimasen.
(shigoto ga not OK; shigoto cant do anything)
(sumu = to be finished, to end; sumasu = to finish,
transitive; sumaseru also = to finish, to conclude)
(shigoto ga sunde, also OK; shigoto o sumashite,
also OK)
115. He got scheduled to get married.
Kekkon suru koto ni narimashita.
116. He must search for a to-live house. Use sagasu.
Use nakutewa ikemasen.
Sumu ie o sagasanakutewa ikemasen. (mitsukenakutewa ikemasen, also OK) (sagasu = to search for,
Im searching for sagacious Sue)
117. From a friend who exists in a foreign country,
at one week later, your home would like to call on, he
says, phone call existed. Use go to mean later.
Gaikoku ni iru tomodachi kara, isshukan go ni, anata
no uchi o tazunetai to iu denwa ga arimashita. (ato
isshukan de, also OK; ato isshukan ni never OK
because youre saying at duration) (not OK to use
ukagau instead of tazuneru; ukagau is a humble verb
used to refer to your own activities) (not OK to say
uchi ni tazunetai; use wo with tazuneru)
118. To the friend, the from Narita to the home to
come method you must inform. Use hoohoo. Use
nakereba narimasen.
Tomodachi ni, narita kara uchi ni kuru hoohoo o
shirase nakereba narimasen. (shiraseru = to inform)
(OK to substitute ki kata for kuru hoohoo)
119. To say that something is not necessary,
combine a negative verbal form (ending with
naku) with two phrases in succession. Use one of
the following two possibilities for the first phrase,
with the second possibility being colloquial:
Te mo. Tatte.
120. The second phrase, used to say that
something is not necessary, can be one of the
following 4 possibilities.
Yoi. Ii desu. Kamaimasen. Daijoobu desu.
(kamau = to object, to mind; the camel minds)
(kekkoo desu, also OK) (te mo yoroshii desu ka = is
it all right if ?, but te mo yoroshii isnt used by itself,
without desu ka, as a way of saying that someone
need not do something)

121. However, do not combine tatte with yoi.To

say that something is not necessary, you may also
combine a plain non-past verb with (2 responses;
one plain speech and one polite speech):
Koto wa nai. Koto wa arimasen.
122. You may also express the idea that something is
not necessary by saying that kind of necessity
doesnt exist. That kind of necessity doesnt exist.
Meaning, such a thing is not necessary.
Sonna hitsuyoo wa arimasen. (ga, not OK)
123. As for tomorrow, do I have to come by 8:00?
Use nakereba ikemasen.
Ashita wa, hachiji made ni konakereba ikemasen ka.
124. If its impossible, you dont have to come by
8:00, for sure. Use tara. Use te mo ii desu.
Muri dattara, hachiji made ni konaku te mo ii desu yo.
125. Straining, you dont have to come by 8:00, for
sure. Use muri ni to mean straining. Use koto wa
arimasen.
Muri ni, hachiji made ni kuru koto wa arimasen yo.
(this means, if its difficult, you dont have to come)
126. The room seems to be a little dark, but. Use
chotto. Use yoo.
Heya ga chotto kurai yoo desu ga. (heya wa, also OK,
but means rooms in general)
127. Isnt more bright better? Use hoo ga. Use yoku.
Motto akarui hoo ga yoku arimasen ka. (iin ja nai
desu ka, iin ja arimasen ka, both also OK)
128. No, that kind of not-brightness doesnt matter
for sure. Use sonna ni.
Use te mo kamaimasen.
Iie, sonna ni akarukunaku te mo kamaimasen yo.
129. With this its OK. Use daijoobu.
Kore de daijoobu desu.
130. Excuse me. Now, as for blue sheets, they are
not placed. Soften this.
Sumimasen. Ima aoi shiitsu wa oite nain desu.
(inain, also OK) (shiitsu ga, not OK; shiitsu o, OK)
131. Is that so? Well, with blue ones not is good for
sure. Meaning blue ones arent necessary. Use te mo
ii desu.
Soo desu ka. Jaa, aoi no de nakute mo ii desu yo.
132. As for to tomorrows meeting, one way or
another, I must attend, for sure. Use dooshite mo to
mean one way or another. Use a colloquial form of
nakutewa naranai. Soften this.
Ashita no kaigi ni wa, dooshite mo denakucha
naranain desu yo. (if you follow a question word
with mo, it means all or every in positive
constructions)
133. Are you catching a cold, probably? Dont use
ka. Soften this.
Kaze o hiite irun deshoo?
134. Straining, isnt it all right not to attend? Use te
mo ii. Soften the word good. Use ja nai.
Muri ni, denakute mo iin ja nai desu ka. Lesson 23.

166

167
Lesson 23. 135. As for this report, by tomorrow
do I have to make it? Use hookokusho. Use asu.
Use tsukuru. Use nakute wa ikemasen.
Kono hookokusho wa, asu made ni tsukuranakute wa
ikemasen ka.
136. No, by the day after tomorrow, if you make it
and I receive it, it will be good for sure. Use eba.
Iie, asatte made ni, tsukutte moraeba ii desu yo.
137. Excuse me. I dont have a personal seal.
Soften this.
Sumimasen. Inkan o motte nain desu. (motte inain,
also OK)
138. With a personal seal, is it necessary? Use a
colloquial form of te wa ikemasen.
Inkan de nakucha ikemasen ka.
139. In that case, with a personal seal it isnt
necessary for sure. Use sore nara to mean in that
case. Use te mo kamaimasen.
Sore nara, inkan de nakute mo kamaimasen yo. (sore
nara = if so, if thats the case; nara = case)
140. Please do signing in advance.
Sain o shite oite kudasai.
141. Excuse me. This work, as for by the end of
today, cannot be accomplished, but. Dont use wa or
ga after work. Soften this.
Sumimasen. Kono shigoto, kyoojuuni wa, dekinain
desu ga.
142. Well, of by the end of today, it isnt necessary.
Use kyoo juu to mean by the end of today. Use te mo
ii desu.
Ja, kyoojuu de nakute mo ii desu. (kyojuu ni de, not
OK, but OK to say kyoojuu ni shinakutemo ii desu)
143. As for tomorrow, certainly, please make an
effort to finish, huh. Use kanarazu. Use owaru.
Ashita wa, kanarazu, owaru yoo ni shite kudasai ne.
144. Next year, since I will do moving, I must begin
preparation, Im thinking, for sure. Use node. Use
junbi. Use te wa ikenai. Soften the phrase Im
thinking.
Rainen, hikkoshi o suru node, junbi o hajimenakute
wa ikenai to omotte irun desu yo. (rainen hikkosu
node, also OK)
145. Still, isnt it unnecessary to begin? Use te mo
ii. Soften the word good.
Mada, hajimenakute mo iin ja arimasen ka.
146. After next year develops even, you will be in
time for sure. Use te kara to mean after. Use demo
to mean even.
Rainen ni natte kara demo, maniaimasu yo. (To say
even, you may use mo or sometimes demo. Keep
in mind that demo means even though, a
hypothetical situation. So what you are saying in this
example is something like After next year
developing even though ..., which makes sense in
Japanese. In this sentence, you might omit the de and
just use mo, but the meaning would not be as clear.

In many cases, you may not omit the de without

causing serious confusion. For example, the sentence
neko demo tabemasen = even though its a cat, it
will not eat it. If you removed the de, you would
have neko mo tabemasen which could mean I wont
even eat the cat or possibly the cat also wont eat
it.)
147. Three times per day. 4 responses. Since the ni
is optional with ichinichi, there are really 6 possible
responses.
Ichinichi ni sankai. Hi ni sankai. Ichinichi ni
sando. Hi ni sando. (the ni is optional for
ichinichi; but mandatory for hi, i.e., hi sankai or
hi sando, are not OK )
148. One time per week. 4 responses. Since the ni
is optional for isshukan, there are really 6 possible
responses.
Isshukan ni ikkai. Shuu ni ikkai. Isshukan ni
ichido. Shuu ni ichido. (the ni is optional with
isshukan; but mandatory for shuu, i.e., shuu
ikkai and shuu ichido, not OK)
149. Two times per month. 6 responses. Since the
ni is optional for all responses, there are really 12.
Hitotsuki ni nikai. Ikkagetsu ni nikai. Tsuki ni
nikai. Hitotsuki ni nido. Ikkagetsu ni nido.
Tsuki ni nido. (the ni is optional for all)
150. Four times per year. 4 responses. Since the ni
is optional for all responses, there are really 8.
Ichinen ni yonkai. Nen ni yonkai. Ichinen ni
yondo. Nen ni yondo. (the ni is optional for all)
151. As for meals, 3 times per day, properly eat
please. Use ichinichi ni. Use do. Use kichinto to
mean properly.
Shokuji wa ichinichi ni sando kichinto tabete kudasai.
(kichinto = properly, exactly, the way it ought to be;
if you kiss the chin and the toe, thats the way it ought
to be done when meeting the Queen)
152. As for the meeting, one time per week, on
during a Wednesday morning, it exists. Use
isshuukan ni. Use kai. Use gozenchuu.
Kaigi wa isshukan ni ikkai, suiyoobi no gozenchuu ni
arimasu.
153. Since Im a salaryman, except for once per
month only I cannot go for the purpose of golf. Use
tsuki without ni. Use kai. Sarariiman desu kara,
tsuki ikkai shika gorufu ni ikemasen. (sarariiman
dakara, also OK)
154. As for the younger brother,
since he is employed in a department store, about 4
times per year, he does a business trip to Europe.
Use node. Use nen ni. Use kai.
Otooto wa depaato ni tsutomete iru node, nen ni
yonkai gurai yooroppa ni shuchoo shimasu.
155. The from-the-honorable-doctor-received
medicine I took properly 3 times per day, but as for
the cold, it doesnt heal at all. Use ni Lesson 23.

167

168
Lesson 23.
to mean from. Use ichinichi
without ni. Use kai. Use chanto. Use nomu. Use
zenzen.
Oishasan ni moratta kusuri o ichinichi san kai chanto
nomimashita ga, kaze wa zenzen naorimasen. (not
OK to substitute kichinto for chanto; kichinto =
orderly arrangement, chanto = correctness, no error)
156. Every so often, i.e., every so many hours or
days etc. When applied to days, i.e. when used
with ichinichi, futsuka etc., this means every other
day or every 3rd day.
Oki ni. (when applied to days, ichinichi oki = q. 2
days, futsuka oki = q. 3 days) (every so often an
Okie kneels and prays for rain)
157. This medicine, every 6 hour duration, please
take.
Kono kusuri o rokuji kan oki ni nonde kudasai.
158. As for my friend, every 2 years, he buys a new
car for sure. Soften this.
Watashi no tomodachi wa, ninen oki ni, atarashii
kuruma o kaun desu yo. (ninen kan oki ni, not OK)
159. As for this red medicine, 3 times per day, at
after meals, please take 2 pills each. Use ichinichi ni.
Use kai. Use shokugo to mean after meals.
Kono akai kusuri wa, ichinichi ni sankai, shokugo ni,
nijoo zutsu nonde kudasai. (shokugo = after meals)
(-joo = tablets, pills)
160. As for the white medicine, every 7 hours
duration, please take 1 pill each.
Shiroi kusuri wa, shichijikan oki ni, ichijoo zutsu
nonde kudasai. (nanajikan, also OK)
161. From 6 oclock (i.e., 6 a.m.), until 24 oclock
within (meaning, by midnight), altogether, how many
pills medicine will you take? Use no aida ni to mean
within.
Rokuji kara, nijuuyoji made no aida ni, zenbu de,
nanjoo, kusuri o nomimasu ka. (no uchi ni, also OK)
(not OK to substitute gokei ni for zenbu de; gokei =
sum, zenbu = all) (nanijoo, not OK)
162. I will take 9 pills.
Kyuujoo nomimasu. (kujoo, not OK)
163. As for to the American head office, once per
week, on Tuesday, a report is being scheduled to be
sent, but ... Use shuu ni. Use do. Use repooto as a
noun. Use okuru.
Amerika no honsha ni wa, shuu ni ichido, kayoobi ni,
repooto o okuru koto ni natte imasu ga,
163b. As for this week, since to-report-thing was
numerous, since Monday, every other day, we sent
them. Use hookoku suru as a verb. Use node. Use
okuru. Use koto ga to make a noun phrase.
Konshuu wa, hookoku suru koto ga ookatta node,
getsuyoobi kara, ichinichi oki ni, okurimashita.
(honsha = head or main office; Mr. Honda sits in the
main kaisha [company] office)
164. As for from next week, again, its the always

street, meaning its the as-usual way of doing.

Raishuu kara wa, mata, itsumo no toori desu. (toori =
understanding, way of doing, manner, street; itsumo
no toori = as usual)
165. In the case of the as-usual way of doing, on
what days do we send the report?
Itsumo no toori nara, nan nichi ni repooto o
okurimasu ka.
166. Again, as for this month, on what days do we
send the report?
Mata, kongetsu wa, nan nichi ni repooto o okurimasu
ka.
167. After all, as for October, how many times per
month will one schedule to send a report? Use tsuki
ni. Use kai.
Kekkyoku, juugatsu wa, tsuki ni nankai repooto o
okuru koto ni narimasu ka. (kekkyoku = after all, in
the end, eventually; after all, its a kekkoo [fine]
yuubinkyoku [post office]; kyoku = office) (not OK
to substitute tonikaku for kekkyoku in this case;
tonikaku = anyway)
168. Its six times. Use kai.
Rokkai desu.
169. As for health-related feeling, how is it?
Kibun wa, doo desu ka.
170. Yeah, its very good.
Ee, totemo ii desu.
171. As for the condition of the honorable body, how
is it? Use chooshi. Use a polite word for how.
Okarada no chooshi wa, ikaga desu ka. (the
condition of Margaret Chos sheets is bad) (yoosu is
also OK)
172. That isnt very good, for sure. That is the
subject. Use nai. Soften this.
Sore ga, amari yokunain desu yo.
173. As for that, Im sorry to hear it, huh. How did
it happen? Dont use ka.
Sore wa ikemasen ne. Doo shimashita.
174. Yeah, the head hurts, and fever exists, it
appears. Use te to mean and. Use yoo. Use nan to
soften this.
Ee, atama ga itakute, netsu ga aru yoo nan desu.
175. Yeah, the stomachs condition is bad. Use i.
Use guai. Soften this.
Ee, i no guai ga waruin desu.
176. The head does a splitting pain. Plain speech.
Atama ga gangan suru. (gangan suru = to have a
splitting pain; Gandalf split the gang)
177. The head does throbbing. Plain speech.
Atama ga zukizuki suru. (zukizuki suru = to throb;
the zookeepers heart throbbed for a zucchini)
178. The tooth hurts. Plain speech.
Ha ga itai.
179. The tooth does throbbing. Plain speech.
Ha ga zuki zuki suru.
180. The stomach hurts. Use onaka.
Lesson 23.

168

169
Lesson 23. Plain speech.
Onaka ga itai.
181. The stomach hurts. Use i. Plain speech.
I ga itai.
182. The stomach does upset. 2 responses, using
both words for stomach. Plain speech.
Onaka ga shikushiku suru. I ga shikushiku suru.
(shikushiku suru = to have an upset stomach; Shiro
cured an upset stomach with a Shinto cure)
(chikuchiku suru = to prickle, to tingle)
183. The stomach does sharp pain. Use i. Plain
speech.
I ga kirikiri suru. (kirikiri = to have a sharp pain;
kitty kitty, stay away from that sharp knife, as it will
cause a sharp pain)
184. The chest is tight. Plain speech.
Mune ga kurushii. (mune = chest, breast; the
Mooney puffed out his chest with pride) (kurushii =
painful, difficult, laborious, tight, suffocating;
Madame Curie rushed towards the Shiites but hit her
chest, causing a tight, suffocating feeling; cf. kibishii
= strict, severe; cf. kobosu = to spill)
185. The lower back hurts. Plain speech.
Koshi ga itai. (koshi = waist, lower back, hip; the
co-shipmasters were joined at the lower back or hip)
186. The body is lethargic. Plain speech.
Karada ga darui. (darui = heavy, dull, listless, no
energy, lethargic, sluggish; when the bodhidharma is
in, I feel lethargic)
187. The health-related feeling is bad. Plain speech.
Kibun ga warui.
188. Nausea does. Plain speech.
Hakike ga suru. (hakike = nausea; drinking from a
hockey keg makes me nauseous)
189. Dizziness does. Plain speech.
Memai ga suru. (memai = dizziness, giddiness;
memories of drinking in Ireland make me feel dizzy)
190. A chill does. Plain speech.
Samuke ga suru. (samuke = chill; a samui keg gives
a chill when you drink it)
191. Ear buzzing does. Plain speech.
Miminari ga suru. (miminari = ear buzzing; my mimi
[ears] buzz when I hear the jets at Narita)
192. I will do diarrhea. Plain speech.
Geri o suru. (geri = diarrhea; I got diarrhea at the
Getty Museum) (cf. giri = obligation; giri no ane =
sister-in-law)
193. Fever exists. Plain speech.
Netsu ga aru.
194. Appetite doesnt exist. Plain speech.
Shokuyoku ga nai. (shokuyoku = appetite; shoku =
appetite, food; if you shock Yoko she loses her
appetite)
195. A cough emerges. Plain speech.
Seki ga deru.
196. Neck.

Kubi. (kubi = neck, head; the wall of my cubicle

comes up to my neck)
197. Elbow.
Hiji. (doing hijinks in the high jeep, I hurt my elbow)
198. Back of the body.
Senaka. (Seneca was naka [inside] the forum when
he hurt his back)
199. Knee.
Hiza. (hiza = knee, lap; cf. hiji = elbow; I
approach Hizzoner on my knees. Hi Zack, I say)
200. Toe.
Yubi. (yubi = finger, toe; it takes fingers to deliver
the yuubin [mail]; with a ring on this finger you be
wed)
201. Arm.
Ude. (ude = arm, skill; Uday got shot in the arm)
202. Honorable buttocks.
Oshiri. (shiri = buttocks, bottom; he has an o
[honorable] shiny ring implanted in his buttocks)
203. Wrist.
Tekubi. (kubi = neck; neck of the hand)
204. Finger.
Yubi. (with a ring on this finger you be wed)
205. Ankle.
Ashikubi. (neck of the leg)
206. Heart. Referring to the organ.
Shinzoo. (shin = heart; he has the heart of a shin
[new] zoo [elephant]; cf. kokoro = heart; when I
had a heart attack, I spilled cocoa on the road) (cf.
shingoo = stoplight)
207. Lungs.
Hai. (hai = lung, ash; hai-iro = grey; the lungs are
high in the thorax; the lungs are hai [grey] from
smoking)
208. Liver.
Kanzoo. (if you eat canned zoo [elephant] meat, its
bad for your liver)
209. Intestine.
Choo. (choo = intestine, bowels; daichoo = large
intestine, shoochoo = small intestine; Margaret Cho
has an intestinal problem)
210. I will break a bone. Plain speech.
Hone o oru. (hone = bone; I hone my knife by
rubbing it on a bone) (oru = to break or bend, to pick
a flower) (break the ornament under the tree)
(kowasu not OK; use oru for bones; use waru for
glass and wood; use kowasu for machines etc.)
211. I will do a sprain. Plain speech
Nenza o suru. (nenza = sprain; zannen backwards;
its zannen [regrettable] that you sprained your
ankle)
212. Blood will emerge. Plain speech.
Chi ga deru. (my blood is as thick as cheese)
213. I will do a burn. Plain speech.
Yakedo o suru. (yakedo = a burn injury; yakeru = to
be grilled or roasted; to be suntanned; Lesson 23.

169

170
Lesson 23. cf. yakitori; the yak entered hot dough
and got burned)
214. To abrade or scrape.
Surimuku. (surimuku = to abrade, to scrape; surfing
in icy muck, I abraded my shins)
215. Itchy.
Kayui. (in a kayak with youthful insects, I got itchy)
216. A bruise will be produced. Use dekiru. Plain
speech.
Aza ga dekiru. (aza = birthmark, bruise, black eye; I
asked Zack for money and he gave me a bruise
instead) (cf. hiza = knee)
217. To swell.
Hareru. (hareru = to swell up, to clear up weather
or suspicion; its hareru [getting sunny] and that will
cause the balloon to swell)
218. How did it happen, meaning, whats wrong?
Doo shimashita ka.
219. A little bit, the head hurts. Use chotto. Soften
this.
Chotto atama ga itain desu.
220. The stomach does sharp pain.
Use i. Soften this.
I ga kirikiri surun desu. (kirikiri = to have a sharp
pain)
221. The neck does throbbing. Soften this.
Kubi ga zukizuki surun desu. (zukizuki suru = to
throb)
222. The appetite doesnt exist. Soften this.
Shokuyoku ga nain desu.
223. Fever exists. Soften this.
Netsu ga arun desu.
224. Nausea does. Soften this.
Hakike ga surun desu.
225. A chill does. Soften this.
Samuke ga surun desu.
226. Dizziness does. Soften this.
Memai ga surun desu.
227. The head hurts and a chill does. Use te to mean
and for the next 5 sentences. Soften this.
Atama ga itakute samuke ga surun desu.
228. The stomach hurts and nausea does. Use i.
Soften this.
I ga itakute hakike ga surun desu.
229. Fever exists and dizziness does. Soften this.
Netsu ga atte memai ga surun desu.
230. The tooth hurts and the appetite doesnt exist.
Soften this.
Ha ga itakute shokuyoku ga nain desu.
231. The stomach hurts, and the appetite doesnt
exist. Use i. Soften this.
I ga itakute shokuyoku ga nain desu.
232. Moreover, dizziness also does. Soften this.
Sore ni, memai mo surun desu.
233. Health doesnt exist, huh. Use plain speech
with desu.

Genki ga nai desu ne. (genki ga warui, not OK;

genki ga yokunai, OK; genki ga nai is better)
234. How did it happen? Soften this.
Doo shitan desu ka.
235. Yeah, a little bit, the stomach hurts. Use chotto.
Use i. Soften this.
Ee, chotto i ga itain desu.
236. As for that, certainly, last night, its because
you ate too much shellfish for sure. Use kitto. Use
plain speech to say ate too much.
Sore wa, kitto, yuube, kai o tabesugita kara desu yo.
(kai = seashell, shellfish; Kyle likes shellfish) cf.
kani = crab
237. The faces color is bad for sure.
Kao no iro ga warui desu yo. (not OK to substitute
dame for warui here or in the next sentence; dame is
too strong for these situations)
238. Yeah, I got drunk to the car, it seems, and the
feeling is bad. Use rashii. Use te to mean and.
Soften the last clause.
Ee, kuruma ni yotta rashikute kibun ga waruin desu.
(kuruma ni you = to get carsick; kuruma ni [to the
car], you, even though you get carsick) (you = to get
drunk, suffer from motion sickness) (osake ni yotte
imasu = Im drunk on sake; yoimasu, yotte imasu,
yotta)
239. Well, stopping the car, lets go outside.
Ja, kuruma o tomete, soto ni demashoo.
240. It appears to be tight, huh. Use soo. Referring
to a tight feeling in the chest etc.
Kurushisoo desu ne. (kurushii = tight, suffocating,
painful)
241. Are you OK?
Daijoobu desu ka.
242. Yeah, since awhile ago, the stomach hurts. Use
kara. Use onaka. Soften this.
Ee, sakki kara onaka ga itain desu. (saki = ahead,
further along; sakki = a while ago; sakihodo, also =
a while ago) (sakihodo kara, more polite than sakki
kara)
243. The stomachs which area hurts? Use onaka.
Use hen. Dont use plain speech.
Onaka no dono hen ga itamimasu ka.
244. Its on the right.
Migi no hoo desu.
245. Well, it might be the appendix, huh.
Jaa, moochoo kamoshiremasen ne. (moochoo =
appendix, moochooen = appendicitis; choo =
intestine; moo = another, more; my mojo, meaning
sex appeal or talent, is based on my appendix)
(moochoo da kamoshiremasen not OK; cant use da
or desu w/ kamoshiremasen)
246. Soon lets go to the hospital.
Sugu byooin ni ikimashoo.
247. Ah. Danger. Is it OK?
A! Abunai. Daijoobu desu ka.
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Lesson 23. 248. Excuse me. A little bit since its
dizziness did thing. Use chotto. Use mono.
Sumimasen. Chotto memai ga shita mono desu kara.
(memai = dizziness, giddiness) (koto, not OK; mono
implies because)
249. What is it question mark? The face is also
seemingly blue, for sure. Use plain speech for the
first clause. Use yoo.
Nandaka? Kao mo aoi yoo desu yo. (nandaka =
short for nan desu ka; it can also be translated as
somehow, looks like, feels like etc.)
250. It would be better to return early and rest for
sure. Use te to mean and.
Hayaku kaette yasunda hoo ga ii desu yo.
251. Yeah, a little fever exists, it appears. Use
sukoshi. Use mitai. Use nan to soften this.
Ee, sukoshi netsu ga aru mitai nan desu.
252. Ah, it hurts. Use the exclamatory form. Use an
abbreviated plain speech version of the verb.
A, itata. (itamu = to be painful, to hurt) (itata =
itakatta = plain form of itamimashita = it hurt in the
past; also = its hurting, exclamatory tense)
253. How did it happen? Dont use ka.
Doo shimashita.
254. Yesterday, since I carried heavy luggage, the
low back hurts. Use node. Use plain speech for the
1st clause. Soften the 2nd clause.
Kinoo, omoi nimotsu o hakonda node, koshi ga itain
desu. (koshi = hip, waist)
255. As for today, even though warm, how did it
happen. Plain speech. Soften this. Meaning, whats
going on?
Kyoo wa atatakai noni dooshitan desu ka.
(atatakakutemo, not OK in this case)
256. That sort of hot sweater youre wearing? Dont
use iru or imasu. Dont use ka.
Sonna ni atsui seetaa o kite?
257. Yeah, a little bit a chill does for sure. Use
chotto. Soften this. Use desu.
Ee, chotto samuke ga surun desu yo.
258. Well, might be a cold, huh.
Ja, kaze komoshiremasen ne. (kamoshiremasen desu,
not OK)
259. How did it happen? Dont use ka.
Doo shimashita.
260. A fever exists, and the body is lethargic. Use te
to mean and. Soften the last clause.
Netsu ga atte, karada ga daruin desu. (darui = heavy,
dull, listless, no energy, lethargic, sluggish)
261. Is that so? Probably, it appears to be a cold,
huh. Use doomo to mean probably. Use yoo.
Soo desu ka. Doomo, kaze no yoo desu ne. (doomo
= probably, somehow, somewhat; doomo also = very
much, somewhat; the senator is probably under the
dome) (dooyara, also OK; osoraku, not OK here, but
OK to say osoraku ame desu etc.)

262. Two/three days, leisurely, please rest.

Ni san nichi, yukkuri yasunde kudasai.
263. The appetite doesnt exist, it appears, huh. Use
mitai.
Shokuyoku ga nai mitai desu ne.
264. Yeah, the tooth does throbbing. Soften this.
Ee, ha ga zukizuki surun desu. (zukizuki suru = to
throb)
265. Surely, its a decayed tooth for sure.
Kitto mushiba desu yo. (OK to substitute tashika ni
for kitto, but not as good; tashika ni implies making
sure) (mushiba = decayed tooth; mushi = insect,
worm; ha becomes ba) (kanarazu, not OK here;
kanarazu used with action verbs; OK to say kanarazu
ikimasu)
265b. It would be better to go to Mr. Dentist, for sure.
Haisha san ni itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
266. The eyes hurt. Soften this.
Me ga itain desu.
267. Its the eyes excessive use, huh.
Me no tsukai sugi desu ne. (tsukau, not OK)
268. For awhile, you must not look at TV, for sure.
Use shibaraku.
Shibaraku terebi o mite wa ikemasen yo.
269. The head hurts reportedly, but to what kind of
way does it hurt? Use soo. Use itai in the first clause
and itamimasu in the 2nd. Use fuu to mean way.
Atama ga itai soo desu ga, donna fuu ni itamimasu ka.
(ita soo = apparently; itai soo = reportedly) (fuu =
air, way, fashion, manner, style; fuku = blow, breathe,
whistle, wipe, mop; fuus rush in to fashion) (fukuoka
= happy hill; fukushima = happy island)
270. It does throbbing.
Zukizuki shimasu. (zukizuki suru = to throb)
271. It does splitting pain.
Gangan shimasu. (gangan suru = to have a splitting
pain) (Gandalf split the gang)
272. Is that so? Well, for a little while, lets do an
examination and see.
Soo desu ka. Ja, chotto, kensa o shite mimashoo.
(kensa = investigation, examination; kenkyuu =
research; Ken saved the patient with a careful
examination) (cf. kenka = quarrel) (OK to substitute
shinsatsu for kensa)
273. Hey. How did it happen? Soften this.
Are! Doo shitan desu ka.
274. I touched to the above-the-gas pan, and I did a
burn. Soften the last verb.
Gasu no ue no nabe ni sawatte, yakedo o shitan desu.
(nabe o sawatte, also OK) (sawaru = to touch; feel
the saws teeth that aru [exist]) (yakedo = a burn
injury)
275. I fell down from the stairs, and I did a sprain.
Use kara. Soften the second verb.
Kaidan kara ochite, nenza shitan desu. (ochiru = to
fall down from a height) (nenza =
Lesson 23.

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Lesson 23. sprain) (nenza o shitan, also OK)
(kaidan o ochite, also OK)
276. I pinched the hand to the door, and I broke the
fingers bone. Soften the last verb.
Te o doa ni hasande, yubi no hone o ottan desu.
(hasamu = to pinch, to hold or place between; I
hassled a samurai, and he pinched me; cf. hasami =
scissors, clippers, pincers of a crab) (sumamu = to
pinch between fingers or with hashi; you sure
mangled the mule when you pinched it) (hone =
bone) (oru = to break or bend, to pick a flower)
(break the ornament under the tree)
277. I crashed to the wall, and a bruise was produced.
Use dekiru. Soften the last verb.
Kabe ni butsukatte, aza ga dekitan desu. (butsukaru
= crash, collide with, run into, meet with, fall on;
when I crashed, my buttsus were caught in the car
and ruined) (kuruma ga butsukatta = the car crashed;
kuruma ni butsukatta = I crashed into a car) (cf.
butsukeru, transitive = to bash against, throw at) (aza
= birthmark, bruise, black eye)
278. Falling over, I abraded the hand and leg. Soften
this.
Koronde, te to ashi o surimuitan desu. (korobu = to
fall over; when the chorus booed, I fell over)
(surimuku = to abrade, to scrape) (past tense of kaku
= kaita; past tense of fuku = fuita; past tense of
surimuku = surimuita)
279. Cutting with a knife, blood emerged. Soften
this.
Naifu de kitte, chi ga detan desu.
280. By now, have you ever done anything big
illness? Use kore to mean now. Use ookina.
Kore made ni, nanika ookina byooki o shita koto ga
arimasu ka.
281. Yeah, two years before, I did a stomach
operation. Use i.
Ee, ninen mae, i no shujutsu o shimashita. (shujutsu
= operation, surgery; since your shunt juts out, you
need surgery)
282. Yeah, I have developed pneumonia. Use naru.
Ee, haien ni natta koto ga arimasu. (hai = lung; I had
pneumonia in the high end of my lung)
283. No, nothing particularly exists. Use betsu.
Dont use nanimo.
Iie, betsu ni arimasen. (nanimo bestu ni arimasen,
also OK; toku ni, also OK)
284. Yes, I have done a stomach ulcers operation.
Hai, ikaiyoo no shujutsu o shita koto ga arimasu.
(ikaiyoo = stomach ulcer; i = stomach; cf. kaiyoo =
ocean; if you have an ulcer, you should fly kites and
eat yogurt)
285. Yeah, 3 years before, I did an appendix
operation.
Ee, san nen mae moochoo no shujutsu o shimashita.
(moochoo = appendix, moochooen = appendicitis)

286. Heart disease.

Shinzoobyoo. (shinzoo = heart)
287. Tuberculosis.
Kekkaku. (kekka = result, consequence; I said kekko
desu [no thank you] to the offer of alcohol, and the
consequence was that I felt good the next day)
(kekkaku = TB; I got TB and the kekka was a cure)
(cf. seikyuu = claim, demand, request; we demand a
safe cure for cancer ) (cf. sekkaku = with much
trouble; cf. kekkyoku = after all, in the end)
288. Cancer.
Gan. (gan = cancer, igan = stomach cancer; gan also
= gun, wild goose; Gandalf can cure cancer)
(gangan = splitting)
289. As for beginning to do ski people, please come
to my place.
Hajimete sukii o suru hito wa, watashi no tokoro ni
kite kudasai. (sukii o hajimete suru hito, also OK)
290. From one day, you will get to the point that you
will be able to slide skillfully, for sure. Use de to
mean from. Use the short form of be able to slide.
Ichinichi de, joozu ni subereru yoo ni narimasu yo.
(suberu = to slide, ski, skate, slip; when submarines
erupt, we slide off the sides; suberareru = able to
slide, also OK) (cf. suteru = to throw away)
291. As for lessons, 3 times per day, 3 hours each, I
am doing. Use ressun. Use ichinichi ni. Use kai.
Use yaru.
Ressun wa, ichinichi ni sankai, sanjikan zutsu yatte
imasu.
292. As for me, always, I am together with the
president.
Watashi wa itsumo shachoo to issho ni imasu.
293. As for the presidents schedule, everything, I
arrange for sure. Use zenbu. Soften this.
Shachoo no sukejuuru wa, zenbu, watashi ga kimerun
desu yo. (watashi wa, not OK; have to make it
specific)
294. The presidents private schedule?
Shachoo no puraibeeto na sukejuuru? (puraibeeto no
sukejuuru, also OK)
295. As for that, its secret.
Sore wa himitsu desu.
296. Since I have to defend the presidents privacy.
Use nakereba narimasen.
Shachoo no puraibashii o mamoranakereba
narimasen kara. (mamoru = to defend, guard, keep,
observe; the mammoth runs over to defend its calf)
297. As for me, all day long I am laboring outside.
Watashi wa ichinichijuu soto de hataraite imasu.
298. Loading honorable customers, since I go to
various places, I must be knowing the streets well.
Use node. Use nakereba narimasen.
Okyakusan o nosete, iroiro na tokoro ni iku node,
michi o yoku shitte inakereba narimasen. (yoku
shiranakereba narimasen, also OK) Lesson 23.

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Lesson 23.
299. In such a way as to not cause a
traffic accident, being careful, I am doing driving.
Use yoo ni.
Kootsuu jiko o okosanai yoo ni, ki o tsukete, unten
shite imasu. (okosu = to cause, bring about; wake
someone up; okoru = to originate, start, happen,
break out, get angry; Oklahoma Sue caused
Oklahoma Ruth to get mad) (unten suru = to drive;
Ill drive until Tenth St.; then you have to drive)
(unten o shite imasu, also OK)
300. As for me, wearing white clothes, I am laboring.
Watashi wa, shiroi fuku o kite, hataraite imasu.
301. What kind of being tired time, even, I am
making an effort not to forget a smiling face and
gentleness, meaning my smiling face. Use donna ni
to mean what kind of. Use demo to mean even. Use
to to mean and.
Donna ni tsukarete iru toki demo, egao to, yasashisa
o wasurenai yoo ni shite imasu. (donna ni = no
matter how; no matter how Donnas knee hurts, she
keeps working; not OK to substitute dooshite mo,
which = by any means, for donna ni) (egao = smiling
face; e = painting; smiling kao [face] like an e
[painting]) (yasashisa = kindness, gentleness; sa is a
suffix that makes a noun out of an adjective by
attaching to the stem of an i adjective, or to a na
adjective; shinsetsusa = kindness, also OK)
302. As for the opposite ones, since bodies are weak
people they are, huh. Use no instead of ga, to express
the idea that bodies are weak.
Aite wa, karada no yowai hitotachi desu kara ne.
(karada ga yowai, also OK) (aite = the person with
whom you are speaking, the opponent, parter,
associate; aite o suru = keep company with; aite ni
suru = deal with a person sincerely; aite ni shinai =
ignore a person; the opposite person is sitting in an
aite iru [open] window) (yowai = weak, feeble; your
wife is weak) (ashi ga nagai hito = ashi no nagai
hito)
303. Ski instructor.
Sukii no sensei.
304. Taxi driver.
Takushii no untenshu. (shu = same kanji as te =
hand ) (the unten shite iru [driving) guy keeps his
shoe on the pedals)
305. Secretary.
Hisho. (the secretary goes to Hispanic shows)
306. Nurse.
Kangofu. (nurse can go to the funeral)
307. As for Julies work, what is it?
Juriisan no shigoto wa nan desu ka.
308. Shes televisions English news announcer.
Terebi no eigo nyuusu no anaunsaa desu. (eigo no,
not OK; just say eigo nyuusu)
309. As for Julie, to the TV office (or station), how
many times per week, must she go? Use shuu ni.

Use kai. Use nakute wa ikemasen.

Juriisan wa, terebi kyoku ni, shuu ni nankai,
ikanakute wa ikemasen ka. (hoosookyoku = radio or
TV station; kyoku = headquarters for public services,
office, e.g. post office, police, fire)
310. She must go 4 times per week. Use shuu ni.
Use kai. Use nakutewa ikemasen.
Shuu ni yon kai ikanakute wa ikemasen.
311. As for Julie, why, at half past 6, must she leave
the house? Use naze. Use deru. Use nakute wa
naranai. Use no to soften this.
Juriisan wa naze rokuji han ni ie o denakute wa
naranai no desu ka.
312. Its because, at before the broadcast, a planning
meeting exists.
Hoosoo no mae ni, uchiawase ga aru kara desu.
(hoosoo = broadcast; the hose song is broadcast)
(uchiawase = briefing, planning meeting; cf.
uchiawaseru = make preliminary arrangements;
while the uchi [in-group] awaits serum, let's have a
planning meeting; awaseru = to fit to, to do in
accordance with; atsumeru = to gather, collect or
bring together; atsumaru = to gather, come together;
shiawase = happiness)
313. As for Julie, why does she tire? Use naze. Use
no to soften this.
Juriisan wa, naze, tsukareru no desu ka. (tsukareru
ka, not wrong, but not polite)
314. Reply two times. Use futatsu. Use nasai.
Meaning, give two reasons.
Futatsu kotaenasai. (nido kotaenasai, or nikai
kotaenasai, not OK; both of these mean to say give
the same answer twice, to repeat the same thing)
315. Its because she has to get up early in the
morning, and, as for during the broadcast, she has to
make an effort not to mistake. Use nakute wa naranai
in the first clause. Use shi to mean and. Use chuu to
mean during. Use machigaeru. Use nakute wa ikenai
in the last clause.
Asa hayaku okinakute wa naranai shi, hoosoo chuu
wa, machigaenai yoo ni shinakute wa ikenai kara
desu. (machigaeru = machigau; machigawanai, also
OK) (hoosoo no uchi ni, not OK; hoosoo no aida ni,
OK but not as good as hoosoo chuu; OK to say
hoosoo no aida, koohii o nomimasu) (hoosoo chuu
de wa, hoosoo chuu ni wa both also OK)
316. You dont have to come. Use te mo yoi.
Konakute mo yoi desu.
317. You dont have to come. Use te mo ii desu.
Konakute mo ii desu.
318. You dont have to come. Use te mo kamawanai.
Konakute mo kamawanai.
319. You dont have to come. Use te mo
kamaimasen.
Konakute mo kamaimasen.
320. You dont have to come. Use
Lesson 23.

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Lesson 23. te mo daijoobu desu.
Konakute mo daijoobu desu.
321. You dont have to come. Use koto wa nai.
Kuru koto wa nai.
322. You dont have to come. Use koto wa arimasen.
Kuru koto wa arimasen.
323. You dont have to eat. Use tatte yoi.
You cannot use tatte with yoi.
324. You dont have to eat. Use tatte ii desu.
Tabenakutatte ii desu.
325. You dont have to eat. Use tatte kamawanai.
Tabenakutatte kamawanai.
326. You dont have to eat. Use tatte kamaimasen.
Tabenakutatte kamaimasen.
327. You dont have to eat. Use tatte daijoobu desu.
Tabenakutatte daijoobu desu.
328. You dont have to eat. Use koto wa nai.
Taberu koto wa nai.
329. You dont have to eat. Use koto wa arimasen.
Taberu koto wa arimasen.
Lesson 24
1. Mr. Nakamura. As for the young man Michael
group, late huh. Use shi to mean mister.
Nakamura shi. Maikeru kun tachi wa, osoi ne. (shi =
mister; Mr. carries a shield and sails on a ship)
2. Nakamura housewife. Surely, Tokyo streets are
crowded for sure. Soften this.
Nakamura fujin. Kitto, tookyoo no michi ga, konde
irun desu yo.
3. At over there, a spring apparently exists, huh. Use
rashii. Plain speech.
Asoko ni, izumi ga aru rashii ne. (izumi = spring of
water; at Eeyores zoo, lets meet at the spring)
4. At over there, lets decide to wait for young man
Michaels car. Plain speech.
Asoko de, maikeru kun no kuruma o matsu koto ni
shioo.
5. They will get down off the car. Plain speech.
Kuruma o oriru. (kuruma kara, also OK)
6. Ah, clean water.
A! Kirei na mizu.
7. She will drink the water. Plain speech.
Mizu o nomu.
8. As expected, Mt. Fujis water, huh.
Sasuga ni, fujisan no mizu ne. (sasuga ni = indeed,
as expected; he sassed his ugly aunt, and, as
expected, she took him over her knee) (cf. aikawarazu = same as always; cf. kanarazu = for certain,
without fail) (cf. sassoku = immediately)
9. Cold and delicious. Use te to mean and. Use a
womans intensifier.
Tsumetakute, oishii wa.
10. To here, as for this water, it was chosen to one of
the Japanese famous waters, it is written, for sure.
Use the passive form of it was chosen, meaning the

water had this done to it. Plain speech.

Koko ni, kono mizu wa, nihon no meisui no hitotsu
ni erabareta, to kaite aru yo. (use ni with kaku)
(meisui = famous water; combination of yuumei and
suiyoobi) (nihon no hitotsu no meisui, hitotsu no
nihon no meisui, both also OK, but sound awkward)
(erabareru = passive form of erabu, to choose; in the
era of Bush, you have to choose) (to form a passive
verb form, add areru to a u verb root; add rareru
to an ru verb root; use ni after the doer of the
action) (by comparison, to show that something is
possible, add eru to a u verb root & add rareru to an
ru verb root; so the ru verb passive form is the same
as the possible form)
11. I also, shall I drink and see? Use a mans word
for I. Plain speech.
Boku mo, nonde miyoo ka.
12. Ah, delicious. Mans speech.
A, umai. (umai = delicious, tasty; used only by men;
a 2nd meaning, used by both men and women, is
skillful; uma = horse; my uma [horse] is skillful and
also delicious) (cf. amai = sweet)
13. This kind of delicious water, Tokyo even, if we
are able to drink, good, if only. Meaning, if only we
were able to drink it! Use tara. Use noni to mean if
only.
Konna ni oishii mizu ga, tookyoo demo nometara ii
noni. (mizu o, doesnt sound right here, but one may
say mizu o nomeru = mizu ga nomeru = we are able
to drink) (ii noni = it would be good if, i.e., if only)
14. At the return, lets hold this water and return,
huh.
Kaeri ni, kono mizu o motte kaerimashoo ne. (OK to
substitute kaeroo for kaerimashoo)
15. Holding and returning, to the honorable
neighbors Suzuki also, if we give, good, huh. Use
tara. Plain speech.
Motte kaette, otonari no suzuki san ni mo agetara ii
ne.
16. The honorable both of them, since they are tea
ceremony teachers, surely, they will get delighted and
we can receive for sure. Use dakara. Plain speech.
Ofutari tomo, chanoyu no sensei dakara, kitto,
yorokonde moraeru yo. (Chans cha is mixed with
oyu [hot water] in the tea ceremony) (-tomo = both;
ofutari tomo ga, not OK, since they arent doing
anything; wa is OK)
17. Even so, as for those people over there, late, huh.
Use a womans intensifier.
Sore ni shite mo, ano hitotachi wa, osoi wa ne. (sore
ni shite mo = even so, however that may be; sore ni
= besides; Sore knee? Stay more! Even so, I
have to go.) (OK to substitute shikashi for sore ni
shite mo; shikashi is more bookish)
18. Ah, as for that over there, Michaels car, I
wonder. Use kashira.
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Lesson 24. A, are wa, maikerusan no kuruma
kashira.
19. When you think about it, its so. Use yahari.
Plain speech. Use a womans intensifier.
Yahari, soo da wa.
20. Since we became late, excuse us.
Osoku natte, sumimasen.
21. We left home early, but, on the way, to a jam,
meaning a traffic jam, we become involved, and not
at all we became completely unable to move. Soften
the first and last verbs. Use the passive form of
become involved, meaning we had this done to us.
Use zenzen to mean not at all.
Uchi o hayaku detan desu ga, tochuu de, juutai ni
makikomarete, zenzen ugokenaku natte shimattan
desu. (juutai suru = to do a jam; the Jews got tied up
in a traffic jam; juutai = jam, critical condition; jutai
suru = to become pregnant, conceive) (cf. taijuu =
wieght of a person) (makikomu = to involve in;
Makiko must get involved in everything;
makikomareru = passive form)
22. As for that, it was terrible, huh.
Sore wa taihen deshita ne.
23. As for today, since its the end of the month, it
probably got excessively crowded. Use dakara.
Soften this.
Kyoo wa, getsumatsu dakara, yokei ni kondan deshoo.
(yokei na = excessive, more than needed; yokei ni =
excessively; Yo-chan kicked Kays knees
excessively) (cf. yotei = schedule, plan) (komu = get
crowded; komaru = get inconvenienced)
24. Moreover, by a policeman the car is stopped on
us, and we were scolded, huh, Michael. Use the
passive form of both verbs. We is understood. Use
a womans intensifier.
Sore ni, omawarisan ni kuruma o tomerarete,
shikarareta wa, nee, maikeru. (tomeru = to stop;
tomerareru = passive form) (shikaru = to scold;
shikatte imasu = he is scolding; the shika [deer]
scolded the kangaroo; shika also = only; only Shika
the deer came; shikarareru = passive form; chikara
= force, power, energy, ability, talent, skill)
25. Yeah. Thinking I shall catch up to Nakamuras
car, a little bit, I put out too much speed. Use a grunt
to mean yeah. Use sukoshi. Plain speech. Soften the
last verb.
Un. Nakamura san no kuruma ni oitsukoo to omotte,
sukoshi, supiido o dashi sugitan desu. (oitsuku = to
catch up with; by putting oil on the bottom on my
suitcase, I was able to drag it faster and catch up; cf.
oikakeru = to chase; to chase after oil and cake; cf.
tsukamaeru = to catch or capture; I dragged the
suitcase a mile before catching him)
26. In that over there kind of quiet place, to be being
watched by a policeman, such a thing, I did not think.
Use the passive form of being watched. Use a

womans word for emphasis.

Anna shizuka na tokoro de, omawarisan ni mirarete
iru nante, omoimasen deshita wa. (anna ni, also OK;
may use anna, with or without ni, before both i and
na adjectives) (nante = such a thing) (nante to
omoimasen, not OK)
27. You also, if you are more careful, it was good, if
only. Meaning, if only you had been more careful.
Use eba.
Anata mo motto ki o tsukereba yokatta noni.
(yokatta noni = although it would have been good if,
i.e., if only)
28. And then, how did it happen? Use sore de.
Dont use ka.
Sore de, doo shimashita.
29. Did a violation ticket get cut on you? Use the
passive form of cut.
Hansoku kippu o kiraremashita ka. (hansoku kippu =
violation ticket; when the hannin [criminal] socks
you, thats a violation) (kiru, to wear, becomes
kimasu, kite; kiru, to cut, becomes kirimasu, kitte;
the passive form of both verbs is kirareru) (cf. bakkin
= fine, penalty)
30. Since we still dont know Japanese traffic facts,
it cant be helped, but, as for from now, he said to be
careful. Use keredo. Use kore kara. Use yoo ni
instad of to before he said. Use the passive form of
he said.
Watashitachi ga, mada nihon no kootsuu jijoo o
shiranai kara, shikata ga nai keredo, korekara wa, ki o
tsukeru yoo ni iwaremashita. (kootsuu = traffic;
jijoo = facts, circumstances, reasons; Jesus and Job
understand the facts about life; kootsuu jijoo = facts
about traffic; joohoo = information, news) (ki o
tsukeru yoo ni to also OK)
31. Anyway, since nothing doesnt exist, it was good.
Use te to mean since. Use a womans word for
emphasis.
Tonikaku, nanimo nakute yokatta wa. (tonikaku =
anyway, in any case, anyhow; Anyhow, Tony didnt
win the Tony Award, but he will kaku [write] a book,
in any case.) (OK to substitute kekkyoku for
tonikaku; kekkyoku = after all, in the end,
eventually; in the end, its a kekkoo [fine]
yuubinkyoku [post office])
32. As for at here, delicious water also exists, and for
the purpose of to eat honorable box lunches, its just
right, huh. Use shi to mean and. Use noni to mean
for the purpose of. Use choodo ii to mean just right.
Use a womans intensifier.
Koko ni wa, oishii mizu mo aru shi, obentoo o taberu
noni, choodo ii wa ne. (noni can also mean, for the
purpose of, in the process of doing, in order to do;
similar to tame ni)
33. My, Michael, try looking. Use goran. Use nasai.
Maa, maikeru, mite goran nasai. (maa Lesson 24.

175

176
Lesson 24. used by women) (goran ni narimasu is
an honorific way of saying to look at or see; goran
nasai = please do something and see, please try doing
something) (mite goran = mite goran nasai = try
looking)
34. Pretty honorable boxed lunch.
Kirei na obentoo.
35. See, its like the once at a Japanese inn we were
served meal. Use hora. Use itsuka to mean once.
Use the passive form of dasu to mean we were served.
Use mitai. Use a womans intensifier. Plain speech.
Hora, itsuka ryookan de dasareta shokuji mitai da wa.
(itsuka = sometime; once, before)
36. Did the honorable wife honorably make it?
Soften this.
Okusan ga otsukuri ni nattan desu ka.
37. Yeah, its so. Use no to soften this. Plain speech.
Ee, soo na no.
38. As for this way, its you peoples portion for sure.
Use a polite word for you people.
Kochira wa, anatagata no bun desu yo.
39. Please eat and see. Use an honorific word for eat.
Meshiagatte mite kudasai. (meshiagaru = to
honorably eat or drink; if you put food or drink in a
mesh for the Shiites and let it agaru [rise], they will
honorably eat or drink it; meshi = rice, food, meal
used by males; agaru = to climb, rise, enter a house,
eat or drink, improve, rain or snow to stop, become
shy)
40. Wow, is it our portion also? Use a mans word
for our. Meaning, is there some for us too?
Waa, bokutachi no bun mo desu ka.
41. Thank you very much.
Doomo arigatoo gozaimasu.
42. To eat looks like a waste, huh. Meaning, it looks
too good to eat. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use
mitai.
Taberu no ga, mottainai mitai desu ne.
43. From which shall I eat, I wonder. Meaning
where shall I start? Use kana. Plain speech.
Dore kara tabeyoo kana. (doko kara, not OK; this
doesnt make sense in this context in Japanese)
44. While eating the boxed lunch. Use nagara.
Bentoo o tabe nagara.
45. Nakamura also, does to do cuisine thing exist?
Use koto to make a noun phrase. Soften this.
Nakamura san mo ryoori o suru koto ga arun desu ka.
(ryoori o tsukuru koto, also OK)
46. Yeah, occasionally huh.
Ee, tama ni ne. (tama ni = occasionally, every once
in awhile; occasionally, I spill tamagos [eggs] on my
knee)
47. To the wife. Use fujin.
Fujin ni.
48. Hey hey. Use soo to mean hey.
Soo soo.

49. The other day, the fish cuisine I made huh, by the
neighbor cat it got eaten on me, it appears, huh. Use
kono aida. Use boku. Use the passive form of it
got eaten. Use yoo to mean it appears. Plain speech.
Kono aida boku ga tsukutta sakana no ryoori ne,
tonari no neko ni taberareta yoo da ne. (meaning, by
the cat it got eaten on me) (cf. senjitsu, also = the
other day)
50. I searched, but it doesnt exist, for sure. Use
sagasu. Use kedo. Soften the second clause. Plain
speech.
Sagashita kedo, nain da yo.
51. Darling, as for that over there sort of became jetblack fish, even the cat will not eat, for sure.
Anata, anna makkuro ni natta sakana wa, neko demo
tabemasen yo. (makkuro na = jet black; makkura na
= pitch dark; derived from kuro and kurai; when the
lights go out at MacDonalds, it gets really kuroi
[black] or pitch dark ) (anna ni makkuro, also OK)
52. I threw it away completely. Use chaimashita.
Watashi ga sute chaimashita. (= sutete
shimaimashita; sute chatta, also OK; sutete shimatta,
also OK)
53. Eh! As for that, awful. Use an intensifier.
Ee! Sore wa hidoi naa.
54. As for the Michael group, why did they get
delayed and come? Use dooshite. Use no to soften
this.
Maikerusantachi wa, dooshite okurete kita no desu ka.
55. Its because to a jam they were involved,
meaning traffic jam. Use a passive verb.
Juutai ni makikomareta kara desu. (juutai suru = to
do a traffic jam) (makikomu = to involve in;
makikomareru = passive form)
56. As for Michael, why by the policeman did the
car get stopped on him? Use dooshite. Use a passive
verb. Use no to soften this.
Maikerusan wa dooshite omawarisan ni kuruma o
tomerareta no desu ka. (tomeru = to stop;
tomerareru = passive form)
57. Its because he put out the speed too much. Use
plain speech for the first verb.
Supiido o dashi sugita kara desu.
58. As for Michael, did he pay a fine?
Maikerusan wa, bakkin o haraimashita ka. (bakkin =
fine, penalty) (if you back in, you pay a fine) (baka =
stupid person, stupidity; baka ni suru = to ridicule,
look down on; baka o miru = make a fool of oneself;
baka o iu = to talk nonsense)
59. He didnt pay.
Haraimasen deshita.
60. As for the Nakamura-made fish cuisine, how did
it develop?
Nakamura san ga tsukutta sakana no ryoori wa, doo
narimashita ka.
61. The honorable wife threw it
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Lesson 24. away completely.
Okusan ga sutete shimaimashita.
62. In a passive sentence, the subject is the person
or object that receives the effect of the action. The
doer is followed by ni. The receiver is followed by
wa or ga. Recall that, to show that something is
possible with a u verb, you add eru to the verb
root. By contrast, to form the passive form of a u
verb, add 2 more letters, ar, or areru, to the verb
root. The passive form of the verb to write is
Kakareru.
63. Recall that, to show that something is possible
with an ru verb, you add rareru to the verb root.
(Sometimes ra is removed, and this is shortened to
reru.) In the same way, to form the passive form of
a ru verb, add rareru to the verb root. The passive
form of the verb to look is
Mirareru.
64. To say that one can go, you say (2 responses)
Ikareru. Ikeru.
65. The passive form of the verb to go is
Ikareru.
66. To say that one can come, you say (2 responses)
Korareru. Koreru.
67. The passive form of the verb to come is
Korareru.
68. To say that one can do something, you say
Dekiru.
69. The passive form of the verb to do is
Sareru.
70. Andy chased Bill. Plain speech. Dont use san
after Andy and Bill in this section.
Andy ga Bill o oikaketa. (Andy wa, also OK)
(oikakeru = chase; to chase after oil and cake;
oitsuku = to catch up with; by putting oil on the
bottom of my suitcase, I was able to drag it faster and
catch up)
71. Bill was chased by Andy. Use the passive tense.
Plain speech.
Bill ga, Andy ni, oikakerareta. (Bill wa, also OK)
72. Andy read Bills letter. Plain speech.
Andy ga Bill no tegami o yonda. (Andy wa, also
OK)
73. Bills letter was read on him by Andy. Letter is
the subject. Use the passive form. Plain speech.
Bill no tegami ga, Andy ni yomareta. (tegami o, also
OK, but this means that Andy read it on Bill, i.e. that
Bill, rather than his letter, was the victim; no actual
difference in meaning)
74. As for Bill, he had the letter read on him by
Andy. Plain speech.
Bill wa, Andy ni, tegami o yomareta.
75. The baby cried. Plain speech.
Akachan ga naita. (naku = cry; she has a knack of
crying to get her way)
76. We got cried on by the baby. We is understood.

Plain speech.
Akachan ni nakareta.
77. This zoos elephant they are calling Hanako.
Kono doobutsuen no zoo o, hanako to yonde imasu.
(yobu, to call, becomes yonde; yomu, to read, also
becomes yonde)
78. As for this zoos elephant, its being called
Hanako. Use the passive tense.
Kono doobutsuen no zoo wa, hanako to yobarete
imasu. (yobu = to call)
79. As for photography, in 1839, in France, it was
invented. Use shashin. Use the past passive form of
suru.
Shashin wa sen happyaku san juu kyuu nen ni
furansu de hatsumei saremashita. (hatsumei =
invention; hatsumei suru = to invent; the setsumei
[explanation] for hatsumei is that I invented hats for
Sue in May) (hatsumei shimashita, not OK; must use
passive tense for something that is invented) (cf.
haiken suru = to read or see, humble)
80. As for Michael, by the policeman, the car was
stopped on him.
Maikerusan wa omawarisan ni kuruma o
tomeraremashita. (kuruma ga, not OK, because
Michael is the topic and the one affected)
81. To Midori, flowers I made a present and she got
delighted on me. Use the passive form. On me is
understood.
Midori san ni hana o purezento shite
yorokobaremashita. (purezento ni shite, also OK)
82. He stepped on the flowers. Plain speech for the
next 13 responses.
Hana o funda. (fumu = to step or trample on; he
stepped on my foot, causing me to fumble, and Im
fuming)
83. The flowers were stepped on. Flowers is the
subject. Use the passive tense.
Hana ga fumareta.
84. I had the flowers stepped on. I is understood.
Hana o fumareta.
85. He will bump the ball.
Booru o butsukeru. (butsukeru = to bump into, bash
against, throw at transitive; I will bump my buttsus
into John Kerry; butsukaru = to bump into,
intransitive; when I crashed, my buttsus were caught
in the car and ruined)
86. The ball will be bumped into him. Use the
passive tense.
Booru o butsukerareru.
87. He will chase.
Oikakeru. (I chase the oil and cake.) (cf. oitsuku =
to catch up. If I put oil on my suitcase, I will catch
up)
88. By the dog, he will be chased.
Inu ni, oikakerareru.
89. It will take the hat.
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Lesson 24. Booshi o toru.
90. The hat will be taken on him.
Booshi o torareru.
91. She will laugh.
Warau. (warau = to laugh, smile, sneer at; in war,
we meet and laugh) (nikoniko suru = to smile; when
St. Nicholas gets nicotine, he smiles)
92. He will be laughed at. He is understood.
Warawareru. (kare o warawareru, not OK; kare wa
or kare ga, both OK)
93. She will see.
Miru.
94. To pick flowers time/place will be seen on her.
(meaning the child doing it will be watched)
Hana o oru tokoro o mirareru. (in this case tokoro
refers to both time and place) (hana o oru koto o,
sounds strange; hana o oru no o, also OK)
95. At in front of the department store, someone is
decorating a Christmas tree. Dont use the passive
tense. Use ni and then wo. Someone is understood.
Depaato no mae ni kurisumasu tsurii o kazatte imasu.
(kazatte imasu means being decorated or just
decorated; depaato no mae ni tsurii ga kazatte
arimasu, also OK, same basic meaning; depaato no
mae de, also OK; depaato no mae de tsurii ga kazatte
imasu, incorrect, since the tree cannot decorate; ga is
OK if you use ni & arimasu) (little difference between ni and de when used with kazaru; it depends
on the nuance of what you mean; ni is more precise)
(kazaru = decorate; kazu = number)
96. At in front of the department store, a Christmas
tree is being decorated. Use the passive form. Use ni
and then ga.
Depaato no mae ni kurisumasu tsurii ga kazararete
imasu. (tsurii o, not OK; sounds strange) (depaato
no mae de, also OK)
97. As for the Christmas tree, at in front of the
department store, it is being decorated. Use ni. Use
the passive form.
Kurisumasu tsurii wa, depaato no mae ni kazararete
imasu. (depaato no mae de, also OK)
98. A lot of people are reading this book. Use
takusan.
Takusan no hito ga kono hon o yonde imasu.
99. As for this book, by a lot of people it is being
read. Use the passive tense.
Kono hon wa takusan no hito ni yomarete imasu.
100. A man asked me the way. Use tazuneru.
Otoko no hito ga watashi ni michi o tazunemashita.
(ukagau also means to ask, but since its a humble
word, use it only when referring to yourself, or when
referring to a member of your in-group while
speaking to outsiders)
101. As for me, by a man, I was asked the way. Use
the passive tense.
Watashi wa otoko no hito ni michi o

tazuneraremashita.
102. Next week, someone will hold Saitoos
wedding. Someone is understood.
Raishuu saitoo san no kekkon shiki o okonaimasu.
(okonau = to do or hold a meeting etc.; the concert
will be held in Oklahoma now)
103. Saitoos wedding, next week, will be held. Use
the passive tense. Wedding is the subject.
Saitoo san no kekkon shiki ga raishuu
okonawaremasu. (shiki wa, also OK; shiki o, not
OK, unless you use okonaimasu)
104. In any places office, someone is using fax .
Use ofisu. Use demo. Someone is understood.
Doko no ofisu demo fakkusu o tsukatte imasu.
(doko demo = anywhere) (fakushimiri = facsimile)
105. As for fax, in any places office, it is being used.
Use the passive tense.
Fakkusu wa, doko no ofisu demo, tsukawarete imasu.
(fakkusu o tsukawarete imasu, not OK, but fakkusu o
tsukatte arimasu is OK)
106. Someone will open the Olympics one time
every 4 years. Someone is understood. Use ni and
then kai. Use hiraku.
Orinpikku o yonen ni ikkai hirakimasu. (hiraku = to
open a meeting, etc.)
107. As for the Olympics, one time every 4 years, it
will be opened. Use the passive tense.
Orinpikku wa yonen ni ikkai hirakaremasu.
108. The child was rescued by someone. By
someone is understood. Passive tense.
Kodomo ga tasukeraremashita. (tasukeru = to rescue;
the tassels on John Kerrys hat rescued him from
irrelevance) (cf. tasukaru = to be rescued)
109. As for Michael, to the movie he was invited
along. Passive tense.
Maikerusan wa eiga ni sasowaremashita.
110. As for little birds, to the sky, they were set free.
Use the passive tense.
Kotori wa sora ni hanasaremashita. (hanasu = to set
free, let go off; also = to talk; also = to separate; we
hanasu [talk] about setting the bird free) (kotori ga,
also OK, refers to a specific bird)
111. As for Taroo, by the teacher, he was praised.
Dont use san after Taroo. Passive tense.
Taroo wa sensei ni homeraremashita. (Taroo ga, also
OK, but since we already said Taroo, we dont have
to be so specific)
112. Someone gave the flowers, and she got
delighted on the giver. Someone and on the giver
are understood. Use te to mean and.
Hana o agete yorokobaremashita. (yorokobu = to get
delighted; delighted to go to Europe and comb a bull)
113. To Michael, the cup got handed. Passive tense.
Cup is the subject.
Maikeru san ni kappu ga watasaremashita. (this cant
mean that by Michael, the cup was
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Lesson 24. handed; even if we add the doer,
Michael still gets the cup, i.e. Yamada wa Maikeru ni
kappu o watasaremashita) (cannot use 2 nis, e.g.,
Yamada ni Maikeru ni kappu o watasaremashita, not
OK)
114. By the friend, encouragement was done on me.
On me is understood. Use the passive tense.
Tomodachi ni hagema saremashita. (hagemasu = to
encourage, cheer up; no ru form; hagema shimasu =
hagemasu; I encourage you to haggle, Master;
hageru = to peel off, to become bald)
115. As for Michael, by Yamada, he was introduced.
Passive tense.
Maikerusan wa yamada san ni shookai saremashita.
116. By my mother, the came-from-the-friend letter
was read on me completely, meaning this was bad.
Use the passive te form of the verb read.
Haha ni, tomodachi kara kita tegami o yomarete
shimaimashita. (shimau implies that this had a
negative effect) (yonde shimawaremashita, also OK)
117. The came-from-the-friend letter, by my mother,
she read and I received, meaning it was good. Dont
use the passive tense.
Tomodachi kara kita tegami o haha ni yonde
moraimashita. (morau implies that the effect was
positive)
118. Late at night by the friend he came on me, and I
got inconvenienced. Use the passive tense for the
first verb.
Yoru osoku tomodachi ni korarete komarimashita.
119. The moves time, by the friend he came and I
received and was rescued. Since it was good, dont
use the passive tense.
Hikkoshi no toki, tomodachi ni kite moratte
tasukarimashita. (hikkosu toki, also OK) (tomodachi
ga, also OK, but not as good) (tasukemashita, the
transitive verb, is not OK, but you could say tasukete
moraimashita, meaning that the friend rescued and
you received, showing that the order of the 2 verbs is
important)
120. How did it happen? Soften this.
Dooshitan desu ka.
121. To return to the house on the way, by the rain, it
precipitated on me. Passive tense. Soften this.
Ie ni kaeru tochuu de, ame ni, furaretan desu.
122. As for that, it was terrible, huh.
Sore wa, taihen deshita ne.
123. As for last night, it was terrible, huh.
Yuube wa, taihen deshita ne.
124. Yeah, by the baby he cried on me, and I
couldnt sleep.
Use the passive tense for the 1st verb.
Ee, akachan ni nakarete nemuremasen deshita.
(naku = to cry, sing, bark, roar) (neraremasen, also
OK)
125. How did it happen? Soften this.

Dooshitan desu ka.

126. By the neighboring woman I had my foot
stepped on. I had my is understood. Soften this.
Tonari no onna no hito ni ashi o fumaretan desu.
(fumu = to step, trample on) (ashi ga, also OK, but
sounds strange)
127. As for that, it hurt probably.
Sore wa itakatta deshoo.
128. The Western clothes are being soiled, huh.
Meaning, they are soiled. Use a contracted form of
being soiled. Use an intransitive verb. Dont use the
passive tense.
Yoofuku ga yogoretemasu ne. (yogoreru = to get
dirty, messy, soiled - intransitive; if you give yogurt
to Al Gore, it gets dirty; cf. yogosu = to soil or stain,
transitive; if you give yogurt to a gopher, he sullies
and soils it; yoogu = equipment, tool; doogu =
appliance, utensil, tool) (cf. kegasu = to sully a
reputation or to disgrace)
129. How did it happen? Soften this.
Dooshitan desu ka.
130. At the coffee house, by the waiter, coffee was
spilled on me. Passive tense. Soften this.
Kissaten de, weetaa ni koohii o kobosaretan desu.
(koohii ga, also OK, but not as clear)
131. Of all things!
Oya oya. (oya oya = Well, Ill be!, Of all things!;
Oya = gee whiz!, I say!, How about that!; oyasumi
of all things, its bedtime) (used by men & women)
132. Ah, it doesnt exist! Plain speech.
A, nai!
133. How did it happen? Soften this.
Dooshitan desu ka.
134. The was-placed-at-here-in-advance bag was
taken on me, apparently. Use the passive tense. Use
yoo. Use nan to soften this.
Koko ni oite oita baggu o torareta yoo nan desu.
(baggu ga, also OK)
135. Eh! Its terrible. Plain speech.
E! Taihen da.
136. How did it happen? Plain speech. Use no to
soften this. Dont use ka.
Dooshita no?
137. Our conversation, by someone, was heard on us
it seems. Use hanashi. Use dareka to mean someone.
Use the passive tense. Use mitai.
Watashitachi no hanashi o dareka ni kikareta mitai
desu. (hanashi ga, also OK)
138. Eh! Irritating huh.
E! Iya nee. (iya = disagreeable, distasteful,
unpleasant, hateful)
139. The policeman scolded me. Dont use the
passive tense.
Omawarisan ga watashi o shikarimashita. (shikaru =
to scold)
140. As for me, by the policeman, I Lesson 24.

179

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Lesson 24. was scolded, and I was embarrassed.
Use the passive form of the first verb. Use desu at
the end.
Watashi wa omawarisan ni shikararete
hazukashikatta desu. (hazukashii = embarrassed; I'm
embarrassed about my ha [teeth], which are
muzukashii [difficult])
141. Everyone stared at me. Use minna. Dont use
the passive tense.
Minna ga watashi o jirojiro mimashita. (OK to omit
ga) (jirojiro miru = to stare; everyone stared at Giro
and Giro, his twin) (cf. zukizuki suru = to throb)
142. As for me, by everyone I was stared at, and I
was embarrassed. Use the passive form of the 1st
verb. Use desu at the end.
Watashi wa minna ni jirojiro mirarete hazukashikatta
desu.
143. Little brother ate my cake.
Otooto ga watashi no keeki o tabemashita.
144. As for me, by little brother cake was eaten on
me, and I got mad. Use the passive form of the 1st
verb.
Watashi wa, otooto ni keeki o taberarete
okorimashita. (okoru; Oklahoma Ruth gets mad)
145. My mother early morning woke up little brother.
Haha ga asa hayaku otooto o okoshimashita. (okosu
= to cause, to bring about, to wake up; Oklahoma
Sue woke up Oklahoma Ruth and made her mad)
146. As for little brother, by my mother, he is
awakened early morning, and he looks sleepy. Use
the passive form of the 1st verb. Use yoo.
Otooto wa, haha ni, asa hayaku okosarete nemui yoo
desu.
147. Yamadas secretary suddenly resigned.
Yamada san no hisho ga, kyuu ni yamemashita.
(hisho = secretary; the secretary goes to Hispanic
shows)
148. As for Yamada, suddenly, by the secretary she
resigns on him, and he is being inconvenienced. Use
the passive form of the 1st verb.
Yamada san wa, kyuu ni, hisho ni yamerarete
komatte imasu.
149. A tall person, in front of me, sat. Use se no,
rather than se ga. Use suwaru. Plain speech.
Se no takai hito ga watashi no mae ni suwatta. (sei
ga takai, also OK)
150. By a tall person sits in front on me, and I could
not see the movie well. Use the passive form of
suwaru.
Se no takai hito ni mae ni suwararete eiga ga yoku
miemasen deshita. (eiga o, also OK)
151. By the honorable mother, she is reading a book,
and he is receiving. Dont use the passive tense.
Okaasan ni hon o yonde moratte imasu.
152. By the car he was knocked down. Use the
passive form of the verb.

Kuruma ni haneraremashita. (haneru = to hit, to

knock down; he was knocked down by a Haneda
kangaroo) (cf. utsu = to hit)
153. To a jam we are being involved, meaning a
traffic jam. Use the passive form of the verb.
Juutai ni makikomarete imasu. (juutai = traffic jam,
congestion; makikomu = to involve in)
154. By a stretcher, they carried and I received. In
the next 2 responses, use de rather than ni, since the
stretcher doesnt cause the action.
Tanka de, hakonde moraimashita. (tanka = stretcher;
you cant carry a tanker on a stretcher)
155. A man by a stretcher is being carried. Use the
passive form of the verb.
Otoko no hito ga tanka de hakobarete imasu.
156. By the wind, the hat was sent flying on me.
Use the passive form of the verb. Use wo after hat
rather than ga, to imply that the hats owner is the
victim, not the hat.
Kaze ni booshi o tobasaremashita. (tobasu = to send
flying through the air, to propel; too [ten] basu
[buses] zoomed by and sent debris flying) (cf. tobu =
to fly, jump) (cf. tobidasu = to jump out) (booshi ga,
also OK, but sounds strange)
157. The child, meaning my child, played the piano
and gave to someone in my in-group. Use hiku.
Kodomo ga piano o hiite kuremashita. (hiku = to pull,
to catch a cold, to consult a dictionary, to play a
stringed instrument)
158. The child, meaning my child, on the cuisine is
helping and giving to someone in my in-group. Use
tetsudau.
Kodomo ga ryoori o tetsudatte kurete imasu.
159. The computers use method he is teaching and
she is receiving. Use kata.
Konpyuutaa no tsukai kata o oshiete moratte imasu.
160. Yoo ni is used between two verbs, after a
verb of suggested action, and before a verb like
say, to report a suggestion, command, request or
warning given by someone. The teacher, to the
student, said to read that book.
Sensei ga gakusei ni sono hon o yomu yoo ni
iimashita.
161. As for the student, by the teacher, to read that
book, was said on him. Use the passive tense of the
last verb.
Gakusei wa, sensei ni, sono hon o yomu yoo ni
iwaremashita.
162. As for Michael, a Kyoto souvenir, he was
requested to buy and come. Dont use san after
Michael. Use the passive tense of the verb tanomu.
Maikeru wa, kyooto no omiyage o katte kuru yoo ni
tanomaremashita.
163. Since the cough is awful, by the honorable
doctor, to look and I receive, was advised on me.
Use node. Use the passive tense
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180

181
Lesson 24. of the verb susumeru.
Seki ga hidoi node, oisha san ni, mite morau yoo ni,
susumeraremashita. (hidoi na node, not OK; just as
you cant use da after an i adjective, you cant use na
either) (susumeru = to advise, suggest,urge; susumu
= to make progress; susumi = progress; setsumei =
explanation) (I advised Sue to spend a summer
getting erudite)
164. By the honorable doctor, for awhile to not drink
honorable sake, was said on me, and I got
disapppointed. Use shibaraku. Use the passive te
form of the verb said. Oisha san ni, shibaraku
osake onomanai yoo ni iwarete, gakkari shimashita.
(gakkari suru = to become disappointed)
165. By Kuroda, I was asked to buy Kyotos sweets
and come. Use the passive tense of the verb tanomu.
Kuroda san ni, kyooto no okashi o katte kuru yoo ni
tanomaremashita.
166. By the teacher, since more to write characters
cleanly a caution was done on me, I shall practice I
think. Use the passive tense of the verb chuui suru.
Use plain speech for this verb. Use node.
Sensei ni, motto ji o kirei ni kaku yoo ni, chuui sareta
node, renshuu shiyoo to omoimasu. (chuui =
attention, caution, warning, advice) (sareru = passive
form of suru)
167. By my mother, always make the room clean she
says on me, but readily I cannot do. Use the passive
plain speech form of she says. Use kedo.
Haha ni, itsumo heya o kirei ni suru yoo ni iwareru
kedo, nakanaka dekimasen.
168. At 5:00, when I went to the ward office,
tomorrow again come was said on me. Use tara. Use
the passive tense of the verb said.
Goji ni kuyakusho ni ittara, ashita mata kuru yoo ni
iwaremashita.
169. By Yamada, since to decide on automatic
withdrawal of the electricity cost was advised on me,
immediately I went to the bank. Use the passive
tense of the verb was advised. Use node.
Yamada san ni, denkidai o jidoohikiotoshi ni suru
yoo ni susumerareta node, sassoku, ginko ni
ikimashita. (susumeru = to advise, suggest, offer; cf.
sumasu = finish) (sassoku = at once, right away,
immediately; if you sass me oku [100 million] times,
I will immediately respond) (sassoku ni, not OK) (cf.
sasuga ni = as expected) (cf. kyuu ni = suddenly)
170. Hello (on the phone). As for Kitamura, is he
honorably absent?
Moshimoshi. Kitamura san wa, orusu desu ka.
171. Well, of later I would like to humbly receive a
phone call, but. Use dewa. Soften this.
Dewa, ato de denwa o itadakitain desu ga. (denwa ga
itadakitai, not OK; but OK to say either gohan o
tabetai or gohan ga tabetai)
172. Yes, understood.

Hai, wakarimashita.
173. When he returns, to do a phone call I will
humbly tell. Use tara. Use tsutaeru.
Kaerimashitara, denwa o suru yoo ni otsutae shimasu.
[(o)tsutaeru = to report, to tell] (report oats-tying
Ruth)
174. When he returns, to humbly give a phone call I
will humbly tell. Use tara. Use a very polite word
for give.
Kaerimashitara, denwa o sashiageru yoo ni otsutae
shimasu.
175. Will you go to the post office? Plain speech.
Use no to soften this. Dont use ka.
Yuubinkyoku ni iku no?
176. Yeah, I was requested to buy 30 stamps and
come. Use the passive tense of the verb requested,
and soften this verb.
Ee, kitte o sanjuu mai katte kuru yoo ni tanomaretan
desu. (kitte = stamp)
177. The neighboring stereo is noisy, huh. Use a
womans intensifier.
Tonari no sutereo ga urusai wa ne. (sutereo wa, also
OK, but less specific)
178. Thats so huh. Plain speech.
Soo da ne.
179. To the neighboring child, I will say to make the
sound small and come. Use ko to mean child. Plain
speech.
Tonari no ko ni oto o chiisaku suru yoo ni itte kuru.
(itte kuru can mean either say and come, or go and
come, but the meaning here is clear from the context)
180. The rice got ready, but as for honorable Father,
still honorable bath I wonder. Use kedo. Plain
speech. Use kashira.
Gohan ga dekita kedo, otoosan wa mada ofuro
kashira.
181. Well, to honorable Father, quickly to emerge
from the honorable bath I will say and come, huh.
Plain speech.
Ja, otoosan ni hayaku ofuro kara deru yoo ni itte kuru
ne. (ofuro o deru, also OK)
182. As for young man Michaels report, still, I
wonder. Use hookokusho. Use kana.
Maikeru kun no hookokusho wa, mada kana.
183. By the end of today I desire, but. Soften this.
Use dakedo.
Kyoojuuni hoshiin dakedo.
184. Well, to young man Michael, to finish early I
will say in advance. Use shiageru.
Ja, maikeru kun ni hayaku shiageru yoo ni itte
okimasu. (shiageru = to finish; the shiites will ageru
[give] the rice when they finish eating) (OK to
substitute either owaru or sumasu for shiageru)
185. To say if only something were. 2 responses,
one in the present and the other in the past tense.
Ii noni. Yokatta noni.
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182
Lesson 24. 186. This kind of delicious water,
even Tokyo, if we drink, good if only. Use tara.
Konna ni oishii mizu ga, tookyoo demo nometara ii
noni. (OK to omit ni, but not as good) (nomeru to,
nomereba, both also OK) (mizu o, also OK, but not
as good)
187. If she (meaning the girlfriend) is more babe,
good if only. Use to to mean if.
Kanojo ga motto bijin da to ii noni. (bijin = beautiful
woman, babe; a babe is a jin [person] that you take
to the beach; binan = good-looking man, but this
term is uncommon; more common is ikemen = goodlooking man) (OK to substitute dattara or nara for da
to)
188. More early by the honorable doctor if he looks
and you receive, it was good if only.
Use eba. Use the past form of if only.
Motto hayaku oishasan ni mite moraeba yokatta noni.
(mite morattara, mite morau to, both also OK)
189. If you dont put out speed, it was good if only.
Use eba.
Supiido o dasanakereba yokatta noni. (supiido o
dasu = to speed)
190. By the policeman the car was stopped on me
completely. Use the passive form of the 1st verb.
Plain speech.
Omawarisan ni kuruma o tomerarete shimatta.
191. Do not use noni, in the sense of if only, with
actions that you yourself did. Its OK to use it in
the sense of too bad, or in spite of the fact,
relating to yourself.
Ah, more slowly if I ran it was good. (meaning if I
drove) Use yukkuri. Use eba. Plain speech. Dont
use noni since this refers to your own action.
Aa, motto yukkuri hashireba yokatta. (not OK to use
noni here) (not OK to use osoku hashireba)
192. That over there kind of to put out speed thing it
was not. That is, I shouldnt have gone so fast.
Use n to make a noun phrase.
Anna ni supiido o dasun ja nakatta. (not OK to use
noni here) (not OK to omit ni) (cannot say dasu ja
nakatta, so the n is not for softening; dasu no ja
nakatta, not OK; dasu koto, not OK) (cf. taberun ja
nakatta = I should not have eaten; taberu ja nakatta,
not OK)
193. As for Taroo, from a tree he falls, and the arms
bone he broke. Dont use san after Taroo. Plain
speech.
Taroo wa ki kara ochite, ude no hone o otta. (from
oru, to break or bend) (orita, from oriru, = got down)
(hone ga oreta = the bone was broken, from oreru
which also = to break or bend; also hone ga oreta =
the bone was breakable; hone o orimashita = hone o
otta = bone was broken)
194. Noni can also be used to mean too bad. (or
in spite of the fact that)

Next week, he was supposed to go to Europe, too bad.

Raishuu, yooroppa ni iku hazu datta noni.
195. Hey, its raining. Use a shortened form of is
precipitating.
Are, ame ga futteru.
196. Until a while ago, it looked like it would be
sunny, too bad. Use sakki without hodo. Use soo.
Plain speech.
Sakki made, hare soo datta noni. (sakihodo, also OK)
197. As for tomorrow, it appears that it will rain.
Use rashii without desu.
Ashita wa ame ga furu rashii.
198. The children, to Disneyland, I was planning to
take, too bad.
Kodomotachi o, dizuniirando ni tsurete ikutsumori
datta noni. (tsureru; the tsuki [moon] takes Lenny to
see Lou)
199. Noni is a forceful expression. A milder, more
thoughtful way of expressing regret is to use
expressions like no desu ga or n desu kedo.
This kind of delicious water, Tokyo even, if we are
able to drink, it will be good, but. Use to to mean if.
Soften the word good. Use kedo.
Konna ni oishii mizu ga, tookyoo demo nomeru to iin
desu kedo.
200. If he well looks at the stoplight, good, if only.
Use eba.
Shingoo o yoku mireba ii noni.
201. If he waits a little more, good, if only. Use eba.
Moo sukoshi mateba ii noni.
202. If he comes by car, it was good, if only. Use
eba.
Kuruma de kureba yokatta noni.
203. If a taxi comes, good, if only. Use eba.
Takushii ga kureba ii noni.
204. If I bring an umbrella, it was good, if only. Use
eba.
Kasa o motte kureba yokatta noni.
205. As for Barbara, if she does a phone call and
gives, good, if only. Barbaras husband is speaking.
Use eba.
Baabara wa denwa o shite kurereba ii noni. (kureba
= if she comes)
206. The child also, if she takes along, good, if only.
Use eba.
Kodomo mo tsurete ikeba ii noni. (tsureru; the tsuki
[moon] takes Lenny to see Lou)
207. If a homework do and give robot exists, good, if
only. Use iru rather than aru, since a robot is like a
person. Use eba
Shukudai o shite kureru robotto ga ireba ii noni. (cf.
shokudoo = diner)
208. A bigger fish if he is able to catch, it was good,
if only. Use ookina. Use eba.
Motto ookina sakana ga tsurereba yokatta noni.
(tsuru = to fish, tsureru = to be
Lesson 24.

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183
Lesson 24. able to catch fish; tsuri = fishing; the
tsuki [moon] shining on Lee fishing) (sakana o, also
OK, not as good)
209. If its a bigger fish, it was good, if only. Use
ookii rather than ookina. Use tara.
Motto ookii sakana dattara yokatta noni.
210. If you ask to the policeman, its good, if only.
Use eba.
Omawarisan ni kikeba ii noni.
211. If he doesnt eat in that kind of way over there,
good, if only. Use eba.
Anna ni tabenakereba ii noni. (not OK to omit ni)
212. Its OK to use noni in this and the next
sentence, even though youre referring to your own
actions, because the meaning is too bad. With
Division Manager Tsuchida, I was supposed to go for
the purpose of golf, too bad.
Tsuchida buchoo to gorufu ni iku hazu datta noni.
213. Taking vacation, I was supposed to go to Kyoto,
too bad.
Yasumi o totte, Kyooto ni iku hazu datta noni.
214. Hanada also was supposed to come, too bad.
Hanada san mo kuru hazu datta noni.
215. Michaels diary. Dont use san after Michael.
Maikeru no nikki.
216. From Japanese language school to return on the
way, by the rain, it precipitated. Use tochuu, not
tochuu de. Use the passive form of the verb. Plain
speech.
Nihongo gakkoo kara kaeru tochuu, ame ni furareta.
(tochuu de, also OK) (kara no kaeru, not OK)
217. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Since it isnt a great rain, that manner when I
am walking ... Use taishita. Use dewa, rather than ja.
Use node. Use mama. Use to to mean when. Plain
speech.
Taishita ame de wa nai node, sono mama aruite iru to,
(taishita = very or great, e.g. very good, important
etc.; taishita with negative = not very significant;
taishite with negative = not very; taishite as a
preposition = against, in contrast to, toward) (to be
ranked under the Thais, i.e. tai shita, is still a great
thing) (taishita na, not OK) (ooame, OK, but not as
good as taishita ame here) (mama = state; sono
mama = that way, in that manner, as it is, a state;
sono mama ni suru = to leave as is; maamaa = so-so)
(that mama is as she is)
218. Part 2. A bookstores aunt, since I will lend an
umbrella and give, put it up and go, she said and
gave. Use ageru and then kureru to mean give. Use
kara. Use both yoo ni and to, to show quotes. Plain
speech.
Honya no obasan ga, kasa o kashite ageru kara,
sashite iku yoo ni, to itte kureta. (obasan = aunt, or
any woman of that approximate age) (sasu = to hold
up; kasa o sasu = hold up or put up an umbrella;

sasu also = point at, rise, fill, insert, stab, sting or bite
from an insect) (sailing was super, he sassed, after
putting up the sail, pointing at it and filling it) (cf.
sassou = to invite along)
219. Refusing politely, when I go for awhile, as for
the next time, by a man I was called to stop. Use
shibaraku. Use to to mean when. Use the passive
form of the last verb. Plain speech.
Teinei ni kotowatte, shibaraku iku to, kondo wa,
otoko no hito ni yobitomerareta. (kotowaru = to
refuse; kotowari = refusal, notice) (since the koto
[musical instrument] was warui [bad], I refused to
accept it) (yobitomeru = to call to a person to stop;
cf. yobidasu = to call out or page someone) (yobu; I
called your bull; she called to say that the yogurt
burned)
220. It was the always I go to bread stores uncle.
Plain speech.
Itsumo iku panya no ojisan datta.
221. Completely, it looks like a wet mouse, he
laughed on me completely. Use maru de and then
shimau to mean completely. Use yoo. Use to, to
express the idea that he laughed this. Use the
passive form of the verb laugh. Plain speech.
Maru de, nurenezumi no yoo da, to warawarete
shimatta. (nurenezumi = wet mouse; the mouse is a
nemesis zooming around; nureru/nurete = to get wet;
nude and wet; the new red roof got wet; nugu/nuide
= to take off shoes or clothes; nuru = to paint,
transitive [exception to the e rule]; I paint the new
roof) (cf. nurui = lukewarm) (warau = to laugh,
smile, sneer; to form the passive form of a u verb,
add rareru to the verb root. The passive form of kau
is kawareru; kaw is the root. The root of warau is
waraw; the passive form is warawareru.)
222. Certainly, appearing like me, by the rain, wet
and being walking people dont exist. Use tashika ni.
Use yoo to express the adverbial phrase, appearing
like me. Use wa instead of ga. Plain speech.
Tashika ni, watashi no yoo ni, ame ni nurete aruite
iru hito wa inai. (watashi no yoo na, not OK, because
youre making an adverbial phrase. Watashi no yoo
na hito, OK.) (ame ni nurarete, sounds strange)
223. That reminds me, all the way, from the
surroundings people, were staring on me it seems, I
have a feeling. Use hito to mean people. Use the
passive form of the verb staring. Use yoo. Plain
speech.
Soo ieba, zutto, mawari no hito kara, jirojiro mirarete
ita yoo na ki ga suru. (jirojiro miru = to stare)
(mawari no hito ni, also OK)
224. At that point, to the bread stores uncle, I
borrowed an umbrella and started walking. Use soko
de to mean at that point. Plain speech.
Soko de, panya no ojisan ni, kasa o karite
arukidashita. (arukidasu = to start
Lesson 25.

183

184
Lesson 25. walking; literally I walk and put out)
225. Already, nobody, as for to look at me people,
dont exist. Use hito. Plain speech.
Moo, daremo, watashi o miru hito wa inai.
226. Probably, as for Japanese people, they hate to
get wet by the rain, it seems. Use doomo to mean
probably. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use rashii.
Plain speech.
Doomo, nihonjin wa, ame ni nureru no ga kirai rashii.
(doomo = probably)
227. Again, to see by the rain being wet person also,
they cant stand apparently. Use no to make a noun
phrase. Use rashii. Plain speech.
Mata, ame ni nurete iru hito o miru no mo, gaman
dekinai rashii. (gaman = patience, endurance,
tolerance; gaman suru = to be patient, put up with,
tolerate; gaman dekinai = unable to stand it)
(backgammon requires a lot of patience, endurance
and tolerance)
228. As for Michael, when, by the rain did it
precipitate on him? Use the passive tense.
Maikeru san wa, itsu, ame ni furaremashita ka. (there
is no way to say this using furimashita; must use the
passive tense; for example, cannot say ame ga
Maikeru san o furimashita)
229. Its the return from Japanese school on the way.
Nihongo gakkoo kara kaeru tochuu desu.
230. Who said that she would lend and give an
umbrella? Use kureru. Use to to show quotes.
Dare ga kasa o kashite kureru to iimashita ka. (ageru,
also OK)
231. Its the bookstores aunt.
Honya no obasan desu.
232. As for the bread stores uncle, is he a person
that Michael is knowing? Use no instead of ga after
Michael.
Panya no ojisan wa maikeru san no shitte iru hito
desu ka.
233. Yes, its so.
Hai, soo desu.
234. As for the bread stores uncle, Michaels what
sort of condition seeing, it looks like a wet mouse, he
said? Use yoosu to mean condition. Use yoo to
mean looks like. Use no to soften the last verb.
Panya no ojisan wa, maikeru san no, donna yoosu o
mite, nurenezumi no yoo da to itta no desu ka.
(yoosu = condition or appearance; cf. chooshi =
health-related condition)
235. By the rain wet being walking condition seeing,
he said. Dont use to, because we arent quoting him.
Ame ni nurete aruite iru yoosu o mite, iimashita.
236. The Michael being walking time, as for the
surroundings people, how did they do? Use hito to
mean people.
Maikeru san ga aruite iru toki, mawari no hito wa,
doo shimashita ka.

237. They were staring.

Jirojiro mite imashita.
238. As for Michael, regarding Japanese people,
what sort of thing did he understand, he is writing?
Use koto.
Maikeru san wa, nihonjin ni tsuite, donna koto ga
wakatta to kaite imasu ka.
239. As for Japanese people, by the rain to get wet,
they hate and. Use no to make a noun phrase. Plain
speech. Use shi to mean and.
Nihonjin wa, ame ni nureru no ga, kirai da shi,
240. To see by the rain being wet people also, they
cant stand apparently, one says thing. Use no to
make a noun phrase. Use rashii. Use koto to mean
thing.
Ame ni nurete iru hito o miru no mo gaman dekinai
rashii to iu koto. (to iu koto = called thing; iu koto
used here since this is answering the question donna
koto ga wakatta)
241. As for Mario, was he spoken to in English, was
he spoken to in Italian? Use the passive form of the
verb to speak to, or address.
Mario san wa, eigo de hanashikakeraremashita ka,
itariago de hanashi kakeraremashita ka.
(hanashikakeru = to speak to, to address; kakeru = to
hang, wear glasses, sit down, spend time or money,
telephone; to kakeru [hang] hanashi [talk] on a
person is to address him)
242. Or else, was he spoken to in Japanese?
Soretomo, nihongo de hanashikakeraremashita ka.
243. He was spoken to in English
Eigo de hanashikakeraremashita.
244. As for Mario, why in Japanese is it all right to
talk, question mark, did he say ? Meaning, they
asked. Use no to soften the last verb.
Mario san wa, dooshite nihongo de hanashite mo ii
ka to itta no desu ka.
245. Because, now, since he is studying Japanese, he
wants to talk in Japanese. Use node and then kara.
Ima, nihongo o benkyoo shite iru node, nihongo de
hanashitai kara.
246. When he did so, as for women, how did they
do? Use tara. Use onna no hito.
Soo shitara, onna no hito wa, doo shimashita ka. (soo
shitara = and then)
247. In English, at the following we will get off,
saying, they got off the train completely.
Eigo de, tsugi de orimasu to itte, densha o orite
shimaimashita.
248. This speech, when he spoke it to the companys
person, as for the companys person, what did she
say? Use hanashi and hanasu in the first clause.
Use tara.
Kono hanashi o, kaisha no hito ni hanashitara, kaisha
no hito wa, nan to iimashita ka.
249. If he speaks in Italian, then it
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Lesson 24. was good, if only, she said. Use eba.
Itariago de hanaseba yokatta noni to iimashita.
Lesson 25
1. Hello. (speaking on the phone) Im sorry to have
kept you waiting. Use a very polite word to mean
did.
Moshi moshi. Omatase itashimashita.
2. Its Matsushita. Very polite. Meaning, Im
Matsushita.
Matsushita de gozaimasu.
3. The other day, at the sample show I humbly met,
it is Abe Industries Webb. Use senjitsu. To say I
humbly met, say literally to honorable eyes it cost.
Use a polite form of it is.
Senjitsu, mihonichi de, ome ni kakatta, abe sangyoo
no uebbu de gozaimasu. (senjitsu = the other day,
yesterday; cf. senshuu = last week; sengetsu = last
month; cf. kono aida = konaida = the other day,
recently; sakihodo = a little while ago, earlier; sakki
= before, earlier, previous, awhile ago) (mihonichi =
sample show, fair; mihon = sample, example; Miho
has a nichi [day] when she does sample shows) (my
honey is a sample of the food) (ome ni kakaru = to
meet someone, humble; kakaru is a u verb)
4. Ah, as for that time over there, honorable care
developed. Meaning, thank you for your help.
A, ano toki wa, osewa ni narimashita. (sewa = care,
osewa ni narimashita = Im indebted to you for what
youve done)
5. A little while ago, I humbly received an honorable
phone call, reportedly, and. Use soo.
Use de to mean and.
Sakihodo, odenwa o itadakimashita soo de.
6. Since in the middle of a meeting, terrible, I
humbly did a discourtesy. Very polite. Use de to
mean since.
Kaigi chuu de, taihen, shitsurei itashimashita.
7. No. On an honorably busy moment, theres no
excuse. Use tokoro. Very polite.
Iie. Oisogashiitokoro o, mooshiwake gozaimasen.
(oisogashiitokoro ni, not OK)
8a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Its sudden, but the other day an honorable
look I humbly received, regarding our companys
products... Use sassoku, a polite word for sudden.
Use goran to mean an honorable look. Use a plain
speech form of I received.
Sassoku desu ga, senjitsu, goran itadaita, wagasha no
seihin ni tsuite, (kyuu desu ga, also OK, but not
polite enough here) (sassoku = immediately, at once,
sudden; sassoku desu ga = this is a bit sudden, but)
(itadaita = itadakimashita; goran ni natte itadaita,
also OK) (goran o itadaita, not OK; goran is not used
as an object) (wagasha = our company; waga = ones,
my, our etc.; our dog waga the taila; wagaya = my

house; wagamama na = selfish, spoiled) (seihin =

manufactured product; the sailing Hindu carried
products; cf. shinamono = merchandise, article;
shoohin = goods, merchandise, prize; show Hindus
the merchandise)
8b. Part 2. a little bit more, I would like to humbly
explain, I think, and. Use te to mean and.
Moo sukoshi, gosetsumei shitai to omoimashite.
(gosetsumei itashitai, also OK)
9. If the honorable cirumstances are good, I would
like to do a humble visit, but. Use a polite word for
good. Use tara. Use ukagau. Use no to soften the
last phrase.
Gotsugoo ga yoroshikattara, o ukagai shitai no desu
ga. (o tazune shitai, also OK; less polite, still fine)
10. Thats so huh. To tell the truth, from tomorrow,
to Kyushu, I am humbly scheduled to do a business
trip. Use asu.
Soo desu ne. Jitsu wa, asu kara kyuushuu ni shuchoo
suru koto ni natte orimasu.
11a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for on Thursday, since I will return and
humbly come, in the case of Friday afternoon, I can
humbly meet I think, but... Use nara. Use node. Use
dekiru.
Mokuyoobi ni wa kaette mairimasu node, kinyoobi
no gogo nara, o ai dekiru to omoimasu ga,
11b. Part 2. As for of half past one, how is it
probably. Use a polite word for how. Dont use ka.
Ichijihan de wa, ikaga deshoo. (ichijihan ni wa, not
OK see Lesson 6, e.g. p. 28, kore de ii desu)
12. Yes, with that its fine.
Hai, sore de, kekkoo desu.
13. Well, at half past one, I will visit to that way.
Use de wa.
De wa, ichijihan ni sochira ni ukagaimasu.
14. Ah, please honorably wait a moment.
A, chotto omachi kudasai.
15. As for half past one, another plan was being
entered humbly. Use hoka.
Ichijihan wa, hoka no yotei ga haitte orimashita.
16. In order not to forget, even though I did a memo
in advance, I was doing carelessly. Meaning it
slipped my mind. Use yoo ni to mean in order. Use
noni to mean even though.
Wasurenai yoo ni, memo o shite oita noni, ukkari
shite imashita. (ukkari = carelessly; ukkari suru = to
do carelessly; in the UK, the bellhops carry the
luggage carelessly) (shite orimashita, also OK)
(ukaru = to pass an exam)
17. Theres no excuse, but at 3:00 will you do and
am I not able to humbly receive probably?
Mooshiwake arimasen ga, sanji ni shite itadakemasen
deshoo ka.
18. Yes, well, at 3:00, I will do a humble visit. Use
de wa. Use a humble word for do.
Lesson 25.

185

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Lesson 25. Hai. De wa, sanji ni o ukagai
itashimasu.
19. As for the other day, by humble phone, I did a
discourtesy. Use a humble word for did.
Senjitsu wa, odenwa de, shitsurei itashimashita.
20. No. Its nothing. (this also means, youre
welcome)
Iie. Doo itashimashite.
21. I was humbly waiting. Use a humble word for
was.
Omachi shite orimashita.
22. Say, from the division managers Tsuchida also,
regards I-hear-thing it is. Meaning, he said to say
hello. Use kara. Use yoroshiku to mean regards.
Use tono koto to mean I hear thing. Use a polite
phrase for it is.
Ano, buchoo no Tsuchida kara mo, yoroshiku to no
koto de gozaimasu. (yoroshiku = regards; e.g.
yoroshiku itte kudasai = yoroshiku otsutae kudasai =
give my regards) (to no koto desu = to no koto da = I
hear that, they say that; I hear the tonometry koto
[thing] is a good way to diagnose glaucoma)
23. As for with Mr. Section Manager, since-fromold-timess honorable acquaintance he is, reportedly,
huh. Use kara. Use soo.
Kachoo san to wa, mukashi kara no oshiriai da soo
desu ne. (use san because youre addressing kachoo)
24. Yeah, hes a colleges rugby clubs senior
member, for sure. Use nan to soften this.
Ee, daigaku no ragubii bu no senpai nan desu yo.
(ragubii bu = rugby club; bu = counter for
books,magazines; division; club; percentage 1-9;
theres a ghost in the club) (senpai = senior member
of the same group, senior, elder, predecessor; senior
members have to buy sen [1,000] pies for the club
every year) (cf. senmon = specialty)
25a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Mutually, whatever kind of busy even, as for
once a year, we shall meet we are saying, but... Use
ichinen ni. Use do. Plain speech. Soften the last
verb.
Otagai ni, donna ni isogashikute mo, ichinen ni
ichido wa, auou to itte irun desu ga, (tagai ni = with
each other, mutually; Tagalog people help each
other; otagai is commonly used, to show politeness
or humility, as here) (te mo = even if)
25b. Part 2. Readily we are not able to humbly meet,
for sure. Literally, say it isnt able to cost to humble
eyes. Dont use dekiru. Soften this.
Nakanaka, ome ni kakarenain desu yo. (ome ni
kakaru = to meet someone, humble; literally it costs
to humble eyes) (kakararenai, not OK, since kakaru is
a u verb, kakar + eru)
26. Woman company employee. Honorable tea will
bring. Use josei. Plain speech.
Josei shain. Ocha o motte kuru. (josei = woman)

27. I will do a discourtesy. Very polite. Go ahead.

Shitsurei itashimasu. Doozo.
28. Excuse me. Go ahead not honorably minding.
Meaning, dont bother about me.
Sumimasen. Doozo okamainaku. (doozo okamainaku = please dont bother about me; kamau = to
mind; the camel minds; kamainai cant be used by
itself, but its similar to kamawanai = to not mind;
kamainaku = not minding; kamaimasen = it doesnt
matter; cf. komaru = to be perplexed or
inconvenienced; the doctor is perplexed by Ruths
coma ) (this reply by Michael doesnt mean that he
wont drink the tea he was given; he will still drink
it)
29a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. By the way, its the aforementioned industrial
use robots matter, but as for at our company, not in
America only... To say not in America only convert
not to an adverb.
Tokoro de, rei no koogyoo yoo robotto no ken desu
ga, wagasha de wa, amerika dake de naku... (koogyoo
= industry; koojoo = factory; Kojak and Joe made a
factory) (yoo = something to do, business; yoo ga nai
= be no longer useful; yooken = business, matter or
concern to be addressed; Dwight Yoakam has
business with Ken; yoo = yooji = business, errand;
ken = matter, case; koogyoo yoo = industrial use)
29b. Part 2. To Europes direction also, we want to
advance, we are humbly thinking. Use kangaeru.
Yooroppa no hoo ni mo, shinshutsu shitai to kangaete
orimasu. (shinshutsu = advance, shinshutsu suru = to
advance, make ones way; if the Shinto priest shuts
up, we can advance to the cremation; cf. gaishutsu
suru = to go out; yushutsu suru = to export; yunyuu
= to import; shujutsu = surgery; shinsatsu = medical
examination; cf. hirogeru = to expand)
30a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for at this way, since we heard that the
with-Europes-companies business deals are
numerous... Use ukagau to mean hear. Use node.
Kochira de wa, yooroppa no kaisha to no torihiki ga
ooi to ukagaimashita node... (torihiki = business,
dealings, transaction; torihiki suru = do business,
make a deal; if you do business with birds, you will
get a tori [bird] hickey) (ukagau = to call on, to ask,
to hear or be told all humble; go to the UK again to
ask, call on, hear, or be told)
30b. Part 2. By all means, our companys products
also, if export and we are able to humbly receive, we
think, and. Use zehi. Use eba. Use te to mean and.
Zehi, wagasha no seihin mo, yushutsu shite
itadakereba, to omoimashite. (yushutsu suru = to
export; if you shuts up, we can export) (zehi = by all
means; kitto = for sure; zettai = definitely; tashika
ni = definitely; kanarazu = for certain)
31a. The following sentence is
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187
Lesson 25. divided into 2 parts. Part 1. If its
honorable you, at least, as for 500 units per year, you
sell and we are able to receive thing, isnt it question...
Use tara. Use nen ni. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Use de wa nai instead of ja nai.
Otaku deshitara, sukunakute mo, nen ni gohyaku dai
wa, utte itadakeru no de wa nai ka... (otaku = polite
equivalent of anata; it can also mean the listeners
honorable home) (sukunakutemo = at least; sukunai
= few) (de wa nai ka = Im sure, in all likelihood)
31b. Part 2. I think, but how is it probably? Use to
before I think to show quotes. Use no to soften the
verb I think. Use a polite word for how.
To omou no desu ga, ikaga deshoo ka.
32. To Europe fitting, models changes also, since
we are able to do, I beg you well humbly. Use node.
Use a very polite form of the word well. Use itasu.
Yooroppa ni awasete, moderu no chenji mo dekimasu
node, yoroshiku onegai itashimasu. (awaseru = to fit
to, do in accord with; also = to join together, add up,
adjust, accompany, mix together; combine; to
introduce people to each other) (while we await
serum, let's fit, adjust, mix and introduce the patient
to the doctor) (uchiawase =planning meeting; ingroup is awake in the secretarys room for a planning
meeting) (awateru = to be in a panic) (atsumeru = to
collect, bring together) (matomeru = to bundle
together, put in order, settle, arrange, finish)
(sumaseru = sumasu = to stop, transitive; sumu = to
stop, intransitive) (chenji suru = to change, alter)
33. I understood well.
Yoku wakarimashita.
34. Your robots, as for excellent thing, as for of
recently, since even children are knowing, huh. Use
a very polite phrase to mean your. Robots is the
subject. Use koto to mean thing. Use kodomo. Use
kara.
Otaku no robotto ga yuushuu na koto wa, saikin de
wa, kodomo demo shitte imasu kara ne. (saikin wa,
also OK; saikin de wa is less specific; saikin ni wa,
not OK, even though saikin seems to be a time word)
(yuushuu na = excellent, superior, outstanding; my
yukka shoes are excellent; cf. yuushoo = victory,
championship; I won a victory at the yukka show;
nyushoo suru = to win a prize) (yuushuu na koto da
wa, not OK; robotto wa yuushuu na mono da, OK,
but generally you use koto with yuushuu; robotto ga
yuushuu na koto is OK, but robotto wa ..., not OK)
(cf. yosan = budget)
35. I think its a fine honorable speech, but as for
only from my thinking, at soon, a humble reply cant
be done. Use omou. Use watakushi. Use kangaeru.
Dont use wa or ga after the word reply.
Kekkoo na ohanashi da to omoimasu ga, watakushi
no kangae dake de wa, sugu ni, ohenji dekimasen.
(kekkoo na = fine)

36. With the division manager also I will talk well,

and while still close, I will do humble communication.
Meaning, Ill do it soon. Use te to mean and. Use
chikai uchi ni to mean while still close. Use a polite
word for do.
Buchoo to mo yoku hanashimashite, chikai uchi ni,
gorenraku itashimasu. (hanashite, also OK, less
polite)
37. I beg you well. Very polite.
Yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.
38. On an honorable busy moment, I humbly
disturbed you. Use ojama. Use itasu.
Oisogashii tokoro o ojama itashimashita. (jama =
disturbance, hindrance, interference)
39. As for Michael, why to Matsushita did he make
the 2nd phone call? Use naze. Use kai as a counter.
Use kakeru. Use no to soften this.
Maikerusan wa, naze matsushita san ni nikai me no
denwa o kaketa no desu ka. (nido me, also OK) (me
= counter for ordinal numbers, 1st, 2nd, etc.) (kai =
counter for # of times; niban me, not OK in this case;
ban = counter for ones turn, order; also used as
counter for ordinal numbers, e.g. nibanme no
hikidashi)
40. As for the first time, its because Matsushita,
because in a meeting, could not talk. Use kai as a
counter. Use de and then kara to mean because. Use
plain speech to say could not talk.
Ikkaime wa, matsushita san ga, kaigichuu de,
hanasenakatta kara desu. (matsushita san wa, not OK,
since better not to use wa twice in the same clause)
41. As for Michael, to Matsushita, what sort of thing
did he request? Use koto.
Maikerusan wa, matsushitasan ni donna koto o
tanomimashita ka.
42. Regarding his own companys product, in order
to explain, its the to meet and receive thing. Use
jibun no. Use tame ni. Use koto.
Jibun no kaisha no seihin ni tsuite setsumei suru tame
ni atte morau koto desu. (wagasha no seihin, not OK,
since wagasha means our company, and the sentence
is about Michaels company)
43. As for Michael, when, was he scheduled to meet
with Matsushita?
Maikeru san wa, itsu, matsushitasan to au koto ni
narimashita ka. (ni au, also OK)
44. Its Fridays 3:00.
Kinyoobi no sanji desu.
45. As for at Michaels company, industrial use
robots, to where do they want to export, they are
thinking? Use no to soften the last verb.
Maikerusan no kaisha de wa, koogyoo yoo robotto o
doko ni yushutsu shitai to omotte iru no desu ka.
(koogyoo yoo = industrial use)
46. To Europe they want to export, they are thinking.
Yooroppa ni yushutsu shitai to omotte Lesson 25.

187

188
Lesson 25. imasu.
47. As for Michaels company, why, industrial use
robots, by Matsushitas company they want to export
and receive, they are thinking? Use naze. Use no to
soften the last verb.
Maikerusan no kaisha wa, naze, koogyoo yoo robotto
o, matsushita san no kaisha de yushutsu shite
moraitai to omotte iru no desu ka.
48. Its because, as for at Matsushitas company,
with Europes companiess business deals are
numerous.
Matsushita san no kaisha de wa, yoroppa no kaisha to
no torihiki ga ooi kara desu. (torihiki = business
deal)
49. Listening to Michaels speech, as for Matsushita,
what did he reply?
Maikerusan no hanashi o kiite, matsushita san wa,
nan to kotaemashita ka.
50. After I talk with the division manager well, I will
do a reply, he replied. Use te kara to mean after.
Buchoo to yoku hanashite kara, henji o suru to
kotaemashita.
51. In the following section, use plain speech, unless
otherwise indicated. To go. Honorific.
Irassharu.
52. To go. Humble. 2 responses including the
masu form.
Mairu. Mairimasu.
53. To come. Honorific.
Irassharu.
54. To come. Humble. 2 responses including the
masu form.
Mairu. Mairimasu.
55. To be. Honorific.
Irassharu.
56. To be. Humble. 2 responses including the
masu form.
Oru. Orimasu.
57. To say or tell, or to be called. Honorific. 2
responses, including the masu form.
Ossharu. Osshaimasu. (OSHAs kangaroo says and
tells honorably)
58. To say. Humble. 4 responses, including the
masu forms. For the 2nd pair of responses, literally to
say/give.
Moosu. Mooshimasu.
Mooshiageru. Mooshiagemasu. (the moose humbly
says; the moose humbly says and ageru [gives])
59. To eat or drink. Honorific.
Meshiagaru. (the mesh for the shiites agaru [raises]
food and drink that they honorably eat and drink)
60. To eat or drink. Humble.
Itadaku.
61. To do. Honorific. 2 responses, including the
masu form.
Nasaru. Nasaimasu. (at NASA, we do things

honorably)
62. To do. Humble. 2 responses, including the
masu form.
Itasu. Itashimasu. (I humbly do Italian suits)
63. To be doing. (as in to be standing, etc.)
Honorific.
Te irassharu.
64. To be doing. (as in to be sitting, etc.) Humble.
Te oru.
65. To be knowing. Honorific. Use desu.
Gozonji desu.
66. To be knowing. Humble. Use the masu form.
Zonjite orimasu. (zonjiru = to humbly know;
Zondervan humbly knew that his jeans were ruined)
67. To see or meet someone. Honorific.
Oai ni naru.
68. To see or meet someone. Humble.
Ome ni kakaru. (to o me [humble eyes] it kakaru
[costs] when I humbly see or meet you) (oai suru,
also OK, less polite)
69. To think/feel. Honorific. Use the masu form.
Omoi ni narimasu. (o omoi, not OK, but you do say
o okuri see question 252b below)
70. To think/feel/know. Humble.
Zonjiru. (o omoi suru, not OK)
71. To visit or ask. Honorific. Use the masu form.
Otazune ni narimasu.
72. To visit or ask or hear. Humble. 2 responses
including the masu form
Ukagau. Ukagaimasu. (oukagai shimasu, also OK)
(when we meet in the UK again, I can humbly hear,
ask or visit)
73. To look at or see. Honorific.
Goran ni naru.
74. To look at, see or read. Humble.
Haiken suru. I humbly see and read haiku with Ken.
75. Did you already honorably see that movie over
there?
Moo ano eiga o goran ni narimashita ka.
76. A person whom they honorably call Very
Honorable Mr. Tsukino honorably came. Use the
honorific word meaning to say or tell or to be called.
Use kata to mean person.
Tsukino sama to ossharu kata ga, irasshaimashita.
77. Every night, about what time do you honorably
rest?
Maiban, nanji goro oyasumi ni narimasu ka. (nanji
goro ni, also OK)
78. As early as possible I am humbly making an
effort to rest. Use yoo ni with itasu rather than suru.
Use the humble form of imasu.
Narubeku hayaku yasumu yoo ni itashite orimasu.
79. If this cake is good, wont you honorably eat one
more? Dont use wa or ga after cake. Use a polite
word for good. Use tara.
Kono keeki yoroshikattara, moo
Lesson 25.

188

189
Lesson 25. hitotsu meshiagarimasen ka.
80. Are you honorably knowing that company over
theres Yamamoto?
Ano kaisha no yamamoto san o gozonji desu ka.
81. As for section manager, to the party, he will
honorably come, I wonder? Use kashira.
Kachoo wa paatii ni irassharu kashira.
82. Section manager, to next weeks party, will you
honorably come?
Kachoo, raishuu no paatii ni irasshaimasu ka.
83. Ah, I will go for sure. Plain speech.
Aa, iku yo. (mairu yo, not OK, but mairimasu yo is
OK)
84. As for division manager, to the party, he will
honorably go, I wonder? Use kana.
Buchoo wa, paatii ni irrasharu kana.
85. He will honorably go, I think, for sure. Plain
speech.
Irassharu to omou yo.
86. Division manager, to the party will you
honorably come?
Buchoo, paatii ni irasshaimasu ka.
87. I also will humbly go.
Watashi mo mairimasu.
88. Ah, I will go for sure. As for you? Plain speech.
Use a mans word for you.
Aa, iku yo. Kimi wa?
89. So. The president also will honorably come
reportedly, for sure. Use soo twice, with two
different meanings. Plain speech.
Soo. Shachoo mo irassharu soo da yo.
90. Did Tanaka come? In the next 3 responses,
Tanaka is the subject.
Tanaka san ga kimashita ka. (wa would usually be
better than ga in this sentence, unless you were
singling Tanaka out from a group)
91. The passive form of a verb is commonly used
in daily speech as an honorific expression, not
quite as polite as the honorific expressions already
learned. Did Tanaka come? Use the passive form.
Tanaka san ga koraremashita ka.
92. Did Tanaka come? Use the honorific form.
Tanaka san ga irasshaimashita ka.
93. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to be, using the masu form.
Irasshaimasu. Orimasu.
94. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to call on or inquire, using the masu form. In the 2nd
response, dont use suru.
Otazune ni narimasu. Ukagaimasu. (oukagai
shimasu, also OK)
95. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to drink, using the masu form.
Meshiagarimasu. Itadakimasu.
96. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to show, using the masu form.

Omise ni narimasu. Omise shimasu. (omise

itashimasu, also OK)
97. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to come, using the masu form.
Irasshaimasu. Mairimasu.
98. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to say, using the masu form. Give 2 responses for the
humble form.
Osshaimasu. Mooshimasu. Mooshiagemasu.
99. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to do, using the masu form.
Nasaimasu. Itashimasu.
100. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to see, using the masu form.
Goran ni narimasu. Haiken shimasu.
101. Say the honorific and humble forms of the verb
to go, using the masu form.
Irasshaimasu. Mairimasu.
102. As for to America, when will you honorably
go?
Amerika ni wa, itsu irasshaimasu ka.
103. About how long will you honorably stay in
America?
Dono gurai amerika ni irasshaimasu ka. (dono kurai,
also OK)
104. As for this evening, where will you honorably
do a meal? Use konya.
Konya wa, doko de shokuji o nasaimasu ka.
105. Did you see this catalogue? Honorific.
Kono katarogu o goran ni narimashita ka.
106. Go ahead, please eat.
Doozo, tabete kudasai.
107. Yes, I will humbly eat.
Hai, itadakimasu.
108. Please bring that catalogue over there.
Ano katarogu o motte kite kudasai.
109. Yes, I will bring humbly. Use mairimasu.
Hai, motte mairimasu. (omochi shimasu, also OK,
slightly more humble)
110. Division manager Tsuchida, Board Chairman
Clark honorably came to Japan, reportedly, huh.
Use soo. Use a plain speech form of honorably
came. Do you honorably know him?
Tsuchida buchoo, kuraaku kaichoo ga nihon ni
irasshatta soo desu ne. Gozonji desu ka. (kaichoo =
chairman of the board; Kyle is the chairman of the
board)
111. As for to Board Chairman Clark, as for
honorable children, how many honorably exist?
Kuraaku kaichoo ni wa, okoson wa, nan nin
irasshaimasu ka.
112. As for division manager, Board Chairman Clark,
honorable sake will honorably drink a lot, did he
honorably know? Use no to make a noun phrase.
Buchoo wa, kuraaku kaichoo ga, osake o takusan
meshiagaru no o gozonji deshita ka. Lesson 25.

189

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Lesson 25. 113. As for division manager, the time
when he did a business trip to America, he honorably
met with Board Chairman Clark, reportedly, huh.
Use soo. Use plain speech to say honorably met.
Buchoo wa, amerika ni shuchoo shita toki, kuraaku
kaichoo to oai ni natta soo desu ne. (kaichoo ni oai ni,
not OK, because its better not to use 2 nis close to
each other)
114. Board Chairman Clark, next week, would like
to meet division manager, he was honorably saying.
Use imashita rather than irasshaimashita.
Kuraaku kaichoo ga, raishuu, buchoo ni aitai to
oshatte imashita
115. As for Board Chairman Clark, whether he will
be able to meet division manager, he was worried
honorably, for sure. Dont use dekiru. Use suru
rather than nasaru.
Kuraaku kaichoo wa, buchoo ni aeru kadooka,
shinpai shite irasshaimashita yo. (shinpai nasatte,
also OK)
116. To Board Chairman Clark, did you do a phone
call and give to me? Speaking to someone in your ingroup.
Kuraaku kaichoo ni denwa o shite kuremashita ka.
117. Yes, since in the middle of going out, he didnt
honorably exist. Use gaishutsu. Use de to mean
since.
Hai, gaishutsu chuu de, irasshaimasen deshita.
(gaishutsu suru = to go out)
118. Again, of later, I will do a phone call. Use the
humble word for do.
Mata, ato de, denwa o itashimasu. (ato ni, not OK)
119. The catalogue in question, did you humbly
show it to Board Chairman Clark?
Rei no katarogu o kuraaku kaichoo ni omise
shimashita ka.
120. Yes, the moment I humbly showed it, its
terribly good things, he honorably said. Use tokoro
to mean moment. Use mono.
Hai. Omise shimashita tokoro, taihen ii mono da to
osshaimashita.
121. From Board Chairman Clark, to the in-groups
company, will he come and we be able to humbly
receive, it seems? Use ni to mean from. Use soo.
Kuraaku kaichoo ni uchi no kaisha ni kite itadake soo
desu ka. (ni is used after kaichoo because we are
using itadakeru; it means from, i.e., we can receive
from him.)
122. Yes. He will honorably come and we will be
able to humbly receive, it seems. Use irashite rather
than irashatte. Use soo.
Hai. Irashite itadake soo desu. (irashatte doesnt
sound as good here, but OK to say irashatte imasu =
irashite imasu)
123. Michael, the president, come to the president
room, he is honorably saying for sure. Use both yoo

ni and to. Dont use irasshaimasu.

Maikerusan, shachoo ga shachoo shitsu ni kuru yoo
ni to osshatte imasu yo.
124. As for this, its an I-made-cookie, for sure. Use
nan to soften this. Please honorably eat and see.
Kore wa, watashi ga tsukutta kukii nan desu yo.
Meshiagatte mite kudasai.
125. To the honorable Mr. customer. As for the
division manager, since he is humbly attending a
meeting, when it finishes, he will soon humbly come.
Use deru. Use node. Use tara.
Okyakusan ni. Buchoo wa, kaigi ni dete orimasu
node, owattara, sugu mairimasu.
125b. Please honorably wait at this way.
Kochira de omachi kudasai.
126. Division manager Tsuchida to the presidents
secretary.
Tsuchida buchoo ga shachoo no hisho ni.
126b. Tomorrows meetings things, as for the
president, does he honorably know?
Ashita no kaigi no koto o, shachoo wa gozonji desu
ka.
127. Since I would like to humbly meet the president,
tomorrow, to that way I would like to humbly visit I
humbly think. Use oai suru. Use node. Use zonjiru.
Shachoo ni oai shitai node, ashita, sochira ni oukagai
shitai to zonjimasu. (shachoo ni o me ni kakaritai,
also OK, very polite) (ukagau = to humbly visit, call,
ask, hear; ukagai itashitai, also OK) (sochira o
oukagai, not OK) (zonjiru = to humbly think, feel,
know) (omotte orimasu, also OK, not as humble)
128. To the honorable Mr. customer. As for division
manager, since he is humbly in the next room, please
honorably go to that way.
Okyakusan ni. Buchoo wa, tonari no heya ni
orimasu kara, sochira ni irashite kudasai. (irashatte,
also OK)
129. To Kathy. I will do humble introductions. As
for this way, its my grandmother. Use boku no to
mean my.
Kyashii ni. Goshookai shimasu. Kochira wa, boku
no sobo desu. (sobo = grandmother; grandmother is
so bold; sofu = grandfather; grandfather is so
foolish)
130. This way, its father, mother, moreover older
brother. This way is the subject.
Kochira ga, chichi, haha, sore ni ani desu.
131. Pleased to meet you. Please be good to me.
Use a 2-word version of the 2nd sentence.
Hajimemashite. Doozo yoroshiku.
132. Everyone. The pleasure is ours. Well
honorably came. Meaning welcome.
Minna. Kochira koso. Yoku irasshaimashita.
133. As for the honorable country, where is it? Use
a polite word for where.
Okuni wa dochira desu ka.
Lesson 25.

190

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Lesson 25. 134. Its America. As for
grandmother, how honorably old is she?
Amerika desu. Obaasan wa oikutsu desu ka.
135. Its 78 years.
Nanajuu hassai desu.
136. Honorably healthy appearing it is, huh. Use soo.
Ogenki soo desu ne. (genki is a na adjective)
137. It it a Miss Student, or is it something work you
are doing honorably? Use a polite word for being
but not for do. Soften this.
Gakusei san desu ka, soretomo nanika shigoto o shite
irassharun desu ka. (shigoto o nasatte, also OK, but
too polite)
138. A newspaper reporter of the New York Times I
am doing.
Nyuuyooku taimusu no shinbun kisha o shite imasu.
(kisha = reporter, train with steam locomotive; the
Irish reporter kisses shamrocks)
139. As for honorable Mother, something honorable
work are you honorably doing? Dont use irassharu.
Soften this.
Okaasan wa, nanika oshigoto o nasatte irun desu ka.
140. At a university, I am teaching English, for sure.
Soften this.
Daigaku de eigo o oshiete irun desu yo.
141. As for Kathy, now, where are you living
honorably? Soften this.
Kyashii san wa ima doko ni sunde irassharun desu ka.
(use ni with sumu)
142. I am living in Roppongi.
Roppongi ni sunde imasu.
143. As for with Takashi, where did you get
acquainted? Soften this.
Takashi to wa, doko de shiriattan desu ka. (shiriau =
to meet, get acquainted)
144. Its a Roppongis disco.
Roppongi no disuko desu.
145. By the way, as for honorable father, what kind
of honorable work are you honorably doing? Dont
use irassharu. Soften this. Tokoro de, otoosan wa,
donna oshigoto o nasatte irun desu ka.
146. At Yamakawa Trade, I am being employed, for
sure. Soften this.
Yamakawa booeki ni tsutomete irun desu yo.
147. As for Kathy, Americas where at were you
honorably born? Use ni naru.
Soften this.
Kyashii san wa, amerika no doko de o umare ni
nattan desu ka. (o umarete irasshaimashita, not OK,
since that would mean were being born) (umareru =
to be born, the uma [horse] rerun shows horses being
born)
148. I was born in New York.
Nyuuyooku de umaremashita.
149. As for honorable older brother, as for honorable
work, what are you honorably doing? Dont use

irassharu. Soften this.

Onii san wa, oshigoto wa, nani o nasatte irun desu ka.
150. Television stations announcer I am doing for
sure. Soften this.
Terebi kyoku no anaunsaa o shite irun desu yo.
151. As for Kathy, Japanese is skillful, huh.
Kyashii san wa, nihongo ga joozu desu ne.
152. At where did you honorably do study? Use
nasaru. Soften this.
Doko de benkyoo nasattan desu ka. (benkyoo o shi
ni nattan, not OK; benkyoo saremashita, also OK)
153. At Illinois University I studied.
Irinoi daigaku de benkyoo shimashita.
154. As for older brother, for honorable work, does
to foreign countries honorably go thing exist? Soften
this.
Oniisan wa oshigoto de, gaikoku ni irassharu koto ga
arun desu ka.
155. Yeah. Sometimes it exists for sure.
Ee. Tokidoki arimasu yo. (cf. tama ni = occasionally)
156. As for Kathy, until when, will you honorably
exist in Japan? Soften this.
Kyashii san wa, itsu made, nihon niirassharun desu
ka.
157. I will exist until next years March.
Rainen no sangatsu made imasu.
158. As for big brother, as for to America to do
business trip plans, do they not exist? Soften this.
Oniisan wa, amerika e shutchoo suru yotei wa nain
desu ka.
159. They exist, for sure. At next years April, its a
to go plan.
Arimasu yo. Rainen no shigatsu ni iku yotei desu.
160. At the far side, if I am able to humbly meet, its
good huh. Use oai dekiru. Use to.
Mukoo de oai dekiru to ii desu ne. (o me ni kakaru to,
also OK, but too polite here)
161. To express the idea even if, even though, or
no matter how, use temo or demo after i adjective
stems, by combining mo with their te forms. Use
temo or demo after verb stems, depending on the
verb. Use demo after na adjectives and after
nouns. As for in Japan, even Saturday, as for
children, they go to school. Use kodomotachi.
Nihon de wa, doyoobi demo, kodomotachi wa,
gakkoo ni ikimasu.
162. As for to learn a foreign language time, even if
unskillful, its better to chatter many, for sure. Use
takusan. Soften this.
Gaikokugo o narau toki wa, heta demo, takusan
shabetta hoo ga iin desu yo. (shaberu = to talk, chat,
chatter; the Shah chatters about his berries.
Oshaberi = chatterbox; OSHA chatters about their
berries) (cf. ossharu = to say or talk, honorific)
(totemo not OK; you count shaberu, e.g. gokai
shaberu = to chatter five times)
Lesson 25.

191

192
Lesson 25. 163. Even though work is busy, as for
once a month, I go for the purpose of seeing a movie.
Use tsuki ni. Use do.
Shigoto ga isogashi-kutemo, tsuki ni ichido wa, eiga
o mi ni ikimasu.
164. To that person over there, even if you address
him in German, he will not understand probably.
Ano hito ni, doitsugo de hanashikaketemo, wakaranai
deshoo. (hanashikakeru = to address, to speak to;
kakeru = to hang, wear glasses, sit down, spend time
or money, telephone; to kakeru [spend] hanashi
[talk] is to address someone)
165. Some words that are commonly used with
the temo and demo construction are tatoe,
meaning supposing, ikura, meaning how much,
and donna ni, whatever kind. (also nankai = how
many, can be used with the temo & demo forms)
Supposing, even if it rains, as for the sports
tournament, we will hold it.
Tatoe, ame ga futtemo, undookai wa, okonaimasu.
(okonau = to perform, conduct, hold) (OK to
substitute either moshi or moshimo for tatoe; not OK
to substitute tatoeba, which means for example)
166. How much strong male even though, as for at
the parent died time, he will cry probably. Use ikura.
Use oya to mean parent.
Ikura tsuyoi otoko demo, oya ga shinda toki ni wa,
naku deshoo. (otoko ga ikura tsuyokutemo, also OK)
(oya = parent; we say oyasuminasai [good nignt] to
our parents)
167. Whatever kind of cold, as for me, I dont turn
on the space heater. Use donna ni. Use tsutoobu.
Donna ni samukutemo, watashi wa tsutoobu o
tsukemasen. (ikura samukutemo, also OK)
168. With some adjectives expressing amount,
temo is equivalent to at the very most or least,
etc. Sometimes temo is replaced by tomo, but this
is bookish. Tomo is only used with adjectives, not
with verbs. As for the work, at the very latest, as for
at 8 p.m., it will probably finish.
Shigoto wa, osokutemo, gogo hachiji ni wa, owaru
deshoo.
169. As for to the other days demonstration, at the
very least, 2,000 peoples people participated, it
seems. Use senjitsu. Use tomo rather than temo.
Use yoo. Senjitsu no demo ni wa, sukunakutomo,
nisen nin no hito ga sanka shita yoo desu. (OK to
omit no hito ga) (senjitsu = the other day,
yesterday) (sanka = participation, sanka suru = to
take part in; I participate in drinking Sanka)
170. As for the winters bonus, at the very most,
about 3.5 months portion, isnt it question?, I think.
Use plain speech to say isnt it question.
Fuyu no boonasu wa, ookutemo, san ten go kagetsu
bun gurai ja nai ka to omoimasu. (gurai bun, not OK)
171. The temo & demo forms, meaning even

though, and noni, meaning in spite of, are

similar, but temo & demo dont carry the
emotional overtones suggested by noni. Also,
temo & demo may be used for describing
hypothetical situations, while noni is not used in
that way. As for Michael, even though I put out
honorable tea, he did not drink. Use temo. Soften
the last clause.
Maikerusan wa, ocha o dashitemo, nomanakattan
desu. (dashitomo, not OK; tomo is only used with
adjectives, not with verbs)
172. As for Michael, in spite of I put out honorable
tea, he did not drink. Use noni to suggest an
emotional reaction. Soften the last phrase.
Maikerusan wa, ocha o dashita noni, nomanakattan
desu.
173. As for that dictionary, even though expensive, it
would be better to buy, for sure. Use temo.
Sono jisho wa, takakutemo, katta hoo ga ii desu yo.
174. Now, since the streets are being crowded, even
if you go by taxi, you will probably not be on time.
Use plain speech for the phrase not be on time.
Dont use noni, since the situation is hypothetical.
Ima, michi ga konde iru kara, takushii de ittemo,
maniawanai deshoo.
175. As for the station, its close, but will you go by
car?
Eki wa chikai desu ga, kuruma de ikimasu ka. (eki
ga, also OK, but then use kedo instead of ga)
176. Yeah, even though close, I will go by car.
Ee, chikakutemo, kuruma de ikimasu.
177. Is that so? Well, lets call a taxi.
Soo desu ka. Ja, takushii o yobimashoo. (yobu = to
call; call to say that the yogurt burned)
178. As for that store over theres pizza, since its
cheap, it isnt delicious probably? Dont use ka.
Ano mise no piza wa, yasui kara, oishikunai deshoo?
179. No, even though cheap its delicious, for sure.
Iie, yasukutemo oishii desu yo.
180. Is that so? Well, this time, I also shall eat and
see.
Soo desu ka. Ja, kondo, watashi mo tabete mimashoo.
(kondo can also mean next time)
181. As for the honorable bath, a little hot it might
be. Use chotto.
Ofuro wa, chotto atsui kamoshiremasen.
182. If its hot, please add water, huh. Use tara.
Atsukattara, mizu o irete kudasai ne.
183. Even though hot, its OK for sure.
Atsukutemo, daijoobu desu yo.
184. Is that so? As for foreign countries people, as
for hot honorable baths, since its a weakness I was
hearing thing it is. Use a polite word for people.
Use mono to mean thing and also to suggest a reason.
Soo desu ka. Gaikoku no kata wa, atsui ofuro wa,
nigate da to kiite ita mono desu kara. Lesson 25.

192

193
Lesson 25. (nigate na = not good at, weakness,
tough customer; the night gate is a weak point) (not
Ok to substitute koto for mono; mono implies
because)
185. As for tomorrow, it will rain, it might be, for
sure.
Ashita wa, ame ga furu kamoshiremasen yo.
186. If it rains, how will you do? Use tara.
Ame ga futtara, doo shimasu ka.
187. When you think about it, will you go? Use
yahari.
Yahari, ikimasu ka.
188. Yeah, even though it will rain, I will go.
Ee, ame ga futtemo ikimasu.
189. Is that so. Well, so as not to catch a cold,
please be careful huh. Use yoo ni.
Soo desu ka. Ja, kaze o hikanai yoo ni, ki o tsukete
kudasai ne.
190. As for this evening, since the return will
become late, at before me please sleep.
Use konya. Use saki to mean before me.
Konya wa, kaeri ga osoku naru kara, saki ni nete
kudasai. (konya = this evening, tonight) (saki ni =
ahead, formerly) (saki = ahead of in time or space;
sakki = a while ago) (saki de, not OK)
191. No, even though late, I will be awake and
waiting for sure.
Iie, osokutemo okite matte imasu yo.
192. So. Well, I will make an effort to return as
early as possible. Literally, say to be able only
early.
Soo. Ja, dekiru dake hayaku kaeru yoo ni shimasu.
(OK to substitute narubeku hayaku for dekiru dake
hayaku; dekiru dake is stronger; Naru-chan
beckoned me to come as soon as possible)
193. As for tomorrow, since its Sunday, surely, the
roads will be crowded, for sure. Use asu. Use dakara.
Use dooro.
Asu wa, nichiyoobi dakara, kitto, dooro ga konde
imasu yo. (OK to substitute zettai for kitto, but
tashika ni is too certain & kanarazu is too strong
here)
194. If you give up on going, how? Use no to make
a noun phrase. Use tara.
Iku no o yame-tara doo? (yamu, intransitive = to
stop, cease, fall ill; yameru, transitive = to stop, give
up, resign, quit)
195. No, even though being crowded, I will go.
Iie, konde itemo ikimasu.
196. In that case, early morning, it would be better to
leave, for sure. Use dekakeru.
Sore nara, asa hayaku, dekaketa hoo ga ii desu yo.
(sono nara, not OK)
197. The condition is bad probably? Use guai.
Soften this.
Guai ga waruin deshoo?

198. As for tomorrow, if you rest, how is it? Use asu.

Use tara.
Asu wa, yasundara doo desu ka.
199. As for tomorrow, since an important meeting
exists, whatever kind of condition bad even though, I
am not able to rest. Use asu. Use taisetsu. Use guai.
Soften the last verb.
Asu wa, taisetsu na kaigi ga aru kara, donna ni guai
ga warukutemo, yasumenain desu. (cf. taikutsu =
boring)
200. You are being tired probably? Soften this.
Tsukarete irun deshoo?
201. If you return to home, how is it? Use tara.
Uchi ni kaettara doo desu ka.
202. From now, since an important meeting exists,
how much I am being tired even though, I am not
able to return, for sure. Use ima kara. Use daiji. Use
node. Soften the last verb.
Ima kara, daiji na kaigi ga aru node, ikura tsukarete
itemo kaerenain desu yo. (kaeru is a u verb, so the
potential form is kaereru, not kaerareru)
203. Its irritating work, probably? Use nan to
soften this.
Iya na shigoto nan deshoo?
204. If you refuse it, how is it? Use tara.
Kotowattara doo desu ka. (kotowaru = decline,
refuse; this is a u verb)
205. Since another to do person doesnt exist, how
much irritating work even though I am not able to
refuse, for sure. Use hoka ni. Soften the last verb.
Hoka ni suru hito ga inai kara, ikura iya na shigoto
demo kotowarenain desu yo. (hoka no, not OK with a
verb, but hoka no hito is OK) (kotowaru is a u verb)
206. Money doesnt exist probably? Soften this.
Okane ga nain deshoo?
207. If you borrow from the honorable parents, how
is it? Use ni rather than kara. Use tara.
Go ryooshin ni karitara doo desu ka.
208. As for the parents, now, since they are in the
middle of travel, even though I want to borrow
money, I cannot borrow, for sure.
Use node and therefore use a substitute for da.
Soften the last verb.
Ryooshin wa, ima, ryokoochuu na node, okane o
karitakutemo, karirarenain desu yo. (okane ga, also
OK) (kariru = to borrow; karirareru = karireru = to
be able to borrow; karirenain desu, also OK)
209. The stomachs condition is bad probably? Use i.
Use guai. Soften this.
I no guai ga waruin deshoo?
210. If you stop to drink honorable sake, how is that?
Meaning, if you stop drinking sake. Use no to make
a noun phrase. Use yameru. Use tara.
Osake o nomu no o yametara doo desu ka.
211. Since I like, how much the stomachs condition
is bad even though, readily I cannot
Lesson 25.

193

194
Lesson 25.
stop, for sure. Soften the last
verb. Use dakara.
Suki dakara, ikura i no guai ga warukutemo,
nakanaka yamerarenain desu yo. (yameru = to stop;
yamerareru = yamereru = to be able to stop;
yamerenain desu, also OK)
212. As for tomorrow, rain, it appears, for sure.
Dont use ga after rain. Use rashii without desu.
Ashita wa, ame rashii yo. (ame ga rashii, or ame ga
rashii desu, both not OK; ame ga furu rashii is OK)
213. To go, if you stop? Use no to make a noun
phrase. Use yameru. Use tara. Plain speech.
Iku no o yametara?
214. Nah, even though it will rain, I will go, for sure.
Plain speech.
Iya, ame ga futtemo iku yo.
215. This dog, how did it happen? Dont use wa or
ga. Plain speech. Use no to soften this.
Kono inu, dooshita no?
216. Health doesnt exist, huh. Use plain speech.
Use desu.
Genki ga nai desu ne.
217. Since hes sick, even though I will give animal
feed, he will not eat. Use dakara. Soften the last verb.
Byooki dakara, esa o yattemo tabenain desu.
218. Hey. The child is drinking beer. Use a
contracted form of is drinking. Plain speech.
Are. Kodomo ga biiru o nonderu.
219. Yeah, as for in Germany, even though a child,
they drink beer, for sure. Soften the last verb.
Ee, doitsu de wa kodomo demo biiru o nomun desu
yo.
220. Picasso pictures are expensive for sure.
Picaso no e wa takai desu yo. (if you use ga, it
implies a particular picture)
221. Whatever kind of expensive even though, I
desire it. Soften the verb.
Donna ni takakutemo, hoshiin desu. (ikura
takakutemo, also OK)
222. As for as far as the station, its far for sure. If
you go by taxi? Use eba.
Eki made wa, tooi desu yo. Takushii de ikeba?
223. Even though far, I will go walking.
Tookutemo aruite ikimasu.
224. These characters, in case of Japanese people,
they can probably read? Dont use wo, wa or ga after
characters. Soften the last verb.
Kono ji, nihonjin nara, yomerun deshoo?
225. Nah, as for this kind of character, even though
Japanese people, they cannot read for sure.
Iya, konna ji wa, nihonjin demo, yomemasen yo.
226. To the policeman, did you not ask? Plain
speech. Soften this.
Omawarisan ni kikanakattan desu ka.
227. Even though asking a policeman, I did not
understand. Soften this.

Omawarisan ni kiite mo, wakaranakattan desu.

228. As for Mickey Mouse, he is famous, huh. Use
nan to soften this.
Mikii mausu wa, yuumei nan desu ne
229. Yeah, even though a small child, they are
knowing for sure.
Ee, chiisai kodomo demo shitte imasu yo.
230. I am knowing for sure. Use a contracted form
of I am knowing. Plain speech.
Shitteru yo.
231. To foreign countries, as for Christmas cards to
send cases, at the very latest, by December 10th,
please send. Use okuru. Use baai to mean cases.
Use dasu.
Gaikoku ni kurisumasu kaado o okuru baai wa,
osokutemo, juunigatsu tooka made ni dashite kudasai.
(gaikoku ni okuru kurisumasu kaado no baai, not OK,
sounds wrong)
232. As for bonuses, at the very least, as for a two
month portion, I desire, huh.
Boonasu wa, sukunakutemo, nikagetsu bun wa hoshii
desu ne. (nikagetsu bun ga, not OK, because
nikagetsu bun is an adverb, not a noun)
233. As for bonuses, at the very most, except for a
two-month portion only, they will probably not come
out.
Boonasu wa, ookutemo, nikagetsu bun shika denai
deshoo.
234. As for at Japanese companies, as for the New
Years vacation, at the very longest, its about 10days duration.
Nihon no kaisha de wa, oshoogatsu no yasumi wa,
nagakutemo, tooka kan gurai desu.
235. In the case of those shoes over there, at the very
least expensive, for about 5000 yen, you can buy for
sure. Use nara.
Ano kutsu nara, yasukutemo, gosenyen gurai de
kaemasu yo.
236. As for this kanji, even though I learned it
yesterday, already I forgot completely. Use noni.
Kono kanji wa, kinoo naratta noni, moo wasurete
shimaimashita. (kinoo narattemo, not OK, since this
doesnt express the past tense, and theres no way to
say it in the past tense, using temo)
237. As for this kanji, how many times I practice
even though, I cannot write skillfully. Use nankai.
Use temo.
Kono kanji wa, nankai renshuu shitemo, joozu ni
kakemasen. (nando, not as good; nandomo is OK;
question word with mo = all or every; nandomo =
many times, every time)
238. This kanji, about how many times if I write, so
as to be able to write skillfully, will it become? Use
nankai. Use tara. Use yoo ni to mean so as to.
Kono kanji o, nankai gurai kaitara, joozu ni kakeru
yoo ni narimasu ka.
Lesson 25.

194

195
Lesson 25. 239. With much trouble, even though I
went to Michaels house, as for him, he is being
departed, and we could not meet. Use noni. Use
dekakeru. Dont use koto ga. Plain speech.
Sekkaku, maikeru san no ie ni itta noni, kare wa,
dekakete ite, aenakatta.
240. Since far, if you go by train? Use tara.
Tooi kara, densha de ittara?
241. Even though I go by train, as for one-hour
duration it will cost, I think, for sure. Use temo for
this and the following sentences.
Densha de ittemo, ichijikan wa kakaru to omoimasu
yo. (ichijikan ga, not OK, because ichijikan is an
adverb, not a noun; ichijikan o, not OK, because
kakaru is an intransitive verb)
242. As for that merchandise, even though
inexpensive, it would be better not to buy for sure.
Use shinamono.
Sono shinamono wa, yasukutemo, kawanai hoo ga ii
desu yo.
243. Often it will break down, apparently, for sure.
Use rashii desu.
Yoku koshoo suru rashii desu yo. (koshoo =
breakdown, something wrong; koshoo suru = to
break down, to be an impediment or hindrance; the
Korean shows products broke down)
244. I, whatever kind of caution I do, you do not
hear the to say thing. You is understood. Use koto.
Plain speech.
Watashi ga donna ni chuui shite mo, iu koto o kikanai.
(iu koto o kikanai = to not listen, not do as one is
told)
245. Yamakawa Trade. Business number 2 section.
Very honorable section manager Matsushita. (used
to start a business letter)
Yamakawa booeki. Eigyoo dai nika. Matsushita
kachoo sama. (ka = section; I run a section of the
can company; ka also = lesson) (eigyoo = business
or sales) (our business is selling eigo [English]
gyoza) (dai = number, e.g. dai san no ie = house #3)
246. Formal salutations are omitted.
Zenryaku. (zenryaku = salutation in a letter,
indicating that the writer is dispensing with
formalities; zen = same kanji as mae; ryaku
abbreviation, abridgement, omission; while doing
Zen, Leah cuts her lip and omits salutations)
247. As for the other day, on an honorably busy
moment, I humbly received a humble encounter, and
thank you very much for what you did. Use ai to
mean encounter. Dont use wo after encounter. Use
te to mean and.
Senjitsu wa, oishogashii tokoro o, oai itadakimashite,
doomo arigatoo gozaimashita. (tokoro de, not OK;
tokoro ni, not OK) (oai itadakimashite is the correct
humble form; cannot say oatte itadakimashite;
however atte itadakimashite is OK; also oai suru is

OK) (o me ni kakatte, also OK, even more polite)

248a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Now then, the designated day its the begged
humbly matter, but ... Use sate to mean now then.
Use itasu. Use ken to mean matter.
Sate, toojitsu onegai itashimashita ken desu ga ...
(sate = an interjection meaning now then, lets see;
now then, lets talk about the satellite) (toojitsu =
designated day; here toojitsu means that day, the day
when we met; on the designated day Ill tell you the
too [tenth] jitsu [truth])
248b. Part 2. After then, were we able to humbly
receive honorable scrutiny, probably? Use sonogo to
mean after then. Dont use o after scrutiny.
Sonogo, gokentoo itadakemashita deshoo ka. (sono
ato can be substituted for sonogo) (sonogo = after
that, since then) (kentoo = scrutiny; kentoo suru = to
examine, talk over, discuss, scrutinize, consider; Ken
likes to examine, talk over, discuss and scrutinize his
toes)
249a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for at the designated company, by all
means, to Europe the market we want to expand,
since we are thinking humbly...Use zehitomo to
mean by all means. Use kangaeru. Use node.
Toosha de wa, zehitomo, yooroppa e shijoo o
hirogetai to kangaete orimasu node ... (toosha = the
designated company, our company; the too [tenth]
sha [company] is the designated company; wagasha
also = our company) (zehitomo = zehi = by all
means) (shijoo = market; she jokes about the market,
where they sell sheets of Joes art; cf. hijoo =
emergency) (shijoo o hirogeru = to expand ones
market; hirogeru = to unfold, widen, spread;
Hirohito and Gerald Ford ruined the blanket when
they unfolded and expanded it) (cf. shinshutsu suru =
to advance)
249b. Part 2. Go ahead be good to us we beg
humbly. To say we beg humbly, use moshiagemasu
with onegai .
Doozo yoroshiku onegai mooshiagemasu.
250a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for the designated companys industrial
use robots, in-Americas gross sales are also
increasing humbly, and ... Use fuete ori as a
shortened form of fuete orimashite meaning are
increasing humbly and.
Toosha no koogyoo yoo robotto wa, amerika de no
uriage mo fuete ori... (uriage = gross sales; age =
same kanji as ue; if you can sell urine to the aged,
your gross sales will increase, get it?) (fueru = to
increase in numbers or amount; fuego [fire in
Spanish] ruined my house and my insurance rates
increased) (fuete ori can be thought of as an
abbreviation of fuete orimashite; actually, it turns out
that the stem of a verb [ori is the
Lesson 25.

195

196
Lesson 25. stem of oru or orimasu] can be used to
mean and, just like the te form see Lesson 28,
Question 44)
250b. Part 2. As for to that efficiency and product
quality, we are humbly having self-confidence.
Sono seinoo to hinshitsu ni wa, jishin o motte
orimasu. (seinoo = efficiency, performance; if
youre seino, you know its efficient to pour Drano in
the Seino river; seinoo ga yoi/ii = efficient)
(hinshitsu = product quality; hin = gracefulness,
refinement, elegance; cf. seihin = manufactured
goods; Hindus are graceful and refined) (shitsu =
quality; -shitsu = room; the shitsu [room] has a
certain quality to it; a Hindu shitsu [room] has
product quality) (jishin = self-confidence; also =
earthquake; since I survived the jishin [earthquake],
I have self-confidence)
251. In Europe also, certainly, you will satisfy and
we will be able to humbly receive, I humbly think.
Use kanarazu. Use plain speech to say we will be
able to humbly receive. Use zonjiru.
Yooroppa de mo, kanarazu, manzoku shite itadakeru
to zonjimasu. (OK to substitute kitto for kanarazu,
but tashika ni sounds strange) (manzoku suru = to
feel satisfied) (zonjiru = to humbly think, feel, know;
to omotte orimasu, also OK)
252a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. In addition, the other day, besides the sent
humbly English texts literature... Use nao to mean
in addition. Use otodoke itashimashita. Use no hoka
ni to mean besides.
Nao, senjitsu, otodoke itashimashita eibun no shiryoo
no hoka ni... (nao = further, in addition; in addition,
Naomi heals) (todokeru = to deliver, send, submit,
notify; cf. todoku, to be received; Toms dog was
received at KU, i.e., Kansas University) (eibun =
English language text; bun = writing; sakubun =
composition; bunka = culture; bunsho = document;
bunshoo = sentence; cf. eigyoo = English
conversation; cf. eiyoo = nutrition; cf. eiji = English
writing) (hoka ni = as well as, besides)
252b. Part 2. Since we produced German and
French literature also, we will send humbly. Use
node. Use okuru to mean send. Use itasu.
Doitsugo to furansugo no shiryoo mo tsukurimashita
node, o okuri itashimasu. (tsukuru = to make,
produce) (o okuri is OK here, in fact mandatory)
253. At the to Europes companies explanations
time, please honorably use. Use the honorific request
form commonly used in business situations.
Yooroppa no kaisha e no setsumei no toki ni, otsukai
kudasai. (kaisha ni no setsumei, not OK) (toki = time,
opportunity, timing) (otsukai ni natte kudasai, also
OK, more polite)
254a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Concerning the detailed content, if honorable

questions honorably exist... Use tara.

Kuwashii naiyoo ni tsuite, goshitsumon ga
gozaimashitara... (naiyoo = intangible content,
substance; I stuck a knife in the yogurt to see if it had
any content or substance; naiyoo ga nai = to have no
substance; cf. nakami = tangible content, substance)
(de gozaimasu = desu; gozaimasu = humble or
honorific form of aru; gozaimasu also = humble or
honorific form of desu)
254b. Part 2. Again, since for the purpose of humble
explanation I will call/inquire, if honorable
communication we are able to humbly receive, I
humbly think. Use ukagau. Use node. Dont use wo
after communication. Use eba. Use zonjiru.
Mata, gosetsumei ni ukagaimasu node, gorenraku
itadakereba, to zonjimasu. (o ukagai shimasu, also
OK; gonrenraku o itadakereba, also OK)
255. An honorably busy moment, Im overwhelmed,
but honorable scrutiny, we well beg humbly. Use a
polite adverbial form of well. Use moshiageru.
Oishogashii tokoro, osore irimasu ga, gokentoo o,
yoroshiku onegai mooshiagemasu. (kentoo suru = to
examine, talk over, discuss, scrutinize, consider)
256. December 10th. Abe Industries business
number one section. Michael Webb.
Juunigatsu tooka. Abe sangyoo eigyoo dai ikka.
Maikeru Uebbu.
257. As for this, who, to whom, sent letter is it?
Who is the subject. Use dasu.
Kore wa, dare ga, dare ni dashita tegami desu ka.
258. Its a Michael, to Yamakawa Trades
Matsushita, sent thing.
Maikeru san ga Yamakawa booeki no Matsushita san
ni dashita mono desu.
259. As for by this letter, what kind of thing is he
asking? Use tanomu.
Kono tegami de wa, donna koto o tanonde imasu ka.
(tegami ni wa, also OK, different meaning)
260. The other day, scrutiny of regarding requested
matters to do and give, he is requesting. Use tanomu
twice. Use no to mean of. Use kureru. Use yoo ni
like to, to indicate what he is requesting.
Senjitsu tanonda ken ni tsuite no kentoo o shite
kureru yoo ni tanonde imasu. (kentoo o suru =to
scrutinize) (not appropriate to use kudasaru, since
you are referring to someone else, not your in-group)
261. What will he send, is written? Use okuru.
Nani o okuru to kaite arimasu ka.
262. He will send German and French literature, it is
written.
Doitsugo to furansugo no shiryoo o okuru to kaite
arimasu.
263. As for Michael, at what kind of time, again, to
Matsushitas company, does he plan to go?
Maikeru san wa, donna toki ni, mata, matsushita san
no kaisha ni ikutsumori desu ka.
Lesson 25.

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197
Lesson 25.
264. Regarding detailed content, at
questions exist time, again he plans to go.
Kuwashii naiyoo ni tsuite shitsumon ga aru toki ni,
mata ikutsumori desu.
265. Why, German and French literature also, did
they probably make? Use naze. Use no to soften this.
Naze, doitsugo to furansugo no shiryoo mo tsukutta
no deshoo ka.
266. For the sake of to Europes companies
explanation, for the purpose of to use and they to
receive it is. Use ni and then tame.
Yooroppa no kaisha e no setsumei ni tsukatte morau
tame desu.
Lesson 26, Part 1
Part 1. 1. Pretty soon, Saito will do marriage
probably? Use the passive form of do, to make an
honorific verb.
Moo sugu, saito san ga kekkon sareru deshoo?
(kekkon o, also OK, not as good) (sareru = passive
form of suru; honorific in this case)
2. From us, something wedding present if we give,
good, isnt it, question, I think, but. Use an honorific
form of to give. Use tara. Soften the word good.
Soften the verb I think. Use kedo.
Watashitachi kara, nani ka, kekkon iwai o
sashiagetara, iin ja nai ka to omoun desu kedo.
(kekkon iwai = wedding present; iwai = celebration,
from iwau, to celebrate)
3. Ah, its good, huh.
Aa, ii desu ne.
4. What kind of thing is good, do you think, Kuroda?
Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Donna mono ga ii to omou, Kuroda san.
5. So huh. To Saito not asking, we will arrange
completely ... Use zuni instead of nai de to form the
phrase not asking. Use no to soften the last verb.
Use a womans word for emphasis.
Soo nee. Saito san ni kika zuni, kimete shimau no
wa... (kimaru = to be decided, settled, arranged;
kimeru = to decide) (when you arrange for a kimono,
kimono aru)
6. Well, to Saito, what does she desire question, lets
ask and see. Dont use to.
Ja, saito san ni nani ga hoshii ka, kiite mimashoo.
(hoshii ka to kiite, also OK)
7. As for the budget, about how much will you
decide?
Yosan wa, ikura gurai ni shimasu ka. (yosan =
estimated expense, budget; we have a budget for the
yogis sandals and for your sandals) (dono gurai, or
dono kurai, both also OK)
8. When you think about it, at the least, as for about
50,000 yen, necessary, isnt it? Use nan to soften the
last phrase. Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Yappari, sukunakutemo, goman en gurai wa,

hitsuyoo nan ja nai? (OK to omit nan)

9. Well, to everyone, as for to make them put out
money a lot thing, since its regrettable, I, a little, will
put out excessively for sure. Use no to make a noun
phrase. Use dakara to mean since. Use boku. Use
sukoshi. Plain speech.
Ja, minna ni, okane o takusan dasaseru no wa, ki no
doku dakara, boku ga, sukoshi yokei ni dasu yo. (To
express the idea of causing someone to do
something, for a u verb, add aseru to the root.) (ki
no doku na = pitiable, regretful, too bad; that
document about ki [trees] [ki no doku] was
regrettable) (yokei na = excessive, more than needed;
yokei ni = excessively; Yo-chan kicked Kays knees
excessively) (cf. yotei = schedule, plan)
10. About fifty/sixty thousands thing to Saitoo
adequately if we let her choose good, isnt it? Use
mono. Use tara. Soften the word good. Plain
speech. Use no to soften this. Dont use ka.
Go roku man gurai no mono o saitoo san ni tekitoo ni
erabasetara iin ja nai no. (erabu = to choose)
(tekitoo = adequate, suitable; cf. techoo = pocket
notebook) (a techies toe is adequate for typing)
11. Well, I to Saito will say and she will choose and
we shall receive. Use te and then de to mean and.
Ja, watashi ga saitoo san ni itte erande moraimashoo.
12. Say, its Saitos wedding presents thing, but.
Use koto. Use kedo.
Ano, saitoo san no kekkon iwai no koto desu kedo.
13. As for Saito, if it can be done, an electric product
she desires, reportedly. Use tara.
Saitoo san wa, dekitara, denki seihin ga hoshii soo
desu. (denki seihin = electric appliance; seihin =
product, the sailing Hindu sold a product) (hoshii da
soo desu, also OK, but doesnt sound as good) (cf.
hoshisoo desu = it seems that she wants)
14. As for refrigerator and microwave, already, they
are bought and exist, and, the rest, an iron and a
toaster dont exist, reportedly. Use ato to mean the
rest. Soften the last clause. Use a womans
expression for reportedly.
Reizoko to denshi reenji wa moo katte atte, ato, airon
to toosutaa ga nain desu tte. (denshi reenji =
microwave oven; denshi = electron; the den is
shielded by electrons; denshi koogaku = electronics;
koogaku = engineering, optics)
15. Is it an iron and a toaster?
Airon to toosutaa desu ka.
16. To a great degree, shes doing reserve, huh.
Meaning, shes being reluctant. Use zuibun.
Zuibun enryo shite imasu ne. (I have to encourage
Leo, since he shows so much reserve)
17. Color and shape etc. hopes thing exists probably.
(meaning she probably hopes for something) Use ya
and nado. Use mono. Soften this.
Iro ya katachi nado kiboo no mono
Lesson 26a.

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Lesson 26a. ga arun deshoo. (kiboo suru = to hope
or wish; she hopes to find the kindergartens bowling
ball)
18. Yeah, I humbly asked her in advance.
Ee, okiki shite okimashita. (oukagatte okimashita,
not OK; oukagai shite okimashita, also OK)
19. She will show a catalogue.
Katarogu o miseru.
20. Ah, this is good. Plain speech.
A, kore ga ii.
21. This is pleasing me. Use the exclamatory tense.
This is the subject. Plain speech. Use a womans
word for emphasis.
Kore ga ki ni itta wa. (ki = spirit, soul, feeling,
intention, inclination; ki ni suru = ki ni naru = worry
about, be concerned; ki ni iru = to like, favor, be
pleased; iru = to need; a key to the knee I iru [need],
and it pleases me; ki ni iranai = ki ni kuwanai = to
dislike; ki ga suru = to have a feeling that)
22. While laughing. Use nagara.
Warainagara.
23. As for at the time you will get married, we shall
give this, huh.
Anata ga kekkon suru toki ni wa, kore o agemashoo
ne.
24. As for Saito, in the case of you will honorably
give, this way is good, she was honorably saying.
You is understood. Use tte instead of to to show
quotes. Use a contracted form of she was honorably
saying. Use a womans word for emphasis. Plain
speech.
Saitoo san wa, kudasaru nara, kochira ga ii tte
oshatteta wa.
25. Well, among my friends, since electric-storedoing-one exists, to him I shall make him bring. Use
boku no to mean my. Use yuujin to mean friend.
Use ni to mean among. Use no to make a noun
phrase, referring to the one doing the electric store.
Plain speech.
Ja, boku no yuujin ni, denkiya o shite iru no ga iru
kara, kare ni motte kosaseyoo. (yuujin = friend; yuu
= same kanji as tomo; I have a friend in Eugene)
(yuujin no naka ni, also OK; yuujin no uchi ni, OK,
but confusing, since it sounds like youre talking
about your friends home) (denkiya = electric store)
(yuujin ni = among my friends) (kosaseru = to make
come; kosaseyoo = plain speech for kosasemashoo;
add aseru to the verb root to express the idea of
making someone do something)
26. First, I will do a phone call and this merchandise
whether it exists or not, I must ask and see, huh. Use
mazu. To say I must, employ only the first half of
the usual phrase, using nakutewa.
Mazu, denwa o shite, kono shinamono ga aru ka
dooka kiite minakutewa ne. (OK to use saisho ni
instead of mazu) (mazu = first of all; marry

zookeeper first of all)

27. As for depending on the merchandise, since not
existing thing also exists reportedly. Use nai to mean
not existing. Use koto. Use soo. Use dakara.
Shinamono ni yotte wa, nai koto mo aru soo dakara.
(this means, sometimes they dont have it, reportedly)
(ni yoru = depending on, according to) (nai koto mo
aru = sometimes they dont have)
28. To this wrapper, lets write everyones name and
send. Use okuru.
Kono noshigami ni, minna no namae o kaite
okurimashoo. (noshigami = paper wrapper attached
to the outside of a gift, used in place of a card;
theres no shigella on this kami [paper], or wrapping
paper) (cf. mooshikomi = application)
29. From, meaning starting with, Mr. Assistant
Manager, go ahead.
Kakarichoo san kara, doozo.
30. As for me, since characters are unskillful, I will
be inconvenienced. Use boku. Use dakara. Plain
speech. Use a word for emphasis.
Boku wa, ji ga heta dakara, komaru na.
31. Will someone not write and give, I wonder?
Dont use wa or ga. Plain speech. Use kana.
Dareka kaite kurenai kana. (dareka ga, also OK)
32. As for at like this said time, always, to the wife
to make write I am deciding, for sure. Soften the last
verb. Plain speech.
Koo iu toki ni wa, itsumo, kanai ni kakaseru koto ni
shite irun da yo. (koo = like this; cf. konna = like
this one, used before a noun)
33. In the case of characters, to Kuroda, to do
humble begging thing, number one, for sure. Use no
to make a noun phrase. This phrase is the subject.
Meaning, its best to ask Kuroda.
Ji nara, kuroda san ni, onegai suru no ga, ichiban yo.
34. As for Kuroda, since characters are pretty. Use
dakara.
Kuroda san wa, ji ga kirei dakara.
35. My name also I beg. Use a mans word for my.
Boku no namae mo onegai shimasu.
36. With a brush, I have never written characters.
Soften this.
Fude de ji o kaita koto ga nain desu. (the foody stirs
his food with a brush)
37. Always, I am made to write is scheduled
completely huh. Use the shorter form of the
causative passive tense. Use a contracted colloquial
plain speech form of is scheduled completely. Use
a womans word for emphasis.
Itsumo, watashi ga kakasareru koto ni natchau wa ne.
(to form the causative passive tense, for a u verb,
there is a long form and a short form; for the long
form, add aserareru to the root, i.e., to the pre-u
form; think aspirin era rerun; for the short form
add asareru to the root; think
Lesson 26a.

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Lesson 26a.
asa [morning] rerun) (kak +
asareru = kakasareru; the longer form is
kakaserareru) (natte shimau = natchau)
38. Kuroda will write everyones names completely.
Plain speech.
Kuroda san ga minna no namae o kaite shimau.
39. Sigh, it was accomplished. Plain speech.
Saa, dekita.
40. This, who will take to Saitos home? Plain
speech. Use no to soften this. Dont use ka.
Kore, dare ga saito san no uchi ni motte iku no?
41. Lets request to a home delivery service. Plain
speech.
Takuhaibin ni tanomou. (takuhaibin = home delivery
service; taku = house, home; yuubin = bin = mail; if
at the taku [home] you hide in a bin, home delivery
must come to you)
42. In the case of a home delivery service, at the
latest, as for by the day after tomorrow, it will arrive
probably? Use todoku. Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Takuhaibin nara, osokutemo, asatte made ni wa,
todoku daroo? (todoku = to arrive [package];
todokeru = to deliver, to send)
43. At the the companys fronts store, they should
be handling, for sure. Plain speech.
Kaisha no mae no mise de, atsukatte iru hazu da yo.
(atsukau = to handle, take care, deal in; we know
how to handle and take care of an atsui [hot] cow)
(cf. atsumeru = to collect, gather)
44. Well, I will request and come.
Ja, watashi ga tanonde kimasu.
45. As for the Michael group, at before to arrange
Saitos wedding presents merchandise, how to do
did they decide?
Maikerusan tachi wa, saito san no kekkon iwai no
shinamono o kimeru mae ni, doo suru koto ni
shimashita ka. (koto ni suru = decide; erabu =
choose; kimeru = arrange, decide, transitive; cf.
kimaru = to be arranged; when you arrange for a
kimono, kimono aru)
46. To Saito, what she desires question mark, they
decided to ask and see.
Saito san ni, nani ga hoshii ka, kiite miru koto ni
shimashita. (to kiite, also OK)
47. As for the budget, about how much did they
decide?
Yosan wa, ikura gurai ni shimashita ka. (yosan =
estimated expense, budget) (dono gurai, also OK)
48. Its 50/60,000 yen.
Go, roku man en desu.
49. As for the wedding presents money, who was
scheduled to put out the most numerously?
Kekkon iwai no okane wa, dare ga, ichiban ooku
dasu koto ni narimashita ka.
50. Its assistant manager Tanabe.
Tanabe kakarichoo desu.

51. As for Saito, what does she desire she said?

Saito san wa, nani ga hoshii to iimashita ka. (hoshii
ka to, also OK)
52. Its electric appliances.
Denki seihin desu.
53. As for the wedding gifts merchandise, at
wheres store was it scheduled to buy?
Kekkon iwai no shinamono wa, doko no mise de kau
koto ni narimashita ka.
54. It was scheduled to buy at assistant manager
Tanabes friends store.
Tanabe kakarichoo no tomodachi no mise de kau
koto ni narimashita.
55. Why did Kuroda write everyones names to the
wrapper? Use no to soften this.
Dooshite kuroda san ga noshigami ni minna no
namae o kaita no desu ka.
56. As for Kuroda, its because the characters are
pretty. Use dakara.
Kuroda san wa, ji ga kirei dakara desu.
57. As for the wedding gifts merchandise, how
doing, to Saito will it be delivered? Use yaru. Use
the passive form of it will be delivered.
Kekkon iwai no shinamono wa, dooyatte, saito san ni
todokeraremasu ka. (todokeru = to deliver, send,
notify; todoku = to arrive, be received) (todokemasu
not OK here; would have to say shinamono o ...
todokemasu, and that would change the meaning)
58. By home delivery service, to Saitos home it will
be delivered. Use the passive form of will be
delivered.
Takuhaibin de, Saito san no uchi ni todokeraremasu.
(todoku = to reach, be received; todokeru = to
deliver, notify)
59. To express the idea, to cause someone to do
something, for a u verb, follow the root, meaning
the pre-u form, with
Aseru.
60. To make someone write.
Kakaseru.
61. To express the idea, to cause someone to do
something, for an ru verb, follow the root with
Saseru.
62. To make someone eat.
Tabesaseru.
63. To make someone go.
Ikaseru.
64. To make someone come
Kosaseru.
65. To make someone do.
Saseru.
66. When using this causative verb tense, the
person causing the action is followed by ga, and
the person who is being induced to do the action is
followed by ni or wo.
The section manager made Michael
Lesson 26a.

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Lesson 26a. make a report. Use hookokusho.
Plain speech.
Kachoo ga, maikerusan ni, hookokusho o tsukuraseta.
(tsukuru is a u verb, so the root is tsukur; add aseru
and you get tsukuraseru)
67. At in front of the station, if someone guidances
person will be standing, its good, but. Use ni to
mean at. Use to. Soften the last phrase.
Eki no mae ni dareka annai no hito ga tatte iru to iin
desu ga. (eki no mae de, also OK; ni implies a more
exact location than de) (annai = information,
guidance. The Annals of Internal Medicine give
guidance)
68. Well, lets let young man Michael stand. Use wo
rather than ni.
Ja, maikeru kun o tatasemashoo. (to stand = tatsu, or
tatu; the root is tat, so the passive form is tataseru)
(maikeru kun ni, also OK)
69. Well, young man Michael, since something
wants to help he was saying, to him, lets make stand.
Ja, maikeru kun ga, nanika tetsudaitai to itte ita kara,
kare ni, tatasemashoo. (kare o, also OK) (tatasoo,
not OK, since tataseru is an ru verb; tataseyoo, also
OK)
70. To students, if a for-the-purpose-of-to-makestudy quiet room exists, its good, but. Use
gakuseitachi. Use tame no. Use to to mean if.
Soften the last phrase.
Gakuseitachi ni benkyoo saseru tame no shizuka na
heya ga aru to iin desu ga.
71. The children, so much that movie appear wanting
to see case, if we let them go for the purpose of
seeing? Kodomotachi is the subject. Use garu to
mean appear. Soften the first clause. Use tara.
Kodomotachi ga sonna ni sono eiga o mitagatte irun
nara, mi ni ikasetara?
72. Since side dishes are too numerous, as for all,
very much unable to eat. Use te to mean since.
Okazu ga oosugite, zenbu wa, totemo taberaremasen.
(okazu = side dishes, served with rice; occasional
zoos with o [honorable] kazoos serve side dishes) (cf.
kazu = count) (subete, not as good as zenbu; minna,
not OK here)
73. Is it all right if I leave behind?
Nokoshitemo ii desu ka.
74. If it is left behind, since to the dog I will make
eat, it doesnt matter, for sure. Use tara.
Nokottara, inu ni tabesaseru kara, kamaimasen yo.
(inu o, not OK; sounds like someone will be made to
eat the dog)
75. As for me, once a day, the dog I am making do a
walk. Use ichi nichi ni. Use kai. Use wo rather than
ni.
Watashi wa, ichinichi ni ikkai, inu o sanpo sasete
imasu. (inu ni, also OK)
76. In colloquial speech, aseru is sometimes

shortened to asu; saseru can be shortened to sasu.

To the child, I made drink medicine, but, readily, the
fever doesnt go down for sure. Use the short form
of the causative verb. Soften both verbs.
Kodomo ni kusuri o nomashitan desu ga, nakanaka,
netsu ga sagaranain desu yo. (nomu becomes
nomaseru = nomasu)
77. The causative form implies that the person
being made to do something is inferior to you. If
the person is equal or superior, its better to use
the forms te morau or te itadaku.
To Mr. President write and lets receive. (meaning,
lets have the president write for us)
Shachoo san ni kaite itadakimashoo.
78. To Kuroda, write and lets receive.
Kuroda san ni kaite moraimashoo.
79. To the in-groups child, lets have write.
Uchi no kodomo ni kakasemashoo. (kakashimashoo,
not OK)
80. As for at the home, to Hiroshi, a lot of things I
am making him learn. Use mono.
Uchi de wa, hiroshi ni takusan no mono o narawasete
imasu. (koto would also be OK, but you cant say
takusan no koto; OK to say iroiro na koto o narau)
81. Violin, swimming, abacus, English conversation,
arithmetic, moreover calligraphy I am making him
learn.
Baiorin, suiei, soroban, eikaiwa, sansuu, sore ni,
shodoo o narawasete imasu. (suiei = swimming;
suiei joo = swimming pool; youre going suiming
ei?) (soroban = abacus; a sorrowful band plays a
song honoring the end of the abacus) (eikaiwa =
English conversation; comprises kanji for ei, as in
eigo, kai, as in kaigi, and wa, or hanasu; cf. kaiwa =
conversation; we had a conversation about Kyles
war) (sansuu = arithmetic; we did arithmetic in San
Francisco until we got sued; cf. sansei suru = to
agree)
82. As for on Sunday, by the boy baseball team, I am
making him do baseball, but huh. Use shoonen to
mean boy. Use keredo.
Nichiyoobi ni wa, shoonen yakyuu tiimu de yakyuu o
sasete imasu keredo ne. (shoonen = boy; combines
kanji for little, shoo, and year, nen; show me your
nen [years], boy; cf. shoogakkoo = elementary
school; shoonen yakyuu tiimu = little league baseball
team)
83. My. Its super, huh.
Maa. Sugoi desu ne. (maa is womans speech)
84. As for home, I am not making her learn anything,
but every day, one each, the homes help I am
making her do.
Uchi wa, nanimo narawasete imasen ga, mainichi
hitosu zutsu, uchi no tetsudai o sasete imasu.
85. As for Monday, I will make her line up tableware.
Use a shortened form of Monday.
Lesson 26a.

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Lesson 26a. Getsuyoo wa, shokki o
narabesasemasu. (shokki = tableware, i.e., dishes,
cups, silverware, hashi; the tableware is shocking,
if you stick it in an electric outlet)
86. As for Tuesday, I will make her wash tableware.
Use a shortened form of Tuesday.
Kayoo wa, shokki o arawasemasu.
87. As for Wednesday, I will make her go for the
purpose of honorable errands. Use a shortened form
of Wednesday. Use otsukai.
Suiyoo wa, otsukai ni ikasemasu. (tsukai = errand;
use, from tsukau) (cf. goyoo = honorable errand;
yooji = business, errand; not OK to substitute either
of these for otsukai, in this case)
88. As for Thursday, I will make her do the dogs
walk. Use a shortened form of Thursday.
Mokuyoo wa, inu no sanpo o sasemasu.
89. As for Friday, I will make her boil rice. Use a
shortened form of Friday.
Kinyoo wa, gohan o takasemasu. (taku = to cook,
boil; also = to burn wood; also = home; taite imasu
= Im cooking; in the otaku [home], we cook, boil
and burn)
90. As for Saturday, I will make her do the gardens
cleaning. Use a shortened form of Saturday.
Doyoo wa, niwa no sooji o sasemasu. (niwa =
garden, yard)
91. As for Sunday, not making her do help, all day
long, I let her play outside. Use a shortened form of
Sunday.
Nichiyoo wa, tetsudai o sasenai de, ichinichi juu, soto
de asobasemasu. (ichinichi juu = all day long; cf.
ichinichi ni = in a day, e.g., ichinichi ni ikkai =
ichinichi ikkai = once a day)
92. My! Home also, as for a little, it would be better
to make him help, I wonder. Use sukoshi. Use
tetsudau. Use kashira.
Maa! Uchi mo, sukoshi wa, tetsudawaseta hoo ga ii
kashira. (maa is womans speech)
93. The comic storyteller is making the customer
laugh.
Rakugoka ga kyaku o warawasete imasu. (rakugo =
comic story; raku = comfort, pleasure, relief; go =
language, word; cf. nihongo; rakugo = comic story;
a comic story contains raccoon tango [words];
rakugoka = comic storyteller) (kyaku ni, not as good)
94. Honorable mother to the baby is making drink
milk. Use miruku.
Okaasan ga akachan ni miruku o nomasete imasu.
95. Barbara is making Michael wait.
Baabarasan ga maikerusan o matasete imasu.
(maikerusan ni, not OK, but you could say
maikerusan ni matasete moratte imasu)
96. The stick throwing, to the dog he is making get
and come.
Boo o nagete inu ni totte kosasete imasu. (boo =

stick, pole, club, bar; Robin Hoods bow is made

from a stick) (torasete kite, also OK)
97. To the child, he is making take the apple.
Kodomo ni ringo o torasete imasu.
98. He is making the horse run.
Uma o hashirasete imasu. (uma ni, not OK)
99. As for the teacher, to the children, she is making
hear the story.
Sensei wa kodomotachi ni hanashi o kikasete imasu.
100. The causative, te form, can be combined with
verbs of giving and receiving, to mean let one do
something. These verbs include kudasaru, ageru,
yaru, kureru, itadaku and morau.
Division manager, that work, to me, let do please.
Buchoo, sono shigoto o watashi ni sasete kudasai.
101. Well, to you, do and I receive, I shall decide.
Use a mans word for you. Use yaru to mean do.
Plain speech.
Ja, kimi ni, yatte morau koto ni shiyoo.
102. Mother, let me eat ice cream. Plain speech.
Okaasan, aisukuriimu o tabesasete.
103. If you are turning into a good child, since I will
let you eat and give, huh. Use ko to mean child. Use
ni suru to express the idea of turning into
something. Use tara. Use a contracted form of if
you are turning.
Ii ko ni shitetara, tabesasete agemasu kara ne.
(shitetara = shite itara) (ni suru also = to decide)
104. As for at that store over there, coffee freely they
let you drink and give to our in-group, it seems, for
sure. Use rashii. Plain speech.
Ano mise de wa, koohii o jiyuu ni nomasete kureru
rashii yo. (jiyuu = liberty, freedom; jiyuu ni = freely,
as one likes) (OK to use ageru instead of kureru if
you mean they are giving to people outside your ingroup)
105. Well, at about 3:00, again, you will let me do a
humble phone call and I will receive. Use de wa.
Speaking to someone outside your in-group.
De wa, sanji goro ni, mata, odenwa o sasete
itadakimasu. (even though this sounds rude, it is
actually very polite speech)
106. The negative te form of the causative tense,
nai de, plus kudasai, means please dont make me
do such and such.
Very much, overtime dont make me do, please. Use
amari.
Amari, zangyoo o sasenai de kudasai.
107. Is it a to-Canada business trip? Its good huh.
Kanada e shutchoo desu ka. Ii desu ne. (kanada e no
shutchoo, also OK; kanada ni shutchoo, also OK;
kanada ni no shutchoo, not OK)
108. Without fail, to me, let go please.
Zehi, watashi ni ikasete kudasai.
109. In the case of you, you can do English also, and,
well, to you, to go and I receive
Lesson 26a.

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202
Lesson 26a. shall I decide? Use a mans word for
you. Use shi to mean and. Plain speech.
Kimi nara, eigo mo dekiru shi, ja, kimi ni, itte morau
koto ni shiyoo ka. (if you say ikasete morau, that
implies that the speaker wants to be sent)
110. The wife, since its illness, early to let me
return and I would like to receive, but. Wife is the
subject. Use node. Speaking to a superior. Soften
the last clause.
Kanai ga, byooki na node, hayaku kaerasete
itadakitain desu ga.
111. As for that, its worry, huh. Plain speech.
Sore wa shinpai da ne.
112. Since it doesnt matter, early return and give.
Plain speech. Use nasai.
Kamawanai kara, hayaku kaette agenasai.
113. Excuse me. The homes telephone breaks down,
and we cannot use it. Dont use wa or ga. Use te to
mean and. Soften the last verb.
Sumimasen. Uchi no denwa koshoo shite, tsukaenain
desu. (koshoo = breakdown, mechanical
malfunction; koshoo suru = to break down)
114. Yours, let me use and can I not receive
probably? Use a polite word for yours. Use a
humble word for receive.
Otaku no o tsukawasete itadakemasen deshoo ka. (if
you say tsukatte itadakemasen, youre asking him to
use his own phone for you)
115. Yeah, go ahead without honorable hesitation.
Use the adverbial form of nai to mean without.
Ee, doozo goenryoonaku. (enryoo = reluctance,
hesitation; goenryoo naku = do freely, dont hesitate)
116. Mother, I, want to learn piano. Dont use wa or
ga after the subject. Plain speech. Use no to soften
this.
Okaasan, watashi, piano ga naraitai no. (piano o, also
OK)
117. Since its humble begging, let me learn? Use
dakara. Plain speech. Dont use ka.
Onegai dakara, narawasete?
118. In the case that you want to learn so much, it
cant be helped huh. Use a shortened form of it
cant be helped. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Sonna ni naraitai nara, shoo ga nai wa ne.
119. Its OK to go for the purpose of learning. Plain
speech. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Narai ni itte mo ii wa.
120. As for todays meal cost, to me let me pay
please. Use shokuji. Use dai to mean cost.
Kyoo no shokuji dai wa, watashi ni harawasete
kudasai.
121. Part-time works money came in, for sure.
Soften this.
Arubaito no okane ga haittan desu yo.
122. As for me, with Hanako, I want to marry. Use a
mans word for me. Soften this.

Boku wa, hanako san to, kekkon shitain desu.

123. On this Sunday, I will meet Hanakos father,
and with Hanako to let marry and to give, I plan to
humbly beg. Use kudasaru. Use yoo ni, like to, to
indicate what will be begged.
Kondo no nichiyoobi ni, hanako san no otoosan ni
atte, hanako san to kekkon sasete kudasaru yoo ni,
onegai surutsumori desu.
124. As for regarding that matter, to me also,
thinking exists. Meaning, Im thinking about it.
Sono ken ni tsuite wa, watashi ni mo kangae ga
arimasu. (ken = matter)
125. To me, please let say an opinion.
Watashi ni, iken o iwasete kudasai. (iken = opinion;
opinion about Ikea's neighbor) (hanasete, not OK;
hanasu = talk, iu = say)
126. Go ahead. If want-to-say thing exists, please
say anything. Use koto. Use tara.
Doozo. Iitai koto ga attara, nandemo itte kudasai.
127. The superiors irritating parts. Use tokoro.
Jooshi no iya na tokoro. (jooshi = superior in a
company; cf. joshi = girl, woman; cf. josei = woman,
female; Josephine Shiite is a woman, and shes my
superior) (iya na = disgusting, disturbing,
uncomfortable) (tokoro = place, part, spot, time,
moment)
128. Please dont make me make only copies. Use
bakari. Use toru.
Kopii bakari torasenai de kudasai. (kopii o toru = to
make copies; toru = to get, take, pick up, steal,
subscribe, take a photo, hire, adopt, collect)
129. Please dont make me make tea. In the
following responses, use ireru to mean make tea or
coffee.
Ocha o iresasenai de kudasai.
130. Please dont make me make refusal phone calls.
Use kakeru.
Kotowari no denwa o kakesasenai de kudasai.
(kotowaru = to refuse; kotowari = refusal)
131. Please dont make me do overtime until late.
Osoku made zangyoo sasenai de kudasai.
132. Please dont me make do rooms cleaning.
Heya no sooji o sasenai de kudasai.
133. Please dont make me go for the purpose of to
buy tobacco.
Tabako o kai ni ikasenai de kudasai.
134. Please dont make me drink sake by force.
Osake o muri ni nomasenai de kudasai. (muri ni = by
force; muri na = impossible, unreasonable; muri =
impossibility, unreasonableness)
135. Please dont make me do male company
employees help only. Use bakari.
Otoko no shain no tetsudai bakari sasenai de kudasai.
136. The causative passive verb form implies that
someone is forced to do an action which he does
not wish to do and thus suffers Lesson 26a.

202

203
Lesson 26a. discomfort, etc. The person who
causes the action is marked by ni, and the person
who suffers the action is marked by ga or wa. To
make the causative passive form, for a u verb,
combine the root, i.e. the pre-ru form, with
aserareru. (aspirin era rerun) This may be
shortened to asareru, by removing the first er.
(morning [asa] rerun) The shortened form is
commonly used with u verbs. However, the longer
form is used with u verbs that end in su, like
hanasu.
The causative passive form of the verb to write is (2
responses):
Kakaserareru. Kakasareru.
137. The causative passive form of the verb to talk is
Hanasaserareru. (as mentioned in the previous
question, since hanasu ends in su, there is no shorter
form of the causative passive verb)
138. To make the causative passive form of an ru
verb, combine the root, i.e. the pre-ru form, with
saserareru. (Saskatchewan era rerun)
The causative passive form of the verb to eat is
Tabesaserareru.
139. The following 3 verbs are irregular. The
causative passive form of the verb to go is
Ikasareru. (asa [morning] rerun; I go in the
morning)
140. The causative passive form of the verb to come
is
Kosaserareru (Saskatchewan era rerun; I come to
Saskatchewan)
141. The causative passive form of the verb to do is
Saserareru (Saskatchewan era rerun; I do things in
Saskatchewan)
142. As for the students, by the Japanese language
teacher, they were made to write a composition. Use
seitotachi. Use the shorter form of the causative
passive verb.
Seitotachi wa, nihongo no sensei ni, sakubun o
kakasaremashita. (sakubun = composition;
comprised of kanji for tsukuru = saku and bun =
letter, writing, literary; my composition was about a
sand cooler containing buns; cf. sakuban = last
night) (kakaseraremashita, also OK, long form)
143. As for Yoko, various helps, she is being made
to do.
Yoko san wa, iroiro na tetsudai o, saserarete imasu.
(Yoko san ni iroiro na tetsudai o sasete imasu, similar
meaning, but a different point of view, suggesting
that the speaker is making her do them )
144. She is made to go for the purpose of honorable
errands etc., she is made to line up the tableware etc.,
she is doing. Use tari.
Otsukai ni ikasaretari, shokki o narabesaseraretari
shite imasu. (tsukai = errand)
145. As for honorable mother, to the child, she is

making him eat vegetables. Use the causative verb

form.
Okaasan wa kodomo ni yasai o tabesasete imasu.
146. As for the child, by the honorable mother he is
being made to eat vegetables. Use the causative
passive verb form.
Kodomo wa okaasan ni yasai o tabesaserarete imasu.
147. The salesman, to the honorable wife, is making
her buy cosmetics.
Seerusuman ga okusan ni keshoohin o kawasete
imasu. (keshoohin = cosmetics) (cf. seerusuman ni
okusan ga keshoohin o kawasarete imasu = by the
salesman, the honorable wife is being made to buy
cosmetics)
148. As for the honorable wife, by the salesman, she
is being made to buy cosmetics. Use the shortened
form of the causative passive verb.
Okusan wa seerusuman ni keshoohin o kawasarete
imasu. (kawaserarete is the long form)
149. As for the section manager, to Hanada,
honorable tea he is making her make.
Kachoo wa hanada san ni ocha o iresasete imasu.
150. As for Hanada, by the section manager,
honorable tea she is being made to make. Use the
causative passive tense.
Hanada san wa kachoo ni ocha o iresaserarete imasu.
151. Honorable mother, to the child, for the purpose
of shopping, she is making him go.
Okaasan ga kodomo ni kaimono ni ikasete imasu.
152. As for the child, by the honorable mother, for
the purpose of shopping, he is being made to go. Use
the causative passive tense.
Kodomo wa okaasan ni kaimono ni ikasarete imasu.
153. As for to be made to do only copying, its
irritating. Use bakari. Use the longer causative
passive form of toru. For the next 8 responses, use
no to make noun phrases.
Kopii bakari toraserareru no wa, iya desu.
154. As for to be made to make tea, its irritating.
Ocha o iresaserareru no wa, iya desu.
155. As for to be made to make refusal phone calls,
its irritating. Use kakeru.
Kotowari no denwa o kakesaserareru no wa, iya desu.
(from kakeru, kake + saserareru)
156. As for to be made to do overtime until late, its
irritating.
Osoku made zangyoo saserareru no wa, iya desu.
157. As for to be made to do the rooms cleaning,
its irritating.
Heya no sooji o saserareru no wa, iya desu.
158. As for to be made to go for the purpose of to
buy tobacco, its irritating.
Tabako o kai ni ikasareru no wa, iya desu.
159. As for to be made to drink sake by force, its
irritating. Use the longer form of the causative
passive verb.
Lesson 26a.

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Lesson 26a. Osake o muri ni nomaserareru no wa,
iya desu. (muri ni = by force; muri na = impossible,
unreasonable)
160. As for to be made to do male company
employees help only, its irritating. Use bakari.
Otoko no shain no tetsudai bakari saserareru no wa,
iya desu.
Lesson 26, Part 2.
161. To express the idea of doing something
without doing something else, combine the
negative stem, i.e. the pre-nai form, of verb 1 with
either nai de or zuni and then add verb 2. Of
these two forms, zuni is more formal. Also, when
using zuni with suru verbs, say se zuni, not shi
zuni.
Since I left without holding my wallet, I was not able
to buy anything. Use nai de. Use dekakeru. Use
node. Plain speech.
Saifu o motanai de dekaketa node, nani mo
kaenakatta. (motanai = mochimasen; from motsu, or
motu) (not OK to substitute motte inai de, as this
means since I wasnt holding it; the negative of
motsu is motanai) (kawanakatta = did not buy;
kaenakatta = could not buy)
162. Since I left without holding my wallet, I was
not able to buy anything. Use zuni. Use dekakeru.
Use node. Plain speech.
Saifu o mota zuni dekaketa node, nani mo kaenakatta.
(not OK to substitute motte ina zuni; the negative of
motsu is motanai)
163. As for tomorrow, since I will do a stomach
exam, not eating anything, please come. Use i. Use
nai de.
Ashita wa, i no kensa o shimasu kara, nanimo tabenai
de kite kudasai
164. As for tomorrow, since I will do a stomach
exam, not eating anything, please come. Use i. Use
zuni.
Ashita wa, i no kensa o shimasu kara, nanimo tabe
zuni kite kudasai.
165. As for in Japan, not taking off shoes, to a room
you must not enter. Use nai de.
Nihon de wa, kutsu o nuganai de, heya ni haitte wa
ikemasen. (from nuganai = to not take off, from
nugu; I took off the shoes after new goo got in them)
165b. As for in Japan, not taking off
shoes, to a room you must not enter. Use zuni.
Nihon de wa, kutsu o nuga zuni, heya ni haitte wa
ikemasen.
166. To express the idea of doing, or not doing,
something in a particular state, use the past tense
of verb 1 followed by mama, meaning state,
followed by verb 2.
As for in Japan, you put on the shoes state, to a room
you must not enter. Use the past tense of put on.

Nihon de wa, kutsu o haita mama, heya ni haitte wa

ikemasen.
167. Not eating breakfast, I came to school. Use nai
de.
Asagohan o tabenai de gakkoo ni kimashita.
168. Not eating breakfast, I came to school. Use
zuni.
Asagohan o tabe zuni gakkoo ni kimashita.
169. As for yesterday, not going to the company, I
was sleeping at the house. Use nai de.
Kinoo wa kaisha ni ikanai de ie de nete imashita.
170. As for yesterday, not going to the company, I
was sleeping at the house. Use zuni.
Kinoo wa kaisha ni ika zuni ie de
nete imashita. (ie ni neru, not OK, since a house is
large; however, you may say either beddo ni neru, or
beddo de neru)
171. As for that train, not stopping at the station, it
went past. Use ni to mean at. Use nai de.
Sono densha wa, eki ni tomaranai de toori
sugimashita.
172. As for that train, not stopping at the station, it
went past. Use zuni.
Sono densha wa, eki ni tomara zuni toori sugimashita.
173. As for my father, 3 days duration, not returning
to home, at the company, he was doing work. Use
nai de.
Chichi wa, mikka kan, uchi ni kaeranai de, kaisha de,
shigoto o shite imashita.
174. As for my father, 3 days duration, not returning
to home, at the company, he was doing work. Use
zuni.
Chichi wa, mikka kan, uchi ni kaera zuni, kaisha de,
shigoto o shite imashita.
175. As for this evening, at the home, not watching
TV, I will write a meetings report. Use konya. Use
nai de. Use hookokusho.
Konya wa, uchi de terebi o minai de, kaigi no
hookokusho o kakimasu.
176. As for this evening, at the home, not watching
TV, I will write a meetings report. Use zuni.
Konya wa, uchi de terebi o mi zuni, kaigi no
hookokusho o kakimasu.
177. As for Michael, to Kitamura not doing greeting,
to the house he returned completely. Use nai de.
Maikerusan wa, kitamura san ni, aisatsu o shinai de,
ie ni kaette shimaimashita. (ai shite iru [I love you]
and greet you with satsu [paper currency])
178. As for Michael, to Kitamura not doing greeting,
to the house he returned completely. Use zuni.
Maikerusan wa, kitamura san ni, aisatsu o se zuni, ie
ni kaette shimaimashita. (use se zuni, not shi zuni,
after suru verbs)
179. Not asking Michaels circumstances, on
Michaels home he paid a visit. Use nai de.
Maikerusan no tsugoo o kikanai
Lesson 26b.

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Lesson 26b. de, Maikeru san no uchi o
tazunemashita. (if referring to yourself, use ukagau)
(uchi ni tazunemashita, also OK; uchi o ukagau, uchi
ni ukagau, both OK)
180. Not asking Michaels circumstances, on
Michaels home he paid a visit. Use zuni.
Maikerusan no tsugoo o kika zuni, Maikeru san no
uchi o tazunemashita. (uchi ni tazunemashita, also
OK; uchi o ukagau, uchi ni ukagau, both OK)
181. At the store, not wearing and seeing this
clothing, when I bought and returned, it was too
small. Use tara. Use nai de.
Mise de, kono fuku o kite minai de, katte kaettara,
chiisa sugimashita.
182. At the store, not wearing and seeing this
clothing, when I bought and returned, it was too
small. Use tara. Use zuni.
Mise de, kono fuku o kite mi zuni, katte kaettara,
chiisa sugimashita.
183. You look sleepy huh. Use soo.
Nemu soo desu ne.
184. Yeah. Today, since a test exists, last night, not
sleeping, I studied for sure. Use tesuto. Use node.
Use nai de. Soften this.
Ee. Kyoo, tesuto ga aru node, yuube, nenai de
benkyoo shitan desu yo.
185. Yeah. Today, since a test exists, last night, not
sleeping, I studied for sure. Use tesuto. Use node.
Use zuni. Soften this.
Ee. Kyoo, tesuto ga aru node, yuube, ne zuni
benkyoo shitan desu yo.
186. You look cold huh. Use soo.
Samusoo desu ne.
187. Yeah. Not wearing a coat, I came completely
for sure. Use kooto. Use nai de. Soften this.
Ee. Kooto o kinai de kite shimattan desu yo. (kiranai
de = not cutting)
188. Yeah. Not wearing a coat, I came completely
for sure. Use kooto. Use zuni. Soften this.
Ee. Kooto o ki zuni kite shimattan desu yo.
189. Ah, how shall I do? Plain speech. Dont use ka.
A, doo shiyoo?
190. How did it happen? Plain speech. Use no to
soften this. Dont use ka.
Doo shita no? (this means, whats wrong?)
191. Not turning off the gass fire, I went out and
came. Use nai de. Use deru. Plain speech. Use a
womans word for emphasis.
Gasu no hi o kesanai de dete kita wa.
191b. Not turning off the gass fire, I went out and
came. Use zuni. Plain speech. Use a womans word
for emphasis.
Gasu no hi o kesa zuni dete kita wa.
192. Eh!
Ee!
193. That much sweating, how did it happen? Dont

use wo after sweat. Soften this.

Sonna ni ase kaite, dooshitan desu ka.
194. Yeah, not boarding the bus, I ran and came.
Use nai de. Soften the last clause.
Ee, basu ni noranai de hashitte kitan desu.
195. Yeah, not boarding the bus, I ran and came.
Use zuni. Soften the last clause.
Ee, basu ni nora zuni hashitte kitan desu.
196. How did it happen, that much wetting? Soften
the first clause. Use plain speech for the last phrase.
Dooshitan desu ka, sonna ni nurete?
196b. Yeah, by Barbara, take an umbrella, I was told,
even though, not holding I came completely. Use
yoo ni, instead of to. Use the passive form of I was
told. Use nai de. Soften the last clause.
Ee, baabara ni kasa o motte iku yoo ni iwareta noni,
motanai de kite shimattan desu. (motte inai de, not
OK; the negative of motsu is motanai)
197. Yeah, by Barbara, take an umbrella, I was told,
even though, not holding I came completely.
Barbaras husband is speaking. Use yoo ni, instead
of to. Use zuni. Soften the last clause.
Ee, baabara ni kasa o motte iku yoo ni iwareta noni,
mota zuni kite shimattan desu.
197b. Without receiving the division managers
signature, did you come? Use nai de. Soften this.
Buchoo no sain o morawanai de kitan desu ka.
(morainai no such word; moraenai = cannot
receive)
198. Without receiving the division managers
signature, did you come? Use zuni. Soften this.
Buchoo no sain o morawa zuni kitan desu ka.
199. Its bad for sure.
Dame desu yo.
200. One more time, go, receive and come please.
Moo ichido itte moratte kite kudasai.
201. Yes, excuse me.
Hai, sumimasen.
202. As for the president, as for at the noon break,
does he honorably exist in the presidents room?
Shachoo wa, hiru yasumi ni wa, shachoo shitsu ni
irasshaimasu ka.
203. To express the idea that sometimes such is
the case, there are times when such things occur,
or sometimes I do such a thing, combine either a
non-past or a negative verb with koto ga aru.
Yeah. As for usually, he honorably exists, but,
occasionally, for the purpose of a walk, to honorably
go thing exists, for sure. Use taitei. Use tama ni.
Soften the last clause.
Ee. Taitei wa, irasshaimasu ga, tama ni, sanpo ni
irassharu koto ga arun desu yo.
203b. As for today, the weather also is good, and as
for in the room, not to honorably exist, he might be,
huh. Use shi to mean and. Use irassharanai, an
informal form of irasshaimasen.
Lesson 26b.

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Lesson 26b. Kyoo wa tenki mo ii shi, heya ni wa
irassharanai kamoshiremasen ne. (irassharanai =
negative form of irassharu; irasshaimasen = negative
form of irasshaimasu; irasshainai, not OK)
204. Suddenly, since to be summoned to a meeting
thing exists, as for literature, it is always prepared.
Use the passive form of to be called. Use node.
Use yooi suru to mean prepare.
Kyuu ni, kaigi ni yobidasareru koto ga aru node,
shiryoo wa, itsumo yooi shite arimasu. (yobidasu =
to summon or page someone) (yooi suru = to prepare;
yooi = preparation; Yo-chans iPad helps him
prepare; yooi na = easy, different kanji; cf. yoo =
business, job, errand) (OK to say yooi shite imasu if
referring to a person, e.g., kare wa yooi shite imasu)
205. Mornings, not doing a meal, to depart thing
exists. Use nai de. Use dekakeru.
Asa, shokuji o shinai de dekakeru koto ga arimasu.
206. You may form similar expressions to indicate
that sometimes something is the case, using toki or
baai, rather than koto.
Merchandise doesnt exist cases also exist. Use baai.
Shinamono ga nai baai mo arimasu. (cannot
substitute arimasen for nai here; arimasen cannot be
used to modify another noun, but nai can be)
207. Mornings, not doing a meal, to depart times
also exist, for sure. Use nai de. Use dekakeru.
Asa, shokuji o shinai de, dekakeru toki mo arimasu
yo.
208. As for this store, always, is it this noisy? Soften
this.
Kono mise wa, itsumo, konna ni urusain desu ka.
209. No, quiet times also exist, but huh. Soften this.
Use kedo.
Iie, shizuka na toki mo arun desu kedo nee.
210. As for Hanada, as for to parties, usually, a dress
she wears and goes out, but, occasionally, kimonos
cases also exist. Use taitei. Use deru. Use tama ni.
Hanada san wa, paatii ni wa, taitei, doresu o kite
demasu ga, tama ni, kimono no baai mo arimasu.
211. Do you understand Japanese languages news?
Nihongo no nyuusu ga wakarimasu ka.
212. Sometimes, not understand times also exist, but,
generally, it got to the point that I understood, for
sure. Use tokidoki and then daitai.
Tokidoki, wakaranai toki mo arimasu ga, daitai,
wakaru yoo ni narimashita yo. (daitai = mostly,
almost, generally, approximately) (cf. taitei = most
of the time)
213. As for this store, since always being empty, its
good, huh. Use te to mean since.
Kono mise wa, itsumo suite ite, ii desu ne. (suite,
from suku, to get empty)
214. Yeah, but occasionally being crowded thing
also exists for sure. Use tama ni. Use koto. Soften
this.

Ee, demo, tama ni konde iru koto mo arun desu yo.

215. At after payday etc. huh. Use nado.
Kyuuryoobi no ato nado ni ne. (kyuuryoobi =
payday; kyuuryoo = salary, pay, wages; I use my
salary to buy curios) (ato ni nado, not OK)
216. As for the gardens care, always, does Michael
honorably do? Use nasaru. Soften this.
Niwa no teire wa, itsumo, maikeru san ga nasarun
desu ka. (teire = care, trimming, repair, mending;
combination of te and ireru, to put in, so to take care
is to put your hand in) (no such verb as teiru; teire
suru = to take care of) (cf. teate = medical treatment)
(not OK to substitute sewa for teire; sewa is used to
refer to the care of animals or people)
217. Yeah, Barbara to do time also exists, but, as for
usually, I, by myself do. Use taitei. Use a mans
word for I. Use suru and then yaru to mean do.
Ee, baabara ga suru toki mo arimasu ga, taitei wa,
boku ga hitori de yarimasu.
218. Delicious! This, did the wife honorably make?
Dont use wo after this. Soften this.
Oishii! Kore, okusan ga otsukuri ni nattan desu ka.
219. No, its my husband for sure. Use nan to soften
this.
Iie. Shujin nan desu yo.
220. My husband also, as for occasionally, do
cuisine thing exists, for sure. Soften this.
Shujin mo, tama ni wa, ryoori o suru koto ga arun
desu yo.
221. As for at breakfast, always, are you eating bread
honorably? Use taberu. Soften this.
Asagohan ni wa, itsumo pan o tabete irassharun desu
ka. (pan o tabe ni natte irun desu ka, also OK)
(asagohan de wa, not as good; breakfast is
understood as a time here, not a place)
222. Breads cases also exist, and rices cases also
exist, for sure. Use shi to mean and.
Pan no baai mo arimasu shi, gohan no baai mo
arimasu yo.
223. Breads times also exist, and rices times also
exist, for sure. Use shi to mean and.
Pan no toki mo arimasu shi, gohan no toki mo
arimasu yo.
224. As for the division manager, every day, to the
company by car is he coming honorably? Use kuru
and irassharu. Soften this.
Buchoo wa, mainichi, kaisha ni kuruma de kite
irassharun desu ka.
225. To honorably come by car thing also exists, but,
as for usually, he honorably comes by train, for sure.
Use futsuu.
Kuruma de irassharu koto mo arimasu ga, futsuu wa,
densha de irasshaimasu yo.
226. The cars times also exist, but, as for usually, he
honorably comes by train, for sure. Use futsuu.
Kuruma no toki mo arimasu ga,
Lesson 26b.

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Lesson 26b.
futsuu wa, densha de irasshaimasu
yo. (OK to substitute taitei for futsuu; daitai, not
OK; daitai means approximately, on the whole)
227. But, as for today, since large luggage he must
carry he was honorably saying, probably, he is
coming honorably by car, probably. Use ookina.
Use nakereba naranai. Use tte instead of to. Use kite
irassharu.
Demo, kyoo wa, ookina nimotsu o hakobanakereba
naranai tte oshatte ita kara, tabun kuruma de kite
irassharu deshoo.
228. But, as for today, since large luggage he must
carry he was honorably saying, he might be
honorably coming by car. Dont use kuru.
Demo, kyoo wa, ookii na nimotsu o hakobanakereba
naranai tte oshatte ita kara, kuruma de irasshatte iru
kamoshiremasen.
229. If I go to that store over there, can I buy that
medicine? Use eba.
Ano mise e ikeba, sono kusuri ga kaemasu ka.
(kusuri o, also OK)
230a. The following question is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Yeah, probably you can buy probably I think,
but, sometimes, since not exist thing exists
reportedly... Use tokidoki. Use nai koto.
Ee, tabun kaeru daroo to omoimasu ga, tokidoki, nai
koto ga aru soo desu kara ... (nanimo nai koto, also
OK)
230b. Part 2. After asking by telephone whether or
not it exists, it would be better to go for sure. Use te
kara to mean after.
Denwa de aru kadooka kiite kara, itta hoo ga ii desu
yo.
231. Barbara, as for your husband, always is the
return late? Soften this.
Baabara san, gooshujin wa, itsumo kaeri ga osoin
desu ka.
232. Yeah. Occasionally early return and come
thing also exists, but, huh. Use koto. Soften this.
Use kedo.
Ee. Tama ni hayaku kaette kuru koto mo arun desu
kedo ne.
233. As for today, since hurriedly must do work
doesnt exist, it appeared, probably he will return and
come early probably. Use nakereba naranai. Use
yoo deshita to mean it appeared.
Kyoo wa, isoide shinakereba naranai shigoto ga nai,
yoo deshita kara, tabun hayaku kaette kuru deshoo.
234. As for in Japan, companys people, together,
travel, reportedly, huh. Use hitotachi.
Nihon de wa, kaisha no hitotachi ga, issho ni ryooko
o suru soo desu ne
235. In a year, about how many times do they do?
Use ichinen ni. Use kai. Soften this.
Ichinen ni nankai gurai surun desu ka. (OK to omit
ni)

236. Thats so huh, meaning let me see.

Soo desu ne.
237. In a year, to do two times thing also exists, but,
as for usually, its one time huh. Use nen ni. Use kai
twice. Use taitei.
Nen ni, nikai suru koto mo arimasu ga, taitei wa,
ikkai desu ne.
238. Tea ladle robot.
Ocha kumi robotto. (ocha kumi = serving tea; kumu
= to ladle liquid, to scoop; when you ladle, it has a
cumulative effect) (ocha kumi no robotto, also OK)
239. This year, as for to become 40-years-old Mr.
Tanaka, at the company, doing manager of industrial
use robots engineer he is. Use shi to mean Mr. Use
de aru, rather than desu, at the end.
Kotoshi, yonjussai ni naru tanaka shi wa, kaisha de,
koogyoo yoo robotto o tantoo shite iru enjinia de aru.
(yonjissai, also OK) (shi = mister) (tantoo = manager,
charge, duty; tantoo suru = to take charge of; Tonto
is the manager)
240. As for him, since he loves tea, always, as for
without drinking tea, he cannot be. Use de to mean
since. Use zuni. Plain speech.
Kare wa, ocha ga daisuki de, itsumo, ocha o noma
zuni wa irarenai. (OK to omit wa after zuni) (iru =
to be; irareru = to be able to be)
241a. The following question is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Always, to the companys women, tea they
were making and he was receiving, but ... Use josei.
Use ireru. Plain speech.
Itsumo, kaisha no josei ni, ocha o irete moratte ita
ga ...
241b. Part 2. One day, at last, To us, tea ladle only,
please do not make us do, they said on him
completely. Use the passive form of they said. Plain
speech.
Aruhi, tootoo, watashitachi ni, ocha kumi bakari
sasenai de kudasai, to iwarete shimatta. (aru hi =
one day) (tootoo = at last, after all; at last, the big
toes toenail fell off) (cf. yatto = with difficulty,
finally, barely, somehow; cf. yatte, trying, from yaru;
finally, after trying, he found a yak's toe)
242. At that place, meaning at that time, as for Mr.
Tanaka, to himself (meaning for himself), a to-causeto-make-tea robot he decided to make. Use soko de.
Use the causative tense of ireru. Then use tsukuru.
Plain speech.
Soko de, tanaka shi wa, jibun ni, ocha o iresaseru
robotto o tsukuru koto ni shita. (soko ni, not OK
here; even though soko implies a time, it should be
used with de; cf. question 258 below)
243. Thinking it would be better to be able to speak
words also, words also to be able to speak, in such a
way he made it. Use hanasu twice. Use omou. Use
yoo ni to mean in such a way. Plain speech.
Kotoba mo hanaseta hoo ga ii to
Lesson 26b.

207

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Lesson 26b. omotte, kotoba mo hanaseru yoo ni
tsukutta.
244. Two months later, considerably, a splendid
robot became ready. Use go to mean later. Use
nakanaka. Use dekiagaru to mean to be ready. Plain
speech.
Nikagetsu go, nakanaka rippa na robotto ga
dekiagatta. (ato nikagetsu, not OK; this phrase can
only be used for future events) (dekiagaru = to be
completed, be ready; from dekiru + agaru, so to be
ready and rise) (rippa = splendid; suteki = lovely)
245. Still, as for the words use method, it isnt
skillful. Use kata to mean method. Use de wa nai.
Mada, kotoba no tsukai kata wa, joozu de wa nai.
246. Since a very cute boys face it is wearing,
Robo-chan it was called, and it became a companys
celebrity. Use node. Use the passive tense of yobu.
Use te to mean and. Plain speech.
Totemo kawaii otoko no ko no kao o shite iru node,
robochan to yobarete, kaisha no ninkimono ni natta.
(to iwarete, also OK; iu = to say, yobu = to call; one
can say either Tanaka san to iimasu, Tanaka san to
mooshimasu or Tanaka san to yobimasu; yobu is
especially used when you want to tell how to
pronounce a name) (ninkimono = popular person,
celebrity; ninki = popularity; the nincompoop has
key to the liquor, is popular) (cf. ningyoo = doll)
247a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Robochan, since delicious coffee he will
make them drink and give to members of our ingroup... Robochan is the subject. Use node.
Robochan ga, oishii koohii o nomasete kureru node ...
(not really OK to substitute ageru for kureru, as it
sounds too polite to use with a robot)
247b. As for the women, already, of themselves not
making coffee (meaning, no longer making it), to
Robochan, in such a way as to entrust it became
completely. Use joseitachi. Use zuni instead of nai
de. Plain speech.
Josei tachi wa, moo, jibun de koohii o ire zuni,
robochan ni, makaseru yoo ni natte shimatta.
248. Robochan, I, coffees black desire. Dont use
wa or ga after I. Use burakku. Use a womans
intensifier.
Robochan, watashi, koohii no burakku ga hoshii wa.
249. Bring, please. Speaking to a child.
Motte kite choodai.
250. Yes. Right now, I will make hold. In this
context, this means I will make bring. Use tadaima.
Use motsu.
Hai. Tadaima, motasemasu. (motsu = to have, hold;
however, in humble speech, omochi shimasu means
I will bring, so this implies I will make bring)
251. Eh? To whom?
E? Dare ni.
252. As for the one called make hold, by no means,

to Tanaka, to make hold thing it isnt, probably, huh.

Use motaseru twice. Use tte to mean as for the one
called. Use n to make a noun phrase. Use plain
speech to say it isnt. This means probably you
wont make Tanaka hold it.
Motaseru tte, masaka, tanaka san ni, motaserun ja nai
deshoo ne. (masaka = by no means, on no account, I
hardly think so; by no means will Masako change her
name to Masaka) (not OK to substitute zehi for
masaka) (not OK to omit then, i.e., must make a
noun phrase)
253. Robochan, as for that time, Yes, I will humbly
hold, (meaning, I will humbly bring) he will say, for
sure. Dont use wa or ga after Robochan. Use tte to
mean quotation marks. Use no to soften the last verb.
Robochan, sono toki wa, Hai, omochi shimasu, tte
iu no yo. (in this case, omochi shimasu means I will
humbly bring)
254. Robochan, I, cold juice good. Juice is the
subject. Use a womans intensifier.
Robochan, watashi, tsumetai juusu ga ii wa.
255. Bring huh.
Motte kite ne.
256. Yes, I will humbly hold. (meaning, I will
humbly bring)
Hai, omochi shimasu. (omochi shimasu is a polite
way to say I will bring)
257. As for this time, he was able
to say it correctly. Use kondo. Plain speech.
Kondo wa, tadashiku ieta. (ieru = able to say, itta =
said; iwareta = was said on him)
258. At that place, meaning at that moment, wasbeing-gone-out Mr. Tanaka returned and came. Use
soko ni. Use gaishutsu. Plain speech.
Soko ni, gaishutsu shite ita tanaka shi ga kaette kita.
(compare to question # 242 above; although both
soko de and soko ni are used to mean at that time,
ni is used here because the sentence also means that
Tanaka returned to that place)
259. Hey you, Robochan, tea.
Ooi, robochan, ocha. (the oily man shouted, hey you)
260. Now, to cute ladies, since I am making them
drink coffee, juice etc., at later please do. Use ya to
mean etc.
Ima, kawaii redii tachi ni, koohii ya juusu o nomasete
iru kara, ato ni shite kudasai. (ato de, not OK here)
261. What! As for your master, its this I. Use
omae, a mans word for you. Use a mans word for I.
Use nan to soften this. Use a mans intensifier. Plain
speech.
Nani! Omae no shujin wa, kono boku nan da zo.
(omae = mans word for you; you live in Omaha
East) (zo = mans word for emphasis; a man gets
emphatic when he sees a zoo [elephant])
262. For what purpose, I made you, he is thinking.
Use a mans word for you. Soften
Lesson 26b.

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Lesson 26b. the last verb. Plain speech.
Nan no tame ni, omae o tsukatta to omotte irun da.
(tsukatta ka, OK, but not as good)
263. As for Mr. Tanaka, he gets furious, and he
thought this way. Use te to mean and. Plain speech.
Tanaka shi wa, kankan ni okotte, koo omotta.
(kankan ni okoru = to be furious; she gets furious
and dances the cancan on her knees) (not OK to say
konna ni omotta, or kochira ni omotta)
264. When you think about it, on that damn fellow
over there, to a male to make thing it wasnt. Use n
to make a noun phrase. Plain speech. Meaning I
shouldnt have made him a male.
Yappari, aitsu o, otoko ni tsukurun ja nakatta. (aitsu
= that damn fellow over there used only by men;
can also say koitsu or soitsu; the damn fellow ai shite
iru [makes love] under the tsuki [moon]; aitsu likes
to fightsu) (not OK to omit n; not OK to say tsukuru
no ja nakatta)
265. As for Mr. Tanaka, why, did he make a robot?
Use naze. Use no to soften this.
Tanaka shi wa, naze, robotto o tsukutta no desu ka.
266. To the companys women, since make tea and it
became unable to receive it is. Use josei to mean
women. Say unable to receive, not unable to
become.
Kaisha no josei ni, ocha o irete moraenakunatta kara
desu. (moratte dekinaku natta, not OK; moraeru
koto ga dekinakatta, OK)
267. As for the Mr. Tanaka made robot, what kind of
robot was it?
Tanakashi ga tsukutta robotto wa, donna robotto
deshita ka.
268. To make tea and give to my in-group robot and
words also can speak. Use te and then de to mean
and. Use hanasu.
Ocha o irete kureru robotto de kotoba mo
hanasemasu.
269. As for the robots name, what do they say?
Robotto no namae wa, nan to iimasu ka.
270. Its Robochan.
Robochan desu.
271. As for the companys women, why, of
themselves did they become not to make coffee? Use
joseitachi. Use no to soften this.
Kaisha no joseitachi wa, dooshite, jibun de koohii o
irenakunatta no desu ka.
272. Its because Robochan delicious coffee he will
make them drink and give to our in-group.
Robochan ga, oishii koohii o nomasete kureru kara
desu.
273. As for Mr. Tanaka, why, on that damn fellow
over there to a male to make it wasnt he thought?
Use n to make a noun phrase. Use no to soften the
last verb.
Tanaka shi wa, dooshite, aitsu o otoko ni tsukurun ja

nakatta to omotta no desu ka.

274. Its because to Mr. Tanaka, tea not making, to
women coffee and juice etc. he is making drink. Use
joosei. Use ya to mean etc.
Tanaka shi ni ocha o irenai de, joosei ni koohii ya
juusu o nomasete iru kara desu.
275. The robot, Yes, right now, I will make hold,
he replied time, as for the woman, Eh? To whom?
she said. Use the plain form of replied. Use josei.
Robotto ga, Hai, tadaima, motasemasu to kotaeta
toki, josei wa E? Dare ni? to iimashita.
275b. As for that, why is it?
Sore wa, dooshite desu ka.
276. Its because, as for the one called will make
hold, to another person, at to make do something
time, its a to-use speaking method. Use tsukau ii
kata to mean a to-use speaking method. Use dakara.
Motasemasu to iu no wa, hoka no hito ni, nanika o
saseru toki ni, tsukau ii kata dakara desu. (meaning,
its because this word is used when you make
another person do something) (tsukau ii kata = to use
a speaking method; tsukai kata = using method;
tsukuri kata = creating method; ii kata = speaking
method)
277. As for division manager Tsuchida, to Michael,
what kind of work would he (meaning, Michael) like
to be made to do, he is thinking?
Tsuchida buchoo wa, maikerusan ni, donna shigoto o
sasetai to omotte imasu ka.
278. A with Mitsui industries business deals work
he wants to be made to do, he is thinking.
Mitsui sangyoo to no torihiki no shigoto o sasetai to
omotte imasu. (sangyoo = industry; at that industry,
they drink sangria and do yoga) (torihiki = business
deal)
279. Section manager Kitamura, the next work to
Michael to make do is all right isnt it question, as
for he thought thing, why is it? Kitamura is the
subject. Use yaru rather than suru, to mean do.
Soften the word good. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Use naze.
Kitamura kachoo ga, kondo no shigoto o maikeru san
ni yarasete mo iin ja nai ka to omotta no wa, naze
desu ka. (yaraseru = to make do; = same meaning as
saseru)
280. Its because Michael the with Yamakawa
Trades business deal did cleverly. Use umai. Use a
plain speech form of yaru.
Maikerusan ga, Yamakawa Booeki to no torihiki o
umaku yatta kara desu. (Maikeru san wa, not OK
here, not specific enough)
281. As for Michael, does he want to do the next
work, is he thinking?
Maikerusan wa, kondo no shigoto o shitai to omotte
imasu ka.
282. He wants to do, he is thinking. Lesson 26b.

209

210
Lesson 26b. Shitai to omotte imasu.
283. As for Michael, for the purpose of the next
work, what kind of thing must he do? Use tame. Use
nakereba narimasen.
Maikerusan wa, kondo no shigoto no
tame ni, donna koto o shinakereba narimasen ka.
284. Compared to until now, numerous overtime and
business trips etc. he must do. Use yori mo, rather
than yori, to mean compared to. Use ooku no. Use
nakereba narimasen.
Ima made yori mo ooku no zangyoo ya shuchoo o
shinakereba narimasen. (yori mo = yori, same
meaning) (ooi zangyoo, not OK, but you can say
zangyoo ga ooi) (ooku na zangyoo, not OK)
285. As for Michael, the next work, will he do by
himself?
Maikerusan wa, kondo no shigoto o, hitori de
shimasu ka.
286. No, with Nomura, together, he will do.
Iie, Nomura san to issho ni shimasu.
Lesson 27
1. Barbara, already, as for the moves preparations,
did they accomplish?
Baabarasan, moo hikkoshi no junbi wa, dekimashita
ka.
2. Yeah, finally, they finished. Use sumu.
Ee, yatto, sumimashita. (cf. tootoo = at last, after all;
tootoo doesnt sound as good as yatto here) (sumu =
finish, intransitive; sumasu = finish, transitive)
3. Even so, during one year, extremely, since various
things are increasing, I got astonished. Use no aida
ni to mean during. Use te to mean since.
Sore ni shitemo, ichinen no aida ni, zuibun, iroiro na
mono ga fuete ite, odorokimashita. (sore ni shitemo
= even so, be that as it may; sore knee? even so, stay
more) (OK to substitute shikashi for sore ni shitemo)
(ichinenkan, also OK) (OK to substitute uchi ni for
aida ni)
4a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. I also, since the room is tight, as much as
possible, Im making an effort not to buy things,
but ... Use narubeku. Soften the verb making an
effort. Use kedo.
Watashi mo, heya ga semai kara, narubeku, mono o
kawanai yoo ni shite irun desu kedo... (instead of
narubeku, OK to use dekiru dake ooku = as much as
possible)
4b. Part 2. Before you realize it, they increase
completely, for sure, huh. Soften the verb increase
completely.
Itsu no manika, fuete shimaun desu yo ne. (itsu no
manika = before you realize it; ma = interval, pause,
time, space, room; the Monica mannequin itsu no [of
when] gets dressed up in nice clothes before you
realize it) (cf. tonikaku = anyway)

5. We, coming to Japan, at first, as for gotinconvenienced thing, to the rented house, its
furniture was not being attached thing. We and
furniture are both subjects. Use saisho ni. Use koto
twice, to mean thing. Use tsuku to mean be attached.
Use plain speech except for desu at the end.
Watashitachi ga, nihon ni kite, saisho ni, komatta
koto wa, karita ie ni, kagu ga tsuite inakatta koto desu.
(tsuku = to adhere or stick, to arrive; tsukeru = to
attach) (not OK to substitute mono for koto here)
6. From A to Z, we had to buy. Use nakereba
narimasen.
Nani kara nani made, kawanakereba narimasen
deshita. (nani kara nani made = anything and
everything, from A to Z)
7. Extremely, various things I was made to buy for
sure. Use the short form of the causative passive
tense.
Zuibun, iroiro na mono o kawasaremashita yo. (if
you use kawasasemashita, it implies Michael made
Barbara buy things)
8. Now, if I look and see purchased things, as for
truly were necessary things, few, huh. Use to to
mean if. Use hitsuyoo to mean necessary.
Ima, katta mono o mite miru to, hontoo ni hitsuyoo
datta mono wa, sukunai ne. (hitsuyoo = necessary;
sometimes its necessary to hit Sues yogi) (OK to
substitute na for datta in this sentence)
9. I also, at transfers occasions, as for old things,
discarding, at moving destination, newly to buy I am
deciding for sure. Soften the verb am deciding.
Watashi mo, tenkin no tabi ni, furui mono wa sutete,
hikkoshi saki de, atarashiku kau koto ni shite irun
desu yo. (tenkin = change in job site, to be
transferred) (tabi ni = whenever, every time,
occasions; on several occasions, the Tabby hurt her
knee; tabi-tabi = repeatedly, frequently; tabi also =
Japanese style socks, traveling/ trip; tabi o suru =
take a trip; cannot substitute toki because it only
implies one time, while tabi implies every time) (saki
= future, point, destination, ahead, further along,
previous; cf. sakki = a while ago)
10. That way its cheaper. Use hoo ga for the
comparison. Use yasuagari. Use nan to soften this.
Sono hoo ga yasuagari nan desu.
(yasuagari = something is cheaper; combine yasui
with agari, to rise; agari not used with other
adjectives in this way)
11. For that reason, still usable things are being
discarded, huh. Use the passive form of being
discarded. Shorten this phrase and soften it.
Sore de, mada tsukaeru mono ga, suterareterun desu
ne. (sore de = consequently, for that reason, and
then) (if you say mono o sutemashita, = mono o
suteta, this implies that someone, like yourself, threw
them away, unless you use
Lesson 27.

210

211
Lesson 27. hitotachi ga)
12. As for I being knowing students, quite good
things are picking up and coming, and conveniently
are using for sure. Use no instead of ga after I. Use
gakusei. Use kekkoo to mean quite. Use te twice to
mean and.
Watashi no shitte iru gakusei wa, kekkoo ii mono o
hirotte kite, benri ni tsukatte imasu yo. (kekkoo =
quite, rather much) (hirou = to pick up; the hero
picked up the locomotive and saved the girl)
13. I see, huh.
Naruhodo ne. (naruhodo also means indeed)
14. By the way, as for to the shipping company,
already, did you request?
Tokoro de, unsoogaisha ni wa, moo, tanomimashita
ka. (unsoo = shipment, transportation; they had to
unsew the clothes and make them into a shipment;
unsoogaisha = shipping company, movers) (cf.
takuhaibin = home delivery service)
15. Yeah, at next weeks Saturday, to carry and give
is being scheduled.
Ee, raishuu no doyoobi ni, hakonde kureru koto ni
natte imasu.
16a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Greatly I will be made to help, isnt it
question mark, I was thinking, but ... Use unto to
mean greatly. Use the shorter form of the causative
passive verb to help and soften this verb.
Unto tetsudawasarerun ja nai ka to omotte imashita
ga... (unto = a lot, heavily, much; unto us a child is
given, greatly & heavily) (not OK to substitute daibu
for unto; daibu is used with adjectives; unto is used
with verbs) (OK to substitute tetsudawaserarerun for
tetsudawasarerun; if you say tetsudawaserun, using
the causative tense, this implies that the speaker is
going to make someone help)
16b. Part 2. The moving companys person, since
everything he will do and give reportedly, I did relief
for sure. Moving companys person is the subject.
Use yaru to mean do. Soften the verb to give. Use
da soo to mean reportedly. Use de to mean since.
Unsoogaisha no hito ga, zenbu yatte kurerun da soo
de, anshin shimashita yo. (anshin = relief, peace of
mind; the ancient Indians felt relief and peace of
mind when the cowboys went home; cf. anzen =
safety)
17. Webb. One year at the company doing work and
seeing, what was the most terrible? Dont use ka.
Uebbu san. Ichinen kaisha de shigoto o shite mite,
nani ga ichiban taihen deshita? (ichinenkan, also
OK)
18. Thats so huh. Mr. Assistant Managers difficult
characters I was made to read thing I wonder. Use
the short form of the causative passive verb to make
read. Use koto. Use kana.
Soo desu ne. Kakarichoo san no muzukashii ji o

yomasareta koto kana. (if you say yomaseta, this

implies that the speaker is making someone read
them)
19. As for to Kuroda, often she rescued and I
received, huh.
Kuroda san ni wa, yoku tasukete moraimashita ne.
20. So. I also, as for by Assistant Managers
characters, I am being made to cry. Use the short
form of the causative passive verb to make cry. Plain
speech. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Soo. Watashi mo kakarichoo no ji ni wa, nakasarete
iru wa.
21. Since, utterly, unable to read characters are lined
up. Soften this. Use dakara.
Mattaku, yomenai ji ga, narande irun dakara. (cf.
masaka = by no means, on no account, I hardly think
so; by no means will Masako change her name to
Masaka)
22a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. My characters, as for unskillful things, I
admit, but... Use boku. Characters is the subject.
Use koto to mean thing. Use kedo. Plain speech.
Boku no ji ga heta na koto wa, mitomeru kedo ...
(cannot say heta na koto da; OK to say heta da to
mitomeru) (mitomeru = to recognize, admit, accept;
I admit that a meter stick will tomeru [stop] a bug) cf.
matomeru = to bundle together, put in order, settle,
arrange, conclude; cf. matomaru = settle, arrange,
finish, intransitive) (when ma tomaru [stops], things
get settled)
22b. Part 2. As for the one called unable to read
characters are lined up, a little exaggeration isnt it?
Use no to make a noun phrase. Use chotto. Dont
use ka. Plain speech.
Yomenai ji ga narande iru to iu no wa, chotto, iisugi
ja nai? (iisugi = exaggeration, overstatement;
iisugiru = to exaggerate; cf. araisugi = too much
washing, waraisugi = too much laughing)
23. So much unable to read they say on me case, I
also, as for from now, shall decide to use a word
processor, I wonder. Use tte instead of to to show
quotes. Use the passive form of they say. Use n
nara. Use boku. Use kore to mean now. Plain
speech. Use kana.
Sonna ni yomenai tte iwarerun nara, boku mo, kore
kara wa, waappuro o tsukau koto ni shiyoo kanaa.
24. That good. That is the subject. Use a womans
word for emphasis.
Sore ga ii wa.
25. Since I, word processors use method will teach
and give. Use kata to mean method. Use a very
polite word for give.
Watashi ga waappuro no tsukai kata o oshiete
sashiagemasu kara.
26. More early word processors practice do and if I
had been able to receive, it was
Lesson 27.

211

212
Lesson 27. good. Use tara. Dont use da or desu.
Use an intensifier.
Motto hayaku waappuro no renshuu o shite moraetara,
yokatta naa. (itadaketara, moraeba, itadakereba - all
are also OK)
27a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Eh, honorable everyone, as you honorably
know ... Use no yoo ni with the polite word for know,
to mean as you honorably know.
Ee, minasan, gozonji no yoo ni,
27b. Part 2. Webb, this occasion, to the Osaka
branch office to do transfer on him was scheduled.
Webb is the subject. Use tabi to mean occasion. Use
the passive form of to do transfer.
Uebbusan ga, kono tabi, oosaka shisha ni tenkin
sareru koto ni narimashita. (kono tabi = on this
occasion, or this whenever; kono toki not OK,
implies a time of day or time of year rather than an
occasion)
28a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. This one year, as for Webb, in a not-used-to
Japan ...
Kono ichinen, uebbu san wa, narenai nihon de,
28b. Part 2. In the capacity of our colleague, was
well doing his best honorably I think. Use nakama to
mean colleague. Use to shite to mean in the capacity
of. Use the plain speech past form of irassharu in the
phrase doing his best honorably.
Watashitachi no nakama to shite yoku ganbatte
irasshatta to omoimasu. (to shite = as, in the capacity
of; e.g., kare wa kachoo to suru = we will make him
section manager; cf. to shite wa = for; e.g., nihon
no apaato to shite wa, ookii hoo desu, its big for a
Japanese apartment ) (nakama = buddy, colleague;
since ma stays naka [inside], shes nakama and a
colleague)
29. In Osaka also, increasingly, to do activity, I am
praying humbly. Dont use wo after activity. Use
the passive form of to do, to show politeness. Use
yoo without ni instead of to, to indicate what he is
praying. Dont use the humble o before praying.
Oosaka de mo, masumasu, katsuyaku sareru yoo
negatte orimasu. (masumasu = increasingly, more
and more; mas y mas = more & more in Spanish; cf.
iyoiyo = more and more, or finally) (katsuyaku =
activity; katsuyaku suru = be active; when cats are
yakking, thats activity; cf. seikatsu suru = to live or
make a living) (negau = to ask, hope for, pray,
request; e.g., onegai shimasu) (yoo ni negatte
orimasu, also OK)
30. Well then, Webb, I beg you. Use sore de wa.
Sore de wa, Uebbu san, onegai shimasu.
31a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Yes. Say, as for today, for the purpose of
us ... Use honjitsu to mean today. Use tame ni.
Hai. Ano, honjitsu wa, watashitachi no tame ni ...

(honjitsu = today, this day; a hon [book] about the

jitsu [truth] is needed today)
31b. Part 2. Like this, a wonderful party opening
and humbly receiving, thank you very much. Use
kono yoo na to mean like this.
Kono yoo na subarashii paatii o hiraite itadakimashite,
doomo arigatoo gozaimasu. (kono yoo ni not OK,
because yoo modifies paatii, not subarashii) (hiraku
= to open and also to hold a party etc.)
32a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. This one year, various things existed, but
safely, until here we came also ... Use the passive
form of we came, to show politeness, and use no to
soften this verb. We is understood.
Kono ichinen, iroiro na koto ga arimashita ga, buji ni,
koko made korareta no mo ... (use korareta as an
honorific term instead of kimashita to show that you
are including other people, since you wouldnt use
the polite form to refer to yourself only)
32b. Part 2. With very honorable everyones
assistance, I am doing gratitude humbly. Use okage,
to mean assistance. Use to after this to mean with.
Use kansha to mean gratitude. Dont use wo after
kansha.
Minasama no okage to, kansha shite orimasu. (no
okage = thanks to, owing to, indebtedness, favor,
grace, patronage, assistance, backing) (kansha =
gratitude, appreciation; kansha suru = to feel
grateful; Im grateful to the kangaroos shadow
which saved me from being trampled; OK to say
sensei ni kansha shite imasu, for example) (cf. orei
= gratitude, thanks)
33. To Osaka I humbly go even though, as for very
honorable everyones honorable kindness, I will
never forget. Use temo to mean even though.
Oosaka ni mairimashitemo, minasama no goshinsetsu
wa, kesshite wasuremasen. (goshinsetsu wo, OK, but
sounds strange) (kesshite = by no means, never; cf.
kesu = to turn off) (cannot use noni here because its
a hypothetical situation)
34. Go ahead, from now also, regards I beg humbly.
Use kore kara. Use itasu.
Doozo, kore kara mo, yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.
35. Well, honorable everyone. Use de wa.
De wa, minasan.
36. Honorable two peoples, in Osakas, daily life,
pleasant thing to become thing praying, lets do a
toast. Use kurashi to mean daily life. This is the
subject. Use mono and then koto to mean thing.
Ofutari no, oosaka de no kurashi ga, tanoshii mono ni
naru koto o negatte, kanpai shimashoo. (kurashi =
life, daily life, living; kurasu = to live, to make a
living; also = class; a dermatologists daily life is
curing rashes; cf. seikatsu = life, livelihood; cf.
katsuyaku suru = to do activity; cf. kurushii = tight,
painful) (tanoshii mono could be
Lesson 27.

212

213
Lesson 27. changed to tanoshii koto, but its best
not to use koto twice; koto o negau cannot be
changed to mono o negau) (negau = to ask, hope for,
pray, request, beg)
37. Cheers. Michael, Barbara, with honorable health.
Use de to mean with.
Kanpai. Maikerusan, baabarasan, ogenki de.
38. The Michael group, coming to Japan, at the
beginning, as for got inconvenienced thing, what was
it? Use saisho.
Maikerusantachi ga, nihon ni kite, saisho ni komatta
koto wa, nan deshita ka.
39. At the rented house, furniture was not being
attached thing it is.
Karita ie ni, kagu ga tsuite inakatta koto desu. (not
OK to substitute de for ni, since tsuku is used with ni)
(not OK to substitute mono for koto here)
40. As for Tanabe, at transfers occasion, old things,
does he take?
Tanabe san wa, tenkin no tabi ni, furui mono o, motte
ikimasu ka.
41. At the moving destination, newly to buy he is
deciding.
Hikkoshi saki de, atarashiku kau koto ni shite imasu.
(hikkoshi no saki, not OK)
42. As for the moving company, when, is the
Barbara groups luggage carry and give to our ingroup being scheduled?
Unsoogaisha wa, itsu, baabarasantachi no nimotsu o
hakonde kureru koto ni natte imasu ka.
43. At next weeks Saturday, carry and give is being
scheduled.
Raishuu no doyoobi ni, hakonde kureru koto ni natte
imasu.
44. Michael, at the company, as for the most
inconvenienced thing, what was it?
Maikerusan ga, kaisha de, ichiban komatta koto wa,
nan deshita ka.
45. Its Tanabes unskillful characters he was made
to read thing. Use the shorter form of the causative
passive verb. Use koto.
Tanabe san no heta na ji o yomasareta koto desu.
46. As for Tanabe, until now, was he using a word
processor? Use kore to mean now.
Tanabe san wa, kore made, waappuro o tsukatte
imashita ka.
47. He was not using.
Tsukatte imasen deshita.
48. As for Tanabe, the word processors use method,
does he appear wanting to learn? Use kata to mean
method. Use garu to mean appear.
Tanabe san wa, waappuro no tsukai kata o,
naraitagatte imasu ka. (although you may use either
wo or ga before the tai form, tsukai kata ga is
wrong here because the verb is naraitagaru, not
naraitai)

49. Not so much appears wanting to learn it seems.

Use amari. Use yoo to mean it seems.
Amari naraitagatte inai yoo desu.
50. Young man Webb, a little, talk exists, but. Use
chotto. Soften this. Use dakedo.
Uebbu kun, chotto, hanashi ga arun dakedo.
51. Tonight, one cup, how?
Konban, ippai, doo?
52. Is it tonight?
Konban desu ka.
53. As for today, to the wife, early I will return I said
completely, but. Soften this.
Kyoo wa, kanai ni, hayaku kaeru to itte shimattan
desu ga.
54. So question mark. Well, in the meeting room
shall we talk? Use the plain form of shall we talk.
Soo ka. Ja, kaigi shitsu de hanasoo ka.
55. Say, what kind of honorable talk is it probably?
Use nan no.
Ano, nan no ohanashi deshoo ka.
56. Something mistake at least did I do probably?
Soften this.
Nanika machigai demo shitan deshoo ka.
57. Nah, nah. That kind of thing it isnt for sure.
Plain speech.
Iya iya, sonna koto ja nai yo.
58. To tell the truth, huh, the thing-in-questions, to
the Osaka branch office transfer to do and I receive
matter it is, but. Use nan to soften this. Use dakedo.
Plain speech.
Jitsu wa ne, rei no, oosaka shisha ni tenkin shite
morau ken nan dakedo.
59. Yes. That, how question mark, did it do?
Meaning, what are you saying? That is the subject.
Soften this.
Hai. Sore ga doo ka shitan desu ka. (dooshitan desu
ka = what happened?; sore ga dooshitan desu ka =
what happened to it?; sore ga doo ka shitan desu ka
= what are you trying to say? Is there something
wrong?)
60. That, its sudden but, by this months end, to go I
desire. That is the subject. Use kyuu. Use dakedo.
Use sue to mean end. Soften the verb I desire. Plain
speech.
Sore ga, kyuu da kedo, kongetsu no sue made ni itte
hoshiin da. (kyuu = sudden, urgent, unexpected,
steep; OK to substitute sassoku for kyuu) (sue = tip,
end, future; cf. saki = tip, point, first, future; when
you wear suede, thats the end) (kongetsu no
getsumatsu, not OK, but OK to substitute kono
getsumatsu for kongetsu no sue)
61. Eh! In that case, except for only 2 weeks later, it
doesnt exist, huh. Use sore ja to mean in that case.
Use ato.
E! Sore ja, ato nishuukan shika arimasen ne.
62. Yeah, it will become that to say Lesson 27.

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Lesson 27. thing, huh. Use un to mean yeah. Use
soo to mean that. Use koto. Plain speech.
Un, soo iu koto ni naru nee.
63. But its extremely sudden, huh. Use zuibun.
Use kyuu.
Demo, zuibun kyuu desu ne. (not OK to say zuibun
sassoku, since sassoku is already zuibun)
64. As for of the beginnings plan, a little more at
later it was being scheduled, but. Use hajime. Use a
short form of it was being scheduled, omitting suru
koto ni.
Hajime no yotei de wa, moo sukoshi ato ni natte
imashita ga. (moo sukoshi ato ni suru koto ni natte
imashita = the same meaning) (ato ni natte imashita
also = it was becoming later)
65. Thats so, huh. Plain speech.
Soo da ne.
66. Compared to the plan, it became early
completely, but since this also is work, it cant be
helped probably. Use keredo. Use dakara. Plain
speech.
Yotei yori hayaku natte shimatta keredo, kore mo
shigoto dakara, shikata ga nai daroo.
67. What! (use haa)
Haa. (can also mean yes, depending on context)
68a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for at Tokyos work, generally, you
memorized and I received, and ... Use daitai. Use
shi to mean and. Plain speech.
Tookyoo de no shigoto wa, daitai, oboete moratta
shi ... (daitai = generally)
68b. Part 2. Due to San Francisco branch offices
matter, as for at Osaka, early coming they desire
reportedly for sure. Use de to mean due to. Use nan
to soften the last clause. Plain speech.
Sanfuranshisuko shisha no ken de, oosaka de wa,
hayaku kite hoshii soo nan da yo.
69. Is that so? I understood well.
Soo desu ka. Yoku wakarimashita.
70. Soon, transfers preparation I will begin. Use
yooi.
Sugu, tenkin no yooi o hajimemasu. (yooi =
preparation; yooi suru = to prepare; cf. yooji =
business, something to do)
71. As for you, at various moments, as for you are
made to do transfer, is it irritating, does it not matter?
Use tokoro to mean moments. Use the causative
passive form of to do. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Anata wa, iroiro na tokoro ni, tenkin saserareru no wa,
iya desu ka, kamaimasen ka.
72. As for they said irritating people, why is it that
its irritating? Use naze. Use no to soften this and
therefore use an alternative word for desu.
Iya to itta hito wa, naze iya na no desu ka. (iya na no
= iya desu; naze iya desu ka, also OK; naze iya da
desu ka, not OK; naze iya na desu ka, not OK; so,

na in this case = da)

73. As for they said it doesnt matter people, why is
it? Use plain speech for the phrase it doesnt
matter. Use naze.
Kamawanai to itta hito wa, naze desu ka.
74. From the company, as for to do transfer was told
on you time, to the honorable wife, do you do
consultation? Use kara. Use yoo ni, rather than to.
Use the passive form of was told.
Kaisha kara, tenkin suru yoo ni iwareta toki wa,
okusan ni, soodan shimasu ka.
75. Why, to the honorable wife, do you do
consultation? Use naze. Use no to soften this.
Naze, okusan ni, soodan suru no desu ka.
76. Why, to the honorable wife, do you not do
consultation? Use naze. Use no to soften this.
Naze, okusan ni, soodan shinai no desu ka.
77. The honorable wife, if she says she doesnt want
to go, how will you do? Wife is the subject. Use tara.
Okusan ga, ikitakunai to ittara doo shimasu ka.
78. As for at Japanese companies, as for transfer, to
the company employee taking, its very important.
Use taisetsu.
Nihon no kaisha de wa, tenkin wa, kaishain ni totte,
totemo taisetsu desu. (here, ni = for)
79. If a transfer is refused, the usual case, promotion
cannot be done. Use to to mean if. Use taitei to
mean usual. Use baai. Dont use wa or ga after
promotion.
Tenkin o kotowaru to, taitei no baai, shooshin
dekimasen. (not OK to substitute futsuu for taitei
here) (shooshin = advance, promotion; also =
heartbreak, grief, cowardly, timid; if you get
promoted, you can show shiny coins) (cf. shusshin =
alma mater, birth place, hometown; at my alma
mater, I majored in shoe shining in college)
80. As for you, work and home/family and, which
one is more important. Use dochira. Use hoo ga for
the comparison. Use taisetsu.
Anata wa, shigoto to katei to, dochira no hoo ga,
taisetsu desu ka. (katei = home, family; cats eight
are in my home/family; cf. katai = hard, firm, stiff,
conscientious; the cat eye, from the mouses
perspective, is hard and firm)
81. Barbara and Mrs. Tanabe housewife are talking.
Use fujin.
Baabarasan to tanabe fujin ga, hanashite imasu.
82. Michael, by transfer, was scheduled to go to
Osaka, but, as for Barbara, as for to Osaka, she
doesnt want to go very much.
Maikerusan ga, tenkin de, oosaka ni iku koto ni
narimashita ga, baabarasan wa, oosaka e wa, amari
ikitaku arimasen.
83. Barbara, this time, you will transfer to Osaka
reportedly. Soften the verb. Use a womans
expression to mean reportedly.
Lesson 27.

214

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Lesson 27. Baabarasan, kondo, oosaka e tenkin
surun desutte.
84. Becasue of movings preparation, its terrible
probably. Use de to mean because of.
Hikkoshi no junbi de, taihen deshoo.
85. Something shall I do humble help?
Nanika otetsudai shimashoo ka.
86. Thank you a lot. But the moving companys
person, since everything he will do and give, its OK.
Use demo. Use yaru to mean do.
Arigatoo gozaimasu. Demo unsoogaisha no hito ga
zenbu yatte kureru kara, daijoobu desu.
87. Is that so? As for that, it was good, huh.
Soo desu ka. Sore wa yokatta desu ne.
88. Thats so, but. Use nan to soften this. Use kedo.
Soo nan desu kedo.
89. Hey, how did it do? Use ara. Soften this.
Meaning, whats wrong?
Ara, dooshitan desu ka.
90. Not very pleased appearing it isnt huh. Use soo.
Amari, ureshisoo ja arimasen ne. (amari ureshiku
nasa soo desu ne, also OK)
91. Yeah, the fact is, as for the truth, not very much,
as for to Osaka, I dont want to go. Soften this.
Ee. Jitsu wa, hontoo wa, amari oosaka e wa
ikitakunain desu.
92. My, as for that, you got inconvenienced, huh.
Maa, sore wa, komarimashita ne.
93. But, since its a transfer... Use dakara.
Demo, tenkin dakara ...
94a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Yeah, as for that, I am understanding, but, to
Tokyo coming, still except for only one year not
elapsing, and ... Soften the phrase I am
understanding. Use plain speech to say not
elapsing. Use shi to mean and.
Ee, sore wa, wakatte irun desu ga, tookyoo e kite,
mada ichinen shika tatte inai shi ... (tatsu, tachimasu
= to stand, to leave for a far place, to elapse, to cut
off; time elapses while I tatsu [stand])
94b. Part 2. With much trouble, with honorable
everyone, to honorable friends I got used to, even
though ... Use noni. Plain speech.
Sekkaku, minasan to, otomodachi ni nareta noni ...
95. Barbara, so much, dont do disappointment.
Baabarasan, sonna ni gakkari shinai de.
96. Osaka also is a good place, for sure.
Oosaka mo ii tokoro desu yo.
97a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Moreover, if you board the bullet train, since
its about 3 hours ... Use eba.
Sore ni, shinkansen ni noreba, sanjikan gurai desu
kara ...
97b. Part 2. Anytime, to Tokyo for the purpose of
play, you are able to come isnt it? Use the longer
form of able to come.

Itsudemo, tookyoo ni asobi ni korareru ja arimasen ka.

(koreru = short form of able to come; cf. kureru =
to give)
98. Thats so huh. Even if I go to Osaka, sometimes,
to Tokyo for the purpose of play I will come huh.
Soo desu ne. Oosaka ni ittemo, tokidoki, tookyoo ni
asobi ni kimasu ne.
99. Yeah, I will be humbly waiting for sure.
Ee, omachi shite imasu yo.
100. Again, of two people, go for the purpose of
shopping etc., go for the purpose of to see movies etc.,
we shall do, huh. Use tari.
Mata, futari de, kaimono ni ittari, eiga o mi ni ittari
shimashoo ne.
101. And then, sometimes, honorable letter, please,
huh. Use sore kara.
Sore kara, tokidoki, otegami o kudasai ne.
102a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Yeah. Still as for Japanese language letters,
skillfully I cannot write, but ... Soften the verb
cannot write.
Ee. Mada nihongo no tegami wa, joozu ni kakenain
desu ga ...
102b. Part 2. Its study I think, and as for once a
month, I will make an effort to write. Use te to mean
and. Use tsuki ni. Use kai.
Benkyoo da to omotte, tsuki ni ikkai wa, kaku yoo ni
shimasu.
103. In-Osakas daily lifes condition etc. please
inform, huh. Use de to mean in. Use yoosu. Use
nado.
Oosaka de no, kurashi no yoosu nado o, shirasete
kudasai ne. (kurashi = life, daily life) (yoosu =
condition, state; not OK to substitute chooshi here;
chooshi is more personal & refers more to health,
yoosu to what things are like) (cf. seikatsu = life,
livelihood; katsuyaku = activity)
104. Im looking forward to it, for sure.
Tanoshimi ni shite imasu yo.
105. Yeah, I will do so.
Ee, soo shimasu.
106. When I did humble conversation, a little, health
emerged and came. Use tara. Use sukoshi.
Ohanashi o shitara, sukoshi, genki ga dete kimashita.
107. Thank you very much for what you did.
Doomo arigatoo gozaimashita.
108. So. As for that, it was good. Use a womans
intensifier. Plain speech.
Soo, sore wa yokatta wa.
109. When will you do moving?
Itsu hikkoshi shimasu ka. (hikkoshi o shimasu, also
OK)
110a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for March, at any places company, since
transfers are numerous, since we are busy ... Use
node and then kara.
Lesson 27.

215

216
Lesson 27. Sangatsu wa, dokono kaisha demo,
tenkin ga ooi node, isogashii kara, ... (doko demo = at
any place)
110b. Part 2. Early, the moves day arrange and I
would like to receive. Use morau. Dont use desu.
Hayaku, hikkoshi no hi o kimete moraitai.
111. As for the move, its Marchs end-of-months
Saturday.
Hikkoshi wa, sangatsu no getsumatsu no doyoobi
desu.
112. To where will you do moving?
Doko e hikkoshi shimasu ka. (hikkoshi o shimasu,
not OK; doesnt sound right)
113. We will do moving to Osaka.
Oosaka e hikkoshi shimasu.
114. As for the detailed address, if I dont ask
Michael, I dont understand. Use to to mean if. Plain
speech.
Kuwashii juusho wa, maikeru ni kikanai to,
wakaranai.
116. As for luggage, about how much exists?
Nimotsu wa, dono gurai arimasu ka. (dono kurai, also
OK)
117. The to-Osaka want to take things she shows.
Oosaka ni motte ikitai mono o miseru.
118. Kitchen equipment, western clothes, Michaels
desk, a dresser, the personal computer, etc. Use nado.
Daidokoro yoohin, yoofuku, maikeru no tsukue,
tansu, pasokon nado. (yoohin = equipment; yoyos
and hinges are the equipment we need; yoo =
business, use, service; cf. seihin = product, shoohin =
goods, merchandise, prize; keshoohin = cosmetics)
(tansu = dresser; a tan suit is on the dresser)
119. Movings types I will explain, and which type
is good question mark, arrange and I will receive,
please. Use te to mean and. Use dochira.
Hikkoshi no taipu o setsumei shite, dochira no taipu
ga ii ka, kimete moratte kudasai. (may substitute
dono for dochira no; may not substitute dore no,
since dore refers to more than 2 choices)
121. Type A. To carry luggage also, to do packing
also, everything the moving company will do. Use
no to make noun phrases. Use zenbu.
Taipu A. Nimotsu o hakobu no mo, pakkingu o suru
no mo, zenbu unsoogaisha ga shimasu. (OK to
substitute subete for zenbu, but minna is not OK,
used with people)
122. As for the fee, its expensive, but its safe and
convenient. Use anzen to mean safe. Use de to mean
and.
Ryookin wa, takai desu ga, anzen de, benri desu.
(ryookin = fee; fee for Leos kindergarten; cf. ryoori
= cooking; cf. ryohi = travel expenses) (anzen = safe
or safety, used both as a noun and as a na adjective;
ancient zen is safer than modern zen) (not OK to
substitute buji for anzen here; both terms mean

safety, security; buji means without mishap, anzen

means freedom from danger) (cf. anshin = relief)
123. Type B. To carry luggage only, and as for
packing, the very honorable customer will do. Use
de to mean and.
Taipu B. Nimotsu o hakobu dake de, pakkingu wa,
okyakusama ga shimasu. (hakobu no dake de, not
OK)
124. As for the fee, compared to type A, its cheap.
Ryookin wa, taipu A yori, yasui desu. (taipu A hodo
takakunai desu, also OK; use hodo w/ negatives)
125. By myself, as for to do packing, since its
terrible, everything, to the moving companys person,
I shall request. Use jibun. Dont use wo after
packing. Use no to make a noun phrase from to do
packing. Use dakara.
Jibun de, pakkingu suru no wa, taihen dakara, zenbu,
unsoogaisha no hito ni, tanomimashoo. (hitori de,
also OK when referring to yourself)
126. How much it will cost question mark, since to
the company I must inform, I will inquire. Use no to
soften the verb it will cost. Use nakereba naranai.
Use node. Use tazuneru.
Ikura kakaru no ka, kaisha ni shirasenakereba naranai
node, tazunemasu. (OK to omit no after kakaru.)
(OK to substitute either kikimasu or ukagaimasu for
tazunemasu, but ukagaimasu is too polite in this
situation)
127a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. As for the accurate fee, as for at immediately,
I cannot say, but ... Soften the phrase I cannot say.
Seikaku na ryookin wa, ima sugu ni wa ienain desu
ga ... (seikaku = correct, accurate; sane people kaku
[write] accurately; cf. sekkaku = with much trouble)
(cf. iwareru = the passive or polite form of to say) (cf.
keikaku = project, plan) (ima sugu = immediately)
127b. Part 2. Returning to the company and doing
calculations, soon, by a letter, I will inform.
Kaisha ni kaette keisan shite, sugu tegami de
shirasemasu. ( keisan suru = to calculate, add up;
Kei-san calculated the number of caissons; cf.
sansuu = arithmetic) (cf. sansei = agreement)
128. As for packing, on the moves befores day I
will do.
Pakkingu wa, hikkoshi no mae no hi ni shimasu.
129. As for that time, someone, being in the house I
desire. Dont use wa or ga after someone. Soften
this.
Sono toki wa, dareka, ie ni ite hoshiin desu.
130. As for on the packings day, myself, plan to be
in the house.
Pakkingu no hi ni wa, jibun ga, ie ni irutsumori desu.
131. Very honorable everyone, as for today, for the
purpose of us, since a farewell party opening and
giving, thank you very much. Use
Lesson 27.

216

217
Lesson 27.
tame ni. Use hiraku. Use te to
mean since. Use the plain speech form of a very
polite word meaning to give.
Minasama, kyoo wa, watashitachi no tame ni,
soobetsukai o hiraite kudasatte, doomo arigatoo
gozaimasu. (soobetsukai = farewell party; Sober
Betsy came to the farewell party; cf. enkai =
banquet; cf. betsu ni = particularly) (hiraku = to
open, or to hold an event; there was a high rack at
the store we opened in Iraq)
132a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. This one year period, pleasant things etc.,
inconvenienced things, various existed, but ... Use ya
to mean etc.
Kono ichinenkan, tanoshii koto ya, komatta koto ga,
iroiro arimashita ga ...
132b. Part 2. To very honorable everyone, terrible,
to kindness you do and we humbly receive, and truly
its happiness. Use plain speech to say you do and
we humbly receive. Use te to mean and, twice.
Minasama ni, taihen, shinsetsu ni shite itadaite,
hontoo ni, shiawase desu. (here taihen = extremely)
(shinsetsu ni suru = to do kindness; cannot say
shinsetsu suru) (shiawase na = happy) (cf. yasashisa
= tenderness, meekness, daintiness)
133a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. Michael, in Japan, was scheduled to labor
time, as for me, as for the Japanese language, almost
I did not understand, and ... Michaels wife is
speaking. Michael is the subject. Use shi to mean
and. Plain speech.
Maikeru ga, nihon de, hataraku koto ni natta toki,
watashi wa, nihongo wa, hotondo wakaranakatta
shi ...
133b. Part 2. As for Japans things, since except for
only a little I did not know, it was very much worry.
Use koto. Use plain speech to say did not know.
Use node.
Nihon no koto wa, sukoshi shika shiranakatta node,
totemo shinpai deshita.
134. For that reason, at before to come to Japan,
Japanese language books etc., regarding Japan
written and exist books I bought and studied. Use ya
to mean etc.
Sore de, nihon ni kuru mae ni, nihongo no hon ya,
nihon ni tsuite kaite aru hon o katte benkyoo
shimashita.
135. But, to do study from books and as for truly to
do experience and, extremely, they are different huh.
Use no twice to make noun phrases. Use to twice to
mean and & to show an exhaustive list.
Demo, hon de benkyoo suru no to, hontoo ni keiken
suru no to wa, zuibun, chigaimasu ne. (keiken =
experience; dogs experience cages & kennels) (not
OK to substitute ga for wa in this sentence)
136a. The following sentence is divided into 3 parts.

Part 1. As for hiragana and katakana, to read etc., to

write etc., since in such a way as to be able it
developed ... Use tari to mean etc. Use dekiru. Use
plain speech to say it developed. Use node.
Hiragana to katakana wa, yondari, kaitari dekiru yoo
ni natta node ...
136b. Part 2. Even though to go to Japan it would
probably be OK I was thinking, but ... Use temo to
mean even though. Use daijoobu to mean OK. Use
plain speech, except for the word desu at the end.
Use no to soften the verb I was thinking.
Nihon ni ittemo daijoobu daroo to omotte ita no desu
ga ...
136c. Part 3. When I arrived at Narita airport and
saw, since I didnt understand anything, I got
inconvenienced. Use to to mean when I arrived. Use
node. Use plain speech except for the final verb.
Narita kuukoo ni tsuite miru to, nanimo
wakaranakatta node, komarimashita.
137. I, in America, as for studied Japanese, as for
Japans people speak Japanese and, different I
wonder, I thought. Use to before the 2nd wa, to mean
and, and to contrast the two forms of Japanese. Use
no to soften the word different. Use kashira. Use
plain speech for all except the last verb.
Watashi ga, amerika de, benkyoo shita nihongo wa,
nihon no hito ga hanasu nihongo to wa, chigau no
kashira, to omoimashita. (Also OK to say benkyoo
shita nihongo to, nihon no hito ga hanasu nihongo to)
138a. The following sentence is divided into 2 parts.
Part 1. But, to very honorable everyone, you taught
and I humbly received etc., in Japanese language
school I studied etc., I did, thanks to you ... Use tari
to mean etcetera. Use plain speech. Use the shorter
form of thanks to you.
Demo, minasama ni, oshiete itadaitari, nihongo
gakkoo de benkyoo shitari, shita, okage de ... (the
past plain speech form of itadaku is itadaita; the te
form is itadaite)
138b. Part 2. By myself, to go for the purpose of
shopping etc., to board the subway etc., to be able do,
it came to that point. Use tari. Use suru koto ga
dekiru to mean to be able to do.
Hitori de, kaimono ni ittari, chikatetsu ni nottari suru
koto ga dekiru yoo ni narimashita. (not OK to omit
suru koto ga)
139. As for at this years summer, from America, the
parents are being scheduled to come.
Kotoshi no natsu ni wa, amerika kara ryoshin ga kuru
koto ni natte imasu.
140. As for by that time, Japanese, for the purpose of
more skillfully to be able to speak, I plan to do my
best. Japanese is the subject. Use yoo ni to mean for
the purpose of.
Sono toki made ni wa, nihongo ga motto joozu ni
hanaseru yoo ni, ganbaru tsumori desu. Lesson 27.

217

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Lesson 27. 141. After going to Osaka also, as for
very honorable everyones honorable kindness, never,
I will not forget. Use te kara.
Oosaka e itte kara mo, minasama no goshinsetsu wa,
kesshite, wasuremasen. (kesshite = never, always
used with negative verbs) (wasureru = forget)
142. As for the time when you honorably come to
Osaka, without fail, honorable communication please.
Oosaka e irassharu toki wa, zehi, gorenraku kudasai.
(gorenraku o, not OK, doesnt sound right)
143. Again, to humble eyes it is able to cost thing, I
will be looking forward on humbly, meaning Ill be
looking forward to it. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Mata, o me ni kakareru no o, tanoshimi ni shite
orimasu. Meaning, I will be looking forward to being
able to humbly meet you.
144. Until that time, go ahead with honorable health.
Sono toki made, doozo ogenki de.
145. Thank you a lot for what you did.
Arigatoo gozaimashita.
146. Three years duration, I labor at a Japanese bank,
and, this time, to a New Yorks branch store, I was
scheduled to transfer. Use te to mean and.
San nen kan, nihon no ginkoo de hataraite, kondo,
nyuuyooku no shiten ni tenkin suru koto ni
narimashita. [shiten = branch store; they have
shingles ten on the roof of the branch store;
combine kanji for eda (branch) = shi and mise = ten;
cf. shisha = branch office]
147. As for the beginning, since I do not understand
Japanese, to everyone, I spent trouble, meaning I
caused trouble. Use hajime. Use te to mean since.
Use meiwaku.
Hajime wa, nihongo ga wakaranakute, minna ni,
meiwaku o kakemashita. (meiwaku = annoyance,
nuisance, trouble; meiwaku o kakeru = to
inconvenience; the way May walks spells trouble)
(cf. mendoo = bother, nuisance, trouble, but cannot
substitute mendoo for meiwaku here; mendoo o miru
= to take care of someone; mendoo na koto = a
troublesome thing)
148. In particular, as for to the assistants Tanaka, an
apartment he searched and I received etc., together,
we went for the purpose of shopping and I received,
etc., we did. Use toku ni. Use sagasu. Use tari.
Toku ni, ashisutanto no Tanaka san ni wa, apaato o
sagashite morattari, issho ni, kaimono ni itte
morattari shimashita.
149. For companys travel, to Hakones hot spring
also we went. Use de to mean for.
Kaisha no ryokoo de, Hakone no onsen ni mo
ikimashita.
150. Japans baths enter method and summer robes
wear method etc. also, I did not know. Use kata to
mean method. Use ya to mean etc.
Nihon no furo no hairi kata ya, yukata no ki kata mo

shirimasen deshita.
151. On this trip, the hot spring very much liking
developed. Use de to mean on.
Kono ryokoo de, onsen ga, totemo suki ni
narimashita.
152. During to be in Japan, 3 times a week, at
Japanese language school, I studied. Use aida,
without ni, to mean during. Use shuu ni. Use kai.
Nihon ni iru aida, shuu ni sankai, nihongo gakkoo de,
benkyoo shimashita. (aida ni, also OK; uchi ni, not
OK; this means while still or as)
153. Already, as for to talk thing, almost I do not
inconvenience, but, as for newspapers, still I cannot
read. Use no to make a noun phrase.
Moo, hanasu no wa, hotondo komarimasen ga,
shinbun wa, mada yomemasen.
154. Sometime, again, to Japan I would like to return
and come, I am thinking.
Itsuka, mata, nihon ni kaette kitai to omotte imasu.
155. As for Mary, now, how many years is it?
Meaning, how old is she?
Meariisan wa, ima, nansai desu ka. (ikutsu desu ka,
also OK, but not quite as polite; ikutsu used more
with children)
156. She is 25 years old.
Nijuu go sai desu.
157. As for the last educational background, what is
it? Use saishuu without no.
Saishuugakureki wa, nan desu ka. (saishuu = last, the
silent shooter was on his last legs; saishuudensha =
last train of the day; gakureki = educational
background; my educational background is gakkoo
[school] wrecking; saishuugakureki = most recent
educational background; saishuu no gakureki, also
OK, not as good; cf. saisho = beginning, saigo = end;
the side show was the beginning; Saigon was at the
end of the trip)
158. Its Maryland University business school
graduation. Dont use the possessive no in this
sentence.
Meriirando daigaku bijinesu sukuuru sotsugyoo desu.
(Meriirando daigaku no bijinesu sukuuru no
sotsugyoo, also OK)
159. As for at Michigan University, what did she
study?
Mishigan daigaku de wa, nani o benkyoo shimashita
ka.
160. Its Eastern studies.
Tooyoogaku desu. (tooyoo = the East, orient;
combines kanji for higashi and you = ocean; Toyotas
come from the East, from a Chinese perspective; cf.
seiyoo = the West; they say yogurt in the West;
combines kanji for nishi and yoo; tooyoojin =
eastern person; tooyoo suru = employ, promote)
161. At before, something work has she done?
Mae ni, nanika shigoto o shita koto
Lesson 27.

218

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Lesson 27. ga arimasu ka.
162. For part-time, she has done interpretation. Use
paato taimu. Use de to mean for.
Paato taimu de, tsuuyaku o shita koto ga arimasu.
(tsuuyaku = interpreter; interpretation; interpreters
stare at the tsuki [moon] and yak)
163. Why, to a Japanese company does she want to
enter, is she thinking? Use no to soften the last
clause.
Dooshite, nihon no kaisha ni hairitai to omotte iru no
desu ka.
164. In Tokyo she would like to labor, and since an
interest to Japanese companies system exists. Use
shi to mean and. Plain speech.
Tookyoo de hatarakitai shi, nihon no kaisha no
shisutemu ni kyoomi ga aru kara.
165. As for Abe industries, to America, a factory
they are trying to make. Plain speech.
Abe sangyoo wa, amerika ni, koojoo o tsukuroo to
shite iru. (tsukuru is a u verb)
166. Regarding the land the company is trying to buy.
Kaisha ga kaoo to shite iru tochi ni suite. (tochi =
land, soil, locality; I like to touch cheese on the land)
167. At San Franciscos closely, it doesnt exist.
Plain speech.
Sanfuranshisuko no chikaku ni nai. (chikai, not OK;
chikaku is a locative expression like mae or ushiro,
in addition to being an adverb; SF ni chikai desu,
OK; SF no chikai desu, not OK; SF no chikaku desu,
OK; SF ni chikakunai desu, OK)
168. From San Francisco to the south, at about 50
kilometers place it exists. Use tokoro. Plain speech.
Sanfuranshisuko kara minami ni gojikkiro gurai no
tokoro ni aru. (minami no hoo ni, also OK; minami
no hoo 50 kiro, not OK) (gojukkiro, also OK)
169. As for area, 5 acres.
Hirosa wa, go eekaa. (hirosa = area, extent, width,
breadth; hiroi + sa = a noun; e.g., semasa =
narrowness)
170. As for the person who doesnt appear wanting
to sell the land, its Smith. Use tagaru.
Tochi o uritagatte inai hito wa, sumisusan desu.
171. From San Francisco too far they think Japanese
people numerous, but otherwise there is no suitable
land. Use wa after Japanese people. Use hoka ni.
Plain speech.
Sanfuranshisuko kara toosugiru to omou nihonjin wa
ooi ga, hoka ni, tekitoo na tochi ga nai. (hoka no, not
OK, even if you say hoka no tochi) (tochi wa nai, not
as good)
172. Regarding the to-America to make factory.
Amerika ni tsukuru koojoo ni tsuite. (amerika de,
also OK, different nuance)
173. As for people who will labor at the factory, as
for the beginning, its 80 people. Use saishoo.
Koojoo de hataraku hito wa, saishoo wa, hachijuunin

desu.
174. Within that, as for 20 people, its American
people. Use uchi no.
Sono uchi no, nijuunin wa, amerikajin desu. (sono
uchi ni, not OK; sono naka no, also OK)
175. To the factorys nearby, they plan to make a
pool and a tennis court. Use soba. Plain speech.
Koojoo no soba ni, puuru to tenisukooto o
tsukurutsumori da. (cf. yoko = side)
176. As for the beginnings factory manager, they
plan to decide on a Japanese person. Use saishoo.
Use koojoochoo. Plain speech.
Saishoo no koojoochoo wa, nihonjin ni suru tsumori
da. (koojoochoo = factory manager)
177. Webb. One time, I want to do treating of dinner,
but, of Saturday would you not mind? Soften the
first clause.
Uebbu san. Ichido, bangohan o gochisoo shitain desu
ga, doyoobi de kamaimasenka. (doyoobi ni, not OK,
since the expression for asking if, or saying that,
something will be OK is de ii desu ka or de ii
desu)
178. As for that, thanks. Use doomo.
Sore wa, doomo.
179. But, as for Saturday, with Barbara, since I have
to go for the purpose of shopping, if its possible,
Friday would be good, but. Use nakutewa naranai.
Use node. Use tara. Soften the word good.
Demo, doyoobi wa baabara to kaimono ni
ikanakutewa naranai node, dekitara, kinyoobi ga iin
desu ga.
180. Is that so. Well, on Friday lets do.
Soo desu ka? Ja, kinyoobi ni shimashoo.
181. At what time shall we do?
Nanji ni shimashoo ka.
182. Thats so huh. As for about half past 5, how is
it?
Soo desu ne. Gojihan goro wa, doo desu ka.
183. Its good huh.
Ii desu ne.
184. Well, lets meet at Torisens stores front.
Ja, torisen no mise no mae de aimashoo. (mae ni, not
OK)
185. Say, as for the one called Torisen, where does it
exist? Use tte. Soften the word exist.
Ano torisen tte doko ni arun desu ka.
186. Ah, dont you understand the place? Use basho.
Soften this.
Aa, basho ga wakaranain desu ka.
187. Well, since I will draw a map, huh.
Jaa, chizu o kakimasu kara ne.
188. Look, after you leave the station, if you turn
right on this corner, it will be good for sure. Use te
kara. Use eba. Soften the word good.
Hora, eki o dete kara, kono kado o migi ni magareba,
iin desu yo.
Lesson 27.

219

220
Lesson 27. 189. Ah, I understood.
Aa, wakarimashita.
190. In the case of that place, to in front, I have gone
for sure. Use soko.
Soko nara, mae ni, itta koto ga arimasu yo.
191. Its probably a yakitoris delicious store?
Yakitori no oishii mise deshoo?
192. Yeah, its so.
Ee, soo desu.
193. Well, to that place, by half past 5, please come,
huh. Use soko.
Ja, soko ni gojihan made ni kite kudasai ne.
194. As for Michael, for the purpose of health, a
little more to get thin he decided. Use kenkoo. Use
tame ni.
Maikerusan wa, kenkoo no tame ni, moo sukoshi
yaseru koto ni shimashita. (kenkoo = health; Kens
colds stopped after he got healthy; cf. kenka =
quarrel; cf. kinko = a safe; cf. genki = health,
energy) (yaseru = to lose weight; he's lost so much
weight, ya se que va morir [I already know hes
going to die in Spanish]; cannot say taijuu o yaseru;
yaseru means to get thin; OK to say taijuu o herasu =
lose weight)
195. As for Japanese language newspapers, since
difficult, readily I could not read, but as for recently,
a little it got to the point that I was able to read. Use
te to mean since.
Nihongo no shinbun wa, muzukashikute, nakanaka
yomemasen deshita ga, saikin wa, sukoshi yomeru
yoo ni narimashita.
196. If except for Japanese only you dont
understand, the time you went to a foreign country,
will you not get inconvenienced? Use tara to mean if.
Nihongo shika wakaranakattara, gaikoku ni itta toki,
komarimasen ka. (gaikoku ni iku toki, also OK;
apparently the tense disagreement sounds fine in
Japanese; itta implies after you go)
197. As for tomorrow, since I have to get up early in
the morning, as for tonight, already I will sleep. Use
nakya naranai.
Ashita wa, asa hayaku okinakya naranai kara, konban
wa, moo nemasu.
198. Excuse me. As for this kind of iron, where they
are selling question mark, can you not teach and I
receive? Speaking to an equal or inferior.
Sumimasen. Konna airon wa, doko de utte iru ka,
oshiete moraemasen ka.
199. Since the honorable Mr. customer will come,
beer is being chilled by someone and exists. Use
node. Use ga rather than wo after beer.
Okyakusan ga kuru node, biiru ga hiyashite arimasu.
(hieru = to chill, intransitive; hiyasu = to chill,
transitive; samasu means to reduce the temperature
of a hot item, like coffee, and is not OK here) (biiru o
hiyashite arimasu, also OK; biiru o hiyashite imasu

implies that I chilled it) (biiru o hiete imasu OK but

sounds strange here because it would imply that the
beer chilled itself because the customer was coming)
(the transitive aru rule states that the te form of
transitive verbs is usually followed by arimasu; also,
in te aru constructions, the direct object of the
transitive verb may be followed by either wo or ga)
200. Something cold drink at least can I not receive?
Speaking to someone outside your in-group.
Nanika tsumetai nomimono demo itadakemasenka.
201. In the case of beer, it exists, but
with that is it good?
Biiru nara arimasu ga, sore de ii desu ka.
202. As for the meeting, already did it finish?
Kaigi wa moo owarimashita ka.
203. No, still it is for sure. Use nan to soften this.
Iie, mada nan desu yo.
204. The sky became dark and came, huh.
Sora ga kuraku natte kimashita ne.
205. Yeah, any minute now, it will rain apparently
huh. Use ima ni mo to mean any minute. Use soo.
Ee, ima ni mo, ame ga furi soo desu ne. (ima ni mo =
any minute now; ima [now] Nemo will come at any
minute) (cf. ima sugu ni = immediately; sassoku = at
once, right away, immediately)
206. A voice is not audible, huh.
Koe ga kikoemasen ne.
207. No one exists it seems. Use plain speech for
doesnt exist. Use yoo.
Dare mo inai yoo desu.
208. From now, the meeting is on the verge of
starting. Use kore to mean now.
Kore kara, kaigi ga hajimaru tokoro desu.
209. Eh! Is even a child knowing? Soften this.
E! Kodomo demo shitte irun desu ka.
210. Its famous, huh. Use nan to soften this.
Yuumei nan desu nee.
211. As for me, to tomorrows meeting, I plan to
attend. Use shuuseki suru.
Watashi wa, ashita no kaigi ni, shuuseki surutsumori
desu.
212. At I just finished trying to enter the honorable
bath, the phone rang and came. Use kakaru to mean
ring.
Ofuro ni hairoo to shita tokoro ni, denwa ga, kakatte
kimashita. (ofuro ni hairoo to shita toki ni, also OK;
has almost the same meaning) (cf. kakeru = to make
a call)
213. As for him, although hes a student, not
studying, he is only doing part-time work. Use
bakari.
Kare wa, gakusei na noni, benkyoo o shinai de,
arubaito bakari shite imasu.
214. While still young, various things, I want to
experience in advance, Im thinking.
Wakai uchi ni, iroiro na koto o, keiken
Lesson 27.

220

221

Lesson 27. shite okitai to omotte imasu. (keiken =

experience; dogs experience cages & kennels)
215. To San Francisco, branch office to create
preparations, for the purpose of to do, I was
scheduled to do a business trip to America. Use
junbi. Use wo after junbi. Use tame ni.
Sanfuranshisuko ni shisha o tsukuru junbi o suru
tame ni, amerika ni shutchoo suru koto ni narimashita.
(shisha = branch office)
216. As for section manager, always, to
subordinates people, not saying complaints, strongly
to labor, he is saying. Use hitotachi. Use shikkari to
mean strongly. Use both yoo ni and to, to indicate
what is being said.
Kachoo wa, itsumo, buka no hitotachi ni, monku o
iwanai de, shikkari hataraku yoo ni to itte imasu.
(monku = to complain) (shikkari suru = get hold of
yourself, become strong; shikkari as an adverb =
firmly, tightly, strongly; when shiites carry the whips,
they pull themselves together tightly; cf. tashika ni =
definitely)
217. In Europe also, this product, in such a way as to
be able to sell well, we did model changes. Use
seihin. Seihin is the subject.
Yooroppa de mo, kono seihin ga, yoku ureru yoo ni,
moderu chenji o shimashita. (urareru not OK; since
uru is a u verb, ur is the root; add eru, and you get
ureru, the potential form)
218. While eating rice, as for to watch TV, its not
good for sure. Use nagara. Use no to make a noun
phrase. Use plain speech to say not good. Use desu.
Gohan o tabenagara terebi o miru no wa, yokunai
desu yo.
219. Since he was saying that fever exists, as for
Michael, probably, as for to todays golf, he will not
come probably. Use plain speech except for deshoo
at the end.
Netsu ga aru to itte ita kara, maikerusan wa, tabun,
kyoo no gorufu ni wa konai deshoo.
220. As for this work, as for by the day after
tomorrow, since I will surely finish, please do relief.
Use kitto. Use shiageru.
Kono shigoto wa, asatte made ni wa, kitto
shiagemasu kara, anshin shite kudasai. (shiageru = to
finish, complete; the shiites will ageru [give] the rice
when they finish eating) (anshin = relief, peace of
mind; the ancient Indians felt relief and peace of
mind when the cowboys went home; cf. anzen =
safety)
221. As for a better to labor robot, can you not make
it? Use the adverbial form of good. Soften the
second verb.
Motto yoku hataraku robotto wa, tsukurenain desu ka.
(tsukuru is a u verb; tsukureru is the potential form)
222. Next Sunday, at the home, I will do a party for

sure. Soften the verb.

Kondo no nichiyoobi, uchi de, paatii o surun desu yo.
223. You also, by all means, please honorably come
huh.
Anata mo, zehi irasshite kudasai ne. (irasshatte,
confusing, not as good as irasshite)
224. At the banks front, people many are gathering
huh. Use ni instead of de. Use oozei.
Ginkoo no mae ni, hito ga oozei atsumatte imasu ne.
(ginkoo no mae de, also OK)
225. How did it happen probably. Soften this.
Dont use ka.
Dooshitan deshoo.
226. Hey, already did it finish? Use ara. Soften this.
Ara, moo owattan desu ka.
227. Its extremely early huh.
Zuibun hayai desu ne.
228. Its did worry way, huh. Use toori to mean way.
Meaning, this is what I worried about.
Shinpai shita toori desu ne.
229. As for Tanaka, after all, he did not come. Use
yappari.
Tanaka san wa, yappari kimasen deshita. (cf.
kekkyoku = after all, eventually; yappari can also
mean after all) (kekkyoku should not be substituted
for yappari in the middle of this sentence, but it could
be used at the beginning: kekkyoku, tanaka san
kimasen deshita)
230. This kind of delicious water, even Tokyo, if we
are able to drink, its good, huh. Use tara.
Konna ni oishii mizu ga, tookyoo demo nometara ii
desu ne.
231. Excuse me. I become late and. Plain speech.
Sumimasen. Osoku natte.
232. A little, since I put out too much speed, by a
policeman the car was stopped on me. Use chotto.
Use te to mean since. Use wo after car. Use the
passive form of to stop and soften this verb.
Chotto, supiido o dashisugite, omawarisan ni kuruma
o tomeraretan desu. (also OK to say this using the
causative passive tense, i.e. kuruma o
tomesaseraretan desu)
233. Does the head hurt? Soften this.
Atama ga itain desu ka.
234. In that case, it would be better to go to the
hospital for sure.
Sore nara, byooin ni itta hoo ga ii desu yo.
235. Every day, about what time do you take a
shower? Soften this.
Mainichi, nanji goro shawaa o abirun desu ka.
236. As for me, morning, after I get up, I take a
shower, for sure. Use te kara. Soften this.
Watashi wa, asa, okite kara, shawaa o abirun desu yo.
237. Doing a funny talk, everyone will be made to
laugh. Use minna without san. Use wo after minna.
Plain speech.
Lesson 27.

221

222
Lesson 27. Omoshiroi hanashi o shite, minna o
warawaseru.
238. Since I became late, to the friend, by car, he
saw me off and I received. Use node. Plain speech.
Osoku natta node, tomodachi ni, kuruma de okutte
moratta. (okuru = to send, to see off; cf. okureru =
to get delayed)
239. Today, when I went to the hospital, by the
honorable doctor, sake and tobacco etc. I will not
drink to excess he said on me. Use tara. Use ya to
mean etc. Use yoo ni to show quotes.
Kyoo, byooin ni ittara, oishasan ni, sake ya tabako o
nomisuginai yoo ni iwaremashita.
240. To the division manager I humbly want to meet,
but does he honorably exist? Use oai suru and soften
this.
Buchoo ni oai shitain desu ga, irasshaimasu ka.
241. What kind of to labor even though, as for life,
to comfort it does not become. Use temo. Use
seikatsu to mean life.
Donna ni hataraitemo, seikatsu wa, raku ni narimasen.
(hatarakutemo no such word; only use the ku form
with i adjectives and nai, not with verbs; the te form
of hataraku is hataraite, just as the te form of kaku is
kaite) (seikatsu = life, livelihood; Keikos life is to
eat Sei-sans katsu; cf. kurashi = living, life; kurashi
also OK here; seikatsuhi = cost of living) (raku =
comfort, pleasure, relief, ease; the old rake
experiences comfort and ease using a rake; cf.
renraku = communication)
242. Often I did practice thanks to, at last, I got to
the point that I was able. Use the short form of
thanks to.
Yoku renshuu shita okage de, yatto, dekiru yoo ni
narimashita.
242b. The causative form of the verb to go is
Ikaseru.
242c. The passive form of the verb to go is
Ikareru.
242d. The causative passive form of the verb to go is
Ikasareru. (asa [morning] rerun) (I go in the
morning)
242e. The causative form of the verb to come is
Kosaseru.
242f. The passive form of the verb to come is
Korareru.
242g. The causative passive form of the verb to
come is
Kosaserareru. (Saskatchewan era rerun) (I come to
Saskatchewan)
242h. The causative form of the verb to do is
Saseru.
242i. The passive form of the verb to do is
Sareru.
242j. The causative passive form of the verb to do is
Saserareru. (Saskatchewan era rerun) (I do in

Saskatchewan)
243. As for Keiko, she was hit by Mari.
Keiko san wa mari-san ni utaremashita. (this could
also mean she was shot by Mari) (Keiko san ga, also
OK) [utsu is a u verb (I utilize a submarine to hit
him); the root is ut; the passive form is utareru]
244. As for Keiko, she was able to sit on a chair.
Use suwaru.
Keiko san wa isu ni suwaremashita. (Keiko san ga,
also OK) (suwaru is a u verb, since you double the t
to form suwatte and suwatta; the root is suwar; add
eru to form the potential form: suwareru)
245. Keiko sat on a chair. Use suwaru. Use the
passive verb form to show politeness.
Keiko san ga isu ni suwararemashita. (suwaru is a u
verb, since you double the t to form suwatte and
suwatta; the root is suwar; add areru to form the
passive form: suwarareru)
246. Keiko went to the store. Use the passive verb
to show politeness.
Keiko san ga mise ni ikaremashita.
247. As for Hiroshi, he made Keiko drink honorable
sake.
Hiroshi-san wa, keiko-san ni, osake o nomasemashita.
(Hiroshi-san ga, also OK)
248. As for Keiko, she was made to drink honorable
sake by Hiroshi. Use the long form of the causative
passive verb.
Keiko san wa hiroshi san ni osake o
nomaseraremashita. (aspirin era rerun)
(nomasaremashita is the short form, also OK) (Keiko
san ga, also OK) (this has negative implications; to
make it sound positive, you could say Hiroshi wa
Keiko ni osake o nomasete agemashita)
249. As for Keiko, she was made to drink honorable
sake by Hiroshi. Use the short form of the causative
passive verb.
Keiko san wa hiroshi san ni osake o nomasaremashita.
(morning rerun) (Keiko san ga, also OK)
250. As for the dog, it was chased by Keiko. Use the
passive tense.
Inu wa keiko san ni oikakeraremashita. (oikakeru, to
chase after oil and cake) (inu ga, also OK) (you
could also say Keiko ga inu o oikakemashita =
Keiko chased the dog; you could also say inu ni
keiko ga oikakesaseraremashita = by the dog Keiko
was made to chase; the root of the ru verb oikakeru,
oikake, + saserareru = oikakesaserareru)
251. Keiko ate the rice. Use the passive verb to
show politeness.
Keiko san ga gohan o taberaremashita. (to say that
she was able to eat the rice, say keiko san wa gohan
ga taberaremashita)
252. As for Hiroshi, he made Keiko eat the rice.
Hiroshi san wa keiko san ni gohan o tabesasemashita.
(Hiroshi san ga, also OK)
Lesson 27.

222

223
Lesson 27. 253. As for Keiko, she was made to
eat rice by Hiroshi. Use the causative passive tense.
Keiko san wa hiroshi san ni gohan
tabesaseraremashita. (Saskatchewan era rerun)
(Keiko san ga, also OK) (this has negative
implications; to make it sound positive, you could
say Hiroshi wa Keiko ni gohan o tabesasete
agemashita)
Lesson 28
1. Night, without electricity, I cannot read a book.
Use koto ga.

Yoru, denki nashi de, hon o yomu koto ga dekimasen.

(nashi de = without, used after a verb stem; cf.
nashi = pear) (he is gnashing his teeth, without the
prize he craved)
2. Without scissors, I cannot cut the paper.

Hasami nashi de, kami o kiremasen.

3. As for this tape, its easy to study.

Kono teepu wa benkyoo shi yasui desu. (-yasui =

easy to do, used after a verb stem or an i adjective
stem)
4. As for the lesson, its easy to understand.

Jugyoo wa wakariyasui desu.

5. This music is difficult to hear.

Kono ongaku wa kikinikui desu. (-nikui = difficult

to do, used after a verb stem or an i adjective
stem) (cf. hikui = short stature, low) (nicotine is
difficult to quit)
6. As for to Tokyo, you seldom come, huh.

Tokyo e wa metta ni kimasen ne. (metta ni = rarely,

seldom) (I seldom read metaphysics)
7. Yes. Im not coming here, meaning I havent
come here, in awhile.

Hai. Shibaraku koko ni kite imasen.

8. In order to make a reservation, in advance, its OK
to do a phone call. Use tame ni. Use maemotte.

Yoyaku suru tame ni, maemotte denwa shite mo ii

desu. (maemotte = beforehand, in advance)
(yoyaku suru tame ni, denwa shite okite moo ii desu,
also OK) (mae [before] motte [holding] the tickets in
advance)
9. Hes counting the money

Okane o kazoete imasu. (kazoeru = to count) (I can

count the number of kazoku [family] members that
are erudite on one hand)

10. Its Yamada, but tomorrows evening, about 7:00,

are there seats for two people? Use asu. Use yoru.

Yamada desu ga, asu no yoru, shichiji goro, futari no

seki ga arimasu ka. (ashita also OK, same kanji as
asu) (asu no ban, not as good; asu no yuugata, also
OK)
11. From May, it gradually becomes hot.

Gogatsu kara, dandan atsuku narimasu.

12. As for the mountains, all, become yellow and red.
Use zenbu. Dont use ga or wa after zenbu. Use the
noun forms of both colors.

Yama wa, zenbu, kiiro to aka ni narimasu. (not OK

to substitute kiiroi or akai, the adjective forms;
kiiroku narimasu, OK by itself; akaku narimasu, OK
by itself; but not OK to say kiiroku to akaku
narimasu)
13. Its very beautiful.

Totemo utsukushii desu.

14. The thief entered the house and came and took
the money and ran away. Use doroboo. Plain
speech.

Doroboo ga ie ni haitte kite okane o totte nigeta.

(doroboo = thief, robber; cf. hannin = criminal,
burglar) (nigeru = to run away; cf. nigiru = to
grasp) (Dorothy's boyfriend is a thief) (the Nigerian
runner ran away)
15. Due to little sister's fault, I was delayed to school.
Use de to mean due to. Plain speech.

Imooto no sei de gakkoo ni okureta. (sei = fault) (it

was Sei-san's fault)
16. Please plug in the computer.

Konpyuutaa o setsuzoku shite kudasai. (setsuzoku =

connection, joining, link) (if you set Sue up in the
Zodiac with Madame Curie, they will make a
connection)
17. During the war, a lot of bombs were dropped.
Use the passive tense. Plain speech.

Sensoo chuu takusan no bakudan ga otosareta.

(sensoo = war, battle, fight) (not OK to substitute
ochirareta for otosareta; ochiru is intransitive, so
cannot be used as a passive verb, since that requires a
doer) (bakudan = bomb) (our sensory organs detect
a war) (if you back up, Dan will drop a bomb on
you)
18. What they say on me, even though, as for me, it's
calmness. Use wo rather than to.
Lesson 28.

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224
Lesson 28. Use temo. Meaning, whatever they say,
Im calm. Plain speech.

Nani o iwarete mo watashi wa heiki da. (nan to

iwarete, also OK) (heiki = calmness, indifference)
(the Hay king is calm) (not OK to substitute nandemo
for nani here)
19. As for between the two (meaning two people),
Heaven & Earth's gap exists. Meaning,they are
extremely opposite. Use aida ni. Plain speech.
.
Futari no aida ni wa, tenchi no sa ga aru. (tenchi =
heaven & earth, the universe, the world; sa = gap,
difference margin) (there are ten children holding
heaven & earth together) (it's sad that there's a gap
between the panels)
20. As for him, in the realm, he is without rival. Use
nit to mean in. Use nashi to mean without. Plain
speech.

Kare wa tenka ni teki nashi da. (tenka = the whole

country, the land, the realm, the whole world) (tenka
de, not OK) (teki = enemy, opponent, rival) (nashi
= without; OK to substitute no nasa for nashi) (the
whole country has a tendency to call on the phone)
(that techie is my rival) (he is gnashing his teeth,
being without the prize he craved)
21. Whether poison thing doesn't exist or not, the
stomach's inside's thing he analyzed and checked.
Use butsu and then mono to mean thing. Use i to
mean stomach. Meaning he checked to see if poison
existed. Plain speech.

Dokubutsu ga nai ka dooka, i no naka no mono o

bunseki shite shirabeta. (doku = poison; bunseki
suru = to analyze) (he stores poison on the dock)
(using a Bunsen burner and seki shite iru [coughing],
he analyzed the chemicals) (aru ka dooka = nai ka
dooka; either one is OK)
22. Welcome to Japan.

Nihon e yookoso. (Yoko was always so welcome)

23. He went down the mountain. Plain speech.
Yama o kudatta. (kudaru = to go
down; opposite of nokoru) (the barracuda went
down to the bottom of the sea)
24. She appreciates music. She is understood.
Plain speech.

Ongaku o kanshoo suru. (kanshoo = appreciation,

usually of works of art etc.; cf. kansha = gratitude)
(you can show your appreciation by giving me
money)
25. If you help and I am able to humbly receive, it's

grateful, meaning I would be grateful. Use tara.

Tetsudatte itadaketera, arigatai desu. (arigatai =

grateful, welcome, blessed)
26. Folding hand fan vs. rigid hand fan, which do
you like better? Use hoo ga.

Sensu to uchiwa to dochira no hoo ga suki desu ka.

(sensu = folding fan; uchiwa = rigid round fan)
(send sue a folding fan) (uchi wa [as for the uchi
(home)], I use a rigid fan)
27. The suffix ppanashi is used after a verb stem to
mean that an action, or its result, continues.
In this kind of place, socks are taken off and left,
meaning the action is unfinished. Plain speech.
.
Konna tokoro ni kutsushita ga nugippanashi.
(nugippanashi da, also OK; nugippanashi desu, also
OK, not as good) (-ppanashi = an action or its
result continues, used after a verb stem) (tokoro de,
not OK; must use ni with ppanashi) (not OK to
substitute wo for ga; the longer version of this clause
is kutsushita ga nugippanashi ni natte iru) (although
he has panache, he tends to leave things unfinished)
28. As for to avoid that accident, it was impossible.
Use no to make a noun phrase. Use fukanoo. Plain
speech.

Sono jiko o sakeru no wa fukanoo datta. (sakeru =

to avoid, evade, shun; also = to rip or tear) (fukanoo
= impossible; cf. muri = impossible, unreasonable,
etc.; muri also OK here, but not as good) (not OK to
omit no; you must make a noun phrase) (the sakeaffected kangaroo managed to avoid the car) (it's
impossible to go fast in a furry canoe)
29. I prefer a hard pillow. Plain speech.

Katai makura no hoo ga suki. (makura = pillow)

(macular degeneration prevents me from seeing my
pillow)
30. It would be better to go back to the starting point
and think. Use modoru. Use kangaeru. (said during
a conversation, when you want to start over) Plain
speech.

Genten ni modotte kangaeta hoo ga ii. (genten =

starting point, origin) (Genghis tennis strategy was
based on a simple starting point his stance and
grip)
31. I like corn and peas. Plain speech.

Toomorokoshi to endoomame ga suki.

(toomorokoshi = corn; endo, or endomame, =
peas) (tomorrow the co-shipmasters will eat corn; I
usually eat edamame, but it's better
Lesson 28.

224

225
Lesson 28. to eat endomame before an endoscopy)
32. There's a crack on the sidewalk (meaning in the
sidewalk). Plain speech.

Hodoo ni wareme ga aru. (hodoo = sidewalk,

pavement; wareme = larger chasm or crevice; (cf.
waru = break glass & wood, transitive; wareru =
break glass & wood, intransitive, exception to the e
rule) (cf. hibi = small crack in glass, etc.) (only a
hodoo sleeps on the sidewalk) (in the war emeralds
were fired at walls, causing cracks to appear) (in war,
we break glass and wood) ( I saw a crack in a
window in Hibiya)
33. As for the interviews time, I did anxiety and
thoroughly became nervous completely. Use kinchoo
to mean anxiety. Use sukkari to mean thoroughly.
Use agaru to mean become nervous. Plain speech.

Mensetsu no toki wa, kinchoo shite sukkari agatte

shimatta. (mensetsu = interview; kinchoo =
anxiety; cf. chokin = savings; sukkari = completely,
thoroughly; agaru = to get nervous) (the men set
Sue to one side during the interview) (my kin choked
me, and I developed anxiety) (butai = stage; cf. butai
de agaru = to get stage fright; cf. hoosoo de agatte
shimau = to get mike fright completely; cf. shiken
de agaru = to get nervous from a test)
34. As for to young peoples knowledges absence,
truly I get astounded. Use wakamono. Use akireru
to mean get astounded. Plain speech.

Wakamono no chishiki no nasa ni wa, honto ni

akireru. (wakamono = young person; nasa =
absence or lack, derived from nashi de = without;
chishiki = knowledge, learning; akireru = to be
astounded, be disgusted; cf. akirameru = to resign
oneself to, to yield to) (not OK to substitute odoroku
or bikkuri suru for akireru, as these both imply being
startled) (to prepare for a cheese shiki, ceremony,
requires a lot of knowledge and learning) (NASA is
lacking clear goals) (the Achilles re-run astounded
and disgusted me)
35. Since they say because difficult, you must not
give up. Use te to mean since. Meaning dont give
up just because its said to be difficult. Plain speech.

Muzukashii kara to itte, akiramete wa ikenai.

(akirameru = to resign oneself to, to yield to, to give
up; cf. akireru = to be astounded, to be disgusted)
(Achilles ramen was ruined because he gave up on
it)
36. The was-being-delayed watch, to the correct time
I adjusted. Plain speech.

Okurete ita tokei o, tadashii jikan ni awaseta.

(awaseru = to put together, combine, harmonize,
adjust; cf. au, same kanji, = to suit, fit, match, agree
with; cf. uchiawase = planning meeting) (while the
uchi [in-group] awaits serum, let's have a planning
meeting)
37. As for her, herself is number one she is having
conceit. Use to to express quotes regarding the
conceit she is having. Plain speech.

Kanojo wa, jibun ga ichiban da to unuborete iru.

(unubore = conceit; unuboreru = to have a conceit,
to be conceited) (the unusual bore re-run is about
conceited people)
38. Even though I am being understanding that I am
being flattered, being praised, as for bad feelings,
they dont do. Use the passive tense for the verbs
being flattered and being praised. Use temo to mean
even though. Use ki to mean feelings. Meaning, I
dont mind flattery. Plain speech.

Odaterarete iru to wakatte ite mo, homerarete warui

ki wa shinai. (odateru = to flatter; the passive form
is odaterareru) (the passive form of homeru is
homerareru) (homerarete ite, not OK) (warui ki ga
[or wa] suru = I feel bad; warui ki ga [or wa] shinai
= I dont feel bad) (ki o shinai, not OK) (during our
only date, the kangaroo flattered me)
39. As for after honorable plates were washed, we
pile them up and place them in advance. Use ato.
Plain speech.

Osara o aratta ato wa, kasanete oite oku. (kasaneru

= to pile up, to repeat) (not OK to substitute tsumu or
tsunde for kasaneru or kasanete; kasaneru is used for
piling up flat objects like plates and papers; tsumu is
used for piling up bulky objects like blocks) (in the
casa [house in Spanish] where I neru [sleep],a lot of
books are piled up)
40. For the purpose of the dream to be granted, lets
do effort. Use tame ni. Meaning, lets work to make
our dreams come true. Plain speech.

Yume o kanaeru tame ni, doryoku shiyoo. (kanaeru

= grant a request, hear a prayer; doryoku = effort)
(since Canadians are erudite, their requests will be
granted) (the door is yoku [good], so it takes effort
to break in)
41. Blaming a crime to a person, with calmness to be,
such a thing, I cannot think. Use de to mean with.
Use the longer potential form of kangaeru. Meaning,
I cant understand how he can be calm while blaming
a crime on an innocent person. Plain speech.
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Lesson 28.

Tsumi o hito ni kabusete, heiki de iru nante

kangaerarenai. (tsumi = sin, crime; kabuseru = to
blame an innocent person, to cover; heiki na =
unconcerned, nonchalant) (nante = such a thing!)
(on the tsuki [moon], eating meat is a crime) (the
spoilage of the caboose serum was blamed on an
innocent person) (the Hay King is calm and
unconcerned) (Nancys tennis ball fell in the river,
such a thing!)
42. As for to-have-a-good-effect medicine, to the
body, bad cases exist. Use baai. Meaning,
sometimes an effective medicine is dangerous. Plain
speech.

Yoku kiku kusuri wa, karada ni warui baai ga aru.

43. Dicing vegetables in a detailed way, we put them
into the soup. Plain speech.

Yasai o komakaku kizande, suupu ni ireru.

(komakaku ni, not OK; the ku form of an i adjective
is its adverbial form; ni is only used after na
adjectives to make adverbs) (kizamu = cut, carve,
mince, dice) (in Kim Jong-uns zany moods, he dices
vegetables)
44. Since a big earthquake exists, the piled-up-inadvance boxes collapsed completely. Use the stem
form of the verb exists to add the meaning since.
This functions like the te form. Use tsumu to mean
pile up. Use kuzureru to mean collapse. Plain
speech.

Ookii jishin ga ari, tsunde oita hako ga kuzurete

shimatta. (ari is equivalent to atte, carrying the
meaning since) (tsumu = pile up, accumulate,
load; OK to substitute kasaneru or kasaneta for
tsumu or tsunda) (kuzureru = collapse, be destroyed,
lose shape; not OK to substitute taoreru or taorete for
kuzureru or kuzurete, since taoreru is used for people,
trees and other long objects) (on the tsuki [moon],
the mud piles up) (in the cool zucchini rerun, the cool
zucchinis collapsed after they were stacked too high)
(sometimes the stem form of a verb is used to
mean and or since, just as the te form can used
to mean and or since; the stem form is used for
this purpose in written speech, usually, and the
stem is followed by a comma)
45. As for people who only are slandering other
people, they are disliked. Use tanin to mean other
people Use bakari. Use the passive form of are
disliked. Plain speech.

Tanin o kenashite bakari iru hito wa kirawareru.

(tanin = stranger, other people) (kenasu = slander,

speak ill of, humiliate) (kirau = to dislike) (I met
another person while tanning) (Kens aunt will sue
for slander) (tanin o kenashite iru bakari hito, not
OK; bakari must precede iru, e.g., both juusu o
nonde bakari iru and juusu bakari nonde iru are OK)
46. As for hard-to-come-off stains, with cloth, we
scrub and take, meaning take off. Use ochiru to
mean come off. Use de to mean with. Meaning, we
remove stains by scrubbing with cloth. Plain speech.

Ochi nikui yogore wa, nuno de kosutte toru.

(ochiru = come off, fall; otosu = to drop, lose; OK
to substitute otoshi nikui for ochi nikui same
meaning) (yogore = dirt, stain; yogoreru = to get
dirty, be stained) (nuno = cloth) (kosuru = scrub, rub
vigorously; cf. naderu = stroke, pat or rub gently)
(toru = take, get) (if you put yogurt on Al Gore, it
stains his suit) (the nuns official robe was made of
cloth) (the co-surgeon scrubs under his fingernails)
47. As for me, as for coffee, anything good, but as
for to black tea, I am being particular. Meaning, Im
particular about black tea. Plain speech.

Watashi wa koohii wa nandemo ii ga, koocha ni wa

kodawatte iru. (kodawaru = to be particular about,
to be fixated on) (Im particular about my Kodak
warranties)
48. In order to avoid misses (or errors), it would be
better to do enough preparation in advance. Plain
speech.

Misu o sakeru tame ni, juubun junbi o shite oita hoo

ga ii. (misu = a miss, an error) (sakeru = to avoid or,
different kanji, to split or tear) (juubun = enough)
(juubun na junbi, OK, but not as good) (the sakeaffected kangaroo managed to avoid the car)
49. The suffix beki, used after a plain speech verb,
means should or must.
As for the family, we must support each other and
live and go, i.e., keep living. Use the stem of the
verb to support, followed by the te form of au,
meaning to match or agree with, to convey the
meaning support each other and. Use beki to mean
must. Plain speech.

Kazoku wa, sasae atte ikite iku beki da. (sasae =

support or prop; sasaeru = to support, bolster,
maintain; atte from au = fit, suit, match, agree with;
sasae au = support each other) (ikiru = to live; ikite
iku = to live and go, or to keep living) (-beki =
should, must, meaning social responsibility; -beki
follows a plain speech verb and
Lesson 28.

226

227
Lesson 28. is followed by da or desu) (after
Sams salad erupted, the family supported him)
(Becky must do a lot of things)
50. The high yen is hindering the economy
circumstances recovery. Plain speech.

Endaka ga keizai jookyoo no kaifuku o samatagete

iru. (jookyoo = circumstance, state) (kaifuku suru =
recover from illness, improve) (samatageru = to
hinder, obstruct; cf. fusagu = to stop, close up, block
up, shut up; fusagu not OK here) (we joke about
Kyootos circumstances) (touching the Kaisers fuku
[clothing] made her recover from her illness) (the
Samaritan played tag with the elfs kangaroo, which
hindered the rescue operation)
51. As for rains days, since the floor is easy to slip,
please pay attention. In this case, rather than using
the stem of suberu, use suberi when forming the term
easy to slip. Use node.

Ame no hi wa, yuka ga suberi yasui node, chuui shite

kudasai. (suberu = to slide or slip; the stem form is
sube) (usually we form the terms easy to do or
hard to do by adding yasui or nikui to verb stems,
but this is an exception; cf. suberi = sliding,
slipping) (chuui suru = pay attention, take care of,
be careful)
52. Deceiving people earn money thing they call
fraud. Use kane rather than okane. Use kasegu to
mean earn. Use koto to make a noun phrase. Plain
speech.

Hito o damashite kane o kasegu koto o sagi to iu.

(damasu = to deceive or cheat) (kasegu = to earn;
not OK to substitute mookeru for kasegu here, as
mookeru means earning money honestly; OK to
substitute toru for kasegu; cf. fusegu = to prevent,
defend) (sagi = fraud, hoax; also = heron, different
kanji; sagishi = fraud, swindler) (people deceive you
at Damascus University) (I earned money to buy a
cassette full of goo) (since her clothes got soggy, the
raincoat seller was a fraud)
53. As for reading, listening etc., compared to the
detailed meaning, to grasp the outline thing is
important, meaning more important. Use yori mo
rather than yori. Use tsukamu to mean grasp. Use
koto to make a noun phrase. Use taisetsu. Plain
speech.

Dokkai ya chookai wa, komakai imi yori mo gaiyoo

o tsukamu koto ga taisetsu da.
(dokkai = reading; cf. dokusho = reading) (chookai
= listening; cf. chookaku = sense of hearing)
(gaiyoo = summary, outline, synopsis) (tsukamu =

to grasp or grip; not OK to substitute nigiru for

tsukamu here, as nigiru refers to grasping with the
hand or to control an organization, while tsukamu can
refer to grasping concepts; cf. tsukamaeru = to
catch) (he has dog eyes from reading so much) (since
glaucoma choked my eyes, I have to depend on
listening) (the outline of a story about a gaijin doing
yoga) (under the tsuki (moon) with Camus she
grasped him by the collar)
54. Sometimes doing exercise, I am making an effort
not to drop stamina. Use both yoo ni and tsutomeru
to mean make an effort. Plain speech.

Tokidoki undou shite, tairyoku o otosanai yoo ni

tsutomete iru. (tairyoku = stamina, combination of
kanji for karada and chikara) (tsutomeru = to make
an effort; also = to be employed, different kanji) (in
Thailand, Leo cures a lot of people, demonstrating
his stamina) (tsutomeru toki [when Im employed], I
make an effort)
55. As for the internet, its a to connect far-wasseparated person with person tool. Use the adverbial
form of far. Use hanareru to mean separate. Use
tsunagu. Plain speech.

Intaanetto wa tooku hanareta hito to hito o tsunagu

doogu da. (hanareru = to move away from, leave,
separate from; cf. wakareru = separate from,
divorce, leave, branch off) (tsunagu = to connect,
link, tie; cf. setsuzoku suru = to connect, used for
connecting wires, train lines etc. not OK to use
here) (doogu = tool) (I watched a Hannah rerun,
about how she separated from her family) (the island
was connected to the mainland by a tsunami of goo)
(I use a tool to clean the dogs goo)
56. Its impossible, quote, as for him, to the
surroundings in a to-the-degree-inaudible voice, he
muttered. Use to to mean quote. Use kikoenai hodo
no to mean to-the-degree-inaudible. Plain speech.

Muri da to kare wa mawari ni kikoenai hodo no koe

de tsubuyaita. (in this case, hodo = to the degree
that; hodo can also be used instead of yori for
comparisons when using negative verbs; when used
with a number, hodo means about) (tsubuyaku = to
mumble or mutter) (on the tsuki [moon], bums yak in
muttering fashion)
57. To the existed-on-the-street small stone, I tripped
and fell over completely. Use ko ishi to mean small
stone. Plain speech.

Michi ni atta ko ishi ni tsumazuite

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228
Lesson 28. koronde shimatta. (tsumazuku = to
stumble, trip, blunder) (tsumas [my wifes],
zookeeper cut himself when he tripped)
58. As for the time when a trains passengers are
numerous, to stuff and sit is better. Meaning, its
better to sit close together. Use suwaru. Plain speech.

Densha no jookyaku ga ooi toki wa, tsumete suwatta

hoo ga ii. (jookyaku = passenger; cf. joosha suru =
to board) (tsumeru = to fill, stuff, pack into) (joking
kyaku [customers] are passengers) (the tsukis
[moons] merry kangaroo stuffs his pouch)
59. Even though they oppose on me until the end, I
want to accomplish my selfs will, I think. Use the
passive form of they oppose on me. Me and they are
understood. Use temo to mean even though. Use
saigo to mean end. Meaning even though there is
opposition, I want to follow through with my plans.
Plain speech.

Hantai saretemo, saigo made jibun no ishi o

tsuranukitai to omou. (hantai = opposite; hantai
suru = to oppose or object) (hantai ni saretemo, not
OK; cannot say hantai ni suru; however, you may
say hantai no hookoo ni iku = I go to the opposite
direction) (ishi = will, willpower; also, different
kanji, = mind, intention; also = pebble, stone)
(tsuranuku = to penetrate, accomplish; cf. jikkoo =
practice, action, deed, performance, implementation;
jikkoo suru = to carry out, realize, implement; not
OK to substitute jikkoo shitai for tsuranukitai, since
ishi is not used with jikkoo suru) (due to the
opposition we face, our hands are tied) (his will and
willpower are as strong as ishi [stone]) (on the tsuki
[moon], we built a ranch using nukes, and we
penetrated the rock and accomplished something)
60. Since I will pass by on that place, for a moment
please step aside. Use node.

Soko o tooru node, chotto doite kudasai. (tooru =

pass through or pass by, to pass an exam) (doku = to
step aside or make way for someone; also = poison)
(the document specifies that we must step aside when
the Mayor walks through)
61. As for this shirt, since the button is being come
off, meaning it has come off, I cant wear it. Button is
the subject. Use toreru to mean come off. Use the
longer form of the potential verb. Plain speech.

Kono shiatsu wa botan ga torete iru kara, kirarenai.

(kirenai, also OK) (toreru = come off; also = to be
caught, as in fish; also = to go away, vanish; cf.

toru = to catch, to take, to eat or drink, to take a

course, to steal, to subscribe, to take a photo, to hire,
to adopt, to collect or pick up) (toreru also= potential
form of toru; if he toreru [can take], it will come off)
62. The losing to the game being disappointed him,
of everyone we consoled. Meaning we all consoled
the guy who was disappointed because he lost the
game. Plain speech.

Shiai ni makete gakkari shite iru kare o minna

de nagusameta. (nagusameru = to console or divert)
(with Nagainas goo they sameru [cool off] and are
consoled)
63. As for in Japan, at to praise a child time, we
stroke the head. Plain speech.

Nihon de wa, kodomo o homeru toki ni atama o

naderu. (naderu = to stroke, pat or rub gently)
(Ralph Nader strokes his kids heads)
64. As for the president, he shows appreciation on
the employees effort, and to all members, he spent
the voice. Meaning, he talked to them. Use the stem
of the verb to show appreciation to mean and.
This has the same meaning as the te form. Plain
speech.

Shachoo wa shain no doryoku o negirai, zenin ni koe

o kaketa. (doryoku = effort) (negirau = thank a
person for his trouble, show appreciation; cf. negiru
= to bargain; negirai = the stem form of negirau;
the stem form of a verb adds the meaning and,
just as the te form does; e.g., depaato de yofuku o kai
ie ni kaetta= depaato de yofuku o katte ie ni kaetta =
at the department store, I bought Western clothes and
returned) (zenin = all members, everyone) (koe o
kaketa = I talked to someone; e.g., tomodachi ni atte
koe o kaketa = I met a friend and talked) (the
necklace girl ran under the bridge to show
appreciation to the troll)
65. Due to rain, the games day got postponed. Use
tame without ni. Day is the subject. Use nobiru to
mean postpone. Dont use the passive tense, since
nobiru is intransitive. Plain speech.

Ame no tame, shiai no hi ga nobita. (nobiru = to be

postponed, to grow, to develop, to be exhausted, to
collapse an intransitive verb; neither miokuru nor
miawaseru can be substituted for nobiru, as they are
both transitive; you may say shiai no hi ga
miokurareta, using the passive form of miokuru;
shiai no hi ga miawaserareta, not OK, since
miawaseru carries the nuance wait and see) (since
there is no beer, the party is postponed)
66. The tomorrow-joining-a-company- Lesson 28.

228

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Lesson 28. exam-will-take friend I encouraged.
That is, I encouraged the friend who will take an
exam tomorrow to join a company. Use asu to mean
tomorrow. Use yuujin to mean friend.

Asu nyuusha shiken o ukeru yuujin o hagemashita.

(nyuusha = joining a company; cf. shinnyuu =
invasion; shinnyuu sei = new student; shinnyuu
shain = newly joined employee; cf. nyuuin =
hospitalization) (hagemasu = to encourage; there is
no u or ru form for this verb, and therefore there is no
way to say this using plain speech; cf. hageru = to
come off, to peel off, to become bald; cf. tomodachi
ni hagema saremashita = by the friend,
encouragement was done on me ) (in a new sha, or
new company, all the employees are newly joined) (I
encourage the boss when he shops, saying Haggle
Master)
67. Passengers to the trains doors to be pinched on
thing sometimes exists. Meaning, sometimes they
get caught in the doors. Use a passive verb. Use
koto to make a noun phrase. Plain speech.

Jookyaku ga densha no doa ni hasamareru koto ga

tokidoki aru. (jookyaku = passenger) (joking kyaku
[customers] are passengers) (hasamu = to pinch; cf.
hasami = scissors or crab claw)
68. On a child, to a form to mold, as for education,
not good they are saying on us. Meaning, they say
education shouldnt force kids into a mold. Use a
passive verb at the end. Plain speech.

Kodomo o kata ni hameru kyooiku wa yokunai to

iwarete iru. (kata = form, posture, style) (hameru =
to fit, to mold, to put something in the right place, to
deceive, to button or fasten, to put on gloves or a
watch) (kyooiku = education) (the kata [shoulder]
is formed like a mountain) (using a hammer, I fit or
mold clay and put things in their place) (kyoo
[today] I iku [go] to get an education)
69. As for drinking and eating of in the venue, please
honorably refrain. Use no to mean of. Use hikaeru
to mean refrain. Use a polite request form used in
business. Meaning, dont eat or drink in the meeting
area.

Kaijoo de no inshoku wa ohikae kudasai. (kaijoo =

venue, site of a gathering) (inshoku = drinking and
eating) (hikaeru = refrain from, take notes, be
imminent or about to happen; cf. hikitomeru = to
detain, keep back; cf. hikiukeru = to take charge of,
undertake) (Kaiser and Joe are going to provide a
venue for the hockey game) (she was in shock when

she saw how much drinking and eating was going on)
(the hick kaeru [will return], after being in waiting,
taking notes, and refraining from criticism)
70. The bodyguard, at behind the president, is in
waiting. Referring to the president of a country. Use
ni to mean at. Use hikaete iru to mean be in waiting.
Plain speech.

Bodigaado ga daitooryoo no ushiro ni hikaete iru.

(ushiro de, also OK) (hikaeru also = to be in
waiting) (the hick kaeru [will return], after being in
waiting, refraining from criticism, and taking notes)
71. I made a note of his telephone number in
advance. Use hikaeru to mean make a note. Plain
speech.
Kare no denwa
bangoo o hikaete oita. (hikaeru also = to make a
note) (the hick kaeru [will return], after being in
waiting, refraining from criticism, and taking notes)
72. Since the cliff collapse occurs, great and small
sizes rocks are blocking the road. Use a shortened
form of the stem of the verb to occur to mean
since, similar to the te form. Use iwa to mean rocks.
Plain speech.

Gakekuzure ga oki, daishoo no iwa ga dooro o

fusaide iru. (gake = cliff) (kuzureru = to collapse,
be destroyed, lose shape) (okoru = to happen, to
originate, to start, to get mad; the stem of this verb is
okori, shortened here to oki) (daishoo = great and
small sizes; dai = great; shoo = small, e.g. shoojo =
girl, shoonen = boy) (iwa = rock; cf. niwa = garden;
cf. ishi = stone) (fusagu = to block a road, to take up
space, to fill up or cover up; cf. fusegu = to prevent,
defend) (gallant Ken leaped off the cliff to save
Barbie) ((in the cool zucchini rerun, the cool
zucchinis collapsed after they were stacked too high)
(Oklahoma Ruth gets mad and things happen) (at the
diet show, you see great and small people) (there are
iwa [rocks] in the niwa [garden]) (they fuss and
argue and block our way)
73. In order to prevent typhoon etceteras damage,
accurate forecasts are necessary. Use nado to mean
etc. Use tame ni. Plain speech.

Taifuu nado no higai o fusegu tame ni, seikaku na

yohoo ga hitsuyoo da. (higai = damage, loss)
(fusegu = prevent, defend; cf. fusagu = to block, fill
up, cover up; cf. kasegu = to earn; OK to substitute
sakeru = avoid, for fusegu here, but this changes the
meaning slightly) (seikaku = accurate, exact; also,
different kanji, = personality) (yohoo = forecast)
(the historical guy caused damage and loss)
(plugging a fuse with metallic goo,
Lesson 28.

229

230
Lesson 28. we prevent the power from turning off)
(when sane people kaku [write], their writing is
accurate and exact; it reflects their personalities)
(Yahoo shows weather forecasts; if they create a
branch called Yohoo, it can show yogurt price
forecasts)
74. As for in art museums, to the display goods not
to touch is said on us. Use fureru to mean touch.
Use both yoo ni and to to show quotes. Use a passive
verb at the end. Plain speech.

Bijutsukan de wa, tenjihin ni furenai yoo ni to

iwareru. (bijutsukan = art museum; bijutsu = art,
the fine arts) (tenji = display, exhibition; hin =
shina = goods, quality) (fureru = to touch, to make
contact with something, often unintentionally, to
experience things like air, Nature & electric current;
cf. sawaru = to touch or feel, usually intentional; not
used for experiencing shapeless things like air &
electric current; tenjihin ni sawaranai yoo ni, also
OK, but not as good; ni is used with fureru; either ni
or wo can be used with sawaru, e.g., nuno o sawaru =
nuno ni sawaru = I touch the cloth) (Being juts out
into the world when we view a work of art) (there
are ten jeeps on display) (a furious rerun about what
happens when people touch art) (Hindus produce
goods)
75. Due to the accident, they are postponing the
trains operation. Use tame without ni. Use
miawaseru to mean postpone. Plain speech.

Jiko no tame, densha no unkoo o miawasete iru.

(unkoo = transportation, revolution of the planet,
operation or service) (miawaseru = postpone, give
up, abandon; also = to exchange glances; uses kanji
for mi = to look + awaseru = to introduce, combine,
harmonize, add up) (not OK to substitute miokuru for
miawaseru here, since miokuru also = to see a person
off and would cause confusion in this context; not
OK to substitute nobiru, since it is intransitive)
(Uncle Conan is in charge of transportation
operations in this city) (while we await serum, lets
combine the drugs for infusion) (while you mi [look]
and awaseru [combine], you postpone other
activities)
76. Since difficult we hear judgment (meaning since
we heard that it was judged difficult), we decided to
postpone the plans implementation. Use konnan to
mean difficult. Use tono to mean we hear. Use
kara to mean since. Use keikaku. Use miokuru to
mean postpone. Plain speech.

Konnan tono handan kara, keikaku no jikkoo o

miokuru koto ni shita. (konnan na = difficult; cf.

muzukashii = difficult; OK to substitute muzukashii

for konnan in this sentence) (tono koto = I hear
thing, e.g. yoroshiku tono de gozaimasu = regards I
hear thing it is) (handan = conclusion, decision,
judgment) (keikaku = project, plan; cf. kikaku =
project, plan) (jikkoo = practice, action, deed,
performance, implementation; jikkoo suru = to
carry out, realize, implement; cf. jinkoo =
population) (miokuru = wait and see, stand by doing
nothing, see a person off, follow a person with your
eyes) (OK to substitute miawaseru for miokuru here)
(Conan is a difficult person) (to hand Dan Quayle a
victory was the judges judgment and decision) (the
gypsy coalition takes care of action and
implementation) (to mi [watch] someone okuru
[send] the package is to do nothing or postpone
action )
77. With a knife, I peel the apples skin. Plain
speech.

Naifu de ringo no kawa o muku. (kawa = skin,

leather, bark; kawa also = river) (muku = to peel;
cf. nuku = to extract a cork, to surpass, to skip or
eliminate, to pull out) (kawa [rivers] are part of the
skin of the earth) (peeling away the vegetation, he
exposed the muck under it)
78. At before to run, he tied the shoes string tightly.
Plain speech.

Hashiru mae ni, kutsu no himo o shikkari musunda.

(himo = cord or rope) (shikkari suru = get hold of
yourself, become strong; shikkari as an adverb =
firmly, tightly, strongly; cf. sukkari = thoroughly,
completely) (musubu = to bind, connect, tie,
conclude, organize) (my hemoglobin dropped when I
cut myself on that rope) (when shiites carry the
whips, they pull themselves together strongly) (in
that musical suburb they tie a lot of violin and harp
strings; the musunde in the song musunde hiraite
refers to binding the hands as you make a fist)
79. Earn-money-thing only to think company, to be
will not do. Use kane rather than okane. Use
mookeru to mean earn. Use koto to make the noun
phrase earn money thing. Use kangaeru. Use
deatte wa naranai to mean to be will not do.
Meaning, the company shouldnt only think about
earning money. Plain speech.

Kane o mookeru koto dake kangaeru kaisha deatte

wa naranai. (dake wo kangaeru, also OK) (mookeru
= to make money, to profit from; cf. kasegu = to
earn money) (deatte is the te form of dearu, a
synonym for desu; by contrast, deiru is not a word;
in the sentence kono mama de iru =
Lesson 28.

230

231
Lesson 28. I will be this way, de = with) (not OK
to use wa or ga before deatte; this would be like
using them before desu, which is not allowed) (OK to
substitute ikenai for naranai; however , not OK to
substitute dame desu too strong or komarimasu
doesnt fit here) (moo cows belonging to John Kerry
make money)
80. Since all day long to do thing doesnt exist,
meaning, since I had nothing to do, I had too much
time. The first clause should end in te to mean
since, but this te is omitted for the sake of brevity.

Ichinichijuu suru koto ga naku, jikan o moteamashita.

(OK to substitute nakute for naku) (moteamasu = to
be beyond control, to have too much of something)
(also OK to say ichinichijuu nanimo suru koto ga
naku same meaning) (the mote that the amateur
Sue put in my eye was beyond my control, and I had
too much of it)
81. As for our countrys athlete, at the final round, at
last, she lost completely. Use tootoo. Use yabureru
to mean lose. Plain speech.

Wagakuni no senshuu wa, kesshosen de tootoo

yaburete shimatta. (wagakuni = our country; cf.
wagasha = our company) (kesshoo = the decision of
a contest, e.g. finish line, score, base, goal;
kesshoosen = the final round; cf. kesshooten = the
goal, finish line, base, game-winning run; cf.
keshoohin = cosmetics) (yabureru = to be defeated,
lose; cf. yabureru, intransitive, different kanji, = to
be torn, ripped or broken; cf. yaburu, transitive = to
break, tear, violate [yabureru & yaburu are
exceptions to the e rule]; cf. yabure = crack, hole,
rent) (not OK to substitute yatto for tootoo; yatto =
finally, barely, somehow has more positive
connotations; tootoo = at last, after all has negative
connotations) (keshoohin [cosmetics] were sent to
the participants in the final game) (the yacht burning
rerun shows how the sail was torn and the race was
lost)
82. On the eyes front (meaning before my eyes) a
black cat cut across. Use wo to mean on. Plain
speech.

Me no mae o kuroi neko ga yokogitta. (yokogiru =

cross, cut across) (Yoko and her guitar ruined the
race by cutting across the road)
83. Please live long. Use a shortened form of this
expression, adding suru.

Naga iki shite kudasai. (the longer expression is
nagaku ikite kudasai)
84. Before long we will arrive to Osaka. Use

mamonaku.

Mamonaku oosaka ni tsukimasu. (mamonaku =

before long, soon) (before long, a mammoth will
naku [become])
85. We arrived to Osaka. Use toochaku.

Oosaka ni toochaku shimashita. (toochaku = arrival;

toochaku suru = to arrive) (Ill use a toe choke and
pour cha on the cub until its mother arrives)
86. I comb the hair and beard with a comb.

Kami to hige o kushi de tokashimasu. (kami = hair;

also = god, different kanji; also = paper, different
kanji) (hige = beard) (kushi = comb; also = skewer,
different kanji; cf. kuchi = mouth, sense of taste,
position of employment) (tokasu = to comb; cf.
tokoya = barbership) (a comb is shiny; cheese can be
found in the mouth) (a tomato can supports Sue as
she combs) (he gets up with a fresh growth of beard)
87. Inside the woods, I saw a urinating man.

Mori no naka de oshikko shite iru otoko no hito o

mimashita. (oshikko = urine; oshikko suru = to
urinate; cf. hainyoo = urine; hainyoo suru = to
urinate; cf. shooben = urine; shooben suru = to
urinate; cf. nyou = urine; nyou o dasu = to pass
urine, in a medical context) (OSHA regulations say
hick corporals must urinate standing up) (with hind
leg raised in Yokohama, the dog urinates) (show
Ben how to urinate properly) (on his knees, the yogi
urinates)
88. The cat urinated on top of the bed.

Beddo no ue de neko ga oshikko shimashita.

89. I will brush the teeth with a toothbrush.

Ha o hamigaki de migakimasu. (hamigaki =

toothbrush, derived from ha + migaku) (migaku = to
brush, shine, polish, improve a skill or character)
(the mighty gakusei [student] always brushes his
teeth)
90. Those white flowers over there are pretty huh.
Dont use wa or ga.

Ano shiroi hana kirei desu ne.

91. To say the more you do something, follow
the eba form of a verb with the plain speech form
and then use hodo. Hodo means to the degree
that.
Truly. If you look look, its a pretty flower, huh.
Meaning, the more you look at it, its pretty.
Combine the eba form of the verb with the plain form
and follow this combination with hodo.
Lesson 28.

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232
Lesson 28.

Honto ni. Mireba miru hodo kirei na hana desu ne.

(hodo means not as ... as when used with a negative
verb, e.g. kuruma wa densha hodo hayaku arimasen =
as for the car, compared to the train, it isnt as fast;
hodo also means to a degree and can be used with
both positive and negative verbs, e.g. sono shigoto
wa sore hodo yasashiin desu ka = is that work that
easy?; saki hodo = a while ago; when used with a
quantifier, hodo means about, e.g. biiru o sanbon
hodo nomimashita = I drank about 3 bottles of beer;
finally, when preceded by 2 forms of the same
verb, i.e., the eba form followed by the plain
speech form, hodo describes properties that grow
stronger as an action continues)
92. As for in Japan, depending to the region, the air
temperature differs, huh.

Nihon de wa chihoo ni yotte kion ga chigaimasu ne.

(chihoo = district, region, countryside; cf. chiri =
geography) (the cheese we hope to eat will differ in
each region)
93. Generally, if you go to north go, it becomes cool
for sure. Use futsuu. Meaning, the more you go
north, the cooler it gets.

Futsuu kita e ikeba iku hodo suzushiku narimasu yo.

(futsuu implies ordinarily, commonly; not OK to
substitute daitai for futsuu daitai implies about so
much; not OK to substitute fudan which implies
commonly, every day; ippan ni = ippanteki ni =
usually [cf. totan ni = as soon as]; not OK to use
ippan ni or ippanteki ni in this sentence; OK to
substitute taitei = usually, generally, for futsuu here)
(usually Thai tasers are applied to peoples futsus
[feet]) (I kita [came] to the North)
94. As for her, since she received a Nobel prize, as
expected, shes a head-is-good person, huh. Meaning
she has a good mind. Use dake atte to mean since.
Use no rather than ga after head to express the idea
that head is good. Use a polite word for person.

Kanojo wa nooberu shoo o moratta dake atte, sasuga

ni atama no ii kata desu ne. (shoo = prize; also, with
different kanji, = disposition, nature, personality;
chapter, ministry) (dake atte, when used after a plain
speech past or non-past verb, means since) (the
Broadway show won a prize) (dake atte literally =
only being; since dake atte [only being] itself, the
monument doesnt have to compromise)
95. Moreover, honorable character also wonderful
person it is. Use a polite word for person.

Sore ni ohitogara mo subarashii kata desu. (hitogara

= personality, character, personal appearance) (a
hitos garage reveals a lot about his personality,
character and personal appearance)
96. Since I came to Hokkaidos farthest north, the
cold is severe huh. Use dake atte to mean since. Use
kibishii to mean severe.

Hokkaidoo no ichiban kita e kita dake atte, samusa

wa kibishii desu ne. (samusa ga, also OK) (kibishii
= strict, tight, severe) (if you kibitz with Shiites, youll
find that they are strict, tight and severe)
97. As for that store, is it truly cheap? Soften this.

Sono mise wa honto ni yasuin desu ka.

98. To say do as much as one can, follow a plain
speech verb with dake demo, literally only but.
Its a cheap called reputation, but, well, to go as
much as we can, lets go and see. Use nan to soften
the first clause. Use maa to mean well. Use iku dake
demo to mean to go as much as one can. Meaning,
all we can do is go. Lets go and see.

Yasui to iu hyooban nan desu ga, maa, iku dake

demo itte mimashoo. (hyooban = reputation,
popularity, rumor) (dake demo [or dake wa] [or
dake] after a plain verb = as much as one can)
(Hi-Yo Silver was banned, and this affected the
Lone Rangers reputation and popularity) (dake
demo literally = only but; dake wa literally = as for
only; dake literally = only; when I say Ill go dake
demo [only but], dake wa [as for only] or dake [only],
it means Ill only go as much as I can)
99. As for him, always to the service hour he gets
delayed and comes huh. Meaning hes late to work.

Kare wa itsumo kinmu jikan ni okurete kimasu ne.

(kinmu = service, duty; kinmu suru = to work)
(playing kindergarten music is a service and a duty)
100. Another way to say as much as one can,
other than using dake demo after a plain speech verb,
is to use dake wa after a plain speech verb. Literally
this means as for only.
To do a caution, as much as one can, I did, but not at
all he doesnt listen for sure. Use chuui suru dake wa
to mean do a caution as much as one can. Use
zenzen. Soften this twice.

Chuui suru dake wa shitan desu ga, zenzen kikanain

desu yo. (OK to substitute chittomo for zenzen)
(dake wa, literally as for only, after a plain verb =
as much as one can)
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233
Lesson 28. 101. Always I humbly meet, no matter
how, its honorably young, huh. Meaning, whenever
I meet you, you are young. Use temo to mean no
matter how.

Itsumo oai shite mo, owakai desu ne.

102. To express the idea of a tendency to do
something, add the suffix gachi to a verb stem.
For example, yasumigachi means a tendency to rest
or be absent.
Not at all. As for these days, since anything forget
tendency becomes, I am being inconvenienced.
Meaning, Im starting to forget everything. Use
nandemo to mean anything. Use te to mean since.

Tondemonai. Kono goro wa nandemo wasuregachi

ni natte, komatte imasu. (tondemonai = not at all,
not a chance, horrible, surprising, unreasonable; no
such word as tonderu) (nandemo = whatever,
everything, anything; cf. nantomo = nothing, not at
all, when used with negative verbs; cf. nandomo =
many times; cf. nanimo = nothing, when used with
negative verbs; cf. nanimo kamo = everything) (gachi = tendency or inclination; add -gachi to the
stem, or pre-masu form, of the verb; e.g.,
yasumigachi = tend to be absent) (the ton katsu
demon can be nice, but hes horrible and doesnt
have a chance) (the gassy child has a tendency to
scare people away)
103. As for the Tokyo region, its to get cloudy
tendencys weather. Meaning its weather
characterized by a tendency to get cloudy.

Tookyoo chihoo wa kumorigachi no tenki desu.

(chihoo = district, region, countryside) (the cheese
we hope to eat will differ in each region)
Lesson 29
1. 1+7 = 8

Ichi tasu nana wa hachi desu. (shichi, also OK) (I

added up the tassles)
2. 9 - 5 = 4
Kyuu hiku go wa yon desu.
(cf. hiku = to pull)
3. 3x2 = 6
San kake ni wa roku desu. (if
you kakeru [hang] a sign, you will multiply your
business)
4. 12 divided by 4 = 3.

Juuni waru yon wa san desu. (its warui [bad] to

divide your attention too much)
5. We came too early.

Hayaku kisugita.
6. I will eat rice for sure. Mans rough speech.
Dont use wa or ga after I. Use meshi to mean rice.
Dont use wo after rice. Use kuu to mean eat. Plain
speech.

Ore, meshi kuu yo. (this means, I will eat now) (ore
= mans word for I) (meshi = rice, food, meal, used
by men) (kuu = eat, bite, consume, a mans word,
considered vulgar; kuuimasu, also OK, but it
wouldnt fit with this style of speech) (I live in
Oregon) (we eat rice at mess) (he eats in a cool way)
7. To express the idea that one choice is the lesser
of two evils, use gurai nara (or kurai nara), which
could be translated as approximately case,
followed by hoo ga ii.
From my older brother to receive money
approximately case, it would be better to die. Use ni
to mean from. Meaning, it would be better to die
than to get money from my brother. Plain speech.

Ani ni okane o morau kurai nara, shinda hoo ga ii.

(shinu hoo ga ii, also OK)
8. To go to war and die approximately case, it would
be better to run away. In this case, use the present
tense of the verb to run away, rather than the past
tense, before hoo ga. Also, in this case, use mashi da,
rather than ii, after hoo ga. Meaning, it would be
better to run away than to go to war and die. Plain
speech.

Sensoo ni itte shinu gurai nara, nigeru hoo ga mashi

da. (nigeta hoo ga mashi da, also OK; nigeta hoo ga
ii, also OK) (mashi = better, preferable; used in
blunt colloquial speech) (mashing potatoes is better)
9. That over there pianists performance was
wonderful huh. Dont use wa or ga after
performance.

Ano pianisto no ensoo, subarashikatta desu ne.

(ensoo = musical performance) (subarashii =
wonderful) (her performance begins at the end of the
drum solo) (the subs Arab captain was a Shiite, and
he was wonderful)
10. To express the idea you could go so far as to
say, follow a plain speech verb with to itte mo ii
hodo desu. Hodo means to the degree that, so this
means its OK to say to that degree.
This year, he did # 1 wonderful performance, you
could go so far as to say, for sure. Meaning, you
could say that it was the best performance of the year.

Kotoshi ichiban subarashii ensoo o

shita to itte mo ii hodo desu yo.
Lesson 29.

233

234
Lesson 29. (hodo = to the degree that) (to itte mo
ii = its all right to say; to itte mo ii hodo desu =
its all right to say to that degree, or you could go so
far as to say)
11. The earthquake of before this was awful huh.
Dont use wa or ga.

Kono mae no jishin, hidokatta desu ne. (hidoi =

awful) (lets hide from the oily monster since its
awful)
12. Its postwar maximums damage, you could so
far as to say, probably. Use iutte, an alternative
pronunciation of itte. Meaning, you could probably
say its the worst damage since the war.

Sengo saidai no higai da to iutte mo ii hodo deshoo.

(sengo = postwar period; cf. sensoo = war) (saidai =
the largest, the maximum,the best; e.g. nihon saidai
no otera = biggest temple in Japan) (cf. saikoo =
best; a silent cold is best; not OK to substitute
saikoo for saidai here, since the koo in saikoo uses
the same kanji as takai = high and has positive
implications, while the dai in saidai uses the same
kanji as ookii = big and simply means large) (higai =
damage, loss) (iutte = alternate pronunciation of itte,
coming from iu = to say) (sengo comes from sensoo
+ go = war + after) (a silent diet provides the
maximum, the largest & best results) (the historical
guy caused damage and loss)
13. To express the idea needless to say, say iu
made mo naku. This is the adverbial form of iu
made mo nai. Literally, this means to say so far
even is not, or not necessary.
As for the Uchida honorable brothers, as for older
brother, needless to say, younger brother also is
excellent, huh. Meaning, not only big brother, but,
needless to say, also little brother is excellent.

Uchidasan gokyoodai wa, oniisan wa iu made mo

naku, otootosan mo yuushuu desu ne. (kyoodai =
brothers, sisters, siblings; cf. kyookai = church) (iu
made mo naku = literally to say until also not
being = not only but also) (needless to say, you
made me more knackered)
14. Thats so for sure. Use nan to soften this. As for
those honorable brothers over there, since the childs
time, heads are good and it was popularity. Use te to
mean and. Use hyooban to mean popularity.

Soo nan desu yo. Ano gokyoodai wa kodomo no toki

kara atama ga yokute hyooban deshita. (hyooban =
reputation, popularity, rumor) (Hi-Yo Silver was
banned, and this affected the Lone Rangers

reputation and popularity)

15. As for this sport, as for young people, needless to
say, to honorable elderly also, they will enjoy and we
can humbly receive. Use otoshiyori to mean
honorable elderly. Meaning, not only young but,
needless to say, also old people can enjoy it.

Kono supootsu wa, wakai hito wa iu made mo naku,

otoshiyori ni mo tanoshinde itadakemasu.
16. To express the idea A not so much as B, use
to iu yori wa mushiro between A and B. B can
be followed with desu. To iu yori wa mushiro can be
literally translated as to say, as for compared to,
rather or rather than to say so, since mushiro
means rather.
As for Mori, not so much a scholar as hes a
politician.

Morisan wa gakusha to iu yori wa mushiro seijika

desu. (gakusha = scholar) (mushiro = rather)
(seijika = politician, statesman; cf. seiji = politics,
administration, government) (gaku = study; sha =
mono = person) (mushi = insect or worm; the mushi
(insect) roams on land rather than on water) (sane
Jesus went into politics) (if you go to Togo in a Yugo,
remove your ring before washing mush rooms, since
it is not so much a token as an investment)
17. As for this work of literature, not so much a
novel as a poem, it would be better to say, probably.
Meaning it would probably be better to call it a poem
than a novel.

Kono sakuhin wa shoosetsu to iu yori wa mushiro shi

to itta hoo ga ii deshoo. (sakuhin = a work of
literature or art; cf. sakubun = composition) (shi =
poem; also = four, death, teacher or master, city, Mr.
or Mrs. all different kanji) (a sakubun
[composition] written by a Hindu is often a work of
literature or art) (there are shi [four] poems)
18. Next months company employee trip, will you
not honorably go? Dont use wa, ga, ni or e after trip.
Soften this.

Raigetsu no shain ryokoo irassharanain desu ka.

19. To deny that you mean something, i.e., to say,
it isnt that, use to iu wake de wa nai. Literally,
this means to say reason it isnt. You may also use
wake de wa nai by itself, to say it isnt that.
Not go, it isnt that, but not very much, since feeling
doesnt advance, huh. Soften the first clause. Use ki
to mean feeling. Use susumanakute to mean since it
doesnt advance. Meaning, its not that I wont go,
but Im not very enthusiastic.
Lesson 29.

234

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Lesson 29. Plain speech.

Ikanai to iu wake de wa nain da ga, amari ki ga

susumanakute ne. (wake = reason, meaning) (ki ga
susumu = I feel enthuiastic; ki ga susumanai = I
dont feel enthusiastic; susumeru = advance, move
forward, push on; cf. susumeru, different kanji, = to
advise, recommend) (note that susumenai = I dont
advance it; susumanai = it doesnt advance;
however, no such word as susumaru) (I had a reason
to attend the wake) (Sue spent the summer under a
tree advancing world peace) (I recommend that Sue
spend the summer getting erudite) ([to iu] wake de
wa nai = literally, [to say] reason it isnt = its
not that)
20. As for the Liberal Democratic Party, to that
proposal, being opposed, it isnt. Use wake de wa nai.
Meaning, it isnt that the party is opposed to it. Plain
speech.

Jimintoo wa sono an ni hantai shite iru wake de wa

nai. (too = political group, party; jimintoo = Liberal
Democratic Party) (an = idea, plan, proposal) (hantai
suru = to oppose, object) (Jimmy Carter is into the
Liberal Democratic Party) (Queen Anne has a lot of
good ideas and proposals)
21. To say, from A extending into B, use the
form A kara B ni kakete.
From tomorrow extending into the day after
tomorrow, since a typhoon will approach, as for the
Kantoo region, by strong wind and rain it will be
struck, fear exists. Use node. Use mimawareru to
mean be struck. Dont use the passive tense, since
mimawareru is an intransitive verb. Meaning, we
fear this may happen.

Ashita kara asatte ni kakete, taifuu ga chikazukimasu

node, kantoo chihoo wa tsuyoi kaze to ame ni
mimawareru osore ga arimasu.
(A + kara + B + ni kakete, where A & B are nouns
of time or place, = from A extending into B)
(chikazuku = to approach, go up to, seek to be
acquainted) (kantoo = region of Japan surrounding
Tokyo) (mimawareru = to be struck by or suffer a
calamity etc.; cf. mimawaru = to patrol, inspect etc.)
(osore = fear; cf. osore irimasu = Im overwhelmed,
or Im sorry; osoreru = to fear, be apprehensive;
osoraku = probably) (chika = close; since chika,
zuckerberg will approach her) (the cantor lives in
Kanto, near Tokyo) (the mimic is aware of the
kangaroo by which he will be struck and thus suffer a
calamity) (the oso [bear in Spanish] is red and

causes fear)
22. From this weekend extending into next week, as
for him, its a visit on China plan. Use hoomon suru
to mean visit.

Konshuumatsu kara raishuu ni kakete, kare wa

chuugoku o hoomon suru yotei desu. (hoomon suru
= to visit) (she visited the doctor to get her hormone
prescription)
23. To express the idea that a noun changes
fundamentally, or comes to an end, combine the
noun with o kagiri ni. Kagiri can be translated
as limit.
As for her, at the limit of this semester (meaning at
the end), she will resign the university, reportedly,
huh. Use o kagiri ni to mean at the end of.

Kanojo wa kongakki o kagiri ni daigaku o yameru

soo desu ne. (gakki = school semester or term; also
= musical instrument, different kanji) (kagiri = limit;
cf. kagiru = be limited to) (noun + o kagiri ni = the
time when something ends or changes; e.g.,
kotoshi o kagiri ni = literally, at the limit on this
year = at the end of this year) (the gawking king
plays an instrument to mark the beginning of each
semester) (oh, the cagey Ring worked on Frodos
needs and set a limit to them, and that was how
everything changed)
24. As for two people, at the limit of that day
(meaning after that day), two times, they did not meet
with. Meaning the two people didnt meet a second
time after that day. Plain speech.

Futari wa sono hi o kagiri ni, nido to awanakatta.

(nikai to awanakatta awkward; futatsu to
awanakatta not OK) (nido awanakatta, not OK;
nido ni awanakatta, not OK; to means with)
25. The honorable homes dog appears frightening,
but dont to bite things exist? Dont use wa or ga
after dog. Use soo to mean appears.

Otaku no inu, kowasoo desu ga, kamitsuku koto wa

arimasen ka. (kowai = afraid; also = frightful)
(kamitsuku = to bite) (kami = paper, god, hair;
tsuku = to arrive, turn on, adhere, poke, start out, be
inaugurated) (Im scared of Koala bears if theyre
white) (the kami [paper] tsuku [will arrive], but the
dog will bite the paper boy)
26. To express the idea as long as, follow a plain
negative verb with kagiri wa, meaning literallyas
for limit.
This guy, abuse etc. not to do, as long as, its OK for
sure. Use kochira to mean this guy.
Lesson 29.

235

236
Lesson 29. Kochira is the subject. Use tari to
mean etc. Use kagiri wa to mean as long as.
Meaning, as long as you dont abuse him, hes OK.

Kochira ga ijimetari shinai kagiri wa, daijoobu desu

yo. (ijimeru = to bully, abuse; cf. ijime = bulling,
abuse) (the ingenious men acquired a kangaroo and
then bullied and abused it )
27. A typhoon or something doesnt come, as long as,
as for the game, we will not cancel it. Use chuushi
suru to mean cancel. Meaning we wont cancel it as
long as there isnt a typhoon or something.

Taifuu demo konai kagiri wa, shiai wa chuushi

shimasen. (chuushi suru = suspend, cancel, stop) (if
you chew the sheets, I will cancel your dog food)
28. To express the idea, as soon as, follow a
plain past verb with ka to omou to, literally
question if I think.
The sky became dark, as soon as, large raindrops
rain fell/put out. Meaning, as soon as the sky got
dark, it started to rain heavily. Plain speech.

Sora ga kuraku natta ka to omou to, ootsubu no ame

ga furidashita. (a past plain verb followed by ka to
omou to or ka to omottara = literally,
question if one thinks means as soon as)
(ootsubu = a large drop of rain; cf. tsubu = grain,
same kanji) (furidasu = to start raining or snowing)
(the oats Sue burned were extinguished by large
drops of rain)
29. Another way to express the idea, as soon as,
is to follow a plain past verb with ka to
omottara, literally question if I think.
He entered the bed, as soon as, already he slept
completely. Use nemuru. Meaning, as soon as he
got into bed, he already slept. Plain speech.

Beddo ni haitta ka to omottara, moo nemutte shimatta.

30. As for these days young people, all go to
university probably. Use minna. Soften this.

Konogoro no wakai hito wa minna daigaku e ikun

deshoo. ( minna ga, not OK)
31. To say not necessarily, say kanarazu shimo.
To say that something isnt necessarily so, follow
kanarazu shimo with a plain verb plus to wa
kagiranai. Literally, this means not necessarily, as
for the one called, it isnt limited.
Not necessarily, as for the one called they go, it isnt
limited probably. Meaning it probably isnt limited
to going, or it isnt necessarily true that they all go.

Kanarazu shimo iku to wa kagiranai deshoo.

(kanarazu = certainly; kanarazu shimo + plain
verb [or soo] + to wa kagiranai or kanarazu shimo
+ plain verb [or soo] + to wa ienai = literally, we
arent necessarily limited or we cant necessarily
say = it isnt necessarily so) (heres another
example using kanarazu shimo: hikaru mono
kanarazu shimo kin de wa nai = as for the one called
shiny things, not necessarily gold) (to wa = as for the
one called; see Lesson 19, # 168) (kagiru = to be
limited to; cf. kagiri = limit) (kanarazu [certainly] a
shiny motor is not necessarily what we need) (the
cagey Ring limited Frodos needs)
32. Since hate-study young people also exist. Use
wakamono to mean young people.

Benkyoo ga kirai na wakamono mo imasu kara.

33. If parents head good, children also head good
probably. Use to to mean if. Soften the last clause.
Meaning, if parents are smart, their kids will be smart
too.

Ryooshin ga atama ga ii to, kodomo mo atama ga iin

deshoo.
34. Another way to say that something isnt
necessarily so is to follow kanarazu shimo with soo
plus to wa ienai. Literally, this means not
necessarily, as for the thing in question, we cannot
say, where soo means the thing in question.
Not necessarily, as for the thing in question, we
cannot say, it seems, for sure. Use soo to mean the
thing in question. Use yoo to mean seems. Meaning
it isnt necessarily so.

Kanarazu shimo soo to wa ienai yoo desu yo. (use

wa after to to show quotes when using negative verbs
like ienai and omowanai)
35. As for the other day we humbly begged matter,
how is it probably? Use kono aida. Use a polite
word for how.

Kono aida onegai shimashita ken wa, ikaga deshoo

ka. (kono aida no onegai shimashita ken, also OK)
36. Are we able to beg honorable taking charge,
probably? To form this sentence, place o in front of
the stem form of hikiukeru and follow it with
negaemasu. Dont use the object marker wo.

Ohikiuke negaemasu deshoo ka. (ohikiuke o, also

OK) (hikiukeru = to take charge of, undertake; hiki
comes from hiku = pull; ukeru = catch, get, receive,
take an exam or class, be affected, suffer from)
(negau = ask, hope, pray, request) (the hicks will
take charge of hiki [pulling] the lava Lesson 29.

236

237
Lesson 29.
from the UK volcano that erupted)
37. One way to say that you are unable to do
something is to use kaneru after a verb stem. For
example, wakarikaneru means I cannot understand.
As for that, with the president also, I humbly did
consultation, but as for of humble us, humble taking
charge we are unable to do, he was humbly saying.
Use itasu to mean I humbly did. Use watashidomo to
mean humble us. Use kaneru after the stem of dekiru
to express the idea unable to do. To say he was
humbly saying, use both moosu and oru.

Sore wa, shachoo to mo soodan itashimashita ga,

watashidomo de wa ohikiuke dekikaneru to mooshite
orimashita. (go soodan itashimashita, also OK;
however, go soodan shimashita, not OK, as this
sounds like honorific speech which you could not use
when referring to your own in-group) (ohikiuke ga
dekikaneru, not as good) (-domo is used instead of
tachi to make a humble plural; watakushidomo =
watashidomo = humble we) (-kaneru, used after a
verb stem = unable to do; kaneru also = to serve
multiple functions at the same time) (we are unable
to cane a kangaroo)
38. For certain verbs, you can form an honorific
expression using go and kudasai. For example,
gosoodan kudasai means please honorably consult.
Go ahead please honorably understand. To say
understand, use ryooshoo.

Doozo goryooshoo kudasai. (ryooshoo suru = to

acknowledge, understand, note; cf. kanshoo suru =
to appreciate a work of art etc.) (Leo showed us that
he understands)
39. As for in that country over there, street peddlers
children a lot existed probably. Use kodomo to mean
children. Meaning there were probably a lot of kids
selling in the street. Use plain speech to say
existed.

Ano kuni ni wa monouri no kodoma ga takusan ita

deshoo. (monouri = a street peddler) (mono = thing;
uri = sell; monouri = thing seller, or street peddler)
40. They existed for sure. Use a womans word for
emphasis. Plain speech.

Ita wa yo.
41. Inside the town, huh, even to primary school not
going, it appears, small children were selling flowers.
Use yoo na to mean it appears. Use chiisana. Use
kodomo to mean children. Use no to soften the last
verb. Plain speech.

Machi no naka de ne, shoogakkoo ni mo itte inai yoo

na chiisana kodomo ga hana o utte ita no.
42. Since unable to look, in spite of myself, I gave
money completely, for sure. Use kaneru to say
being unable to look. Use te to mean since. To say
in spite of myself, use tsui. Use no to soften this.
Plain speech.

Mikanete tsui okane o agete shimatta no yo.

(-kaneru, used after a verb stem = unable to do)
(tsui = accidentally, in spite of oneself; just, only)
(we are unable to cane a kangaroo) (I ate Swiss food
accidentally, in spite of myself)
43. To say regardless of whether or not, use a
plain affirmative verb followed by the same verb
in the negative, followed by ni kakawarazu.
Kakawarazu means regardless.
To go for the purpose of travel, not go, regardless,
honorable everyone, explanation, at least, please
honorably listen. To say at least, use dake wa. Dont
use wo after explanation. Meaning, please listen to
the explanation, at least, regardless of whether you
will travel or not.

Ryokoo ni iku ikanai ni kakawarazu, minasan

setsumei dake wa okiki ni natte kudasai. (okiki
kudasai, also OK; this is the form often used in
business situations) (kakawarazu = in spite of,
regardless, although) (a plain affirmative verb
followed the same verb in the negative, followed
by ni kakawarazu = regardless of whether or
not) (dake wa after a plain verb = as much as
one can; after a noun, it can mean only this, e.g.,
kono ringo dake wa akai desu = only this apple is red;
or it can mean at least, as it does in the above
sentence) (the neatly dressed cabbie carries the
warrant to the zoo regardless of whether he is
deputized to do so)
44. To do a meal, not do, regardless, as for the
membership fee, its 10,000 yen. Meaning, the fee is
10,000 yen regardless of whether you do a meal or
not.

Shokuji o suru shinai ni kakawarazu, kaihi wa

ichiman en desu. (kaihi = membership fee; kai =
meeting; hi = expenses) (the Kaiser heeded advice
and paid his membership fee)
45. Late, huh ... Hayashi. Use a womans word for
emphasis. Maybe, she wont come, isnt it? To say
maybe, use moshi ka shitara, literally if question, if
it does. Soften the verb wont come. Dont use
ka. Plain speech.
Lesson 29.

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Lesson 29.

Osoi wa ne, hayashisan. Moshikashitara konain ja

nai. (moshi ka shitara = moshi ka suru to =
perhaps, maybe) (moshi = if, ka = question mark,
shitara = if someone does; so this means, literally, if
question if it does = moshi ka shitara= maybe)
46. She will come for sure. Use a womans word for
emphasis. Since that person over there, until now,
has never broken promises. Dont use wa or ga after
person. Use kore to mean now. Plain speech.

Kuru wa yo. Ano hito kore made yakusoku yabutta

koto wa nai kara. (yakusoku = appointment,
promise) (yakusoku o, also OK) (yaburu = to break,
tear, violate; cf. yabure = crack, hole, rent; cf.
yabureru = to be defeated, lose; cf. yabureru,
different kanji, = to be torn, ripped or broken) (an
appointment or promise for yak soaking) (the yacht
was buried under the wharf after it was broken) (the
yacht burning rerun shows how the sail was torn and
the race was lost)
47. As for politicians, usually the at-before-elections
promised things were implemented things dont exist.
Use ippan ni to mean usually. Dont use the
possessive no after elections. Use koto twice to mean
things. Meaning, they usually dont keep the
promises made before elections. Plain speech.

Seijika wa ippan ni senkyo mae ni yakusoku shita

koto o jikkoo shita koto wa nai. (seijika = politician,
statesman; cf. seiji = politics, administration,
government) (ippan = common, general, usual;
ippan ni = ippanteki ni = usually) (senkyo =
election) (jikkoo suru = to carry out, realize,
implement; cf. jiko = accident; also jiko = self,
different kanji) (sane Jesus went into politics) (I
usually stencil my IP address on my pants above the
knee) (the senator from Kyoto stood for the election)
(the gypsy coalition implemented the plan)
48. That over there childs to draw pictures, truly
wonderful for sure. Use ko to mean child. Dont use
wa or ga. Soften this using no. Meaning the pictures
he draws are wonderful. Plain speech.

Ano ko no kaku e, hontoo ni subarashii no yo.

49. To say unless, follow a negative plain verb
with koto ni wa. For example, tabenai koto ni wa
benkyoo dekinai means unless I eat, I cant study.
Thats so. Use no to soften this and therefore use a
substitute for da. Unless I see, I cant say nothing,
but. Use nantomo to mean nothing. Use kedo. Plain
speech.

Soo na no. Minai koto ni wa nan to mo ienai kedo.

([mi] nai koto ni wa = until or unless I [see], used
with negative verbs) (koto ni wa can also be used
to mean as for to a thing, e.g., kare ga kuru koto ni
wa hantai desu = kare ga kuru koto wa hantai desu =
as for to his coming, I oppose it) (nan to mo =
nothing, not at all, when used with negative verbs; cf.
nanimo = nothing, when used with negative verbs;
nanimo ienai kedo, also OK in this sentence; cf.
nanimo kamo = everything; cf. nandomo = many
times; cf. nandemo = whatever, everything,
anything, e.g. nandemo shimasu = I will do
everything; cf. nandemo nai = easy, insignificant,
trivial) (until or unless theres a night with kotos
[musical instruments] in the niwa [garden], I cant
learn to play)
50. Another use for the phrase koto ni wa is to use
it after a positive verb expressing emotion, to
emphasize the emotion.
I was astonished. Matsumoto died yesterday,
reportedly. Use koto ni wa to emphasize your
emotion in the first sentence. Use odoroku. Use
nakunaru. Use plain speech in the first sentence. In
the second sentence, use plain speech to say he
died.

Odoroita koto ni wa. Matsumotosan ga kinoo

nakunatta soo desu. (koto ni wa, used with a
positive verb expressing emotion, emphasizes the
emotion) (odoroku = to be surprised or astonished;
cf. bikkuri suru = to be surprised or shocked; cf.
akireru = to be astounded, to be disgusted) (the koto
[musical instrument] in the niwa [garden] is great!)
51. The at before this went to condominium, will
you honorably buy? Dont use wa, ga or wo. Soften
this.

Kono mae ni itta manshon, okai ni narun desu ka.

52. To say possibly, use koto mo nai after a plain
negative verb. This double negative, nai koto mo
nai, creates a weak positive meaning possibly. In
effect, you are saying not thing also isnt.
As for depending to the price, to buy thing is possible,
but. Use nedan to mean price. Use nai koto mo nai
to mean is possible. Soften this.

Nedan ni yotte wa kawanai koto mo nain desu ga.

(koto mo nai, used after a plain negative verb,
creates a double negative that means possibly)
53. Satoo and Suzuki, does it appear that they will
marry? Dont use wa or ga. Use soo to mean appear.
Lesson 29.

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Lesson 29.

Satoosan to suzukisan, kekkon shisoo desu ka.

54. Shidai desu or shidai de mean depending on.
Depending on Satoos feelings, they will possibly
marry, it appears, I have a feeling, but. Use kimochi
and then ki to mean feeling. Use shidai de after
kimochi to mean depending on. Use nai koto mo nai
to mean possibly. Use yoo to mean it appears. Use
kedo.

Satoosan no kimochi shidai de, kekkon shinai koto

mo nai yoo na ki ga shimasu kedo. (shidai =
circumstances; shidai desu = shidai de = depending
on; shidai ni = gradually) (cf. ni yotte = depending
on) (if she dies, the debt may be paid, depending on
her brother)
55. Yesterdays movie, was it good? Dont use wa
or ga.

Kinoo no eiga yokatta desu ka.

56. To say I tried, implying that it didnt work out,
use a past plain verb followed by koto wa followed
by the same past plain verb again. Literally, you
are saying as for I did thing, I did.
That, as for I went thing, I went, but since being
crowded, I could not enter, for sure. That is the
subject. Soften the 2nd verb I went. Use te to mean
since. Soften the verb I could not enter. Meaning, I
tried to go, but it didnt work out.

Sore ga , itta koto wa ittan desu ga, konde ite

hairenakattan desu yo. (a past plain verb followed
by koto wa followed by the same past plain verb
again = I tried, implying that it didnt work out)
(cf. the plain lets form of the verb, followed by to
suru expresses the idea to try to do something,
implying that one failed or that one is not succeeding
very well)
57. Nakata, as for he received an operation thing, he
received apparently, but it was bad reportedly. Dont
use wa or ga. Use ukeru to mean receive. Use rashii
to mean apparently and soften this. Use dame to
mean bad. Meaning, he tried the operation, but it
didnt work out.

Nakatasan, shujutsu o uketa koto wa uketa rashiin

desu ga, dame datta soo desu.
58. As for while we do not straighten up this work,
we cannot depart. Use uchi. Use katazukeru. Use
the longer form of the potential verb. Meaning, we
cant leave until we finish this work. Plain speech.

Kono shigoto o katazukenai uchi wa dekakerarenai.

(uchi ni, not OK) (dekakerenai, also OK)
59. As for while you do not see Nikko, you are
unable to say fine. Use uchi. Use kekkoo to mean
fine. Use to wa, rather than just to, to show
quotes in negative sentences. Meaning, you cant
say splendid until youve seen Nikko. Plain speech.

Nikkoo o minai uchi wa kekkoo to wa ienai. (uchi ni,

not OK)
60. As for tomorrow, a unions whole meeting
(meaning general meeting) exists reportedly, huh.

Ashita wa kumiai no zentai kaigi ga aru soo desu ne.

(kumiai = union, association) (zentai = whole) (I
took a cue to me eye at the union meeting) (Zen ties
my brain in knots as I try to understand the whole)
61. To say that something is unnecessary, follow
a plain verb with ni wa oyobanai. Oyobu means to
reach or extend. Literally this means as for to ... it
doesnt reach.
Since its busy, everyone will attend, as for to, it
doesnt reach probably. Soften the first clause.
Dont use wa or ga after everyone. Use dakara.
Meaning, theres no need for everyone to attend.
Plain speech.

Isogashiin dakara, mina deru ni wa oyobanai daroo.

(oyobu = to reach, extend to; cf. oyogu = to swim)
(when I oyogu [swim] in the bus, I can reach the
side) (when my niece was oyobanai [not reaching], it
was unnecessary to hide the candy)
62As for these documents, to the personnel
department, as for to submit, it doesnt reach.
Meaning, we dont have to submit them. Use
teishutsu suru to mean submit. Plain speech.

Kono shorui wa jinjika ni teishutsu suru ni wa

oyobanai. (jinji = personnel matters; jinjika =
personnel department, human business; cf. tenji =
display; tenjihin = display goods) (teishutsu suru
= hand in, submit) (members of the personnel
department wear jeans in their Jeep car) (if a taser
shoots you, submit your resignation)
63. As mentioned in the previous lesson, the suffix
ppanashi can be used after a verb stem to mean
that something was left unfinished.
The window is opened/left for sure. Meaning, you
left it open. Plain speech.

Mado ga akeppanashi yo. (-ppanashi = an action or

its result continues, used after a verb stem; this
may be combined with ni suru, as though one
decides to leave something out)
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240
Lesson 29. (although he has panache, he tends to
leave things unfinished)
64. Since the rain fell and came, please close.
Speaking to a child. Plain speech.

Ame ga futte kita kara shimete choodai.

65. The suffix ppanashi, used after a verb stem to
mean that something was left unfinished, can
sometimes be combined with ni suru to suggest
that someone decides to leave unfinished.
As for the homes child, since always he decides to
take out/leave toys, I get inconvenienced. Use node.

Uchi no kodomo wa itsumo omocha o dashippanashi

ni suru node, komarimasu. (omocha = toy) (omou [I
think] I will change the toy)
66. The word sae means only when used before
the eba form of a verb, and the resulting
combination means if only. This is a different
meaning from the if only that we associate with
the word noni. Sae is used to say if only one does
something, that will be enough or thats all one
needs. It is not used to express regret.
As for later, to the airport going only, if we do, its
good. Use the stem of iku as a noun meaning going.
Use sae to mean only. Use eba. Soften this.
Meaning, all we have to do later is go to the airport.
Plain speech.

Ato wa kuukoo e iki sae sureba iin da. (sae = if only,

when preceding an eba verb; e.g. okane sae areba
= if only there is money or money is all you need;
cf. sae = even; e.g. kodomosae = even a child) (if
only you have a sack of eggs you can get into the
show, or all you need is a sack of eggs)
67. This plan, you only, if you agree and give, it will
settle for sure. Use keikaku. Dont use wa or ga
after plan or after you. Use sae to mean only. Use
sansei suru to mean agree. Speaking to someone in
your in-group. Use eba. Use matomaru to mean
settle. Use no to soften this. Meaning, if you only
agree, we can settle it. Plain speech.

Kono keikaku anata sae sansei shite kurereba

matomaru no yo. (keikaku = project, plan; cf.
kikaku = project, plan) (matomaru, intransitive =
settle, arrange, finish; cf. matomeru, transitive = to
bundle together, finish, summarize) (when ma tomaru
[stops], things get settled) (when ma tomeru [stops]
something, it gets bundled, settled or summarized)
68. But, one way or another, as for me, I cannot
agree for sure. Plain speech.

Demo dooshitemo watashi wa sansei dekinai yo.

69. Ittan means once, as in once we pay, we can
enter. Ijoo means beyond that.
Once we arranged, beyond that, except for to do only,
doesnt exist. Use kimeta to mean we arranged. Use
yaru to mean do. Use shika rather than sae in the
next 2 responses. Meaning, once we have arranged
things, theres nothing left but to do it. Plain speech.

Ittan kimeta ijoo yaru shika nai. (ittan = once) (ijoo

= thats all, not less than, past, beyond; cf. the
opposite word, ika = not exceeding) (once I got my
Italian tan, I was happy) (the eel joked that he would
not accept less than $100 and really wanted
something beyond that)
70. Since already the train doesnt exist (meaning it
doesnt exist anymore), from now except to go by car
doesnt exist. Meaning all we can do is go by car.
Plain speech.

Moo densha ga nai kara, ima kara kuruma de iku

shika nai.
71. As for kanji, considerably, I am unable to
memorize, huh. Use the long form of the potential
verb.

Kanji wa nakanaka oboeraremasen ne.

72. Shitagatte means accordingly or in
accordance with. To express this idea that one
action naturally follows another, follow a plain
verb with ni shitagatte.
Every day, to do practice, accordingly, and you will
be able to memorize for sure. The te at the end of ni
shitagatte means and in this sentence. Use the
longer form of the potential verb.

Mainichi renshuu suru ni shitagatte, oboeraremasu yo.

(a plain verb followed by ni shitagatte, or a plain
verb followed by ni tsurete, implies that one action
naturally follows another) (shitagatte =
accordingly, in accordance with, in proportion to)
(when used after a verb stem, tagaru = seems to
want to; tagaru can also mean tendency, or be
prone to) (the niece, she tagged along and ate;
accordingly, she was no longer hungry)
73. Another way to express the idea that one
action naturally follows another, i.e., to say
accordingly, other than following a plain verb
with ni shitagatte, is to follow a plain verb with ni
tsurete.
It becomes dark, accordingly, the temperature
gradually declined and went. Plain speech.

Kuraku naru ni tsurete, ondo ga

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241
Lesson 29. dandan sagatte itta. (tsureru = to take
along; tsurete = with, in proportion to, accompanied
by) (my niece tsureru [takes me along]; accordingly,
I behave myself)
74. From tomorrow, you will honorably go for the
purpose of travel, reportedly, huh. Womans speech.
Soften this.

Ashita kara ryokoo ni irassharun desu tte ne.

75. Sugiru means to exceed or pass by. To say it
doesnt exceed, use ni suginai.
Travel saying even though, one night to stay it
doesnt exceed for sure. Use temo to mean even
though. Soften this. Meaning, even though you say
travel, its only one night.

Rykoo to itte mo hitoban tomaru ni suginain desu yo.

76. Unemployed people increased, even though they
say, to 1% it doesnt exceed. Use sha to mean people.
Use fueru to mean increase. Use te mo to say even
though. Plain speech.

Shitsugyoo sha ga fueta to itte mo,

ichipaasento ni suginai. (shitsugyoo =
unemployment) (sha = mono = person) (the
unemployed people are in the shitsu,[room], eating
gyoza)
77. Yesterdays return, by the rain you got
precipitated on probably. Use the stem form of the
verb return to make a noun.

Kinoo no kaeri, ame ni furareta deshoo.

78. That, to the house I arrived, as soon as, it
precipitated/put out, for sure. That is the subject.
Use no to soften this. Meaning, as soon as I got
home, it started to rain. Plain speech.

Sore ga, ie ni tsuita ka to omou to furidashita no yo.

(a past plain verb followed by ka to omou to or
ka to omottara = literally, question if one
thinks, means as soon as) (ka to omou to [if one
thinks question]), things happen as soon as one
thinks)
79. From school returned and came, as soon as, as
for the children, they already departed completely.
Use kodomo to mean children. Meaning, they left
again as soon as they came home. Plain speech.

Gakkoo kara kaette kita ka to omou to, kodomo wa

moo dekakete shimatta.
80. Another way to say as soon as is to use the
phrase totan ni after a plain speech verb.
As for the rocket, as soon as it took flight, it became
unable to see. Use totan ni to mean as soon as.

Plain speech.

Roketto wa tobitatta totan ni mienaku natta.

(tobitatsu = to take flight) (totan ni = as soon as;
tobitatta ka to omou to, or tobittata ka to omottara,
both also OK) (tobu = to fly; tatsu = to stand;
tobitatsu [to fly and stand] is to take flight) (as soon
as Tony Bennett started to tan his knees, it got
cloudy)
81. When I drank this medicine, contrary to
expectations, the stomach became painful. Use tara.
Plain speech.

Kono kusuri o nondara kaette onaka ga itaku natta.

82. When we boarded a taxi, contrary to expectations,
we became late. Use tara. Plain speech.

Takushii ni nottara kaette osoku natta.

83. Pretty soon the very honorable customers will
honorably arrive, for sure.

Moo sugu okyakusama ga otsuki ni narimasu yo.

84. Its terrible. Peacefully tea etc., as for drinking,
we cannot be. Use nonbiri to mean peacefully. Use
nado to mean etc. Meaning, we cant just be drinking
tea and so forth. Plain speech.

Taihen da. Nonbiri ocha nado nonde wa irarenai.

(nonbiri = leisurely, quietly, peacefully; nonbiri
suru = to be relaxed, unhurried; cf. nobiru = to be
postponed; cf. heiki na = nonchalant, not OK to
substitute here) (when I drink non-beery products, I
do so peacefully, quietly and leisurely)
85. Of about 5 minutes later, since acceptance
peoples announcement will exist, as for take-exam
people, as for doing still/quiet, they cannot be
probably. Use hodo to mean about. Use sha and then
sei to mean people. Use node to mean since.
Meaning, since the announcement of the people who
were accepted will occur in 5 minutes, the test takers
cannot be still or quiet, probably. Plain speech.

Ato gofun hodo de gookakusha no happyoo ga aru

node, jukensei wa jitto shite wa irarenai daroo. (ato
gofun gurai de, also OK; ato gofun kurai de, not as
good; ato gofun hodo de, not OK) (when used with
a quantifier, hodo = about; hodo also = to the degree
that; hodo = not as ... as when used with a negative
verb, e.g. kuruma wa densha hodo hayaku arimasen =
as for the car, compared to the train, it isnt as fast;
hodo also = to a degree, e.g. sono shigoto wa sore
hodo yasashiin desu ka = is that work that easy?;
saki hodo = a while ago) (gookaku = acceptance,
sucess; gookaku suru = to achieve
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242
Lesson 29. acceptance or pass an exam)
(happyoo = announcement, publication; happyoo
suru = to announce, publish, give a presentation)
(juken = taking of an exam; juken suru = to take an
exam) (jitto = without moving, still, intently; jitto
suru = to be without moving, still, quiet, intent) (if
she go kaku [write it 5 times], she will achieve
acceptance) (I'm happy you are giving a presentation,
rather than me) (a Jew named Ken will say the
questions for the exam-taking people) (the jittery
owner of that cat has to be still during the cats
surgery)
86. The throat gets dry and its intolerable. Plain
speech.

Nodo ga kawaite tamaranai. (kawaku = to become

dry) (tamaranai = intolerable; also = exciting)
(tamaru, the equivalent positive verb, not used;
however tamaru, different kanji, = to accumulate,
heap up, be overdue) (youre kawaii [cute] when you
cut dry vegetables) (the tall marathon runner knifed
me, and it was intolerable)
87. Me too. I want to drink cold water and its
intolerable. Use a womans word for emphasis.
Plain speech.

Watashi mo. Tsumetai mizu ga nomitakute

tamaranai wa. (mizu o nomitakute, not as good)
88. Oneself child having, for the first time parents
value one understands. Use oya to mean parent.
Plain speech.

Jibun ga kodomo o motte, hajimete oya no arigatami

ga wakaru. (not OK to substitute hajime ni for
hajimete in this or the following question; hajime ni
= at the beginning) (arigatami = value, blessing; cf.
arigatai = grateful, welcome, blessed) (I said arigato
for the tatami mats when I realized their value)
89. Morning the eyes waking, for the first time, even
though outside is snow, feeling arrived. Use noni to
mean even though and therefore use a substitute for
da. Meaning, even though outside was snow, when I
first woke up, I noticed it. Plain speech.

Asa me ga samete hajimete, soto ga yuki na noni ki

ga tsuita. (soto wa, not OK; not specific enough)
(noni, like temo, = in spite of, even though; it can
also mean for the purpose of; it can also mean if
only or too bad) (me ga sameru = to wake up;
sameru also = to get sober, to cool off [different
kanji], to fade or lose color [different kanji]) (ki ga
tsuku = literally, spirit will arrive = to become
aware, notice, to regain consciousness) (when the
eyes sameru [cool off], I wake up)

90. Since money doesnt exist, useless things, as for

buying only, I cannot be. Use node. Use bakari.
Plain speech.

Okane ga nai node, muda na mono o katte bakari wa

irarenai. (muda = useless, wasteful) (murder is
useless and wasteful)
91. Did the dissertation accomplish, meaning did
you finish it? Dont use wa or ga.

Ronbun dekimashita ka. (ronbun = essay, research

paper, dissertation) (Ronald Reagan burned his
dissertation)
92. To say no matter how much, use the te form
of a verb, followed by mo, and then repeat both
words.
That, writing even, writing even, skillfully it doesnt
go. That is the subject. Use umai to mean skillful.
Soften this. Meaning, no matter how much I write it,
it doesnt go well.

Sore ga, kaite mo kaite mo umaku ikanain desu.

93. Laboring even laboring even, money doesnt
accumulate. Meaning, I cant save. Plain speech.

Hataraite mo hataraite mo okane ga tamaranai.

(tamaru = to accumulate, heap up, be overdue; cf.
tamaranai = intolerable) (the tall marathon runner
accumulated a fortune)
94. Do you honorably know Hayashida?

Hayashidasan o gozonji desu ka.

95. Yeah, on Aihara communicating, one time I have
humbly met, for sure. Use tsuujiru to mean
communicate. Soften this. Meaning, I met him once
through Aihara.

Eh, aiharasan o tsuujite ichido oai shita koto ga arun

desu yo. (tsuujiru =to communicate or make oneself
understood, to lead to, to get through on the phone, to
pervade; cf. tsuuji = bowel movement, tsuuji ga aru
= one's bowels move) (tsuki [the moon]and Giro
are under the bed communicating, and this pervades
the room)
96. As for this area, on one year pervading, the
climate is mild. Use tsuujiru to mean pervade.
Meaning, throughout the year, the climate is mild.

Kono hen wa ichinen o tsuujite, kikoo ga onwa desu.

(hen = area; cf. chihoo = region) (tsuujite = by way
of, throughout, through, pervading) (kikoo = climate)
(onwa = mild, calm, gentle) (the
Lesson 29.

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243
Lesson 29. arctic climate kills corn plants) (on the
inside, he fights his own war, but on the outside, hes
mild, calm and gentle)
97. Running into, make an effort not to board, I beg
you. Use the stem form of the verb to run into, to
make the noun running into. Use joosha o suru to
mean board. Meaning, try not to rush to get on the
train.

Kakekomi joosha o shinai yoo ni onegai shimasu.

(kakekomu = to run into, to seek refuge; kakekomi
= running into; cf. kakeru = to run; cf. oikakeru =
to chase after; cf. komu = to crowd in) (joosha o
suru = to board a train, bus etc; cf. jookyaku =
passenger) (he would run in to eat the cake served at
the communist meeting) (Joe Lewis and the Shah of
Iran board the train)
98. A different way to say no matter, apart from
using the te form of a verb followed by mo and then
repeating both words, is to follow the lets or shall
form of a verb with tomo, meaning even though.
For example, ikura tabeyoo tomo futoranai means no
matter how much you shall eat, you dont gain
weight.
As for that person over there, who, what shall say, no
matter, she never listens. Use to to express quotes.
Use tomo to mean no matter. Use keshite. Meaning,
no matter what a person shall say, she doesnt listen.
Plain speech.

Ano hito wa dare ga nan to ioo tomo, keshite kikanai.

(tomo = equivalent to temo, but can be used with
shall or lets verbs, whereas temo cannot; tomo
is not bookish when used in this way) (OK to
substitute nan to ittemo for nan to io tomo;
however, not OK to say nan to ittemo ittemo, as this
sounds awkard) (for the sentence ikura tabeyoo
tomo futoranai, OK to change it to either ikura
tabetemo futoranai or ikura tabetemo tabetemo
futoranai) (no matter what, we shall go tomorrow)
99. Where I shall go, no matter, as for the
birthplaces thing, I do not forget. Use tomo to mean
no matter. Use kokyoo. Meaning wherever I go, I
dont forget my hometown. Plain speech.

Doko e ikoo tomo, kokyoo no koto wa wasurenai.

(kokyoo wa wasurenai, not OK, since it sounds like
kokyoo isnt forgetting; kookyoo o wasurenai, OK)
(kokyoo = ones home, birthplace, hometown; cf.
inaka = the country, ones home or hometown; cf.
shusshin = the place one was born, an alumnus) (Im
not sure if my birthplace was Kobe or Tokyoo, so I
just say kokyoo)
100. To say whether or not something will occur,

follow the lets or shall form of verb 1 with to,

followed by the plain form of verb 2, followed by
mai, meaning not, followed by to. Literally, you are
saying if shall, if not, using mai to mean not.
Other person, if shall go, if not go, as for me, I plan
to go. Use the suffix mai to mean not. Use to twice,
to mean if. Meaning, whether or not anyone else
goes, I plan to go. Plain speech.

Hoka no hito ga ikoo to ikumai to, watashi wa

ikutsumori da. (-mai = not, probably not, dont
want to; used after a plain verb; cf. nai used
after ru verb roots, and anai used after u verb roots,
to form negatives)
101. Yoshida, good if shall say, if not say, not at all,
to feelings it doesnt become. Use ikkoo to mean
not at all. Use ki to mean feelings. Meaning I dont
care whether he says its good or not. Plain speech.

Yoshida san ga ii to ioo to iumai to, ikkoo, ki ni

naranai. (ikkoo [ni], used with a negative verb = in
the least, at all) (ki ni naru = to get on ones nerves,
to bother, to feel uneasy; cf. ki ni suru = to worry,
mind, care) (an icky cold is not at all wanted) (when
ki ni naru [feelings become], I feel bothered and
uneasy)
102. As for these days, fire exists frequently. Use
hinpan ni. Plain speech.

Kono goro wa kaji ga hinpan ni aru. (kaji = fire)

(hinpan ni = frequently, continuously; cf. hinpin =
frequently; cf. hinpatsu = a frequent occurrence)
(he was cagey when they asked him about the fire) (in
India, Hindu pans are needed frequently)
Lesson 30
The first 19 items in this lesson are based on
questions from the Japanese Grammar Quiz page,
located at japaneseaudiolessons.com.
1. Its close to Kyoto. 2 responses. (based on
Grammar Question 7)

Kyooto ni chikai desu. Kyooto no chikaku desu.

(Chikaku plays two different roles. It functions as an
adverb some of the time, e.g., nijikan chikaku
kakarimasu = it takes nearly two hours. Chikaku
also functions as a locative expression meaning
close to, similar to other locative expressions like
mae, ushiro, ue and shita. Tooku does not function as
a locative expression; only as an adverb.)
2. The friend bought me a book. Me is understood.
2 responses. (based on Grammar Questions 16 & 17)
Lesson 30.

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244
Lesson 30. .

Tomodachi ga hon o katte kuremashita. Tomodachi

ni hon o katte moraimashita.
(tomodachi ga watashi ni hon o kaimashita, not OK,
since it fails to use a verb of receiving or giving)
(tomodachi ga hon o katte moraimashita, not OK,
since the subject cannot be the friend, even though he
bought the book, because the verb morau requires
that the sentence be expressed from the speakers
point of view)
3. You dont have to go. 3 responses. Plain speech.
(based on Grammar Question 19)

Ikanakutemo ii. Ikanai nara ii. Iku koto wa nai.

(ikanakereba ii desu, not OK, since it sounds like a
recommendation, i.e., if you dont go, its good)
(ikanakattara ii desu, not OK, for the same reason: it
sounds like youre recommending that the listener not
go) (ikanai to ii desu, not OK, for the same reason:
it sounds like youre suggesting that the listener not
go) (as these 3 examples illustrate, there is a potential
confusion between 2 meanings of the words ii: OK,
suggesting that if you dont do something its OK, i.e.
you dont have to do it, and good, suggesting that if
you dont do something its good and thus that its
better not to do it)
4. I wish I could go, but... 3 responses. Use kedo in
all 3 responses. Plain speech. (based on Grammar
Question 20)

Ikeru to ii kedo. Iketara ii kedo. Ikereba ii kedo. (if

you say ikeru to ii, iketara ii or ikereba ii, these
sentences could also mean if you can go, it will be
good, or why dont you go?; to avoid confusion,
its best to use kedo or na at the end of each
sentence, to make it clear that you are expressing
regret, as implied by the word wish) (if you say iku
to ii, ittara ii or ikeba ii, these all mean it would
be better if I went rather than I wish I could go)
(ikeru nara ii kedo, not wrong, but nara does not
capture the sense of regret implied by the word
wish, so this means something like in case I can go,
it will be OK)
5. I should have gone to the party. 4 responses. For
the last response, use beki. Plain speech. (based on
Grammar Question 21)

.

Paatii ni ikeba yokatta. Paatii ni ittara yokatta. Paatii

ni itta nara yokatta. Paatii ni iku beki datta. (literally
it was ought-to-go-to-the-party) (OK to add noni at

the end of all 4 responses, to make it more clear that

you feel regret) (paatii ni iku to yokatta, not OK; you
may not use to with yokatta to express regret,
except possibly when speaking in Kyushu dialect)
(paatii ni iku nara yokatta, not as good as paatii ni
itta nara yokatta) (cf. paatii ni ikereba yokatta = if I
could have gone to the party, it would have been
good)
6. I wish it wouldnt rain or if only it wouldnt
rain. 3 responses. Use noni in all responses. Plain
speech. (based on Grammar Question 22)


Ame ga furanakereba ii noni. Ame ga furanakattara
ii noni. Ame ga furanai to ii noni. (ame wa, in all
responses, OK, but more general, suggesting you
dont want it to rain at all) (ame ga furanai nara ii
noni is not OK; nara, short for naraba, means
supposing, and it can also serve as a topic marker,
similar to wa; nara is not used to mean when;
Japanese people think it illogical to use nara to
speculate about future weather, since the future
weather is unknown and uncontrollable; however,
one may say ame ga furanakatta nara yokatta noni =
in case if it didnt rain, it was good, if only or I
wish it hadnt rained, since this refers to a known
past weather event)
7. I will return in 2 weeks. 3 responses. (based on
Grammar Question 23)
,

Ato nishuukan de kaerimasu. Nishuukan ato ni

kaerimasu. Nishuukan go ni kaerimasu. (ni = at;
de = of, in, or relating to) (ato can appear either
before or after a duration word like nishuukan, while
go can only appear after such a word; when ato
appears before nishuukan, as in ato nishuukan de
kaerimasu = after, in 2 weeks I will return, ato
forms a separate concept, indicated by the comma in
the English translation; by contrast, when ato or go
appear after nishuukan, they combine with nishuukan
to form the meaning 2-weeks-later which refers to a
specific time; with this in mind, ato nishuukan ni
kaerimasu, not OK, since this = later, at 2 weeks I
will return and doesnt make sense; here you must
use de rather than ni) (also, nishuukan ato de
kaerimasu, & nishuukan go de kaerimasu, both not
OK; both of these can be translated of [or in] 2weeks-later, I will return which doesnt make sense
when referring to a specific time; instead you must
say simply at 2-weeks-later, I will return, i.e., you
must use ni)
8. It seems to be a duck. 3 responses. (based on
Grammar Question 27)
Lesson 30.

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Lesson 30.

Ahiru no yoo desu. Ahiru rashii desu. Ahiru mitai

desu. (ahiru soo desu, not OK, as this means
reportedly, its a duck) (note that yoo and rashii
imply that you have some evidence for your
statement see 10b below)
9. It seems not to be a duck. Begin all responses
with ahiru ja nai. (based on Grammar Question 28)

Ahiru ja nai yoo desu. Ahiru ja nai rashii desu.

Ahiru ja nai mitai desu. (ahiru ja nai soo desu not
OK, as this means reportedly, it isnt a duck) (note
that yoo and rashii imply that you have some
evidence for your statement see 10b below) (ahiru
no yoo ja nai [desu] sounds awkward; ahiru
rashikunai [desu] also OK; ahiru mitai ja nai [desu]
also OK)
10a. That car seems to be expensive, meaning it
looks expensive. 2 responses. (based on Grammar
Question 29)

Sono kuruma wa takasoo desu. Sono kuruma wa

takai mitai desu.
10b. That car seems to be expensive, meaning that,
from what Ive heard or read, it seems expensive. 2
responses. (based on Grammar Question 29)

.
Sono kuruma wa takai yoo desu. Sono kuruma wa
takai rashii desu. (yoo implies more certainty than
rashii and may suggest some degree of research and
judgment, rather than mere hearsay)
11. It doesnt seem that it will rain. 2 responses.
Plain speech. (based on Grammar Question 30)

Ame wa furi soo mo nai. Ame wa furi soo ni nai.
(ame ga, also OK, in both responses) (ame wa furi
soo ja nai, not OK; although it is OK to use ja nai to
negate the idea that an i adjective appears to be, e.g.,
sono keeki wa oishisoo ja nai = that cake doesnt
appear to be delicious, you may not negate that
idea that a verb appears to be using ja nai, ja
arimasen, dewa nai or dewa arimasen) (ame wa
furu yoo ja nai, not OK; ame wa furu rashii ja nai,
not OK; ame wa furu mitai ja nai, not OK; the
Japanese language does not allow us to directly
negate yoo, rashii or mitai; however, there is a way
to say that it doesnt seem that it will rain using yoo,
rashii and mitai; you have to change the sentence
slightly and say it seems that it will not rain; thus
you may say ame wa furanai yoo da = ame wa
furanai rashii = ame wa furanai mitai da = it seems

that it will not rain.)

12. Its an expensive-seeming car. Plain speech.
(based on Grammar Question 31)

Takasoo na kuruma da. (takai yoo na kuruma da, not

OK; you may use yoo to create a na adjective only
after a noun, not after a verb or an adjective)
(takai rashii kuruma da, not OK; you may use rashii
as an adjective only after nouns that represent people;
you may not use rashii as an adjective after a verb or
after another adjective) (takai mitai na kuruma da,
not OK; you may use mitai to form a na adjective
only after a noun, not after a verb or an adjective)
13. I want to sleep a little more. Plain speech. (based
on Grammar Question 32)

Moo sukoshi netai. (moo sukoshi nete hoshii desu,

not OK; this actually means I desire that you sleep a
little more) (moo sukoshi neru koto ga hoshii desu,
not OK; although koto ga can be used with verbs to
make noun phrases, it is never combined with
hoshii)
14. Im learning a lot of things. 3 responses, one
using takusan and two using iroiro. (based on
Grammar Question 33)

Takusan no koto o naratte imasu. Iroiro na koto o

naratte imasu. Iroiro na mono o naratte imasu.
(takusan no mono o naratte imasu, not OK, since
mono is a tangible thing, not something that one
learns; however, iroiro na mono o naratte imasu is
OK, because this is an idiomatic expression)
15. I shouldnt have gone to Tokyo. 3 responses.
Plain speech. (based on Grammar Question 34)

Tookyoo ni ikun ja nakatta. Tookyoo ni ikanakereba

yokatta. Tookyoo ni ikanakattara yokatta. (tookyoo
ni iku ja nakatta, tookyoo ni iku koto ja nakatta and
tookyoo ni iku no ja nakatta, not OK; you must
create a noun phrase using n and combine this
phrase with ja nakatta if you want to say I shouldnt
have; e.g., kikun ja nakatta = I shouldnt have
asked) (tookyoo ni ikanakatta to yokatta, not OK;
you may not use to with yokatta to express regret)
(tookyoo ni ikanakatta nara yokatta, not wrong, but it
sounds awkward; tookyoo ni ikanai nara yokatta
sounds completely wrong)
16. Please finish the work. 3 responses, using oeru,
shiageru, and sumaseru. (based on Grammar
Question 35)

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245

246
Lesson 30. Shigoto o oete kudasai. Shigoto o
shiagete kudasai. Shigoto o sumasete kudasai.
(shigoto o owatte kudasai, not OK; owaru is an
intransitive verb, meaning that it cannot act on an
object; oeru is its transitive twin) (shigoto o
shiagatte kudasai, not OK; shiagaru is an
intransitive verb, meaning that it cannot act on an
object; shiageru is its transitive twin) (shigoto o
sumashite kudasai, not OK; it isnt as polite as
sumasete and sounds awkward) (cf. shiawase =
happiness, fortune; no such word as shiawaseru)
17. I became full. Plain speech. (based on Grammar
Question 36)

Onaka ga ippai ni natta. (onaka ga ippaku natta, not

OK; ippai is a noun, not an i adjective, and therefore
cannot be inflected)
18. As expected, it wasnt delicious. 2 responses.
Plain speech. (based on Grammar Question 37)

Yappari, oishikunakatta. Omotta toori,

oishikunakatta. (sasuga ni, oishikunakatta, not OK;
sasuga ni and sasuga are primarily used to express
compliments about other people or their affairs; they
are not ordinarily used to refer to yourself or your
own activities)
19a. As for that work, its probably difficult, huh.
Referring to heavy manual work, like ditch-digging.
(based on Grammar Question 38)

Sono shigoto wa taihen deshoo ne. (sono shigoto ga,

not OK; sono already makes this specific, so you
dont need ga) (sono shigoto wa muzukashii deshoo
ne, not OK; muzukashii is only used to describe
tasks that are mentally difficult, not to describe
physically demanding work) (sono shigoto wa,
konnan deshoo ne, not OK; konnan sounds
awkward here, too fancy a word for ditch-digging)
19b. As for that work, it seems difficult, huh.
Referring to heavy manual work. Use kitsui. (based
on Grammar Question 38)

Sono shigoto wa kitsusoo desu ne. (kitsui = stern,

strict, tight [as in tight shoes], hard [as in hard or
heavy work]) (kitsui deshoo sounds awkward; its
better to use kitsusoo desu) (the kitten committed
suicide because its treatment was stern, strict, tight
and hard)
20. As for at our company, we are handling leather
products. Use wagasha. Use seihin. Use toriatsukau.

Wagasha de wa, kawa seihin o toriatsukatte imasu.

(wagasha = our company) (kawa = skin, leather,
bark) (atsukau = to treat, deal in, deal with, transact;

toriatsukau = handle or treat; OK to substitute

atsukatte for toriatsukatte) (cf. azukaru = to keep,
take care of, be in charge of) (we know how to
handle and take care of an atsui [hot] cow) (the
dealers tori (taking) and atsukau (taking care) of
these paintings means that she handles them)
21. I walked around the town. Plain speech.

Machi o arukimawatta. (arukimawaru = to walk

about; cf. mawaru = to turn, circulate; cf. mawari
= circumference)
22. To the friend the worry I confide, and she listens
to the problems, and I received. Use yuujin to mean
friend. Use te to mean and. Use soodan ni noru to
mean listen to the problems. Plain speech.

Yuujin ni nayami o uchiakete, soodan ni notte

moratta. (nayami = distress, worry; cf. nayamu = to
be troubled or worried; cf. kuroo = hardship,
suffering, trouble) (uchiakeru = to confide in; cf.
akeru = to start or end; this akeru uses the same
kanji as akarui = bright; akeru also [different kanji]
= to open, unwrap, turn over pages, make a hole;
akeru also [different kanji] = to empty, make room
for) (soodan = consultation, advice; noru = to board
or ride; soodan ni noru = to listen to someones
problems) (when Nancys yak meets a tiger, it causes
distress and worry) (when we get to the uchi [home],
I akeru [open] the windows and confide in my
mother) (when consulting, I soodan ni noru [board,
or embark on, the consultation] and listen to peoples
problems)
23. As for her, to a singer she shall become (meaning
she wants to become), and to songs study she is
being devoted. To say she shall become, use
naroo to, an abbreviation of naroo to omoi.
And is understood. Use uta to mean song. Plain
speech.

Kanojo wa kashu ni naroo to, uta no benkyoo ni

uchikonde iru. (kashu = singer) (naroo to omou =
thinks she shall become, or wants to become; e.g.
boku wa isha ni naroo to omou = I want to become a
doctor) (uchikomu = to devote oneself to, be
absorbed in; also = drive a nail, hammer a post,
shoot a bullet or shell, fall deeply in love with) (the
singer eats cashews) (in my uchi [home,] the
communists are absorbed in and devoted to
revolution)
24. From the zoo, a monkey will run away and put
out, and the personnel chased and caught it. Use the
stem form of nigedasu to mean run away and put out
and. Plain speech.
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246

247
Lesson 30.

Doobutsuen kara saru ga nigedashi, shokuin ga

oikakete tsukamaeta. (nigedasu = to break into a
run; also = to run away from home) (shokuin = staff,
personnel; cf. shoku = job, employment, e.g. shoku
o sagasu = to look for a job; cf. shuushoku =
finding employment, getting a job; cf. shoku =
appetite, food [different kanji]) (oikakeru = to chase)
(tsukamaeru = to catch or capture) (the staff or
personnel shock you in the interrogation room) (to
chase after oil and cake) (I dragged the suitcase full
of handcuffs a mile before catching & handcuffing
him)
25. As for Japan, postwar, on the Wests countries to
surpass thing it was aiming on. Meaning, after the
war, it was aiming to surpass the Western countries.
Use kuniguni to mean countries. Use oikosu to mean
surpass. Use koto to mean thing. Use mokuhyoo ni
suru to mean to aim. Plain speech.

Nihon wa sengo, oobei no kuniguni o oikosu koto o

mokuhyoo ni shite ita. (oobei = Europe and the U.S.,
the West; cf. beikoku = the U.S.) (kuniguni =
nations; cf. kuni = nation, country; sometimes
plurals are formed by repeating words in this way,
with the second k here softened to g) (oikosu = to
surpass; cf. oitsuku = to catch up) (mokuhyoo =
goal, aim; mokuhyoo ni suru = to aim; cf.
mokuteki = purpose) (there are a lot of old bakeries
in the West) (since I spilled oil on my co-workers
suit, he was able to surpass me) (by putting oil on
the bottom on my suitcase, I was able to drag it faster
and catch up, but I could not surpass him, due to the
weight of the suitcase) (on mokuyoobi [Thursday] the
Lone Ranger will shout Hi Yo Silver to his niece as
he aims his pistol at the target; or, on moku yoobi
[Thursday] my niece will aim at a target)
26. The from-behind-came runner caught up to the
fronts athlete and ran lining up. Meaning, ran side
by side with the runner who had been in front. Use
oitsuku to mean catch up. Plain speech.

Ushiro kara kita rannaa ga, mae no senshu ni oitsuite

narande hashitta. (oitsukeru no such word)
27. Since his Japanese wonderful, beyond all doubt
he is Japanese I was being convinced. Use node. To
say beyond all doubt, use tekkiri. Plain speech.

Kare no nihongo ga subarashii node, tekkiri nihonjin

da to omoikonde ita. (tekkiri = beyond all doubt)
(omoikomu = be under the impression, be convinced,

be sure) (beyond all doubt, that cat is a tech kitty)

(my omoi [thought] is that hes a communist, and Im
convinced of it)
28. If you get a to-make-garbage-less good idea,
please teach. Use sukunaku suru. Use aidia to mean
idea. Use tara. Meaning, if you get an idea to reduce
garbage, please share it.

Gomi o sukunaku suru ii aidia o omoitsuitara, oshiete

kudasai. (omoitsuku = to get an idea) (when my
omoi [thought] tsuku [arrives] I get an idea)
29. For the purpose of to finish this work of
literature, it took one month. Use shiageru to mean
finish. Use noni to mean for the purpose of. Plain
speech.

Kono sakuhin o shiageru noni, ikkagetsu kakatta.

(sakuhin = work of literature) (noni, in this case, =
for the purpose of, similar to tame ni) (a sakubun
[composition] written by a Hindu is often a work of
literature or art)
30. Evening, leaving the house, when I head to the
station, with returning home on-the-ways father
(meaning, my father) I passed by going in the
opposite direction. Use to to mean when. Use kitaku
to mean returning home. Plain speech.

Yuugata ie o dete eki ni mukau to, kitaku tochuu no

chichi to surechigatta. (mukau = to head for, to face)
(kitaku = returning home) (surechigau = to pass by
going in opposite directions) (the moo cow heads to
the pasture) (when I kimasu to my otaku, I am
returning home) (the surfers rented board chigau
[changes] directions when it passes another board
going in the opposite direction)
31. As for the high dives athlete, from the top of a
high stand, he dove to the pool. Plain speech.

Takatobikomi no senshu wa, takai dai no ue kara

puuru ni tobikonda. (takatobi = a high jump;
takatobikomi = a high dive) (dai = stand or base)
(tobikomu = to jump into or dive; tobikomi =
diving; tobu = fly, jump) (when we all tobimasu
[jump in] to the pool, it komu [gets crowded])
32. When the bell rings, as for the test taking people,
all together, to the test they started. Use to to mean
when. Use issei ni to mean all together. Use
torikakaru to mean start. Plain speech.

Beru ga naru to, jukensei wa issei ni shiken ni

torikakatta. (naru = to become; also,
Lesson 30.

247

248
Lesson 30. different kanji, = to ring, chime or
sound; also, different kanji, = to bear fruit; also,
different kanji, = to consist of) (issei ni = at the same
time, all at once, all together; issho ni, also OK)
(torikakaru = to launch or start) (shiken o hajimeta,
also OK) (when the metal naru [becomes] a bell, it
rings) (the issei (first-generation immigrants) started
eating at the same time) (when I tori [take] the tiller
and kakaru (spend) money on gas, the boat will
launch or start)
33. To the condominiums, on air conditioning install
construction is being done by someone. Someone is
understood. Use eacon to mean air conditioning.
Meaning, air conditioners are being installed. Plain
speech.

Manshon ni eacon o toristukeru kooji o shite iru.

(toritsukeru = to install, equip) (kooji =
construction; also, different kanji, = alley; also,
different kanji, = public notice; cf. koji = orphan)
(when he tori [takes] the switch and tsukeru
[attaches] it to the wall, he installs it)
34. The at-the-destination-of-the-trip was-taken-onme briefcase I got back. Plain speech.

Ryokooosaki de torareta kaban o torimodoshita.

(saki = point, tip, first, future; saki ni = ahead,
formerly, before, beyond; ryokoosaki = the end of a
trip, ones destination when traveling) (kaban =
briefcase, bag, suitcase) (torimodosu = to get
something back; toru = take; modosu = to return
something or put it back; cf. modoru = to return; cf.
torikaeru = to exchange or replace; cf. torikaesu =
to get back, recover something; OK to substitute
torikaeshita for torimodoshita in this sentence) (when
I tori [take] the book and she modosu [returns] it, I
take it back) (when I tori [take] the book and she
kaesu [returns] it, I take it back)
35. As for the president, he overcame a lot of
hardships and created nows company, meaning the
present-day company. Plain speech.

Shachoo wa takusan no kuroo o norikoete ima no

kaisha o tsukutta. (kuroo = hardship, suffering,
trouble; cf. kuro = black; cf. gokuroo sama deshita
= thank you for your hard work) (norikoeru = to
overcome a difficulty, clear an obstacle; cf.
norikaeru = to transfer on a train or bus) (if you
substitute tachiageta for tsukutta here, you change the
meaning; tachiageru means to found the company
while tsukuru means to create it or to carry it
through to completion) (the suffering put him in a
kuroi [black] mood) (when Noriko became erudite,

she overcame many obstacles) (when Noriko kaeru

[returns], she transfers)
36I am sleeping completely inside the train, and I
missed the station. Use nemuru. Use the stem form
of the verb sleep completely to express the idea
and, similar to the te form. Plain speech.

Densha no naka de nemutte shimai, eki o norikoshita.

(norikosu = to ride past, miss one's stop; cf.
norikaeru = to transfer; cf. nokosu = to leave, leave
behind; cf. nokoru = to stay, stay behind) (Noriko
sued the man for missing his stop)
37. At inside the airplane, to the neighbors seats
her (meaning to the woman in the next seat) I
addressed, and it became friendly (meaning, we
became friends). Plain speech.

Hikooki no naka de tonari no seki no kanojo ni

hanashikakete, shitashikunatta. (hanashikakeru = to
address, to start talking) (shitashii = intimate,
friendly; cf. shitashimi = intimacy, friendliness; cf.
shitashimu = to become friends with, to become
intimate) (the shita [under]-the-cliff-dwelling Shiites
were friendly)
38. After I left the house, to forgotten items I
become aware, and I turned back. Use ato to mean
after. Use hikikaesu. Plain speech.

Ie o deta ato wasuremono ni ki ga tsuite, hikikaeshita.

(ki ga tsuku = literally, spirit will arrive = to become
aware, notice, to regain consciousness; cf.
omoitsuku = to get an idea) (wasuremono o ki ga
tsuite, not OK) (kaesu = to give back or return;
hikikaesu = to turn back, to return; cf. hikiageru =
to withdraw, to raise; hikidasu = to draw out, to
foster talent; hikiokosu = to cause a problem, to
trigger; hikitoru = to take over, take charge of, take
back, go back; hikitsukeru = to attract; hikiukeru
= to take charge of, undertake; hikiwatasu = to hand
over) (the hiking instructor decided to kaesu [return]
his trekking poles and turned back)
39. On the to-a-dangerous-place he-will-try-to-go
him, everyone detained. Meaning, everyone held
back the guy who was trying to go to a dangerous
place. Use kiken. Use basho. Plain speech.

Kiken na basho ni ikoo to suru kare o, minna ga

hikitometa. (OK to omit ga) (kiken = danger, risk)
(hikitomeru = to detain, keep back) (to express the
idea to try to do something, implying that one is
failing or that one is not succeeding very well, use the
plain lets form of the verb, followed by to suru)
(there is some danger that Barbie
Lesson 30.

248

249
Lesson 30. might kill Ken) (the policemans hiki
[pull] on the sleeve and command to tomeru [stop]
were enough to detain me)
40. On oneselfs past, as for to look back thing, on
the future to think thing is linked to. Use koto twice
to mean thing. Use shoorai. Use kangaeru. Use ni
tsunagaru to mean is linked to. Meaning, looking
back on the past leads to thinking about the future.
Plain speech.

Jibun no kako o furikaeru koto wa, shoorai o

kangaeru koto ni tsunagaru. (kako = past; shoorai =
future; mirai = future; not OK to use mirai here, as
mirai = future in general, while shoorai = ones
personal future, or ones countrys future) (furikaeru
= to look back, turn around; cf. furi = appearance,
pretence, e.g. shiranai furi o suru = to feign
ignorance) (ni tsunagaru = to be linked to, to be
related to; cf. tsunagari = link, relationship; cf.
tsunagu = to connect or link; cf. ni tsurete =
accordingly) (in this sentence, furikaeru koto is a
noun acting on kangaeru koto; thus the passive verb
tsunagarareru is not used) (cat collars are a thing of
the past) (the furious Lots wife wanted to kaeru
[return] and she looked back at Sodom) (my niece
spent the tsunami on the garage roof, and this
experience is linked or related to her fear of the
ocean)
41. Every month, to a bank savings account, salary is
transferred. Use a passive verb. Plain speech.

Maitsuki, ginkoo kooza ni kyuuryoo ga furikomareru.

(kooza = savings account) (furikomu = to transfer or
pay into an account; cf. furikomi = a transfer or
payment) (Im maintaining a savings account to pay
for my Cozaar) (the furious Communist transferred
the partys money to his own account)
42The pretty-soon-will-come summer vacation is
being looked forward to, meaning Im really looking
forward to it. Summer vacation is the subject. Plain
speech.

Moo sugu kuru natsuyasumi ga machidooshii.

(machidooshii = to be longed for, looked forward to,
be long in coming, e.g. ryokoo ga machidooshii = we
look forward to the trip; note that this combines kanji
for machi = waiting + tooi = far) (machidooshii desu,
also OK, not as good) (we are really looking forward
to receiving matches, doughnuts and sheets)
43. Since I know that he is doing donations for the
sake of poor people, I corrected the view, meaning I
reconsidered my opinion of him. He is the subject.
Use tame ni. Use to to show quotes. Use te to mean
since. Plain speech.

Kare ga mazushii hito no tame ni kifu o shite iru to

shitte, minaoshita. (mazushii = poor; cf. mazui =
bad tasting, inadvisable) (kifu = contribution,
donation) (minaosu = to re-examine or reconsider;
this combines the kanji for mi = to view + naosu = to
correct or repair) (mazu [first of all], lets ship all
the poor people to Disneyland) (Scrooge made a
donation to try to kill fun on the holiday)
44. As for him, difficult things even to accomplish
strong will he is having. Use konnan to mean
difficult. Use mo to mean even. Use yaritogeru.
Meaning, he has a strong will that accomplishes even
difficult things. Plain speech.

Kare wa, konnan na koto mo yaritogeru tsuyoi ishi o

motte iru. (yaritogeru = to accomplish; cf.
tsuranuku = to penetrate, accomplish OK to use
tsuranuku instead of yaritogeru here, but not as good;
cf. jikkoo suru = to carry out, realize, implement
not OK in this sentence; cf. togeru = to accomplish
not OK in this sentence; cf. taioo suru = to
answer to, to correspond to or be equivalent to, to
tackle or deal with) (together we will run a company
and accomplish our goals) (in the yak ring, together
we will run the yaks and accomplish our goals)
45. As for of beer-one-bottle, its too little, or
unsatisfying. Use akkenai. Plain speech.

Biiru ippon de wa akkenai. (akkenai = unsatisfying,

disappointing, too little, too short, too quick)
(akkenai desu, not OK) (cf. monotarinai = to be
unsatisfied; also OK to use monotarinai here) (the
acrobat that Ken saw that night was unsatisfying)
46. Following from, following to with, customers
come, and it was a hasty all day. Use e to mean to.
Use to to mean with. Meaning,customers came one
after the other, and it was a busy day. Plain speech.

Tsugi kara tsugi e to kyaku ga kite, awatadashii

ichinichi datta. (tsugi kara tsugi e to = one after the
other, e.g., tsugi kara tsugi e to atarashii hon ga deru
= one after another, new books come out; cf. tsugi
tsugi to = one after another) (OK to omit to)
(awatadashii = hasty, busy, restless; cf. awateru =
to act in a frenzy) (your decision to awaken me was
tadashii [correct], since you were hasty, busy and
restless)
47. As for march songs, meaning marching songs, all
of them spirited (or courageous). Use kyoku to mean
songs. Use doremo. Plain speech.

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249

250
Lesson 30. Kooshin kyoku wa doremo isamashii.
(kooshin = march; cf. kooshin, different kanji =
renewal; kooshin suru = to renew; kooshin no, not
OK; kooshin na, not OK) (kyoku = song, musical
composition; cf. kyoku, different kanji = office, e.g.
yuubinkyoku = post office) (isamashii = courageous,
spirited, daring, invigorating; cf. mezamashii =
outstanding, striking, spectacular) (wearing a coat of
shingles, I joined the march; I also received a
renewal of my drivers license) (in Kyoto, I heard
some cool songs) (since he was courageous, spirited,
daring and invigorating, Isaac joined the army, but
he ended up mashing potatoes in the mess hall)
48. As for recents childrens stamina, meaning
recently, remarkably, it is decreasing. Use
kodomotachi. Remarkable is an adverb. Use teika
suru to mean decrease. Plain speech.

Saikin no komodotachi no tairyoku wa ichijirushiku

teika shite iru. (tairyoku = stamina) (ichijirushii =
remarkable, conspicuous) (teika suru = to drop,
decrease; cf. sagaru = to drop or go down; sagatte
iru, not as good here) (in Thailand, Leo cures a lot
of people, demonstrating his stamina) (at ichiji
[1:00] he was rushing, which was remarkable and
conspicuous) (using tasers on the cats has caused
their numbers to decrease)
49. A light injury he did only, even though it is, as
for him, he made a fuss exaggeratedly. Use na noni
after the first clause to mean even though it is. Plain
speech.

Karui kega o shita dake na noni, kare wa oogesa ni

sawaida. (karui = light, easy) (noni, meaning even
though, is used after i adjectives and plain verbs; na
noni is used after nouns and na adjectives; in this
case, the entire first clause is being treated as a noun,
apparently; therefore, use na noni) (oogesa ni =
exaggeratedly) (sawagu = to make noise, be
clamorous, make a fuss) (Obama guessed he had 10
apples for his nieces, but it was an exaggerated
estimate) (when he saw the wagon carrying his goose
away, he made noise and made a fuss)
50. Roughly saying, as for the designated companys
this year times profit (meaning our companys profit
this year), its 100 million yen. Use konnen do to
mean this year time. Plain speech.

Oozappa ni itte, toosha no konnen do no rieki wa ichi

oku en da. (oozappa [na] = rough, loose, broad,
sketchy, coarse) (konnen = kotoshi = this year;
konnen do = this year time; cf. kyonen = last year)
(rieki = profit) (not OK to omit ichi; must say

ichioku) (oo [the great] Frank Zappa was rough,

loose, broad, sketchy and coarse) (Lee goes to the eki
[station] and spends all our profits)
51. She became 20 years they say even though, as
for mentally, still childish. Use nijuu sai. Use temo
to mean even though. Plain speech.
20
Nijuu sai ni natta to ittemo, seishinteki ni wa mada
osanai. (cf. hatachi = 20 years old; OK to substitute
hatachi for nijuu sai here) (seishin = mind, soul,
spirit; cf. seishinka = psychiatry; seishinbyoo =
mental illness; seishinteki [na] = spiritual, mental;
the suffix teki = like or related to, e.g.
kikaiteki = machine-like or related to machines)
(osanai = very young, childish) (saying Shinto
prayers can help the mind and soul) (saying Shinto
prayers can help the techies niece spiritually and
mentally) (Osama bin Ladens nightmares were
childish)
52. Even though I take years (meaning I get old), I
am wanting to do a stylish dress style. Use toshi to
mean years. Use oshare na to mean stylish. Use
fukusoo to mean dress style. Meaning, I still want to
dress fashionably. Plain speech.

Toshi o tottemo, oshare na fukusoo o shite itai.

(toshi = age, year; cf. toshiyori = elderly person; cf.
toshi, different kanji, = city) (shareru = to dress
stylishly; oshare = personal adornment, finery;
shareta = stylish) (fukusoo = style of dress,
costume) (the Char rerun shows her dressing
stylishly) (Obama shares his finery) (the way her fuku
[clothes] are sewn creates a pleasant style of dress)
53. As for him, never to get angry thing doesnt exist
calm personality it is. Use kesshite. Use koto no nai,
rather than koto wa nai. Nai modifies personality.
Use odayaka to mean calm. Plain speech.

Kare wa, kesshite okoru koto no nai, odayaka na

seikaku da. (okoru = to get angry) (kesshite okoru
koto no nai = kesshite okoru koto wa nai [or ga nai] =
he never gets angry) (okoru koto wa nai [or ga nai],
also OK; okoru koto naku, also OK this implies
and; okoru koto no naku, not OK; okoru koto nai
de, not OK; okoru koto nakute, not OK) (odayaka
[na] = calm, peaceful, referring to people or climate)
(cf. nagoyaka = gentle, peaceful; not OK to
substitute nagoyaka here, as nagoyaka refers more to
situations, or atmosphere, not to individuals) (cf.
heiki = calmness, coolness, composure, nonchalance;
not OK to use heiki here; odayaka connotes genuine
peace, not just composure) (seikaku = personality,
disposition; cf. seikaku [na], different kanji =
accurate, exact) (Oklahoma Ruth gets mad)
(appearing on odd days, the yaks
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251
Lesson 30. cast a calm and peaceful spell over the
climate and the people) (when sane people kaku
[write], their writing is accurate and exact; it
reflects their personalities)
54. As for this times election, unexpected results
developed. Use kai to mean time. Plain speech.

Konkai no senkyo wa, omoigakenai kekka ni natta.

(omoigakenai = unsuspected, unexpected) (his omoi
[thought] to turn the garage into a kennel at night
was unexpected)
55. As for Japan, as for of soccer, to South
Americas countries, it does not match, meaning it
cannot beat them. Use kuni to mean country. Plain
speech.

Nihon wa, sakkaa de wa, nanbei no kuni ni

kanawanai. (nanbei = South America; cf. hokubei
= N. America; cf. beikoku = the United States; cf.
beigo = American English) (nanbei no koku, not OK;
-koku is only used as a suffix; however, nanbeikoku,
not OK) (kanau = to match someone or be a match
for; also, different kanji = to suit ones taste or serve
a purpose; also, different kanji, = to be fulfilled, as a
dream is fulfilled; cf. kanaeru = grant a request,
hear a prayer; cf. kamau = to care about, pay
attention to, take care of) (our nanny comes from a
city on a bay in South America) (Canadian utilization
of the Internet matches that of other countries)
56. As for the dead of nights television programs,
since worthless, I am deciding not to watch. Use
kudaranai to mean worthless. Use node. Plain
speech.

Shinya no terebi bangumi wa kudaranai node minai

koto ni shite iru. (shinya = dead of the night; cf.
yonaka = midnight, dead of night; not OK to use
yonaka here, as it sounds awkward) (kudaranai =
ridiculous, stupid, worthless, petty; cf. kudaru = to
descend; cf. muda = useless, wasteful; not OK to
use muda here, since muda refers more to things that
are not profitable or not worth the effort, while
kudaranai refers more to things that are silly or lowclass) (the Shinto yak gets up in the dead of night)
(since he kudaranai [doesnt descend] from that tree,
people think he is ridiculous, stupid and worthless)
57. As for to climb a steep sloping road, even though
young people, its terrible. Meaning, even young
people find it difficult. Use no to make a noun
phrase. Plain speech.

Kewashii sakamichi o noboru no wa, wakai hito

demo taihen da. (kewashii = steep, stern) (saka =
slope, hill; sakamichi = a sloping road) (I put the

keg in the washing machine and pulled them up a

steep hill) (we play sakkaa [soccer] on a slope)
58. By myself I did overseas travel time, meaning at
the time I did it, since words even I do not understand,
I got downhearted. Use te to mean since. Plain
speech.

Hitori de kaigai ryokoo o shita toki, kotoba mo

wakaranakute kokorobosokatta. (kaigai = foreign
nation, overseas; kai = ocean; gai = foreign, e.g.,
gaijin = foreigner) (kokoro = heart, spirit, mind;
hosoi = thin or small, as in a small voice;
kokorobosoi = downhearted, forlorn) (the Kaiser guy
lives overseas) (when your kokoro [heart] is hosoi
[thin], you feel downhearted; in Japanese, sometimes
h becomes b in word combinations)
59. To him when I requested a speech, I was able to
receive a pleasant response. Use supiichi. Use tara.
Use kokoroyoi to mean pleasant. Plain speech.

Kare ni supiichi o tanondara, kokoroyoi henji ga

moraeta. (kokoroyoi = pleasant, comfortable) (henji
= response; cf. kotae = answer, such as an answer to
a test question) (if your kokoro [heart] is yoi [good],
you tend to be pleasant and make people feel
comfortable) (henji o, also OK)
60. As for this region, since ancient times, rices
cultivation is popular. Use sakan. Plain speech.

Kono chihoo wa, mukashi kara kome no saibai ga

sakan da. (kome = uncooked white rice) (saibai =
cultivation) (sakan [na] = popular, thriving; also =
active, enthusiastic, energetic) (when we come home,
we take uncooked white rice and cook it) (the
scientists buy grain so that they can study cultivation)
(drinking sake from a can is popular and a thriving
custom, and people who do it tend to be active and
enthusiastic)
61. Many times, if you say the same thing, meaning
if you say it over and over, they will say obstinate on
you, and you will be disliked. Use nandomo to mean
many times. Use to to mean if. They is understood.
Use two passive verbs at the end. Plain speech.

Nandomo onaji koto o iu to shitsukoi to iwarete

kirawareru. (shitsukoi = persistent, obstinate) (she
is persistent and obstinate about the shitsu [room]
where she insists on keeping koi [carp])
62. As for mountain climbings pleasure, to
mountains refreshing air to experience thing it is.
Use tozan to mean mountain climbing. Use fureru to
mean experience. Use koto to make a noun phrase.
Meaning, the pleasure in mountain
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Lesson 30. climbing is experiencing the refreshing
mountain air. Plain speech.

Tozan no tanoshimi wa, yama no sugasugashii kuuki

ni fureru koto da. (tozan = mountain climbing)
(sugasugashii = refreshing) (fureru = to touch, to
experience; not OK to substitute kanjiru = to feel or
sense, or sawaru = to feel or touch, for fureru) (kuuki
o fureru, not OK) (Tom Cruise and Tarzan are into
mountain climbing) (more sugar, sugar, said the
Shiites as they drank their refreshing tea) (a furious
rerun about what happens when people touch and
experience art)
63. From-customers claims (or complaints), as for
to, we must deal with them speedily. Use subayai to
mean speedy. Use taioo suru to mean deal with. Use
nakereba naranai. Plain speech.

Kyaku kara no kureemu ni wa subayaku taioo

shinakereba naranai. (kureemu = a claim [for
damages]) (subayai = speedy, nimble; cf.
awatadashii = hasty, busy, restless; not OK to
substitute awatadashiku here, as awatadashii implies
rushing around) (taioo = handling, treatment,
correspondence; taioo suru = to answer to, to
correspond to or be equivalent to, to tackle or deal
with, to start to work on a problem; cf. taiyoo,
different kanji, = sun; cf. taiyoo, different kanji, =
ocean; cf. taisho suru = to deal with, suggesting that
one completely solves the problem; cf. hikiukeru =
to take charge of; if you substitute hikiukeru for
taioo suru, you change the meaning) (subatomic
particles in yaks eating ice are speedy and nimble)
(the taiyoo [sun] suru [does] work tackling or
dealing with various problems)
64. As for elections time, politicians voices are
audible and come and are noisy. Use jiki to mean
time. Use soozooshii to mean noisy. Plain speech.

Senkyo no jiki wa, seijika no koe ga kikoete kite,

soozooshii. (jiki = time, season; also, different kanji
= chinaware; also, different kanji, = opportunity; cf.
jiki ni = before long, soon; cf. jikijiki ni = in person,
face to face; cf. jidai = era, days, time) (soozooshii =
noisy) (its the time and season to hand over the Jeep
keys, so I can take the opportunity to get some
chinaware) (a solo zoo [elephant] was living with the
Shiites, and he was very noisy)
65. As for old times Japanese people, they live in
shabby houses, and they were eating shabby food.
Use the stem form of the verb to live in to mean and.
Plain speech.

Mukashi no nihonjin wa, somatsu na ie ni sumi,

somatsu na tabemono o tabete ita. (somatsu [na] =
cheap, poor, shabby) (the soldiers matsu [wait] in
cheap, poor, shabby barracks)
66. As for citys office buildings, incessantly, people
are doing coming & going. Use tokai to mean city.
Use deiri to mean coming & going. Plain speech.

Tokai no ofiisu biru wa, taemanaku hito ga deiri shite

iru. (tokai = city; cf. toshi = city; cf. shi = city)
(taemanai = constant, incessant) (deiri = comings &
goings; combines kanji for deru and ireru, meaning
to go out and to put in) (visiting Tokyo, the Kaiser
saw a great city) (the Thai manager eats ice cream
constantly and incessantly) (the date-eating people
are coming and going)
67. As for him, what kind of request thing even he
undertakes and gives reliable person it is. Use donna
without ni. Use tanomi goto to mean request thing.
Goto is an alternative pronunciation of koto. Use
hikiukeru to mean undertake. Use kureru. Kureru
modifies person. Plain speech.

Kare wa donna tanomi goto mo hikiukete kureru,

tanomoshii hito da. (hikiukeru = to take charge of,
undertake) (tanomoshii = reliable, hopeful or
promising; uses same kanji as tonomu = to request)
(the hicks will undertake or take charge of hiki
[pulling] the lava from the UK volcano that erupted)
(when we tanomu [request] moles from the Shiites,
they are reliable)
68. All day long, not changing clothes, its pajamas
state, such a thing, sloppy. Use kigaenai de to mean
not changing clothes. Clothes are understood.
Meaning, since he stays in pajamas all day, hes
sloppy. Plain speech.

Ichinichijuu kigaenai de pajama no mama da nante,

darashinai. (kigaeru = to change clothes; cf. kigae
= a change of clothes, changing clothes; kiru = to
wear; kaeru [] = to exchange; kigaenai de =
not changing clothes; not ok to say kigaenakute; the
te in nakute is used to mean since and is not used to
mean and) (darashinai = sloppy, disorganized,
undisciplined; no such verb as darasu; darasu =
Dallas) (the key that Gandalf uses to get erudite he
also uses to magically change his clothes) (darasu
[Dallas] shinai [doesnt do] his work, and hes
sloppy, disorganized and undisciplined)
69. As for in this store, product
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253
Lesson 30. quality is good affordable prices
merchandise, numbers numerously exist. Use the
adverbial form of good. Use nedan. Use shinamono
to mean merchandise. Product quality and
merchandise are both subjects. Use kazu ooku aru to
mean numbers numerously exist. Meaning they
carry a lot of good inexpensive merchandise. Plain
speech.

Kono mise ni wa, hinshitsu ga yoku tegoro na nedan

no shinamono ga kazu ooku aru. (hinshitsu =
product quality; hin = gracefulness, refinement,
elegance; shitsu = quality; cf. -shitsu = room)
(tegoro [na] = affordable, handy) (kazu = number;
kazu ooku aru = to be numerous; kazu sukunaku aru,
not OK, but kazu sukunai = to be few; cf. suuji =
number) (a Hindu shitsu [room] has product quality)
(the teddy bear and the merry-go-round are
affordable gifts and will be handy to have) (the
number of kazoos determines the number of people)
70. As for to weekly magazines articles, sometimes
nonsensical things exist. Use mono. Meaning, some
of the articles dont make sense or are inaccurate.
Plain speech.

Shuukanshi no kiji ni wa, tokidoki detarame na mono

ga aru. (detarame na koto, also OK) (kiji =
newspaper article; also, different kanji, = textile,
cloth) (detarame [na or no] = irresponsible, absurd,
nonsensical, random) (the newspaper article reported
a plot to kill Jimmy Carter using cloth saturated with
poison) (his detailed recipe for making ramen is
irresponsible, absurd, nonsensical and random)
71. With limited capital, somehow or other I started
a company. Use tachiageru. Plain speech.

Toboshii shikin de nantoka kaisha o tachiageta.

(toboshii = scarce, meagre, limited, scanty; also = to
have little money, to lacking in products etc., to be
wanting) (shikin = capital, funds; if you substitute
kingaku for shikin, you change the meaning;
kingaku = a sum or quantity of money, while shikin
= capital, as in capital for investment; cf. kinshi =
ban, prohibition; also, different kanji, =
nearsightedness) (-toka = etcetera, I hear; nantoka
= some way or other, somehow; cf. nantoka shite =
by some means or other, somehow or other)
(tachiageru = to start a business, to boot up a
computer; cf. tachiagaru = to stand up, to rise up
against) (toboggans in Shiite country are scarce,
meagre, limited and scanty) (I wanted to shield the
kindergarten from the street, so I used my capital and
funds to build a wall) (nan [what] toka [etcetera],

out of many etceteras, can help us somehow or

other?) (if you tachimasu [stand] and ageru [give]
him money, he will start a business or, at least, boot
up a computer)
72. Threatening people and rob money, such a thing,
its a horrible thing. Use koto to mean thing, at the
end.

Hito o odoshite kane o ubau nande, tondemonai koto

desu. (odosu = to menace or threaten) (ubau = to rob,
to fascinate) (tondemonai = not at all, not a chance,
horrible, surprising, unreasonable; no such word as
tonderu; tondemonai mono desu, not OK) (the odor
Sue smelled was menacing and threatening) (the
ubiquitous Australian mobsters rob people and also
fascinate them) (the ton katsu demon can be nice, but
hes horrible and doesnt have a chance)
73. As for the two countries leaders consultation, it
got advanced peacefully. Use ryookoku to mean two
countries. Use hanashiai. Use nagoyaka ni to mean
peacefully. Use a passive verb. Plain speech.

Ryookoku no shunoo no hanashiai wa, nagoyaka ni

susumerareta. (ryoo = unit of money in pre-Meiji
Japan; also = both, e.g., ryoohoo = both parties;
ryookoku = both countries; ryookuni not OK; also,
ryoo is used for a number of different kanji &
different meanings, e.g., a quantity, hunting, fishing,
an angle or edge, good or fine, a charge or fee, a
domain, a dormitory, to understand or appreciate
[ryooshoo suru = to understand], the cool air or cool
evening etc.) (shunoo = leader, top executive)
(hanashiai = consultation) (nagoyaka [na] = gentle,
peaceful, referring to atmosphere or situations; cf.
odayaka = calm, peaceful; not OK to substitute
odayaka here, as odayaka refers more to people or to
climate) (susumeru = advance, move forward, push
on; cf. susumeru, different kanji, = to advise,
recommend) (Leo is both a father and an uncle) (the
shoes that Alfred Nobel wore marked him as a leader
and a top executive) (in Nagoya the calligraphers
promote gentle and peaceful situations) (Sue spent
the summer under a tree advancing world peace) (I
recommend that Sue spend the summer getting
erudite)
74. Peoples names are unable to remember, such a
thing, truly regrettable. Names is the subject.
Meaning, Im ashamed that I cant remember names.
Plain speech.

Hito no namae ga omoidasenai nante, hontoo ni

nasakenai. (namae o, also OK)
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254
Lesson 30. (nasakenai = disappointing,
regrettable, shameful) (NASA put Ken on a rocket
and shot him into the night sky, but the whole episode
was disappointing, regrettable and shameful)
75. When I climb on the gently sloping sloping road,
in a far way, the ocean was visible. Use to to mean
when. Use tooku ni to mean in a far way. Plain
speech.

Nadaraka na sakamichi o noboru to, tooku ni umi ga

mieta. (nadaraka = gently sloping) (saka = slope,
hill; sakamichi = a sloping road) (tooku ni = the
adverbial form of toi, so tooku ni = in a far way;
tooku is not a locative expression like chikaku see
Question 1 in this lesson) (Nancys darling raccoon
pushed an apple down a gently sloping hill) (we play
sakkaa [soccer] on a slope)
76. A casual single word on other people to hurt
thing exists. Single word is the subject. Use tanin.
Meaning, we can hurt people with a casual single
word. Plain speech.

Nanigenai hitokoto ga, tanin o kizutsukeru koto ga

aru. (nanigenai = casual, unconcerned) (hitokoto =
a single word; combines kanji from hitotsu and
kotoba) (kizu = scar, wound, injury, defect; tsukeru
= to turn on, wear, attach, marinate; kizutsukeru =
to hurt, injure, damage; cf. kizutsuku = to be hurt,
injured, damaged; cf. kamitsuku = to bite; cf. kega
= wound, injury) (I will ask him in a casual
unconcerned way nani [what] he gets from the
refrigerator at night) (he kicked an animal at the zoo
and left a scar, wound, injury and defect) (a kizu
[wound] she tsukeru [will turn on] when she leaves
me, and she will hurt me)
77. From tomorrow even though its travel, still he
isnt doing preparations, such a thing, its a carefree
person. Use asu. Use noni. Plain speech.

Asu kara ryokoo na noni mada junbi shite inai nante,

nonki na hito da. (nonki [na] = easygoing,
nonchalant, carefree) (hes a nonconformist kid,
easygoing, nonchalant and carefree)
78. As for the neighbors honorable wife, always
happy and cheerfully addresses and gives, meaning
she addresses me. Use hogaraka. Use de and then te
to mean and. She is in the speakers in-group. Plain
speech.

Tonari no okusan wa, itsumo hogaraka de akaruku

hanashikakete kureru. (hogaraka [na] = happy,
cheerful; not OK to substitute shiawase for hogaraka
here; shiawase refers to a feeling of happiness, while

shogaraka refers to looking happy) (akarui = bright,

cheerful, happy, clean or clear, well-versed in)
(hanashikakeru = to speak to, to address; kakeru =
to hang, wear glasses, sit down, spend time or money,
telephone) (I live in a hotel and have a garage for
my car, so Im happy and cheerful) (to kakeru [hang]
hanashi [talk] on a person is to address him)
79. As for in airports, alike seeming suitcases a lot
exist, and confusing. Meaning its confusing. Use
yoo to mean seeming. Use kaban to mean suitcase.
Plain speech.

Kuukoo de wa onaji yoo na kaban ga takusan atte,

magirawashii. (kuukoo ni wa, also OK) (magirasu
= to elude, avoid, distract, divert; magirawashii =
confusing, misleading) (the magical rascal sued the
cops, eluding and distracting them) (the magical
rascal was washing the floor, and that was confusing
and misleading to the cops)
80. As for I was born thing, it was a cars-pass-bything-even rare mountain village. I and cars are both
subjects. Use no twice to make noun phrases. Use
mo to mean even. Meaning the place where I was
born was a village where it was rare even for cars to
pass by. Plain speech.

Watashi ga umareta no wa, kuruma ga tooru no mo

mare na sanson datta. (mo means even here; cf.
hon o yomu no mo taihen da = its really hard to even
read a book) (mare na = unusual, rare; mare ni =
seldom; cf. mezurashii = unusual, rare, curious,
novel not as good as mare na in this sentence)
(sanson = mountain village; combines kanji for
yama = mountain and mori = village) (mares are
unusual and rare on this ranch and are seldom seen)
(Santas son lives in a mountain village)
81. Dake ni, like dake atte, can be used to mean
since.
With all his might, since he is studying, as for his
Japanese languages improvement, outstanding. Use
dake ni to mean since. Plain speech.

Ishookenmei benkyoo shite iru dake ni, kare no

nihongo no jootatsu wa mezamashii. (isshooken mei
[ni] = hard, with all ones might) (dake ni = since; cf.
dake atte = since) (jootatsu = progress,
improvement, advancement; cf. jootatsu suru = to
improve) (mezamashii = outstanding, striking,
spectacular; cf. mezamashidokei = alarm clock; cf.
mezamashi = morning alcoholic drink, an eyeopener; cf. isamashii = courageous, spirited, daring,
invigorating) (I show Ken & May
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254

255
Lesson 30. how I work with all my might) (Joe
Lewis tatsu [stands] and demonstrates his progress,
improvement and advancement in the boxing ring)
(the top chef on the mezzanine is mashing potatoes
with outstanding, striking and spectacular results)
82. As for of sandwich-one, meaning one sandwich,
unsatisfied. Lets eat more. Use monotarinai. Plain
speech.

Sandoicchi hitotsu de wa monotarinai. Motto

tabeyoo. (monotarinai = be unsatisfied; cf. tariru =
to be sufficient; cf. tarinai = to be insufficient) (cf.
akkenai = unsatisfying, disappointing, too little; not
OK to use akkenai here, as it conveys too much
emotion for this situation) (the tariff on rugs was
sufficient to pay Persias expenses) (mono [thing]
tarinai [insufficient] leaves us unsatisfied)
83. Whatever age even though, depending to the
facial expression, in a young-looking way is visible.
Use donna without ni. Use demo to mean even
though. In a young-looking way is an adverb
modifying is visible. Meaning, however old you
are, depending on the expression on your face, you
look young. Plain speech.

Donna nenrei demo, hyoojoo ni yotte wakawakashiku

mieru. (nenrei = age) (hyoojoo = facial expression;
also, different kanji, = a conference; also, different
kanji, = an ice carnival) (wakawakashii = youthful,
young-looking) (as the nen [years] race by we begin
to show our age) (when the Lone Ranger said Hiyoo
Joe, Joe Lewis facial expression brightened) (since
they are wakai [young], the wakai [young] Shiites
are youthful and young-looking)
84. Neighborhood-linked-with relationships
(meaning relationships that occur in neighborhoods),
as for troublesome-feel people, numerous. Use to no
after neighborhood to mean linked with.
Relationships is the subject. Use kanjiru to mean feel.
Use to before feel to quote what they feel. Meaning,
a lot of people feel bothered about their relationships
with neighbors. Plain speech.

Kinjo to no tsukiai ga wazurawashii to kanjiru hito

wa ooi. (kinjo = neighborhood) (kinjo to = with
neighborhood; kinjo to no = with-neighborhoods =
neighborhood linked with; cf. to no koto desu = to
no koto da = I hear that, they say that) (tsukiai =
relationship, association, friendship; cf. tsukiau = to
associate with) (wazurawashii = complicated,
troublesome, bothersome; cf. wazurau = to worry
about or, different kanji, to suffer from an illness; cf.
wazurawasu = bother, trouble; cf. mezurashii =
rare, unusual) (kanjiru = to feel or sense; cf.

sawaru = touch or feel; cf. fureru = to touch or

experience) (my kindergarten job is in this
neighborhood) (on the tsuki [moon] people aimasu
[meet] and establish relationships and friendships)
(the walrus at the zoo ran his washing machine all
night which was complicated, bothersome and
troublesome) (the walrus at the zoo named Raul
caused people to worry and eventually to suffer
illnesses) (I feel or sense the meaning of the kanji
found in the ruined castle)
85. With the starts signal, as for the athletes, they
began to run. Use sutaato. Use de to mean with.
Use tachi. Plain speech.

Sutaato no aizu de, senshutachi wa hashirihajimeta.

(aizu = sign, signal) (at the Ikea zoo, there are signs
and signals everywhere)
86. Being young companys management person
exists, as for her, its my aspiration. Use wakaku
shite to mean being young. Use sha to mean person.
Use de aru to say exists. Meaning, as a young
company manager, shes a role model. Plain speech.

Wakaku shite kaisha no keieisha de aru kanojo wa,

watashi no akogare da. (wakaku suru = to be
young; OK to substitute wakai for wakaku shite
here; not OK to say wakaku shite iru, in this
sentence) (keiei = management; keiei suru = to
manage; keieisha = manager) (dearu is a synonym
for desu; deiru is not a word) (akogare = thirst,
longing, aspiration, admiration; cf. akogareru =
yearn after, thirst for, aspire to, admire) (Kay ate a lot
of fast food while trying to get into management) (the
acorns in the garden talk to the lemons about their
thirst, longing, aspiration and admiration for oak
trees)
87. As for people, compared to the substance, by
appearance they are judged easily. Use hito. Use de
to mean by. Use a passive verb with yasui to say are
judged easily. Meaning, people tend to be judged by
appearances rather than their inner qualities. Plain
speech.

Hito wa nakami yori gaiken de handan sare yasui.

(nakami = content, substance) (gaiken = appearance;
combination of kanji for gai = outside + ken = to see;
cf. gaijin = foreigner, haiken suru = to look)
(handan suru = to pass judgment, decide, size up)
88. Even though its hot, since an air conditioner
doesnt exist, except to put up with doesnt exist,
meaning we have to put up with it. Use temo. Use
node. Plain speech.

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Lesson 30.
Atsukutemo eakon ga nai node,
gaman o suru shika nai. (gaman = patience,
endurance, tolerance; gaman suru = to be patient, to
put up with, tolerate) (backgammon requires a lot of
patience, endurance and tolerance)
89. As for me, since its the to-a-roommate-afraidto-cause-trouble type, I want to live by myself. Use
node. Plain speech.

Watashi wa ruumu meeto ni kigane suru taipu na

node, hitori de sumitai. (kigane suru = to feel
constraint in a persons presence, to be afraid of
giving trouble, to have regard for a persons feelings;
e.g., watashi ni kigane wa iranai = you neednt
trouble yourself about me, kare wa hito ni kigane o
sasenai = he puts people at ease) (I have a key to a
friends garden here in the Netherlands, but I never
enter for fear of causing trouble, regard for his
feelings, and the constraint I feel in his presence)
90. In a long way, meaning for a long time, it was a
recession, but the economys recoverys signs are
visible and coming. Use the adverbial form of the
word long to say in a long way. Use the exclamatory
tense in the second clause. Meaning, the economy is
starting to show signs of recovery. Plain speech.

Nagaku fukyoo datta ga, keizai no kaifuku no kizashi

ga miete kita. (fukyoo = economic recession or
depression) (kizasu = to show signs or symptoms of;
kizashi = signs, symptoms, indications; cf. aizu =
sign, signal) (in both Fukuoko and Kyoto, there is an
economic recession) (when she kissed Zachs
surgeon, Zach showed signs of life) (when she kissed
Zachs shin, he moved, which was a sign that he was
still alive)
91As for kanji, a lot exist and how much one
memorizes, even though, limit doesnt exist.
Meaning, theres no end to them. Use temo. Plain
speech.

Kanji wa takusan atte ikura oboete mo kiri ga nai.

(kiri = limit, bounds; also, different kanji, = fog,
mist, spray; also, different kanji, = murder; also,
different kanji, = a drill, ice pick, etc.; also, different
kanji, = a windfall; also, different kanji, = texture; cf.
kirikiri suru = to have sharp pain; cf. genkai =
limit; cf. kagiri = limit; cf. kagiru = be limited to;
cf. noun + o kagiri ni = the time when something
ends or changes) (the kitty tried to extend the limit of
his territory, but fog affected the texture of the night
until eventually a murder by ice pick was the windfall
that allowed him to succeed)

92. Complaint, as for to say thing, since nothing

becomes, to forward lets do. Use guchi. Use o
rather than to after guchi. Use koto to make a noun
phrase. Use yaru to mean do. Meaning, since it
doesnt do any good to complain, lets be positive.
Plain speech.

Guchi o iu koto wa nanimo naranai kara, maemuki ni

yaroo. (guchi = complaint; cf. monku = complaint,
also OK here) (guchi to iu, not OK) (nanimo naranai
= it doesnt do any good, e.g., benkyoo shite mo
nanimo naranai = it doesnt do any good even to
study; nanimo ni naranai, not OK) (maemuki ni =
forwardly, positively, constructively; combines kanji
for mae = ahead + muku = to turn toward, to face;
e.g., maemuki ni kangaemasu = he thinks positively;
cf. saki = before, ahead, previous, future; not OK to
use saki in this sentence) (she has a complaint about
her Gucci bag) (the Maestros mucky swamp needs to
be drained, and he plans to move forward with the
job positively and constructively)
93. As for to do a presentation time, to do various
ingenuity is better. Use purezenteeshon. Dont use
na after various. Meaning its better to be creative
when giving a presentation. Plain speech.

Purezenteeshon o suru toki wa iroiro kufuu o shita

hoo ga ii. (iroiro na kufuu, also OK) (kufuu =
ingenuity, a device, a plan, solving ingeniously, a
scheme; kufuu suru = to devise, contrive, design,
invent, think out, plan; kufuu o korasu = to come up
with an ingenious plan; korasu = to focus on,
concentrate, devote, apply) (it was a cooler full of
food, packed with considerable ingenuity) (when the
Korean scholar worked in the asu [morning], he was
able to focus on his work and concentrate better)
94. In spite of the fact that money exists, he doesnt
do a donation, such a thing, as for that person over
there, hes stingy. Use kane rather than okane. Use
noni. Plain speech.

Kane ga aru noni kifu o shinai nante, ano hito wa

kechi da. (kifu = donation) (kechi [na] = miserly,
stingy) (Scrooge made a donation to try to kill fun on
the holiday) (hes so stingy that he only gives ketchup
to the children for lunch)
95. For the purpose of foreign study spend sums
estimate I will attach (meaning, determine) and take
the money along. Use ni to mean for the purpose of.
Use kakaru to mean spend. This modifies sum. Use
kingaku to mean sum, or a sum of money. Meaning,
I will estimate the cost of foreign
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257
Lesson 30. study and take the money along. Plain
speech.

Ryuugaku ni kakaru kingaku no kentoo o tsukete,

okane o motte iku. (ryuugaku = study abroad)
(kingaku = a sum of money) (kentoo = estimate, aim,
conjecture; kentoo o tsukeru = make an estimate;
tsukeru, in this case, = to attach, or to determine a
price or value; cf. kentoo suru = to scrutinize,
consider, examine, discuss) the ryukkusakku
[rucksak]carrying gakusei [students] study abroad)
(the king accumulated a considerable sum of money)
(Ken finds his toes fascinating and likes to examine,
talk over, discuss and scrutinize them; he can give
you an estimate of their value, if you like)
96. Since busy, reading cannot be done, quote, as for
to say thing, to an excuse it doesnt exceed. Use
dokusho to mean reading. Use no to make a noun
phrase. Use koojitsu to mean excuse. Meaning, its
only an excuse to say you dont read because youre
busy. Plain speech.

Isogashii kara dokusho ga dekinai to iu no wa,

koojitsu ni suginai. (dokusho = reading; cf. dokkai
= reading) (koojitsu = pretext, excuse; cf. wake =
reason, meaning; cf. iiwake = excuse, explanation;
cf. mooshiwake = apology, excuse) (ni suginai = it
doesnt exceed, meaning its only) (the document
shows the effects of a lot of reading) (the cold hard
jitsu [truth] is that its just an excuse)
97. I did a miss (meaning a mistake) quote as for
him, he says, but utterly an idea doesnt exist. Use
no da to soften the clause he says. Use kokoroatari
to mean idea. Meaning, he says I made a mistake,
but I have no idea what it was. Plain speech.

Watashi ga misu o shita to kare wa iu no da ga,

mattaku kokoroatari ga nai. (OK to omit no da, i.e.
to say kare wa iu ga or kare ga iimasu ga, but not
OK to say iu no ga; if you use no to soften this
clause, you must also use da) (kokoroatari = some
information, an idea, a clue; kokoro = mind, spirit,
heart; atari = a hit in baseball, a success, a bruise;
also, different kanji, = neighborhood) (when I say my
kokoro [heart] is still at Atari, I hope it gives you
some idea or clue as to my character)
98. To new-enter employees, regarding works
mental attitude, I did a talk. Plain speech.

Shinnyu shain ni shigoto no kokorogamae ni tsuite

hanashi o shita. (kokorogamae = a mental attitude;
gamae = same kanji as kamau = to care about, to

mind, to pay attention) (his kokoro [heart] had

suffered from gamma ray experiments,and this
affected his mental attitude)
99. To make delicious cuisine, as for to, meaning the
preposition spelled t o, a knack exists. Use oishii
ryoori. Meaning theres a knack or a trick to making
good food. Plain speech.

Oishii ryoori o tsukuru ni wa kotsu ga aru. (kotsu =

knack, skill, trick, secret; cf. kootsu = traffic) (these
cotton suits are manufactured using a knack, skill or
trick that is still a secret)
100. As for recently, harmonizing to the sons taste,
meat cuisine a lot I am making. Use awaseru to
mean harmonize or adjust. Plain speech.

Saikin wa musuko no konomi ni awasete, niku ryoori

o takusan tsukutte iru. (konomi = taste, preference;
also konomi, different kanji, = fruit, nut; cf. kinomi
= fruit, nut; cf. konomu = to like, favor) (due to the
poor economy, Ive started to develop a taste and
preference for beans)
Lesson 31
1. To a subordinate, as for confronting, good, but to
a colleague, as for to do an order, not good. Use no
to make a noun phrase in the second clause. Meaning,
its OK to oppose a subordinate, but it isnt good to
give orders to a colleague. Plain speech.

Buka ni tai shite wa ii ga, dooryoo ni sashizu o suru

no wa yokunai. (buka = subordinate staff members)
(tai suru = to confront, to face; cf. tai = the
opposite; also, several different kanji, = the body, a
rice field, a necktie, a condition, a company of
soldiers) (dooryoo = colleague, associate, co-worker,
pal; also, different kanji, = magnanimity, generosity,
liberality) (sashizu = direction, command, order)
(the Thai soldier confronted his enemy, who was on
the opposite side of a fence) (the doorman ate Oreos
with his colleagues) (the order was to recite sa shi
su, with the third character changed to zu)
2. Trouble doesnt exist, within the range, to the
investigation form please honorably enter. Use no
rather than ga after trouble. To say within the range,
use hani de. To say please honorably enter, use go
kinyuu kudasai. Meaning, without going to too much
trouble, please complete the investigation form.

Sashitsukae no nai hani de, choosa yooshi ni go

kinyuu kudasai. (sashitsukae = hindrance,
inconvenience, interruption,
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258
Lesson 31. trouble; cf. sashizu = order,
command) (hani de = within an extent, area, range)
(choosa = investigation, survey, analysis) (yooshi =
printed form; also, several different kanji, = adopted
child, looks, general idea or gist; cf. yooshiki = style
or, different kanji, Western style) (kinyuu suru = to
write in, enter; cf. kinyuu, different kanji, = finance)
(the sash she tsukaeru [uses] to hide her tummy
causes inconvenience and trouble) (if you bring
honey on our date, we can only travel within this
area or range) (they chose Samsung to conduct the
investigations, surveys and analyses) (the form was
printed on the yogis sheets) (in kindergartens,
youthful people learn to write in or enter information
on forms)
3. At a meeting, the line-went-along opinion, as for
to say person, easy to be approved. Line is the
subject. Use tooru to mean go along. Use wo rather
than to after opinion. Use a passive verb at the end.
Use yasui. Meaning, at meetings, people who
express opinions that follow a line, meaning make
sense, can easily be approved. Plain speech.

Kaigi de suji ga tootta iken o iu hito wa, sandoo sare

yasui. (suji = a line or streak, a story line or logic, a
muscle or tendon or fiber; cf. suuji = number)
(tooru = to pass by, to go along) (sandoo = approval,
support, endorsement) (Supermans jeans have lines
or streaks on them) (Santas doughnuts win him
approval, support and endorsements)
4. As for at overseas, as for Japanese cars, of
performance-is-good-thing is being known on them.
Use kaigai. Use nihonsha to mean Japanese cars.
Use seinoo to mean performance. Use koto de rather
than koto wo. Use a passive verb. Meaning the cars
are known for their good performance. Plain speech.

Kaigai de wa, nihonsha wa seinoo ga ii koto de

shirarete iru. (koto o shirarete, not totally wrong, but
it doesnt sound right here; de here means of, as in
of good things are known) (kaigai = foreign nation,
overseas) (nihonsha = Japanese cars) (seinoo =
efficiency, performance) (if youre seino, you can
show your performance and efficiency by pouring
Drano in the Seino River)
5. If one buys a cheap thing, contrary to expectations,
to do damage thing exists. Use to to mean if.
Meaning, if you buy something cheap, it can cause
damage. Plain speech.

Yasui mono o kau to, kaette son o suru koto ga aru.

(son = disadvantage, damage, loss) (when I hired my

son, he caused our business disadvantage, damage

and loss)
6. The university graduate peoples majority, to
domestic/foreign for the purpose of graduation travel
will go reportedly. Use sei to mean people. Majority
is the subject. Use kokunaigai to mean domestic/
foreign. Use ni to mean for the purpose of. Meaning,
most of the university graduates will do graduation
travel either domestically or internationally,
reportedly. Plain speech.

Daigaku sotsugyoo sei no taihan ga, kokunaigai e

sotsugyoo ryokoo ni iku soo da. (taihan = majority;
it combines kanji for tai = large + han = half, so
literally this means the big half; cf. nakaba =
middle) (kokunai = domestic; it combines kanji for
koku = country + nai [uchi] = inside; gai [soto] =
kanji for foreign, outside, e.g. gaikoku = foreign
country; thus kokunaigai = both domestic/foreign
places) (Thailand handles the majority of rice
exports from our region)
7. Lets do a prevention injection in advance.

Yoboo chuusha o shite okimashoo. (yoboo =

prevention, precaution, protection against; also, 3
different kanji combinations, = premeditation,
popularity or reputation, honor) (chuusha = injection
or shot; cf. chuusha, different kanji, = parking) (I do
yoga for my bones; it helps with fracture prevention)
(I chew shark cartilage when I have to get an
injection)
8. As for humans, they are greedy. Plain speech.

Ningen wa yokubari da. (yokubari [na] = greedy)

(whenever I see yoku [well]-made bartending
implements, I feel greedy and want to add them to my
collection)
9. Test this car and see. Use goran. Plain speech.

Kono kuruma o tameshite goran. (tamesu = to test or

attempt) (the tame surfer tested the waves)
10. As for this incident, it is under investigation.
Use chuu. Use desu.

Kono jiken wa choosa chuu desu. (jiken = incident,

happening, criminal case) (choosa = investigation,
survey, analysis; choosa suru = to investigate)
(when the jeep struck Ken, it was a big incident and
resulted in a criminal case) (they chose Samsung to
conduct the investigation)
11. As for my husband, since always being sleeping
only, he doesnt do anything. Use otto to mean my
husband. Use bakari. Use de to mean since. Plain
speech.
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259
Lesson 31.

Otto wa itsumo nete iru bakari de nanimo shinai.

(otto = husband, used to refer to ones own husband)
(nete iru bakari ite, not OK, as you are using iru
twice; but nete bakari ite, also OK; nete bakari de,
also OK) (Otto Preminger was a good husband)
12. The broadcast time became. Turn on the radio
please.

Hoosoo jikan ni narimashita. Rajio o tsukete kudasai.

13. Using bonito and kelp, I will make soup stock.

Katsuo to konbu o tsukatte dashi o tsukurimasu.

(katsuo = bonito fish) (konbu = kelp; cf. nori =
dried seaweed sold in sheets) (dashi = soup stock)
(when ton katsu gets old, I like to eat bonito) (when I
tried to throw a traffic cone at the bureaucrat, I
slipped on some kelp) (dashing through the snow,
Im taking soup stock to Grandmothers house)
14. As for me, Im believing you, meaning I believe
you.

Watashi wa anata o shinjite imasu. (this could also

mean, I believe in you) (shinjiru = to believe, or
believe in; e.g., kuristo o shinjimasu [or shinjite
imasu] = I believe in Christ) (shiny ornaments and
jingles tend to ruin the holiday, but I still believe in
it)
15. Various I thought, but utterly ideas dont float.
Use aidia to mean idea. Meaning, I thought a lot but
couldnt come up with any ideas.

Iroiro kangaemashita ga, mattaku aidia ga

ukabimasen. (ukabu = to float or surface) (iroiro ni,
not OK iroiro functions as an adverb as well as an
adjective) (at UC [University of California] they
abuse men who are afraid of water by making them
float in pools)
16. As for a simpleton, a little-bit-stupid to call
meaning it is. Use sukoshi. Use baka to mean stupid.
Meaning, a simpleton means someone who is a little
bit stupid.

Anpontan wa sukoshi baka to iu imi desu.

(anpontan = simpleton, nincompoop) (baka =
stupid , foolish, dull, absurd, fool, idiot; cf. baka ni
suru = ridicule, look down on; cf. baka o miru =
make a fool of oneself; cf. baka o iu = to talk
nonsense; cf. baka also = too much, excessively, e.g.,
bakateinei = excessively polite) (if take an anchor
into a pond and try to get a tan, you must be a
simpleton) (that schools gives baccalaureate degrees

to stupid people)
17. As for me, to you everything I decided to entrust.
Use subete.

Watashi wa anata ni subete o makaseru koto ni

shimashita. (subete makaseru, also OK) (subete =
all, everything)
18. Expressly coming and giving, thank you.
Speaking to someone outside your in-group.
Meaning, thank you for taking the trouble to come.
Plain speech.

Wazawaza kite kudasatte arigatoo. (wazawaza =

purposely, expressly, specially; wazawaza iku = to
take the trouble to go; wazawaza kuru = take the
trouble to come; wazawaza doomo is a common
phrase used to thank someone for taking the trouble
to do something for you) (Its a walrus zapper, its a
walrus zapper, I purposely, expressly and specially
warned the walrus.)
19. Recently, enthusiastically, skin-and-hair-etc.s
take-care-of men increased, reportedly. Use hada to
mean skin. Use ya to mean etc. Use kaminoke to
mean hair. Use teire o suru to mean take care of.
Use dansei to mean men. Men is the subject. Use
fueru to mean increase. Meaning, recently the
number of men who are enthusiastically taking care
of their skin, hair etc. has increased, reportedly.

Saikin, nesshin ni hada ya kaminoke no teire o suru

dansei ga fueta soo desu. (nesshin [na] = ardor,
enthusiasm; nesshin ni = enthusiastically) (hada =
skin, personality; cf. kawa = skin, leather, bark; cf.
hade = showy or loud) (kami = hair of the head;
also, different kanji, = god, paper; ke = hair, fur,
wool; kami no ke = hair of the head) (teire = care,
also = police raid; teire suru = to take care of) (the
doctor is enthusiastic about diseases of the neck and
shin) (in Hades, the dames all have purple skin) (on
El Camino Real [the royal road, in Spanish], Ken
and Barbie have a hair salon) (when you te o ireru
[put your hand in] you take care)
20. As for him, since he is being used to travel,
luggages preparation etc. skill is good. Use node.
Use nado to mean etcetera. Dont use no, wa or ga
after nado. Use tegiwa to mean skill. This is the
subject. Plain speech.

Kare wa ryokoo ni narete iru node, nimotsu no junbi

nado tegiwa ga ii. (junbi nado no, also OK; junbi
nado de, not OK) (tegiwa = performance, execution,
skill, workmanship; cf. gijutsu = art, craft, technique,
skill; not OK to use gijutsu here,
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260
Lesson 31. since luggage preparation doesnt
require much technique; cf. tegoro = affordable,
handy) (the tech girls wash circuit boards, and their
performance and execution show skill and
workmanship)
21. To university, enrollment to do, for the sake of,
procedure I did. Use tame no to mean for the sake of.
Meaning, I did the procedure for enrolling in the
university. Plain speech.

Daigaku ni nyuugaku suru tame no tetsuzuki o shita.

(nyuugaku = enrollment at school; cf. nyuusha =
joining a company) (tetsuzuki = procedure; tetsu =
iron; e.g., chikatetsu = subway) (nyuuyooku [New
York] gakusei [students] enroll at schools) (all of the
tetsu [iron] is inspected by the zookeeper, according
to a specific procedure)
22. Identical merchandise a lot I buy, and cheaply it
becomes, and I did a benefit, meaning I got a bargain.
Use shinamono. Use te to mean and. Then use the
stem form of the verb becomes to mean and. Plain
speech.

Onaji shinamono o takusan katte yasuku nari, toku o

shita. (toku = benefit, profit; toku o suru = to gain,
benefit, profit, get a bargain; cf. settoku suru = to
persuade) (the Tokugawa shoguns would get a
bargain when they shopped, resulting in a benefit and
a profit)
23. On civility, manners etc., negligently, as for
doing, you must not. Use manaa to mean manners.
Use ikenai. Meaning you shouldnt neglect civility,
manners, etc. Plain speech.

Reigi ya manaa o naozari ni shite wa ikenai. (reigi =

civility, etiquette) (naozari = negligence; naozari ni
suru = to do negligently, i.e., to neglect, make light
of, disregard) (during the reign of the guillotine,
civility and etiquette still existed) (Naomi went to
Zambia and risked her life by negligently
disregarding their traffic signals)
24. When on Septembers middle it exceeds, the
summers heat a little will soften and come. In this
case, use mo rather than no as a possessive particle
after September. Use to to mean when. Use sukoshi.
Meaning, it will start to get a bit cooler after the
middle of September. Plain speech.
9

Kugatsu mo nakaba o sugiru to, natsu no atsusa ga

sukoshi yawaraide kuru. (kugatsu no nakaba, also
OK) (nakaba = middle) (yawarakai = soft;
yawaragu = to soften, to become less severe;
yawaraku naru also = to soften, but not OK to
substitute for yawaragu here; you could use

yawaraku naru = to soften if you were talking about

butter, for example; also you could use kataku naru
= to harden, if you were talking about something like
butter) (the naka [inside, or middle] of the bar is the
middle) (Yahweh gave a warranty for the kite, but
the terms were soft) (when I put a yawarakai [soft]
net over the goose, its attitude seemed to soften and
become less severe)
25. On public gaze not worrying about, as for to use
cell phone thing, how question, I think. To say not
worrying about, use ki ni sezu, an abbreviation of ki
ni sezuni. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use to to
show quotes. Use omou. Meaning, I wonder
whether its OK to use a cell phone while not
worrying about public opinion. Plain speech.

Hitome o ki ni sezu keitai denwa o tsukau no wa, doo

ka to omou. (hitome = notice, observation, public
gaze; also, different kanji, = a look, a single glance, a
glimpse; cf. gaiken = appearance) (ki ni suru = to
worry about, be concerned about; -zu or zuni or
naide can follow a negative verb stem to mean not
doing; however, when using zu or zuni with suru to
say not doing, use sezu or sezuni, not shizu or
shizuni; see Lesson 26b, # 161; so sezu = not doing
and ki ni sezu = not worrying about; OK to
substitute ki ni shinai de, or ki ni sezuni, for ki ni
sezu) (when hito [people] focus their me [eyes] on
you, you are subject to public gaze, notice and
observation) (when you ki ni suru [do to feelings],
you worry about and are concerned about things)
(not worrying about the animals, the king needs the
central zookeeper to watch for spies)
26. As for my primary schools principal teacher, it
was a grey-hairs refinement is good gentleman. Use
koochoo sensei to mean principal teacher. Use no
rather than ga after refinement. Meaning, the
principal was a grey-haired, highly refined gentleman.
Plain speech.

Watashi no shoogakoo no koochoo sensei wa,

hakuhatsu no hin no ii shinshi datta. (koochoo =
school principal; also, many different kanji, =
satisfactoriness, a migratory bird, high tide, a climax,
a harbor master, a flushing or glow, the lower colon,
etc.) (hakuhatsu = gray or white hair; combines
kanji for haku = white + hatsu = hair) (hin =
gracefulness, refinement, elegance; cf. hinshitsu =
quality of goods; hin also, different kanji, = poverty;
hin suru = to be or become poor; cf. binboo =
poverty, poor person) (shinshi = gentleman) (the
coach was chosen by the faculty to be school
principal) (she hacked into a website
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Lesson 31.
in order to find a cool hatsu to hide
her grey hair) (the Hindu woman had an air of
gracefulness, refinement and elegance) (the shiny
ship belongs to a gentleman)
27. You are sleeping, pretense you do even though, I
soon understand, for sure. You is understood. Use
the exclamatory tense to say you are sleeping. Use
temo. Plain speech.

Neta furi o shitemo, sugu wakaru yo. (neru furi o

shitemo, also OK) (furi = appearance, pretense; furi
o suru = to pretend; e.g., shiranai furi o suru = to
feign ignorance; furi [na], different kanji =
disadvantageous, unfavorable; furi [na or no], no
kanji, = free or unoccupied, freelance) (the fox in a
furry costume has the appearance or pretense of
being a sheep, and a failure to realize this could be
disadvantageous to the sheep)
28. To oneselfs country, as for being able to have
pride thing, its a wonderful thing. Use the potential
form of motsu. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use
koto to mean thing at the end.

Jibun no kuni ni hokori o moteru no wa, subarashii

koto desu. (hokoru = to take pride in; hokori =
pride, dignity, self-esteem; also, different kanji, =
dust; cf. jishin = self-confidence or, different kanji,
earthquake) (people who play hockey in Korea have
pride, dignity and self-esteem)
29. Identical ethnic groups, to enemies and allies,
separate and fight, as for to say thing, its a tragedy.
Ethnic groups is the subject. Use wakareru to mean
separate. Meaning, its tragic that people from the
same ethnic group are divided into enemies and allies,
and fight. Plain speech.

Onaji minzoku ga teki to mikata ni wakarete tatakau

to iu no wa, higeki da. (minzoku = ethnic group,
race; cf. minzokugaku = ethnology) (teki = enemy,
opponent, rival) (mikata = supporter, ally; mikata o
suru = to take someones side; cf. mikata, different
kanji, = viewpoint, e.g., mikata o kaeru = change
ones viewpoint) (tatakau = to battle or fight;
tatakai = a battle or fight) (higeki = a tragedy; cf.
hige = beard) (there are mean people in my kazoku
[family], but were all from the same ethnic group)
(that techie is my rival or enemy) (Michael Jackson
was tall, and whenever someone attacked his friends,
he was their supporter and ally) (Tarzan asked the
taxi driver to kau [buy] a weapon before he battled
or fought) (the hige [beard] kid is a tragedy waiting
to happen)
30. On prospects exist young people, to bring up

thing, its the veteran company employees role. Use

no rather than ga after prospects. Use no to make a
noun phrase. The noun phrase is the subject. Use
betaran to mean veteran. Meaning, the role of
experienced employees is to foster promising young
people. Plain speech.

Mikomi no aru wakai hito o sodateru no ga beteran

shain no yakuwari da. (mikomi = prospects, hope,
promise, probability, possibility) (sodateru = to
bring up, raise, rear, foster or cultivate a child, plant,
etc.) (yakuwari = role) (if you meet that Commie,
you will see that he has excellent prospects to rise in
the Party) (you know that soda is terrible if you are
raising a child) (that yakuza acts like a warrior, but
he is just playing a role)
31. We were aiming on gross sales doubling, but the
outlook was sweet, meaning overly optimistic. Use
nerau to mean aim. Plain speech.

Uriage baizoo o neratte ita ga, mitooshi ga amakatta.

(uriage = gross sales) (baizoo = doubling; baizoo
suru = to double) (nerau = to aim at, target; cf.
mokuhyoo = goal, aim; mokuhyoo ni suru = to
aim; cf. negirau = to thank a person for his trouble)
(mitooshi = perspective, outlook) (amai = sweet;
can also = naive, overly optimistic) (if you can sell
urine to the aged, your gross sales will increase, get
it?) (if we buy a zoo [elephant], we can expect a
doubling of our income) (she looked at the necklace
on Raul and aimed her gun at it) (mitochondria
shield the cells nucleus, from our perspective)
(American ice cream is sweet)
32. If personal appearance bad, until the content bad,
quote to think on you thing exists. Use to to mean if.
Use nakami to mean content. Use made to mean
until. Use the passive form of omou. Use koto to
mean thing. Meaning, if you look bad on the outside,
sometimes people think that you are bad on the inside.
Plain speech.

Minari ga warui to, nakami made warui to

omowareru koto ga aru. (minari = clothes, personal
appearance) (that minaret design on your ring
enhances your personal appearance)
33. To the office, without permission, make an effort
not to enter, I beg you. Use jimushitsu to mean office.

Jimushitsu ni mudan de hairanai yoo ni onegai

shimasu. (jimushitsu = office; cf. jimusho = office)
(mudan de = without permission; cf. muda [na] =
useless, wasteful) (Jim moved into
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Lesson 31. a new shitsu [room] at the office) (Jim
moved Shorty closer to the office) (he moved the
dandelions without permission)
34. As for this incident, at one year before it
happened, but still a resolutions prospects do not
stand. Use medo to mean prospect. Meaning, there
is still no prospect of a resolution. Plain speech.
1

Kono jiken wa ichinen mae ni okotta ga, mada

kaiketsu no medo ga tatanai. (jiken = incident,
happening, criminal case; cf. shiken = exam)
(kaiketsu = settlement, resolution, solution; cf.
taisetsu = important, beloved) (medo = aim, goal,
prospect, outlook) (tatsu = to stand, to be built or set
up, to come; medo ga tatsu = the prospects are
improving) (the jeans that Ken wore at the time of
the incident were confiscated by the police) (the
Kaiser poured ketchup into his soup as he pondered a
settlement, solution or resolution of his problem)
(the meadow restoration has a good prospect for
success; that is our aim and goal)
35. As for salary, even though low, I want to do
something worthwhile exists work. Use no rather
than ga after something worthwhile. Meaning, even
though the salary is low, I want to do worthwhile
work. Plain speech.

Kyuuryoo wa hikukutemo, yarigai no aru shigoto ga

shitai. (shigoto wo, also OK) (yarigai = something
worth doing; this is a noun) (Santa is a yally guy,
and what he does is something worth doing)
36. Economically, latitude exists households, on that
side, educational background is high they are saying
on us. Use no rather than ga after latitude. Use katei
to mean households. Use hoo ga to say on that side
and make the comparison. Meaning, they say
families with more economic margin, meaning richer
families, have higher educational attainments. Plain
speech.

Keizaiteki ni yutori no aru katei no hoo ga, gakureki

ga takai to iwarete iru. (keizai = economy;
keizaiteki [na] = economical; the suffix teki =
like or related to) (yutori = space, room, ease,
latitude, margin, allowance, ease, clearance) (katei =
home, household; also, 3 different kanji
combinations, = process, course or curriculum,
supposition or hypothesis) (gakureki = educational
background) (the youthful Tory Amos left a lot of
space, room, ease, latitude, margin, ease and
clearance in her music) (cats eight live in my
household, and our hypothesis is that they are part of
a process involving our sons curriculum) (gakkoo

[school] wrecking is my educational background)

37. If one says other peoples slander, oneself also to
be said on thing will become. Use tanin. Use wo
rather than to after slander. Use waruguchi, an
alternative pronunciation of warukuchi. Use to to
mean if. Use koto to mean thing. Meaning, if one
slanders other people, it will develop that ones self
also is talked on. Plain speech.

Tanin no waruguchi o iu to, jibun mo iwareru koto

ni naru.
38. The diplomacy problem, whether it will settle or
not, is being worried on. Problem is the subject. Use
kaiketsu suru. Use a passive verb at the end. Plain
speech.

Gaikoo mondai ga kaiketsu suru ka doo ka, kenen

sarete iru. (gaikoo = diplomacy) (kaiketsu =
settlement, solution, resolution; kaiketsu suru = to
solve a question, settle a problem, cf. matomaru = to
be settled, to be concluded, to be finished; OK to
substitute matomaru for kaiketsu suru here, but
matomaru suggests putting something together, while
kaiketsu suru suggests solving something, so the
nuance is slightly different) (kenen = worry, fear,
anxiety; kenen suru = to fear, to be anxious about,
to worry about; kenen also, 4 different kanji
combinations, = weariness, loathing, dissatisfaction,
be on bad terms with) (to work at Geico requires a
lot of diplomacy) (the Kaiser poured ketchup into his
soup as he pondered the settlement, solution and
resolution to his problem) (the Kentucky engineer
suffers from worry, fear and anxiety; he also feels
weariness, loathing and dissatisfaction and is on bad
terms with his colleagues)
39. For the sake of to protect nature, they restrict
tourists. Use tame ni. They is understood. Plain
speech.

Shizen o mamoru tame ni, kankookyaku o seigen

suru. (shizen = Nature) (mamoru = to protect, to
observe [rules], to keep [promises]) (kankoo =
sightseeing; kankookyaku = tourist) (seigen = limit,
restriction; seigen suru = to limit, to restrict; cf.
hikitomeru = to detain, keep back) (both Shinto and
Zen favor the protection of Nature) (the mammoth
runs over to protect its calf) (Carl Sagan put limits
and restrictions on his familys credit card use)
40. I persuade the parents and did overseas foreign
study. Plain speech.

Ryooshin o settoku shite, kaigai ryuugaku o shita.

(settoku = persuasion; settoku suru = to persuade;
cf. toku = benefit, profit) (kaigai
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263
Lesson 31. = overseas, foreign nation) (the
settlers earned oku [100 million] yen using
persuasion) (the Tokugawa shoguns would get a
bargain when they shopped, resulting in a benefit and
a profit)
41. Since the income isnt numerous, every day I am
doing economy. Meaning, Im economizing. Use
node. Plain speech.

Shuunyuu ga ookunai node, mainichi setsuyaku shite

iru. (shuunyuu = income) (setsuyaku = economy,
thrift; setsuyaku suru = to economize, or save; cf.
setzuzoku = connection) (people shun you if your
income is low) (he settled Sue and her yak in a cool
cottage, demonstrating his economy and thrift)
42. As for the government, now, to difficulty, it is
facing. Use konnan to mean difficulty. Meaning the
government is facing difficulties. Plain speech.

Seifu wa ima, konnan ni chokumen shite iru. (seifu

= government) (chokumen = confrontation;
chokumen suru = to face or confront to be involved
with; cf. tai suru = to confront, to be opposed to;
not OK to use tai shite iru here) (the government is
promoting safe food) (if you choke those Ku Klux
Klan men, they will face you and start a
confrontation)
43. As for this town, in the capacity of an industrial
city, it is prospering. Use toshi to mean city. Use to
shite to mean in the capacity of. Use hanei suru to
mean prosper. Plain speech.

Kono machi wa, koogyoo toshi to shite hanei shite

iru. (koogyoo = manufacturing, industry; cf.
koogyoo yoo robotto = industrial use robot) (to
suru = to regard as, to treat as; to shite = in the
capacity, under the character of, in token of, by way
of) (hanei = prosperity; also, different kanji, =
reflection; hanei suru = to prosper; cf. sakan =
popular, prosperous, thriving; OK to substitute sakan
desu for hanei shite iru) (manufacturing handy
aprons, I will achieve prosperity)
44. With easygoing thinking, if one starts work, one
will fail. Use de to mean with. Use to to mean if.
Plain speech.

Ani na kangae de shigoto o hajimeru to, shippai suru.

(ani = easy, easygoing; cf. nonki = carefree,
optimistic, careless) (shippai = mistake, failure;
shippai suru = to make a mistake, to fail) (Annie
was an easygoing girl) (my idea to ship pies around
the world was a failure)
45. As for Japan, its a safe country, they are saying
on it. Plain speech.

Nihon wa anzen na kuni da to iwarete iru. (anzen

[na] = safe, secure; cf. chian = safety, public order;
chian no ii kuni, also OK; chian no kuni, not OK;
chian ga ii kuni, not OK) (ancient zen is safer than
modern zen)
46As for me, intimate friends even not existing, I
spent a solitary university time. Use shitashii to
mean intimate. Use naku to mean not existing. Use
jidai to mean time. Plain speech.

Watashi wa shitashii tomodachi mo naku, kodoku na

daigaku jidai o sugoshita. (shitashii = friendly,
intimate) (naku = the adverbial form of nai; this
means not being, without; not OK to substitute
nakute or inakute for naku here) (kodoku = solitude,
isolation; cf. koodoku = subscription; koodoku
suru = to subscribe) (jidai = era, days, time) (the
shita [under]-the-cliff-dwelling Shiites were intimate
and friendly) (the co-documentarian lived in solitude
and isolation) (Jimmy Carter was on a diet during
that era and time)
47. As for great inventions, from simple questions
they are born thing numerous. Use koto to mean
thing. Meaning, great inventions often result from
simple questions. Plain speech.

Idai na hatsumei wa, soboku na gimon kara umareru

koto ga ooi. (idai [na] = great, grand) (soboku [na]
= simple, naive, unpretentious) (gimon = question,
doubt) (umareru = to be born; cf. umaru = to be
buried in, to be filled with, e.g. hana de umaru = to be
filled with flowers) (the eagles diet was great, even
grand) (my sobo [grandmother] is cool but simple,
naive and unpretentious) (the guitar-playing monkey
asked a lot of questions and seemed to be consumed
by doubts)
48. With idea merchandise, they earned enormous
profits. Use aidia to mean idea. Use shoohin to
mean merchandise. Use ageru to mean earn.
Meaning, they made money with innovative products.
Plain speech.

Aidia shoohin de bakudai na rieki o ageta. (shoohin

= goods, merchandise; cf. seihin = product; cf.
shinamono = merchandise, article) (bakudai [na] =
enormous, immense, vast; cf. bakudan = bomb)
(ageru = to earn something desirable, to raise, and
many other meanings) (he backed up into Lady
Diane, and this resulted in enormous, immense and
vast news coverage)
49. To live an ordinary human life thing, its number
one happiness. Use okuru to mean live. Use no to
make a noun phrase. This is the
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264
Lesson 31. subject. Meaning, you are most happy
when living an ordinary life. Plain speech.

Heibon na jinsei o okuru no ga ichiban shiawase da.

(heibon [na] = ordinary, commonplace, mediocre)
(jinsei = human life; cf. seikatsu = life, livelihood;
cf. kurashi = life, daily life, living) (okuru = to send,
to see off, to live life, to spend time; also, different
kanji, = to give a present, confer an award; cf. ikiru
= to live; cf. okoru = to originate, happen, break out;
cf. okoru, different kanji, = to get angry) (a hay
bonnet is ordinary, commonplace and mediocre)
(drinking gin at Safeway, I ponder human life) (when
I okuru [send or see off], Im living life)
50. Japans future, how it will develop question, very
uneasily, I think. Use shoorai. This is the subject.
Use omou. Meaning, I worry a lot about Japans
future. Plain speech.

Nihon no shoorai ga doo naru ka, totemo fuan ni

omou. (fuan = uneasiness, anxiety; fuan na =
uneasy, anxious; fuan is the opposite of anshin =
peace of mind, relief; fu conveys negation, e.g.,
benri = convenient, fuben = inconvenient) (the
foolish animals felt uneasiness and anxiety about
whether the sky might fall)
51. As for him, not very much, statements he doesnt
do. Hes a taciturn person. Plain speech.

Kare wa amari hatsugen o shinai. Mukuchi na hito

da. (hatsugen = a statement, remark, proposal;
hatsugen suru = to make a statement) (mukuchi
[na] = reticence, taciturnity) (taking a hat from his
suitcase, Genghis Khan made a statement) (he has
mu [nothing] in his kuchi [mouth] and thus has
nothing to say; hes taciturn and reticent)
52. Although you put up an unreasonable schedule,
you cannot implement. Use muri to mean
unreasonable. Use sukejuuru. Use tateru to mean put
up. Plain speech.

Muri na sukejuuru o tatete mo jikkoo dekinai.

(jikkoo ga dekinai, also OK, but not as good) (muri
[na] = impossible, unreasonable) (tateru = to stand
up, put up, dig into, make a noise, to establish, to
treat with respect; cf. tateru, different kanji, = to
build or construct) (jikkoo = action, performance,
execution, practice, realization, implementation; cf.
jiko = accident or [different kanji] ones self) (the
gypsy coalition takes care of action and
implementation)
53. With advantageous conditions, we were able to
do the contract. Use de to mean with. Use suru koto
ga. Plain speech.

Yuuri na jooken de keiyaku o suru koto ga dekita.

(OK to omit o suru koto) (yuuri [na] = advantageous,
favorable; cf. yuuri suru [different kanji] = to
separate; cf. yuri = lily) (jooken = requirement,
condition; e.g., to iu jooken de = on condition that;
cf. jookyoo = circumstance, state; cf. jookyaku =
passenger) (keiyaku = contract) (that youth has a
magic ring, making his situation advantageous and
favorable) (the jokes that Ken tells about Barbie are
a requirement and condition for his job) (a contract
to buy Kay's yak)
54. As for things, looking on one side only, you must
not judge. Use monogoto to mean things. Use ikenai.
Plain speech.

Monogoto wa, ichimen dake o mite handan shite wa

ikenai. (monogoto = matter, things, everything;
combines kanji for mono = thing + koto = thing)
(ichimen = one side, entire surface) (the itchy men all
slept on one side of the room)
55. As for Tokyo, its a safety-is-good city. Use
chian. Use no rather than ga after chian. Plain
speech.

Tokyo wa, chian no ii toshi da. (chian = safety,

public order; cf. anzen = safety, security; anzen na
toshi, also OK; chian ga ii toshi, not OK) (my
Chinese aunt believes in safety and public order)
56. As for this class, very much liveliness exists.
Use kurasu. Use kakki. Plain speech.

Kono kurasu wa totemo kakki ga aru. (kakki =

liveliness, activity; kakki ga aru = to be active or
lively; cf. nigiyaka = bustling, busy, lively; not OK
to substitute nigiyakasa for kakki here, doesnt sound
right) (hes cocky, but hes full of liveliness and
activity)
57. By oneself, as for to study a foreign language,
there is a limit. Use no to make a noun phrase. Use
genkai to mean limit. Meaning you can only get so
far by studying alone. Plain speech.

Hitori de gaikokugo o benkyoo suru no wa genkai ga

aru. (genkai = limit; cf. kiri = limit, bounds; not
OK to use kiri in this sentence; cf. kagiri = limit; cf.
toboshii = limited) (Genghis Khan and the Kaiser
set a limit on immigration)
58. Efficiency is good, works method lets think on.
Use kooritsu to mean efficiency. Use no rather than
ga after kooritsu. Use shikata. Use kangaeru.
Meaning, lets think about efficient work methods.
Plain speech.

Kooritsu no ii shigoto no shikata o kangaeyoo.

(kooritsu [no] = efficiency; cf.
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265
Lesson 31. kooritsu [no], different kanji, = public;
cf. seinoo = performance, efficiency) (shikata = way,
method; this is a combination of shi = do + kata =
method; e.g., unten no shikata = method of driving;
e.g., shikata ga nai = it cant be helped; cf. kata =
method or style, e.g. tsukai kata = use method; cf.
suru hoohoo = do method; suru hoohoo could be
substituted for shikata here, but not as good sounds
awkward) (when its cold, I go to the Ritz with Sue;
she admires my efficiency in finding a place to get
warm) (the Shinto kata [honorable person] has a way
and a method for sweeping the temple)
59. As for him, since busy, from work exhaustion he
fell completely. Use te to mean since. Use taoreru to
mean fall. Meaning, he collapsed from overwork.
Plain speech.

Kare wa, isogashikute karoo de taorete shimatta.

(karoo = exhaustion from overwork; cf. kuroo =
hardship, suffering) (taoreru = to fall or faint, to
become bankrupt) (he tried to go caroling, but he
had exhaustion from overwork) (in the Taoist rerun,
we see priests falling, fainting and becoming
bankrupt)
60. From an honorable customer, if you receive a
complaint, soon you must deal with it. Use kujoo to
mean complaint. Use ukeru. Use tara. Use taisho
suru to mean deal with. Use beki to mean must.
Plain speech.

Okyakusan kara kujoo o uketara, sugu taisho suru

beki da. (kujoo = complaint; kujoo o iu = to
complain; cf. monku = complaint; cf. guchi =
complaint) (taisho suru = to deal with, suggesting
that one completely solves the problem; cf. taioo
suru = to deal with, suggesting that one starts to
work on the problem; either phrase is OK here)
(cool Job had many complaints) (at the Thai show, I
had to deal with many problems and fix them; the
taiyoo [sun] suru [does] work starting to deal with
various problems)
61. As for our countrys technology, on the worlds
vanguard we are going. Use wagakuni. Meaning, we
are leading the world in technology. Plain speech.

Wagakuni no gijutsu wa, sekai no sentan o itte iru.

(gijutsu = technique, skill, technology; gijutsuteki
[na] = technical; cf. shinshutsu = advance) (sentan
= tip, end, vanguard; sentan o iku = to be a frontrunner) (when I see a guitar that juts out like this, I
appreciate the technique, skill and technology
required to make it) (the Senators tan puts him in
the vanguard of his colleagues)
62. Wake ga nai means that something is not

possible or is unthinkable. This can be translated

literally as reason doesnt exist.
A human, on 100 meters, of only 5 seconds, to be
able to run reason doesnt exist. Human is the
subject. Use wazuka to mean only. Meaning, its
unthinkable that a human could run 100 meters in
only 5 seconds. Plain speech.

Ningen ga, hyaku meetoru o wazuka gobyou de

hashireru wake ga nai. (ningen = human) (wazuka
[no] = very little, very few; wazuka [ni] = barely,
slightly, only) (hashiru is a u verb; therefore it has
only one potential form, hashireru) (wake = reason,
meaning; wake ga nai = not possible, unthinkable;
wake ni wa ikanai, not OK, since that phrase is used
to refer to your own actions; the same thing is true
for #63 below) (if you only shoot wasps from your
bazooka and call it a wazuka, you will have very little
chance and may barely survive)
63. It-is-pleasing work-is-doing him, on the
company to resign reason doesnt exist. Use ki ni itta
to say it is pleasing. This is the exclamatory tense.
Him is the subject. Meaning, its unthinkable that the
guy who is enjoying the work he is doing will resign
the company. Plain speech.

Ki ni itta shigoto o shite iru kare ga, kaisha o yameru

wake ga nai. (ki ni iru = to be pleased)
64. The following question has been divided into 2
parts. Part 1. Which personal computer I shall buy
question I puzzle, and ... Use to to show quotes as to
what you puzzle about. Use the stem form of the
verb to puzzle to mean and. Plain speech.

Dono pasokon o kaoo ka to mayoi, (mayou = to lose

direction, to hesitate, to puzzle or to be puzzled or
perplexed) (stuck in mayonnaise, I lost direction,
hesitated and was puzzled and perplexed)
65. Wake desu, or wake da, means therefore, or
as a result. This can be translated literally as reason
it is.
Part 2. To various stores I visit and did analysis
result: I decided this model, reason it is. Meaning
therefore I chose it. Use ashi o hakobu to mean visit.
Use kentoo shita to mean did analysis. This modifies
result. Use plain speech except for desu at the end.

Iroiro na mise ni ashi o hakonde kentoo shita kekka,

kono kishu ni shita wake desu. (in Japanese, a
comma may act like a colon, as it does after kekka
here) (ashi o hakobu = visit, call on a person, go)
(kentoo = examination, investigation, Lesson 31.

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Lesson 31. study, scrutiny, analysis) (kekka =
result) (kishu = model, type of equipment; also, 6
different kanji combinations, = rider, nose of plane,
standard bearer, direction, beginning of a term,
surprise move) (wake da = wake desu = therefore,
as a result; to iu wake da, or to iu wake desu, not OK
in this sentence) (ashi o hakobu [I carry my legs]
when I call on someone) (the king has a shoeshine
machine that is last years model)
66. Did you come to Japan at last years August?
Use rainichi suru to mean come to Japan. Soften this.

Kyonen no hachigatsu ni rainichi shitan desu ka.

(rainichi suru = to visit Japan; combines kanji for
rai = kuru = come + nichi = hon = day) (he ate rice
with Nietzsche when he visited Japan)
67. To iu wake da (or to iu wake desu), like wake
da, means therefore, or as a result. To iu wake da
(or to iu wake desu) can be translated literally as
quote to say reason it is.
Well, about one year you exist in Japan quote to say
reason it is, huh. Use karekore to mean about.
Meaning, therefore youve been here about a year.

Jaa, karekore ichinen nihon ni iru to iu wake desu ne.

(karekore = arekore = this and that, one thing and
another; also = about, nearly, around, e.g., moo
karekore goji da = already its nearly 5:00) (to iu
wake da (or desu) = therefore, as a result; OK to
omit to iu in this sentence) (the karee [curry] we
make in Korea takes about, around or nearly 1 hour
to make, what with one thing or another)
68. Someone tells you that she has lived in the U.S.
for a number of years. Now you say, No wonder you
can speak English reason it is, huh. Use doori de to
mean no wonder. Use wake desu by itself. Meaning
therefore its no wonder that you can speak it.

Doori de eigo ga hanaseru wake desu ne. (doori =

reason; doori de = indeed, no wonder that) (to iu
wake desu, not OK in this sentence) (since its dory
day, no wonder youre carrying those oars)
69. Somewhat cold. Use an intensifier. Meaning, it
is somewhat cold. Plain speech.

Nandaka samui naa. (nandaka = a little, somewhat,

somehow; cf. endaka = appreciation of the yen)
(the nan [Indian bread] is somewhat darker than
usual; they must have increased the cooking time a
little, somewhat or somehow)
70. The air conditioners temperature setting, to 15 it
is scheduled, for sure. Use a contracted form of is
scheduled. Meaning its set to 15. Plain speech.
15

Eakon no ondo settei ga juugo ni natteru yo. (settei =

setting, configuration, setup; also = a scene or setting
in a story; settei suru = to set up) (juugo ni natteru =
juugo ni natte iru suggests that someone other than
the speaker has set the temperature to 15; juugo ni
shiteru = juugo ni shite iru suggests that the speaker
has set the temperature to 15) (the policeman sets
the tazer at his preferred setting)
71. In addition to therefore, or as a result, wake
da or wake desu can be used to mean thats why
which, of course, is really just another way of
saying therefore.
E! Well then, cold reason it is. Use sore ja to mean
well then. Meaning thats why its cold. Plain
speech.

Ee, sore ja samui wake da. (to iu wake da, not OK)
72. Another way to say not necessarily, besides
using kanarazu shimo, is use wake de wa nai.
Literally this means reason it isnt.
In particular, something information I desire reason it
isnt, but always to the internet I am being connected.
Use toku ni. Use wake de wa nai. Meaning, theres
no information in particular that I necessarily want,
but I stay connected. Plain speech.

Toku ni nanika jouhou ga hoshii wake de wa nai ga,

itsumo intaanetto ni setsuzoku shite iru. (to iu wake
de wa nai, also OK) (wake de wa nai = not
necessarily; wake ja nai, also OK)
73. To the country, meaning my country, do not
want to return reason it isnt, but if I am able, I would
like to find a job in Japan, Im thinking. Use eba to
mean if. Meaning, I dont necessarily not want to go
home, but Id like to find a job in Japan if possible.
Plain speech.

Kuni ni kaeritakunai wake de wa nai ga, dekireba

nihon de shuushoku shitai to omotte iru. (wake ja nai,
also OK) (shuushoku = finding employment, getting
a job) (if your shoes start to shock you, they may be
trying to induce you to get moving and find
employment or get a job)
74. To say that you cant possibly do something,
use wake ni wa ikanai. Literally, this means as for
to reason, it will not go.
To the parents, forcibly requesting, since tuition they
put out and I received, now, to quit study, I cant
possibly do. Use oya. Use muri ni to mean forcibly.
Use no to soften the first clause and use dakara to
mean since. Use wake ni wa ikanai to mean I cant
possibly do it. Plain speech.
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Lesson 31.

Oya ni muri ni tanonde jugyooryoo o dashite moratta

no dakara, ima benkyoo o yameru wake ni wa ikanai.
(muri ni = by force, against ones will) (to iu wake
ni wa ikanai, also OK) (wake ga nai, not OK here,
since that is a more impersonal statement; the same
thing is true for #75 below)
75. Since its the honorable-care-developed teacher
will honorably go class reunion, not go, I cant
possibly do. Use dakara. Use wake ni wa ikanai to
mean I cant possibly do. Meaning, I cant possibly
not go to the reunion where the teacher who helped
me will go. Plain speech.

Osewa ni natta sensei ga irassharu doosookai dakara,

ikanai wake ni wa ikanai. (doosookai = class
reunion, alumni meeting) (my dough got soaked
when the Kaiser pushed me into the pool at the class
reunion)
76. To express the idea that one should do
something, you may follow certain plain speech
verbs with koto da. Literally, this means thing it
is. For example, benkyoo suru koto da means one
should study.
In case you want to make human relationships good,
first, on the opposite ones, to accept thing it is, for
sure. Use kankei to mean relationships. Use yoku
suru to mean make better. Use nara. Use mazu. Use
koto. Meaning, if you want to improve your human
relationships, first, you should accept other people.
Plain speech.

Ningen kankei o yoku shitai nara, mazu aite o

ukeireru koto da yo. (only some plain speech verbs
can be followed by koto da to form the meaning
should; recall that kuru koto wa nai = you dont
have to come; however, kuru koto da is not
acceptable, if you mean to say that you should come,
so this doesnt work with all verbs) (kankei =
relation, relationship, connection, involvement, effect,
sexual relationship; cf. tsukiai = relationship,
association, friendship) (ukeireru = to accept,
receive or agree) (while living in a Canadian cave,
we established a relationship and a connection) (in
the UK, they ireru [make] coffee and then decide
whether to accept, receive or agree with job
applicants)
77. On overseas advances, as for for the sake of to
make them do success, in-that-countrys, was
thoroughly done, on market research, to conduct
thing it is. Use seikoo saseru to mean make them do

success. Use ni to mean for the sake of. Use tettei

shita to mean was thoroughly done. Use choosa to
mean research. Meaning, to succeed with overseas
advances, we should perform thorough market
research in the country in question. Plain speech.

Kaigai shinshutsu o seikoo saseru ni wa, sono kuni de

no tettei shita shijoochoosa o okonau koto da.
(shinshutsu = advance, shinshutsu suru = to advance,
make ones way) (seikoo = success) (tettei =
thoroughness, completeness, consistency; tettei suru
= to do thoroughly, completely, exhaustively;
tetteiteki = thorough, complete; cf. sukkari =
completely, thoroughly; not OK to use sukkari here)
(shijoo = market, as a concept; choo = same kanji as
shiraberu = to check; choosa = research,
investigation, examination, inquiry, survey;
shijoochoosa = market research; cf. kentoo =
examination, investigation, study, scrutiny, analysis)
(okonau = to hold, perform or conduct a meeting
etc.) (if the Shinto priest shuts up, we can advance to
the cremation) (if they sell GEICO and rename it
SEIKOO, it will be a success) (the way he lined the
tetanus syringes up on the table showed thoroughness,
completeness and consistency) (she jokes about the
market, where they sell sheets of Joes art) (chosen
salarymen do our research, investigations,
examinations, inquiries and surveys) (the concert will
be held in Oklahoma now)
78. To exclaim how, as in how far it is, use
donna ni, meaning how much, followed by an
adjective, followed by koto ka. In effect, you are
saying how much thing, question.
To the number one hopes university, acceptance do,
and how much was pleased thing question. Use
daiichi. Use shiboo to mean hope. Use te to mean
and. Use donna ni to mean how much. Meaning, I
got accepted to my first choice university, and how
pleased I was. Plain speech.

Daiichi shiboo no daigaku ni gookaku shite, donna ni

ureshikatta koto ka. (daiichi = # 1, the most, the best,
the first) (shiboo = hope, wish; also, 2 different
kanji, = death, fat; cf. kiboo = hope, wish; daiichi
kiboo doesnt sound right here) (gookaku = success,
acceptance; gookaku suru = to pass or succeed in an
exam) (donna ni = however hard, how much,
whatever, anyway) (to exclaim how, as in how far
it is, use donna ni, meaning how much, followed by
an adjective, followed by koto ka; e.g., kyooto wa
donna ni tooi koto ka = as for Kyoto, how far it is!)
(to own a shiny bowling ball is my hope and wish) (if
she go kaku [write it 5 times], she
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Lesson 31. will be successful and achieve
acceptance)
79. To exclaim how many times, as in how
many times I did it, use nankai, meaning how
many times, followed by a verb, followed by koto
ka. In effect, you are saying how many times thing,
question.
The childs approximate time, until late, make an
effort not to watch TV, from the parents, how many
times they said on me thing question. Use koro. Use
oya ni to mean from the parents. Dont use to to
show quotes. Use nankai. Use a passive verb at the
end. Plain speech.

Kodomo no koro, osoku made terebi o minai yoo ni

oya ni nankai iwareta koto ka. (yoo ni here means
make an effort and is not a substitute for to,
according to my consultant) (nankai = how many
times; also, 2 different kanji combinations, =
difficult to understand, the southern sea)
80. To say because, or on the basis that, you may
follow a statement with koto kara. Literally you
are saying since thing.
On the basis that approval ratings are high, many
citizens, to the new cabinet, expectations are doing
thing, I understand. Use koto kara to mean on the
basis that. Use ooku no. Use koto again in the 2nd
clause, to make a noun phrase. Meaning, I
understand that they have high expectations for the
new cabinet. Plain speech.

Shiji ritsu ga takai koto kara, ooku no kokumin ga

shin naikaku ni kitai shite iru koto ga wakaru. (shiji
= support, holding up, propping, endorsing; ritsu =
rate, ratio, proportion, %; shijiritsu = approval
rating) (kokumin = people, citizens, nation,
nationality) (shin = new; naikaku = cabinet,
government ministry; shin naikaku = new cabinet)
(kitai = expectation, anticipation, hope; also, 7
different kanji combinations, = vapour, fuselage,
uncommon, danger, strange, anxiety, substrate) (the
sheep are around the jeep, supporting, holding up,
propping and endorsing it) (a ritual followed by the
supervisor was to calculate all rates, ratios,
proportions and percentages every day) (a koku
[country] full of mean citizens) (the nine Supreme
Court justices will kaku [write] the qualifications for
the cabinet) (I have expectation, anticipation and
hope that my kittens eye will heal)
81. To say based on, follow a noun with no koto
dakara. Literally, you are saying something like
since this nouns thing is, with this noun being
understood.

Chigai means difference or discrepancy. It is

written with the same kanji used for chigau, meaning
to differ. To say that something is certain, use ni
chigainai. Literally, this means, to discrepancy not,
or there will be no discrepancy. For example, sore ni
chigainai means its certain, or theres no doubt
about it.
The to-time-strict him, based on, not being tardy to
come is certain. Use no koto dakara to mean based
on. Use chikoku shinai de to mean not being
tardy. Use ni chigainai to mean is certain.
Meaning, based on the fact that this guy is strict with
time, its certain that he will come without being
tardy. Plain speech.

Jikan ni kibishii kare no koto dakara, chikoku shinai

de kuru ni chigainai. (kibishii = tight, strict, severe)
(chikoku o suru = to be late, tardy) (ni chigainai =
sure, no mistaking it, for certain; literally, this means
to, will not change) (if you kibitz with Shiites, youll
find that they are strict, tight and severe) (Chikako
travels from a foreign koku [country], so she's
usually tardy) (that my niece chigawanai [will not
change] her mind is certain)
82. The she-loves-anime her, based on, as for the
new work of art, naturally she is knowing probably.
Use no koto dakara to mean based on. Use sakuhin
to mean work of art. Meaning, based on the fact that
she loves anime, she naturally knows about the new
work, probably. Plain speech.

Anime ga daisuki na kanojo no koto dakara, atarashii

sakuhin wa toozen shitte iru daroo. (sakuhin = a
work of literature or art; cf. sakubun = composition;
comprised of kanji for tsukuru = saku and bun =
letter, writing, literary; cf. sakuban = last night)
(toozen = naturally, as a matter of course, justifiably,
deservedly, reasonably) (a sakubun [composition]
written by a Hindu is often a work of literature or
art) (my composition was about a sand cooler
containing buns) (when I dip my toes in the pond at
the Zen monastery, I naturally appreciate the beauty
of nature)
83. To say without, as in we cant do it without
his help, follow a statement with koto nai de, or
with koto naku which is the adverbial form of koto
nai. Literally you are saying thing not existing.
To the residents, to be opposed on, thing not existing,
on the roads expansion plan, as for to implement
thing, difficult probably. Use a passive verb to say
be opposed on. Use koto naku to say thing not
existing. Use dooro. Use keikaku. Use no to make
the noun phrase implement thing.
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Lesson 31. Meaning, it will probably be difficult
to implement the roads expansion plan without
opposition from the residents. Plain speech.

Juumin ni hantai sareru koto naku dooro no kakuchoo

keikaku o jikkoo suru no wa muzukashii daroo.
(juumin = resident; cf. juusho = address) (not OK to
substitute nakute for naku) (kakuchoo = expansion,
extension, enlargement; cf. hirogeru = to unfold,
widen, spread) (keikaku = project, plan; cf. yotei =
schedule, plan) (jikkoo = practice, action, deed,
performance, implementation; jikkoo suru = to
carry out, realize, implement) (the jury was mean to
the residents who were on trial) (I will kaku [write]
Margaret Cho about the expansion, extension and
enlargement of the theater) (the gypsy coalition
takes care of action and implementation)
84. As for foreign languages acquisition, difficult,
but to give up, thing not existing, I want to continue I
think. Use koto naku to mean thing not existing.
Use akirameru. Meaning, its difficult to learn a
foreign language, but I think I want to continue
without giving up. Plain speech.

Gaikokugo no shuutoku wa muzukashii ga,

akirameru koto naku tsuzuketai to omou. (shuutoku
= learning, acquisition; shuutoku suru = to master a
subject or skill; cf. shutoku = acquisition, obtaining,
purchase; shutoku suru = to acquire, obtain)
(akirameru = to resign oneself to, to yield to, to give
up; cf. akireru = to be astounded, to be disgusted)
(tsuzukeru = to continue, transitive; cf. tsuzuku,
intransitive = continue, go on, last, follow, extend)
(its the artists shoes toku ni [particularly] that we
want as an acquisition for our museum devoted to
learning about footwear) (Achilles ramen was
ruined because he gave up on it) (the tsukis
[moons] Suzuki volcanic eruption continues its
destruction)
85. As mentioned in Lesson 29, you may use koto ni
wa after a plain negative verb, to mean unless, or
after a positive verb expressing emotion, to
emphasize the emotion. You may also emphasize
emotion by using an abbreviated form of this
phrase, koto ni, after an adjective or after a past
plain verb expressing emotion.
Pleased. Use koto ni to emphasize your emotion.
The classs all members, to hopes universities, did
acceptance. Use kurasu. Use kiboo. Meaning, all
the people in the class were accepted to their firstchoice universities. Plain speech.

Ureshii koto ni, kurasu no zenin ga kiboo no daigaku

ni gookaku shita. (kiboo = hope, wish; kiboo suru
= to hope or wish; cf. shiboo = hope, wish; shiboo
doesnt sound as good as kiboo in this sentence)
(gookaku = success, acceptance; gookaku suru = to
pass or succeed in an exam) (she hopes to find the
kindergartens bowling ball) (if she go kaku [write it
5 times], she will be successful and achieve
acceptance)
86. I was astonished. Use koto ni to emphasize your
emotion. A 90-year-old pro skier is doing activity,
reportedly. Use odoroku. Use puro to mean pro.
Meaning, the 90-year-old professional skier is
flourishing, reportedly. Plain speech.
90

Odoroita koto ni. Kyuujuusai no puro sukiiyaa ga

katsuyaku shite iru soo da. (odoroku = to become
astonished; cf. akireru = to be astounded, be
disgusted) (katsuyaku = activity, great efforts,
conspicuous service; katsuyaku suru = to be active,
to fluorish, to participate actively) (when cats are
yakking, thats activity)
87. As for at the designated company, meaning our
company, as for new-enter employees, all members, a
3-month duration training, to take is being scheduled.
Use ukeru to mean take. Plain speech.

Toosha de wa, shinnyuu shain wa zenin, sankagetsu

kan kenshuu o ukeru koto ni natte iru. (kenshuu =
training) (ukeru = catch, get, receive, take an exam
or class, be affected, suffer from) (Kens shoes show
the effect of his hours of training at the track)
88. As for him, now, its a politicians secretary, but,
as for at several years later, a politician to become is
being scheduled, reportedly. Use go to mean later.
Plain speech.

Kare wa ima seijika no hisho da ga, suunen go ni wa

seijika ni naru koto ni natte iru soo da. (suunen =
several years; suunenkan = several years duration)
(a super nen [year] is several years long)
89. As for communication, by telephone or email is
OK. Use meeru to mean email.

Renraku wa denwa ka meeru de daijoobu desu.

90. Expressly to come is not necessary for sure. Use
koto wa to say not necessary. Meaning, you dont
have to come just for that.

Wazawaza kuru koto wa arimasen yo. (wazawaza =

purposely, expressly, specially) (Its a walrus
zapper, its a walrus zapper, I
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Lesson 31. purposely, expressly and specially
warned the walrus.)
91. As for at this school, to student all members,
since a personal computer will be supplied on, to buy
is not necessary. Use gakusei zenin ni, to mean to
student all members. Use a passive verb to say will
be supplied on. Use node. Use koto wa to say not
necessary. Plain speech.

Kono gakkoo de wa gakusei zenin ni pasokon ga

shikyuu sareru node kau koto wa nai. (shikyuu =
provision, supply, payment, allowance, grant) (these
sheets are cute, and they are part of our supplies and
provisions at this hotel)
92. Since its the supreme responsibility person,
since they say, the subordinates mistakes
responsibility take and resign is not necessary. Use
saikoo to mean supreme. Use sha to mean person.
Use dakara and then te to mean since. Use shippai to
mean mistake. Use koto wa to say not necessary.
Meaning, he doesnt have to take responsibility and
resign for the subordinates mistake just because he is
the supreme person, or the most responsible person.
Plain speech.

Saikoo sekinin sha dakara to itte, buka no shippai no

sekinin o totte yameru koto wa nai. (saikoo = highest,
supreme, the best, the most; cf. saidai [no] = biggest,
largest, maximum) (sekinin = duty, responsibility,
liability, onus) (shippai =mistake, failure; shippai
suru = to make a mistake, to fail; cf. machigai =
mistake) (a silent cold is the best cold) (since he had
a seki [cough] and coughed on that nin [person], he
has a responsibility, liability and onus for the
persons illness and has a duty to make it up to him)
(my idea to ship pies around the world was a failure)
93. To say that something has been reported to be
true, you may use the phrase to iu koto da, or to iu
koto desu. Literally, this can be translated as to say
thing it is.
From the section manager a phone call exists, and
around 10:00, to this way he will arrive, to say thing
it is. Use the stem form of the verb exists to mean
and. Use toochaku suru. Use to iu koto desu.
Meaning, reportedly, hell get here around 10:00.
10

Kachoo kara denwa ga ari, juuji goro kochira ni

toochaku suru to iu koto desu.
94. As for the primary schools guidance content, at
several years later, change will be done on it, to say
thing it is. Use shidoo to mean guidance. Use go to
mean later. Use a passive verb to say change will be

done on it. Use to iu koto da. Meaning, the primary

schools teaching content will be changed in a few
years, reportedly. Plain speech.

Shoogakkoo no shidoo naiyoo wa, suunen go ni

henkoo sareru to iu koto da. (shidoo = guidance,
leadership, direction, coaching, a guiding spirit, a
governing principle) (naiyoo = intangible content,
substance) (henkoo = change, modification, revision)
(the mentor taught me to make a shield from a door
and I benefited from his guidance, leadership,
direction and coaching) (I stuck a knife in the yogurt
to see if it had any content or substance) (the hens
were cold, so we made changes, modifications and
revisions to their coop)
95. The phrase to iu no wa, or to iu koto wa, can
be used to mean because or that is to say. This
can be literally translated as as for to say thing.
As mentioned above, the similar phrase to iu koto da,
can be used to mean reportedly. It can also be
used to mean it is concluded that or therefore.
To iu koto da can be literally translated as to say
thing it is.
To repeat, to iu koto wa can mean because. To iu
koto da can mean therefore.
Because the-record-is-number-ones him mistook, as
for this problem, no one could do it, therefore. Use
seiseki to mean the record. This is one subject. Use
ichiban. The other subject is him. Use to iu koto wa
and then to iu koto da. Meaning, because the guy
with the #1 record made the mistake, no one could
solve this problem, it is concluded. Plain speech.

Seiseki ga ichiban no kare ga machigaeta to iu koto

wa, kono mondai wa daremo dekinakatta to iu koto
da. (seiseki = results, record, grades) (to iu no wa =
to iu koto wa = because, or that is to say) (to iu
koto da = it is concluded, or therefore, or it is
reported) (because the sailor had a chronic seki
[cough], his marks and grades at the maritime
academy were bad, and this affected his record)
96. Because the president, do he said, definitely we
must do, therefore. Use yaru to mean do, in 2 places.
Use zettai ni to mean definitely. Use nakereba
naranai. Plain speech.

Shachoo ga yaru to itta to iu koto wa, zettai ni

yaranakereba naranai to iu koto da. (shachoo ga
yaroo, also OK; shachoo ga yarinasai, also OK)
(zettai = absoluteness; zettai ni = definitely,
absolutely) (the zebra tie that my niece selected
definitely has stripes)
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Lesson 31. 97. As mentioned in Lesson 29, to say
unless, follow a negative plain verb with koto ni
wa. In other words, say nai koto ni wa.
Unless you buy a dictionary, as for foreign
languages study, you cannot begin. Use nai koto ni
wa to mean unless. Use the longer form of the
potential verb. Plain speech.

Jisho o kawanai koto ni wa gaikokugo no benkyoo

wa hajimerarenai. (hajimeru is an ru verb; to form
the potential form of hajimeru, start with the root,
hajime, and add rareru; the result is hajimerareru =
I can begin; this can be shortened to hajimereru;
however, hajimerenai doesnt sound right in this
sentence)
98. Unless I truly meet and see, whether a good
person or not, I do not understand. Use jissai ni to
mean truly. Use nai koto ni wa to mean unless. Plain
speech.

Jissai ni atte minai koto ni wa, ii hito ka dooka

wakaranai. (jissai = the truth, a fact, practice, reality,
actual conditions; jissai ni = really, indeed, truly;
jissaiteki = practical, matter-of-fact, business-like)
(Jesus eyes saw the truth, facts, reality and actual
conditions)
99Sometimes you can express emotion by saying
mono da. Literally, this can be translated as thing it
is.
Fast thing it is, already, visiting Japan, one year
elapsed. Use mono to mean thing. Use rainichi suru
to mean visit Japan. Use tatsu. Meaning, time really
flies: already Ive been in Japan for a year. Plain
speech.
1
Hayai mono da, moo rainichi shite ichinen tatta.
(koto ni, or koto ni wa, is also used to express
emotion; hayai koto ni, also OK; hayai koto ni wa,
not OK) (rainichi suru = to visit Japan) (tatsu = to
elapse; also, different kanji, = to stand) (when he
visited Japan, he ate rice with Nietzsche) (while the
guards tatsu [stand] at the palace, time elapses)
100. Aurora, its probably pretty, huh. I would like
to see and see thing it is. Use oorora to mean Aurora,
meaning light displays seen in the Arctic and
Antarctic. Dont use wa or ga. Use nan to soften the
first sentence. Use mono to mean thing. Meaning
Id really like to see the Aurora lights.

Oorora, kirei nan deshoo ne. Mite mitai mono desu.

(mite mitai koto ni, not OK here; mite mitai koto ni
wa, not OK here)

101. Something smelly for sure. Use nanka to mean

something. Meaning, something stinks. Plain speech.

Nanka kusai yo. (nanka = nanika = something;

kusai = stinking, smelly, suspicious, fishy, clumsy)
(the Cub Scout sighed when he approached the
smelly outhouse)
Lesson 32
1. To repeat, sometimes you can express emotion by
saying mono da.
As for the childs time, until it becomes dark, with
the friends, in outside, I played thing it is. Meaning I
played outside with friends until late. In this question
and the next one, the emotion you are expressing by
using mono da is nostalgia. Plain speech.

Kodomo no toki wa, kuraku naru made tomodachi to

soto de asonda mono da.
2. As for the cell phone doesnt exist approximate
time, public phones I often used thing it is. Meaning,
when we didnt have cell phones, I used public
phones a lot. Plain speech.

Keitai denwa ga nai koro wa, kooshuu denwa o yoku

tsukatta mono da. (kooshuu = general public, the
masses; e.g., kooshuubenjo = public toilet; benjo =
bathroom restroom, toilet) (wearing cold shoes, I
waited to use the public phone)
3. The phrase mono da, or mono desu, can also be
used to express a low-key indirect suggestion that
one should do something. When one goes to the
office, first to do greetings thing it is. Use shussha
suru to mean go to the office. Use tara. Use mazu.
Use mono da. Meaning, you should greet people as
soon as you arrive at the office. Plain speech.

Shussha shitara mazu aisatsu o suru mono da.

(shussha suru = to go to the office; combines kanji
for shu = deru = to leave + sha = company) (mono
da, or mono desu, can mean that one should do
something; this is similar to koto da, or koto desu,
phrases that can be used with a limited number of
plain speech verbs to mean that one should do
something see Lesson 31, #76) (even though my
shoes are shabby, I go to the office)
4. As for to eyes aboves people, polite words to use
thing it is for sure. Meaning, you should use polite
language with your superiors.

Meue no hito ni wa, teinei na kotoba o tsukau mono

desu yo. (meue = a superior, a senior; combines
kanji for me = eyes + ue = up)
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272
Lesson 32. (teinei = polite, careful; teinei ni
araimasu = I wash carefully) (teinei na = polite,
careful) (be careful not to catch your tail on a nail)
5. The opposite of mono da is mono ja arimasen, or
mono de wa nai. Mono ja arimasen, or mono de wa
nai, expresses a low key suggestion that one should
not do something. Literally, you are saying thing it
isnt.
To people, to show tears thing it isnt. Use mono de
wa nai. Meaning, you shouldnt show tears in public.

Hito ni namida o miseru mono de wa nai. (mono ja

nai, also OK; mono de wa arimasen, also OK)
(namida = tears, sympathy; cf. naku = to cry)
(Nancy had a Midas touch, but she shed a lot of
tears)
6. By occupation, educational background, etc., to
judge people thing it isnt, for sure. Use mono ja
arimasen. Meaning you shouldnt judge people by
occupation and educational background.

Shokugyoo ya gakureki de hito o handan suru mono

ja arimasen yo. (shokugyoo = occupation) (my
occupation is to shock George)
7. Mono desu kara, or mono dakara, can be used
to mean since or because. These can be translated
literally as thing since it is.
The train was delayed thing since it is, I got tardy
completely. Use mono dakara. Meaning, since the
train was delayed, I got tardy.

Densha ga okureta mono dakara, chikoku shite

shimaimashita. (mono desu kara, or mono dakara,
can be used to mean since or because; these are
similar to koto kara, meaning because or on the
basis that see Lesson 31, #80; they are also similar
to no koto dakara, used after a noun to mean based
on see Lesson 31, #81)
8. To humble ahead I will commit a discourtesy. To
the hospital, I must go thing since it is. Use nakereba
naranai. Use mono desu kara. Meaning, I will leave
before you, since I must go to the hospital.

Osaki ni shitsurei shimasu. Byooin e ikanakereba

naranai mono desu kara.
9. Like mono da or mono desu, da mono, or desu
mono, can be used to mean since or because. Da
mono, or desu mono, can be translated as it is thing.
The first overseas trip it is thing, as for its uneasiness
thing, its natural, for sure. Use hajimete no to mean
the first. Use nan to soften the first clause. Use da
mono to mean since. Use no to make the noun

phrase its uneasiness thing, and therefore use a

substitute for da. Use toozen to mean natural.
Meaning, since its my first overseas trip, its natural
to be uneasy. Plain speech.

Hajimete no kaigai ryokoo nan da mono, fuan na no

wa toozen da yo. (OK to omit nan) (fuan = anxiety,
uneasiness; fuan [na] = uneasy, anxious) (toozen =
naturally, as a matter of course, justifiably,
deservedly, reasonably; cf. shizen = Nature)
10. Why do you not study? Use no to soften this.
Dont use ka. Plain speech.

Dooshite benkyoo shinai no.

11. Another way to say because is to use datte.
This might be literally translated as being.
Being, even though I do, I am unable thing. Use yaru
to mean do. Use temo to mean even though. Soften
the phrase I am unable. Use datte and then da mono
to mean because. Meaning, because I cant succeed
even if I try. Plain speech.

Datte, yattemo dekinain da mono. (dekinai mono,

also OK) (datte doesnt really mean being, but
sometimes that translation seems to work, and its
easy to remember; datte = after all, because, but,
even, as well, they say, I hear, you mean)
12. As for this store, Saturday, as for except for, its
open. Meaning its open except on Saturdays.

Kono mise wa doyoobi igai wa aite imasu. (igai =

except [for]; other than) (except for easy-to-beat
guys, I dont beat anyone at chess)
13. If you mistake, with an eraser, cleanly erase,
please. Use tara.

Machigaetara, keshigomu de kirei ni keshite kudasai.

(keshigomu = eraser; comes from kesu = to wipe
out + gomu = gum, rubber, eraser, condom; cf.
gomubando = rubber band; gomuki = rubber tree)
(kesu = turn off, extinguish, wipe out, erase)
14. As for your cup, which is it. Use kappu. Use
dotchi, implying that there are only 2 cups to choose
from.

Anata no kappu wa dotchi desu ka. (either kappu or

koppu can be used to mean cup)
15. Its the bigger one. Use hoo for the comparison.

Ookii hoo desu. (motto ookii hoo desu, also OK;

motto ookii desu, not OK; ookii no hoo desu, not
OK; motto ookii no desu, not OK) (if there were 3
or more items, ookii hoo would
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273
Lesson 32. not be OK; instead, you would say
ichiban ookii no desu = its the biggest one)
16. Please choose the one you like more. Assume
that you only have two choices. Use hoo for the
comparison.

Suki na hoo o erande kudasai. (if there were 3 or

more items, you would say suki na no o erande
kudasai = please choose the one you like)
17. As for last week, among one week duration, four
days even I rested completely. Use no uchi to mean
among. Meaning, last week I was off work for four
days out of seven. Plain speech.

Senshuu wa, isshuukan no uchi yokka mo yasunde

shimatta. (uchi ni yokka, also OK; uchi de yokka,
not OK, since isshuukan is a time word)
18. At the dead of night, many times I woke up. Use
yonaka to mean dead of night. Use me ga sameru.

Yonaka ni nandomo me ga samemashita. (yonaka =

midnight, dead of night; this combines the kanji for
yoru = night + naka = middle; cf. shinya = dead of
the night) (nandomo = many times, often) (me ga
sameru = to wake up; cf. okiru = to get up, wake up,
happen)
19. Someone at the gates place is standing. Meaning
someone is standing at the gate. Plain speech.

Dareka ga mon no tokoro ni tatte iru. (tokoro de tatte,

also OK)
20. This, did you do? Dont use wo, wa or ga after
this. You is the subject. Use no to soften this. Dont
use ka. Plain speech.

Kore, anata ga shita no.

21. Nah, that kind of thing I dont do for sure. Dont
use wo after thing. Meaning, I wouldnt do such a
thing. Plain speech.

Iya, sonna koto shinai yo. (sore o shinai, not OK, as

this = I wont do it; sore o shinakatta, also OK, but
changes the meaning to I didnt do it)
22. Recently smoke-tobacco people decreased huh.

Saikin, tabako o suu hito ga herimashita ne. (heru =

to decrease in size or number, to diminish, to abate;
cf. teika suru = to fall or decline; not OK to use
teika shimashita here, as this is not used to refer to
people) (the supply of heroin that is ruining our
young people seems to have decreased)
23. Shoes remove and to slippers change please.
Use surippa.

Kutsu o nuide, surippa ni hakikaete kudasai.

(hakikaeru = to change shoes, pants, skirt, etc.;

from haku = to wear shoes, pants, skirt etc. + kaeru
= to change; also hakikaeru = to put on the wrong
pair of shoes by mistake; cf. kikaeru = to change
clothes; cf. irekaeru = to replace, substitute, shift,
change places)
24. As for vacations days, at the house, listen to
music etc., play the guitar etc., I am doing. Use tari.

Yasumi no hi wa ie de ongaku o kiitari gitaa o hiitari

shite imasu. (hiku = to pull; also, different kanji, =
to play guitar or piano; also, different kanji, = to run
over someone, to knock someone down)
25. Since the honorable customer will come, lets
brush the windows glass. Meaning, lets wash the
windows.

Okyakusan ga kuru kara, mado no garasu o

migakimashoo. (the mighty gakusei [student] always
brushes his teeth)
26. As for this pool, since the middle #1 deep,
meaning its the deepest part, please be careful.

Kono puuru wa, mannaka ga ichiban fukai kara, ki o

tsukete kudasai. (fukai = deep, profound, dense,
thick, close [relationship], intense, strong, late) (the
foolish Kaiser jumped into the deep end of the pool)
27. Yesterday, from Tanakas honorable father he
treated, and I humbly received. Use ni to mean from.
Meaning, he treated me to a meal.

Kinou, tanakasan no otoosan ni gochisoo shite

itadakimashita. (gochisoo suru = to treat someone to
a meal; gochisoo ni naru = to honorably treat
someone to a meal)
28. To say never, use mono ka, or mono desu ka,
after a plain speech verb. These can be translated
literally as thing-question or thing it is question.
That over there kind of tell-lies person, to forgive,
thing-question I thought. Use tsuku to mean tell.
Meaning, I thought I would never forgive such a liar.
Plain speech.

Anna uso o tsuku hito, yurusu mono ka to omotta.

(tsuku, written without kanji, = to breathe out, to tell
a lie, to use foul language, to vomit, to spit up; tsuku,
different kanji, = to be attached, to adhere; also,
different kanji, = to arrive; also, different kanji, = to
be lit; also, same kanji as to arrive, = to wear; also,
different kanji, = to stab or poke) (yurusu = to
permit, to allow, to approve, to
Lesson 32.

273

274
Lesson 32. tolerate, to excuse, to forgive) (mono
ka, or mono desu ka, can be used after a plain
speech verb to mean never; by contrast, recall that
koto ka is used with donna ni to exclaim how see
Lesson 31, #79 & 80) (you tsuku [attach] a lie to
your person when you tell lies) (Europe and Russia
are super friendly, and they forgive, permit, approve,
tolerate and excuse one another)
29. Management persons pain, experience doesnt
exist person to, to understand, thing-question. Use
sha and then hito to mean person. Use kurushisa to
mean pain. This is the subject. Use no rather than ga
after experience. Meaning, a person who hasnt
experienced a managers pain will never understand
it. Plain speech.

Keieisha no kurushisa ga, keiken no nai hito ni

wakaru mono ka. (use ga after kurushisa, since you
are saying kurushisa ga ... wakaru) (keiei =
management; keiei suru = to manage; keieisha =
manager) (kurushii = painful, difficult, awkward,
suffering, trial, hardship, bitter feeling; kurushisa =
pain, anguish, distress, suffering, hardship [when you
add sa to the stem of nai or to the stem of an i
adjective, you often create a noun]; cf. kuroo =
hardship, suffering, trouble; OK to substitute kuroo
for kurushisa here, but not as good; cf. kibishii =
strict, severe) (keiken = experience) (Kay ate a lot of
fast food while trying to get into management)
(Madame Curie rushed towards the Shiites but hit
her chest, causing a painful, tight, suffocating
feeling)
30. Taste also bad, and service also the worst, that
over there kind of store, two times with to go, thing it
is question. Use shi to mean and. Dont use wa, ga,
ni or e after store. Use mono desu ka. Meaning, the
taste and service are bad. I will never go to that over
there kind of restaurant again.

Aji mo warui shi, saabisu mo saitei, anna mise, nido

to iku mono desu ka. (saitei [no] = lowest, minimum,
worst; cf. saidai [no] = biggest, largest, maximum;
cf. saikoo [no] = best, highest, supreme) (nido to
ikanai = I wont go twice; nido to iku, not OK; to,
meaning with, is used in this expression with
negative verbs only, to say that someone doesnt do
something twice; e.g., nido to awanakatta = they did
not meet again see Lesson 29, # 24; thus sando to
ikanai, not OK) (the silent table is the worst table in
the cafeteria)
31. We have learned to say even though by using
temo, tomo and noni. Another way to say even
though is to follow a plain verb with monono.

I bought new personal computer software, even

though, the use method, master to be able, whether or
not, self-confidence doesnt exist. Use monono to
mean even though. Use tsukai kata. This is the
subject. Use masutaa dekiru to mean master to be
able. Meaning, even though I bought new computer
software, Im not confident that I will be able to
master it. Plain speech.

Atarashii pasokon sofuto o katta monono, tsukai kata

ga masutaa dekiru ka dooka jishin ga nai. (monono,
written without kanji, = even though; also, written
with kanji, = about, some, nearly) (jishin = selfconfidence) (from the monorail, there was no view,
even though it was daytime) (since I survived the
jishin [earthquake], I have self-confidence)
32. As for that student over there, even though he
cannot write kanji, as for Japanese languages
conversation, he can do enough. Use monono. Plain
speech.

Ano gakusei wa, kanji ga kakenai monono, nihongo

no kaiwa wa juubun dekiru.
33. We have learned to say if possible by using
dekitara, dekireba and dekiru to. Another way to say
if possible is to use mono nara after a plain verb.
Literally you are saying thing supposing.
Overseas travel, able to go thing supposing, I would
like to go, but as for now, its impossible. Dont use
ni, e, wa or ga after overseas travel. Use mono nara.
Meaning, if it were possible to travel overseas, Id
like to go, but right now I cant. Plain speech.

Kaigai ryokoo, ikeru mono nara ikitai ga, ima wa

muri da. (nara = supposing, or in case)
34Only half a year, of only studied, to that test,
you shall do acceptance, such a thing, to be able thing
supposing, do and see. Use tatta and then dake to
mean only. Use mono nara. Use yaru to mean do.
Use nasai. Meaning, if you think you will be able to
pass that test after studying for only half a year, such
a thing, if its possible for you to do it, try and see.

Tatta hantoshi benkyoo shita dake de sono shiken ni

gookaku shiyou nante, dekiru mono nara yatte
minasai. (tatta = only; cf. tada = only, tada no =
free of charge) (hantoshi = half a year; combination
of han = half + toshi = year) (gookaku shiyoo is an
abbreviation of gookaku shiyoo to omou = if you
think you shall do; gookaku shiyou to omou nante,
also OK) (I got a tattoo and a tan,
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274

275
Lesson 32.
but the tan only lasted a month)
35. As for my father, to himselfs think way wants to
do person he is. Use omoi doori to mean think way.
Meaning, he likes to do things his way. Plain speech.

Chichi wa jibun no omoi doori ni shitai hito da.

(doori = street, way; omoidoori = as one expects, as
one wants, to ones satisfaction)
36. In addition to the meaning if possible, mono
nara can also be used to mean if, when it follows a
shall or lets verb. This if is used only when the
consequences of an action are negative.
If you shall do opposition, awfully you will be
scolded on. Use mono nara to mean if. Use a
passive verb. This means, if you oppose him, you
will be scolded severely. Plain speech.

Hantai shiyoo mono nara, hidoku shikarareru.

(shikaru = to scold; shikarareru = passive form; cf.
shika = only; cf. chikara = force, power, energy,
ability, talent, skill) (the shika [deer] scolded the
kangaroo)
37. To him, of golfs thing, if you shall address,
many hours even, continuing to talk he will not stop.
Use koto to mean thing. Use mono nara to mean if.
Use nanjikan to mean many hours. Use demo to
mean even. Use hanashi tsuzukete to mean
continuing to talk. Plain speech.

Kare ni gorufu no koto de hanashikakeyoo mono nara,

nanjikan demo hanashi tsuzukete tomaranai.
(tomaru = to stay at a hotel; also, different kanji, =
to stop) (nanjikan = how many hours, many hours,
any number of hours) (demo = even, when used after
nouns and na adjectives) (tsuzukeru = to continue,
transitive)
38. We have learned to say not necessarily by using
kanarazu shimo and also by using wake de wa nai.
Another way to say not necessarily is to follow a
negative plain verb with mono demo nai. In effect,
you are saying nai mono demo nai, which can be
translated literally as not thing even not, or even
this negative thing may not exist. This can be
understood to mean not necessarily.
As for regarding that proposal, not to undertake not
necessarily, but a little more specifically to make hear
I desire. Use teian to mean proposal. Use hikiukeru
to mean undertake. Use nai mono demo nai to mean
not necessarily. Meaning, I wont necessarily not
undertake the proposal, but I desire you to inform me
more specifically. Plain speech.

Sono teian ni tsuite wa hikiukenai mono demo nai ga,

moo sukoshi gutaiteki ni kikasete hoshii. (teian =

proposal, suggestion; cf. an = idea, plan, proposal)
(hikiukeru = to take charge of, undertake; hiki
comes from hiku = pull; ukeru = catch, get, receive,
take an exam or class, be affected, suffer from)
(gutai = specific, concrete, tangible, material;
gutaiteki = concrete, tangible, definite, specific; the
suffix teki = like or related to) (kikaseru = to
inform, to tell, to persuade, to make understand, to
read to, to sing for; literally kikaseru means to make
hear; also, different kanji, kikaseru = to season, to
bring out taste) (the tape that Anne brought contains
her proposals and suggestions) (the hicks will take
charge of hiki [pulling] the lava from the UK volcano
that will erupt) (the goose and the tiger are specific,
concrete, tangible and material examples of the
animals that live in this forest)
39. In the garden, I planted another tree. Use ni
rather than de.

Niwa ni ki o moo ippon uemashita. (betsu no ki o

uemashita, also OK, but changes the meaning
somewhat, to imply that you planted a tree that is
different from the ones already there) (ueru = to
plant, to grow, to raise, to insert, to implant, to set
type, to inoculate an infectious agent, to instill an
idea) (the waiter and Ruth plant trees together)
40. From the house as far as the station, its
approximately 300 meters. Use yaku to mean
approximately.

Ie kara eki made yaku sanbyaku meetoru desu.

(yaku = approximately, promise, shrink; also,
different kanji, = medicine; also, different kanji, = to
burn or roast; also different kanji, = translate, reason,
circumstance, case; also, different kanji, = duty,
service, role, war, e.g. yaku ni tatsu = to be helpful
or useful; also, different kanji, = benefit, gain, profit,
advantage) (when I yaku [roast] beef, I do so for
approximately 2 hours)
41. In Autumn, at the music hall, for the sake of the
townspeople, a concert exists. Use hooru to mean
hall. Use no tame no. Plain speech.

Aki ni onganku hooru de shimin no tame no konsaato

ga aru. (ongaku hooru ni, not OK, since konsaato is
an event or occurence, and its location is marked with
de, not with ni) (shimin = citizen, public,
townspeople, middle class; also, different kanji, =
deep sleep; also, different kanji, = the four social
classes samurai, farmers, artisans, merchants; cf.
kokumin = citizen, nation, people) (the shields mean
that the townspeople, or the middle class, are taking
defensive action)
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Lesson 32. 42. By the typhoon, the gardens tree
got broken completely. Use oreru. This is an
intransitive verb. Plain speech.

Taifuu de niwa no ki ga orete shimatta. (oreru

[intransitive] = to break, to snap, to fracture, to be
folded, to give in, to back down; cf. oru [transitive]
= to break, to fold, to pick flowers; cf. oru, different
kanji, = to weave; oru and oreru are exceptions to the
e rule)
43. The factory will construct plan, to cancellation
became. Use tateru. Use keikaku. Meaning, the
plan to construct a factory was cancelled. Plain
speech.

Koojoo o tateru keikaku ga chuushi ni natta. (tateru

= to build, to construct)
44. This medicine, 1 week duration, please continue
drinking. Meaning, please take it for a week.

Kono kusuri o isshuukan nomitsuzukete kudasai.

(nomitsuzukeru = keep on drinking; combines nomi
= drink + tsuzukeru = continue)
45. To the room, lets decorate flowers. Meaning,
lets decorate the room with flowers.

Heya ni hana o kazarimashoo. (kazaru = to

decorate; cf. kazari = decoration)
46. These days, hot etc., cold etc., its strange
weather huh. Use tari.

Kono goro, atsukattari samukattari, hen na tenki desu

ne. (in this case, tari does not need to be followed by
suru or desu)
47. This book, since it finished reading, shall I lend
it and give? Dont use wa, ga or wo. Use
yomiowaru.

Kono hon, yomiowatta kara, kashite agemashoo ka.

(yomiowaru = to finish reading, to read through)
48. The meals preparation completed for sure. Use
shitaku. Use dekiru.

Shokuji no shitaku ga dekimashita yo. (shitaku =

preparation, arrangements)
49. Now, since someone broke the glass completely,
dont step. Someone is understood. Plain speech.

Ima garasu o watte shimatta kara fumanaide. (waru

= break, transitive; wareru = break, intransitive;
exceptions to the e rule) (fumu = to step on,
experience, undergo, estimate, value, appraise, rhyme,
to follow rules)

50. Even one, meaning one person, will not come I

was thinking, but all of 5 came.

Hitori mo konai to omotte imashita ga, gonin mo

kimashita.
51. As for this eras novels sentences, difficult to
read. Use nikui. Plain speech.

Kono jidai no shoosetsu no bunshoo wa yominikui.

(bunshoo = sentence, composition, writing) (Paul
Bunyan showed them he could write by writing a
complete sentence)
52. As for summer vacation, of tomorrow it will
finish. Meaning it will be over tomorrow.

Natsuyasumi wa ashita de owarimasu. (ashita ni, not

OK)
53. As for the problems answer, to separate paper,
write. Use nasai. Plain speech.

Mondai no kotae wa betsu no kami ni kakinasai.

54. As for tomorrow, the circumstances are bad. The
day after tomorrow or something, is it good? Soften
the first sentence.

Ashita wa tsugoo ga waruin desu. Asatte demo ii

desu ka.
55. As for me, to my father, often, I am resembling,
is said on me. Meaning, people often say I resemble
my father.

Watashi wa chichi ni yoku nite iru to iwaremasu.

(niru = to resemble, to look like, to be similar to, to
be close, to be alike) (Nietzsche and Rousseau
resembled each other)
56. Since time hardly doesnt exist, it would be
better to run, for sure. Use anmari.

Anmari jikan ga nai kara, hashitta hoo ga ii desu yo.

(anmari = not very [with negative verbs] or very
[with positive verbs], just like amari; however,
anmari also = irrational, cruel)
57As for me, to people to be useful work I would
like to do. Use a mans word for me. Meaning, Id
like to do work that helps people.

Boku wa, hito ni yaku ni tatsu shigoto ga shitai desu.

(yaku ni tatsu = to be helpful or useful; cf. yarigai
= something worth doing) (shigoto o shitai, also OK,
but not as good)
58. Please come over here. Literally,
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Lesson 32. please come to my place.

Watashi no tokoro ni kite kudasai. (this can also

mean, please come to my house or apartment etc.)
59. As for the division managers at-neighbor-beingsitting-bodys large person, its the honorable wife.
Meaning, the fat person sitting next to the division
manager is his wife.

Buchoo no tonari ni suwatte iru karada no ookii hito

wa okusan desu.
60. These days, I am not checking the personal
computers mail. Use chiekku suru. Meaning, I
havent been checking my email.

Kono goro, pasokon no meeru o chiekku shite imasen.

61. As for that horse, the body becomes weak, and
water to drink force also disappears, and it died
completely. Use the stem form of becomes weak to
mean and. Then use te to mean and. Plain speech.

Sono uma wa karada ga yowakunari, mizu o nomu

chikara mo nakunatte shinde shimatta. (chikara =
force, power, energy, ability, talent, skill; also, same
kanji, = help, influence) (the chick carries an apple,
demonstrating its power)
62. As for me, always, to bread I paint jam and eat.
Meaning, I always put jam on bread before eating it.

Watashi wa itsumo pan ni jamu o nutte tabemasu.

(nuru, transitive = to paint, or to spread butter or
jam; cf. nureru, intransitive, = to get wet;
exceptions to the e rule) (I painted the new roof)
63. In the dark sky, stars are shining. Use ni rather
than de. Plain speech.

Kurai sora ni hoshi ga hikatte iru. (hikaru = to shine,

glitter, stand out; cf. hikari = light, ray, brilliance)
64Someones cell phone is ringing, for sure. Use
keitai to mean cell phone. Plain speech.

Dareka no keitai ga natte iru yo.

65. I caught a cold it appears. The throat also hurts,
and fever also emerged and came. Use yoo to mean
it appears. Use shi to mean and.

Kaze o hiita yoo desu. Nodo mo itai shi, netsu mo

dete kimashita.
66. To these numbers way, please push the buttons.
Use bangoo. Use toori to mean way. Meaning,

please push the buttons in accordance with these

numbers.

Kono bangoo no toori ni botan o oshite kudasai.

(bangoo = number; cf. suuji = number; not OK to
use suuji here, since suuji is used for abstract
numbers, not for printed numbers that one can see; cf.
kazu, also = abstract number) (toori ni = as, like, in
the way, in the manner, according to, in accordance
with; cf. toori = way, street, flow, understanding)
67. The front hallways door also, the windows also,
all I closed. Use to to mean door. Use zenbu.

Genkan no to mo mado mo zenbu shimemashita. (to

= door; cf. doa = door) (tojimashita, not as good as
shimemashita here, since tojiru [= to close] has the
sense of folding something together and is used for
more closing books, closing gates and closing stores)
68. The honorable hot water is boiling for sure. Use
the exclamatory tense. Plain speech.

Oyu ga waita yo. (waku [intransitive] = to boil, to be

enthusiastic; cf. wakasu [transitive] = to boil, to
simmer, to excite) (note that the te form of naku = to
cry is naita, and the te form of saku = to bloom is
saita, etc.; thus the te form of waku is waita) (the
WACs [Womens Army Corps members) were cool,
and they were enthusiastic as they watched the water
boil)
69. As for this postcard, to paste a stamp necessity
doesnt exist. Meaning, theres no need to put a
stamp on this postcard.

Kono hagaki wa kitte o haru hitsuyoo ga arimasen.

(hagaki = postcard; combines kanji for ha = leaf +
gaki = kaki = writing) (haru = to paste, stick, attach;
also, different kanji, = Spring; also, different kanji, =
stretch, spread, become tense, be expensive)
(hitsuyoo wa, not specific enough here, since we are
referring to a particular postcard) (a ha [leaf] gaki
[writing] is a postcard)
70. To the frying pan, oil a little I will insert, and
eggs two I will fry. Meaning, I will put some oil in
the pan and fry two eggs.

Furaipan ni abura o sukoshi irete, tamago o niko

yakimasu. (abura = oil; also, different kanji, = fat;
cf. aburu = to roast or broil) (ko = counter for eggs)
(in Abu Dhabi, rabbits are oily)
71. As for our company, we produce black tea and
are selling it in the world. Use seisan suru. Meaning
we sell it throughout the world. Plain speech.

Wagasha wa koocha o seisan shite,

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Lesson 32. sekai de utte iru. (seisan = production;
also, different kanji, = financial adjustment; seisan
suru = to produce; also, different kanji, = to settle an
account or clear a debt; other meanings for seisan,
involving different kanji, = prussic acid, Holy
Communion, confidence in success, banquet, ghastly
or gruesome, and Emperors age) (we produce food
in a safe and sanitary way; later we settle our
accounts)
72. As for to the usuals refrigerator, a freezer is
being attached. Use taitei to mean usual. Use n
intransitive verb. Meaning, most refrigerators
include freezers. Plain speech.

Taitei no reizooko ni wa reitooko ga tsuite iru. (taitei

= usually, mostly; cf. fudan = usually, always; cf.
futsuu = usually; cf. daitai = mostly, almost,
generally, approximately) (reizooko = refrigerator;
reitooko = freezer) (the Thai police use tasers,
usually) (I put zoo [elephant] meat in the reizooko,
but I put bread for making toast in the reitooko)
73. In the yellow lines interior, step back and please
honorably wait. Use sen to mean line. Use ni rather
than de to mean in. Use the request form used in
business. Meaning, please wait behind the yellow
line.

Kiiroi sen no uchigawa ni sagatte omachi kudasai.

(kiiroi = yellow, high-pitched [voice], shrill) (sen =
line, track; also, many different kanji, = ship, river,
mountain, before, thousand, war, cork, spring of
water; cf. suji = line or thread) (uchigawa = the
inside, the interior, the inner part) (sagaru = to hang
down, to abate, to retire, to fall, to step back) (write
your sentence on this line) (since she will sagaru
[hang down] the laundry, I will step back)
74. Recently, all of 3 kilos, I fattened completely. I
must thin down. Use a highly contracted plain
speech colloquial form of fattened completely. To
say I must thin down, use only the first half of the
usual phrase, using nakucha. Meaning, recently I
gained 3 kilos. I have to lose weight. Plain speech.
3
Saikin san kiro mo futocchatta. Yasenakucha.
(futotte shimaimashita = futotte shimatta =
futocchatta, since te shimau = chau) (yasenakucha =
yasenakucha naranai = I must thin down)
75. At what time at where shall we rendezvous?

Nanji ni doko de machiawasemashoo ka.

(machiawaseru = to rendezvous, to arrange to meet;
this combines machi = wait + awaseru = to match, to
join together, to unite, to combine; cf. machiawase
= an appointment; cf. yakusoku = appointment,
promise, agreement, contract, pact; cf. tsukiau = to

associate with, to keep company with, to get on with,

to go along with; cf. tsukiawaseru = to come face to
face with, to compare, to place people opposite each
other; also, different kanji = to associate with, to
keep company with, to get on with, to go along with)
76. I came in place of the division manager.

Buchoo no kawari ni kimashita. (kawaru = to

substitute or replace; also, different kanji, = to
change or be altered; kawari ni = instead of, in
exchange for, to make up for)
77. When you arrive at the station, phone please.
Since I will come for the purpose of meet/welcome.
Use tara. To say phone please, use denwa o kudasai.
Meaning, I will meet you there.

Eki ni tsuitara denwa o kudasai. Mukae ni ikimasu

kara.
78. I will put away the futon to the bedding closet.
Plain speech.

Futon o oshiire ni shimau. (shimau = to put away, to

close; also = to finish doing something) (when I
tabete shimau [finish eating], I put away the dishes)
79. As for me, since sweet things are a weak point,
in particular, as for chocolate, its bad. Use de to
mean since. Use toku ni. Use nan to soften the last
clause.

Watashi wa, amai mono ga nigate de, toku ni

chokoreeto wa dame nan desu.
80. In such a way that it will not break, with soft
paper, I wrapped the cookie. Use wareru. Use yoo ni.
Plain speech.

Warenai yoo ni, yawarakai kami de kukkii o

tsutsunda. (waru = break, transitive; wareru =
break, intransitive; exceptions to the e rule)
(tsutsumu = to wrap; cf. tsutsumi = package [also =
embankment, different kanji]; cf. kozutsumi =
parcel)
81. Excuse me, but please let me wash my hands.

Sumimasen ga, te o arawasete kudasai.

82. The able to write part only I wrote. Use tokoro
to mean part. Meaning, I only wrote what I could.

Kakeru tokoro dake kakimashita. (tokoro = place,

address, part)
83. As for Tanaka, just now he returned. Use sakki.

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Lesson 32. Tanaka san wa sakki kaerimashita.
(sakki = previously, also = just now; cf. saki =
before, ahead, previous; cf. sakihodo = awhile ago;
also = just now; cf. osaki ni shitsurei shimasu = Ill
go first) (choodo ima kaerimashita, also OK; kaetta
tokoro desu, also OK)
84. At the middle of the walk, I found a was-thrownaway-on kitten. Use sanpo. Use ni rather than de.
Use a passive verb to say was thrown away on.
Meaning, I found a stray kitten while walking. Plain
speech.

Sanpo chuu ni, suterareta koneko o mitsuketa.

(mitsukeru = to find, discover, come across; cf.
sagasu = to search or look for) (we found mittsu
[three] of John Kerrys ruined houses)
85. Since its overly fat, I must stop sweet things.
Use futorisugi to mean overly fat. Use node. Use
yameru. Use nakereba narimasen. Meaning, since
Im too fat, I have to stop eating sweets.

Futorisugi na node, amai mono o yamenakereba

narimasen. (OK to substitute futosugi for futorisugi,
but not as good; -sugiru means to excess; this may
be combined with a verb stem, e.g., nomi plus sugiru
= nomisugiru = drink too much, or it may be
combined with the stem of an i adjective, e.g.,
ookisugiru = too big)
86. At the houses just near, a convenience store
accomplished, and it became very convenient. Use
sugu soba to mean just near. Use konbini to mean
convenience store. Meaning, the store opened right
by my house, so it became convenient. Plain speech.

Ie no sugu soba ni konbini ga dekite, totemo benri ni

natta. (sugu = soon, immediately, right near, easily,
nearby, just) (soba = proximity, neighborhood,
vicinity) (sugu soba = right by, very close to) (ie no
sugu chikaku ni, also OK; ie no sugu chikai ni, not
OK; ie ni sugu chikai ni, not OK)
87. My grandfather suddenly died quote to say
notification existed. Meaning, I learned that he died
suddenly. Plain speech.

Sofu ga kyuu ni shinda to iu shirase ga atta. (shirase

= notification; from shiraseru = to notify, inform)
88. As for the way of doing, its simple. Use
yarikata. Meaning, its easy to do.

Yarikata wa kantan desu. (yarikata = way of doing,

procedure; cf. tsukaikata = way of using)
89. Last night, I turned on the light state, I slept
completely. Use yuube to mean last night. Use

mama. Meaning, I went to sleep with the light on.

Plain speech.

Yuube, denki o tsuketa mama nete shimatta. (yuube

= yesterday evening, evening) (mama = state)
90. Not using a dictionary, I would like to read a
Japanese languages book. Use zuni. Plain speech.

Jisho o tsukawa zuni nihongo no hon o yomitai. (hon

ga, also OK)
91. Taste, how? Meaning, how is the taste? Plain
speech.

Aji doo?
92. A little, salt is insufficient, I think for sure. Use
chotto. Plain speech.

Chotto shio ga tarinai to omou yo. (shio = salt; also,

different kanji, = tide, seawater; cf. shoppai = salty,
calculating, stingy, scowling, hoarse) (tariru = to be
sufficient)
93. As for the evening meal, always about what time
do you honorably eat? Use yuuhan.

Yuuhan wa, itsumo nanji goro meshiagarimasu ka.

(yuuhan = evening meal; combines kanji for yuu =
evening + han = meal, as in gohan = cooked rice)
94. You must not tell lies. Use tsuku to mean tell.

Uso o tsuite wa ikemasen. (tsuku, written without

kanji, = to tell [a lie], to use [foul language], to vomit,
to breathe out, to breathe) (you tsuku [attach] a label
to yourself when you tell lies)
95. Without doing reserve, please honorably eat.

Enryo shinai de meshiagatte kudasai. (enryo =

reserve, hesitation, modesty, tact, discretion,
restraint)
96. Tanaka, such a thing to say expectation doesnt
exist. Tanaka and expectation are both subjects. Use
wo rather than to. Use hazu. Meaning, Tanaka
would not say such a thing. Plain speech.

Tanaka san ga, sonna koto o iu hazu ga nai. (sonna

hazu wa arimasen = sonna hazu ga nai = that kind
of expectation doesnt exist = that kind of thing is
impossible)
97. On the islands beach, I picked up a pretty shell.
Use kaigan. Plain speech.

Shima no kaigan de, kirei na kai o hirotta. (kaigan =

coast, beach; cf. hama = seashore, beach; cf.
sunahama = sandy beach; cf. kishibe = shore, bank
[of a body of water]; cf. mizugiwa = beach, waters
edge, coastline, national border;
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Lesson 32. cf. hamabe = beach) (kai = sea shell,
shellfish) (hirou = to pick up, find, gather) (the
Kaiser and Gandalf hung out on the beach) (the hero
picked up the locomotive)
98. Please do relief. Meaning, dont worry. As for
this illness, at soon it will heal for sure.

Anshin shite kudasai. Kono byooki wa sugu ni

naorimasu yo. (anshin = peace of mind, relief)
99. Every morning, one cups water I am making an
effort to drink. Use koppu ippai to mean one cup.
Meaning, Im trying to drink a cup every morning.
1
Maiasa koppu ippai no mizu o nomu yoo ni shite
imasu. (maiasa mizu o koppu ippai nomu, also OK)
(both koppu and kappu can be used to mean cup)
100. At I-tried-to-leave-the-house time, suddenly
rain fell and came. Meaning, it started to rain just as
I was trying to leave. Plain speech.

Ie o deyoo to shita toki ni, kyuu ni ame ga futte kita.

101. Every day continuing, if you do practice, you
will be able to memorize. Use eba. Use the longer
form of the potential verb.

Mainichi tsuzukete renshuu sureba oboeraremasu.

102. When it gets warm and the cherries bloom, I
want to call the parents and do guidance on this town.
Use tara. Use yobu to mean call. Meaning, I want to
show them around this town. Plain speech.

Atataku natte sakura ga saitara, ryooshin o yonde

kono machi o annai shitai. (saku = to blossom or
bloom) (annai = guidance, information) (I use a
sack to harvest cool flowers after they blossom)
103. Its sizes differ honorable plates, but as for the
price, its the same. Meaning, the plates are different
sizes, but the prices are the same.

Ookisa ga chigau osara desu ga, nedan wa onaji desu.

104. Recently, its being tired, apparently, but dont
do the impossible. Use mitai. Use dakedo. Meaning,
recently you seem tired, but dont overdo it. Plain
speech.

Saikin, tsukarete iru mitai dakedo, muri o shinai de.

(to make a negative request, add one of the following
phrases after a verb stem: nai de kudasaimasen ka,
nai de kudasai, nai de choodai, nai de ne, or nai de)
105. Yeah, as for this week, at after a long time of
absence, it seems that I can take a vacation. Use a
grunt to mean yeah. Use soo. Use nan to soften this.

Plain speech.

Un, konshuu wa hisashiburi ni yasumi ga toresoo nan

da. (hisashiburi = a long time, its been awhile)
106. Forgive huh. Truly forgive. Plain speech.

Gomen ne. Hontoo ni gomen.

107. So much not to apologize OK for sure. Use
nakutemo ii. Meaning, you dont have to apologize
so much. Plain speech.

Sonna ni ayamaranakutemo ii yo. (ayamaru = to

apologize; also, different kanji, = to make a mistake,
to mislead) (ayamaru is a u verb, since ayamatta =
apologized and ayamatte = apologizing; ayamaranai
= I wont apologize; to say that its OK not to
apologize, add te mo ii to the negative ku form) (the
Ayatollah was marooned on a desert island, but later
the ships owners apologized to him)
108. As for to pull the tail thing, stop it. The cat is
appearing irritated probably. Use hipparu. Use no to
make a noun phrase. Use yameru. Use nasai. Use
iya garu.

Shippo o hipparu no wa yamenasai. Neko ga iya

gatte iru deshoo. (shippo = tail) (hipparu = to pull,
draw; cf. hiku = to attract, pull, draw) (the sailing
shippo is carrying a hippo with a short tail) (the
hippo and the kangaroo pulled us out of the mud)
109. Before long the train will come. Use
mamonaku. Use mairu.

Mamonaku densha ga mairimasu. (mairu = to

humbly [if used with people] come or go; this verb
can also be used for physical objects, like trains)
110. On the luggage for the purpose of humble
delivery, I humbly came, but you were honorably
absent. Use todoke. Use ni to mean for the purpose
of. I and you are understood. Use rusu.

Nimotsu o otodoke ni mairimashita ga, orusu deshita.

111. As for here, free of charge, one is able to park a
car. Use muryoo de. Car is the subject. Use the
longer form of the potential verb.

Koko wa muryoo de kuruma ga tomeraremasu.

(kuruma wo, not OK) (muryoo de [or muryoo no] =
free of charge; cf. tada [no] = free of charge; OK to
substitute tada de for muryoo de here; muryoo ni, or
tada ni, not OK) (kuruma o tomeraremasu, also OK)
(Muriel gets into the yoga class with her date free of
charge)
112. When to the friend a book I lent and gave, in
gratitude, she gave me honorable
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Lesson 32. sweets. Use tara. Use orei ni to mean
in gratitude. Plain speech.

Tomodachi ni hon o kashite agetara orei ni okashi o

kureta. (orei = gratitude, thanks; cf. rei = gratitude,
a salutation, a bow, a courtesy, etiquette, a ceremony,
a reward, a return present; also, different kanji, rei =
a custom, a habit, a precedent, an example; also,
different kanji, rei = zero; also, different kanji, rei =
the soul, the ghost, the memory; also, different kanji,
rei = an order, a command, a law) (orei de, not OK)
(Oregon Indians give thanks every day)
113. As for Tanaka, a womans appearing talk
method he does. Use mitai na. Use shaberi. Use
kata. Meaning, he imitates a womans speech. Plain
speech.

Tanaka san wa, onna no hito mitai na shaberi kata o

suru. (shaberi = talk, chat, chatter)
114. As for me, a certain teacher extremely I am
respecting. Use aru to mean certain. Use taihen to
mean extremely.

Watashi wa, aru sensei o taihen sonkei shite imasu.

(aru = a certain person, someone unnamed) (sonkei
= respect; sonkei suru = to respect) (the songs of
Kate Smith fill me with respect)
115. By the president, on lunch, he honorably treated.
Use ni to mean by. Meaning, he treated me to lunch.

Shachoo ni hirugohan o gochisoo ni narimashita.

(gochisoo suru = to treat, ordinary politeness;
gochisoo ni naru = to honorably treat)
116. The word noni, in addition to meaning if only,
in spite of the fact that, and in order to, can also be
used to mean while.
While hiragana even I cannot read well, to be able to
read kanji, expectation doesnt exist. Use noni at the
end of the first clause to mean while. Kanji is the
subject. Meaning its impossible for me to read kanji
while I cannot even read hiragana well. Plain speech.

Hiragana mo yoku yomenai noni, kanji ga yomeru

hazu ga nai. (noni = while, in this sentence; noni
can also = although [or in spite of the fact that], if
only, in order to) (sonna hazu wa arimasen = sonna
hazu ga nai = that kind of expectation doesnt exist =
that kind of thing is impossible)
117. I shall humbly take you along to an unusual
place. Use basho.

Mezurashii basho ni otsure shimashoo. (mezurashii

= unusual, rare) (tsureru = to bring someone along;

tsurete iku, or tsurete kuru, = to take or bring

someone [of lower status] along; cf. tsure = a
companion, or a couple; cf. tsureai = ones husband,
ones wife, a companion for life; cf. tsureau = to
keep company with, to get married to; cf. tsurebiki
= [musical] accompaniment)
118. I will lend and give you money, but certainly
pay it back, huh. Use kedo. Use kanarazu. Plain
speech.

Okane o kashite ageru kedo, kanarazu kaeshite ne.

(kaesu = to give back, return) (kanarazu = for
certain, without fail)
119. From now, since I will head to that way, as for
by 3:00, I will arrive, I think. Use kore to mean now.
3

Kore kara sochira ni mukaimasu kara, sanji made ni

wa tsuku to omoimasu. (mukau = to head for, to
face)
120. As for the homes dog, when the evenings 5:00
becomes, for the purpose of a walk, he will appear
wanting to go. Use to to mean when. Use ni to mean
for the purpose of. Use garu to mean appear.
5

Uchi no inu wa yuugata no goji ni naru to sanpo ni

ikitagarimasu. (yuugata = evening, dusk)

You may download the audio lessons that correspond

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