Ufc 3 430 09

UFC 3-430-09
16 January 2004
with Change 1, 25 March 2009
UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)
EXTERIOR MECHANICAL
UTILITY DISTRIBUTION
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
UFC 3-430-09
16 January 2004
UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)
EXTERIOR MECHANICAL UTILITY DISTRIBUTION

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.
Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the
copyright holder.
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity)
AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT AGENCY
Record of Changes (changes indicated by \1\ ... /1/ )
Change No.
1
Date
Location
25 Mar 2009 Removed "N" designation to unify document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This document replaces UFC 3-430-09N and UFC 3-430-05FA.
FOREWORD
8)&
-DQXDU\
ZLWK&KDQJH0DUFK
The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides
planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies
to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance
with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and
work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is
also governed by Status of forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction
Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.)
Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the more stringent of the UFC, the
SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.
UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to
users as part of the Services responsibility for providing technical criteria for military
construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities
Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are
responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the
preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is
the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting
rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic
form: Criteria Change Request (CCR). The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed
below.
UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following
source:
Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/.
Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current
electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current.
AUTHORIZED BY:
______________________________________
DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E.
Chief, Engineering and Construction
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
______________________________________
DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E.
Chief Engineer
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
______________________________________
KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E.
The Deputy Civil Engineer
DCS/Installations & Logistics
Department of the Air Force
______________________________________
Dr. GET W. MOY, P.E.
Director, Installations Requirements and
Management
Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense
(Installations and Environment)
CONTENTS
UFC 3-430-09
16 January 2004
Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Paragraph 1-1
PURPOSE AND SCOPE ....................................................... 1-1
1-2 APPLICABIL
ITY..................................................................... 1-1
1-2.1 General
Building Requirements ............................................. 1-1
1-2.2 Safe
ty .................................................................................... 1-1
Protection ....................................................................... 1-1
1-2.3 Fire
1-2.4 Antiterrorism/For
ce Protection ............................................... 1-1
APPENDIX A
MIL-HDBK 1003/8A.................... A-1
UFC 3-430-09
16 January 2004
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1-1
PURPOSE AND SCOPE. This UFC is comprised of two sections.
Chapter 1 introduces this UFC and provides a listing of references to other Tri-Service
documents closely related to the subject. Appendix A contains the full text copy of the
previously released Military Handbook (MIL-HDBK) on this subject. This UFC serves as
criteria until such time as the full text UFC is developed from the MIL-HDBK and other
sources.
This UFC provides general criteria for the design of steam, high-pressure
water, chilled water, natural gas, and compressed air.
Note that this document does not constitute a detailed technical design,
maintenance or operations manual, and is issued as a general guide to the
considerations associated with design of economical, efficient and environmentally
acceptable heating plants.
1-2
APPLICABILITY. This UFC applies to all Navy service elements and
Navy contractors; all other DoD agencies may use this document unless explicitly
directed otherwise.
1-2.1
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS. All DoD facilities must comply
with UFC 1-200-01, Design: General Building Requirements. If any conflict occurs
between this UFC and UFC 1-200-01, the requirements of UFC 1-200-01 take
precedence.
1-2.2
SAFETY. All DoD facilities must comply with DODINST 6055.1 and
applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) safety and health
standards.
NOTE: All NAVY projects, must comply with OPNAVINST 5100.23 (series), Navy
Occupational Safety and Health Program Manual. The most recent publication in this
series can be accessed at the NAVFAC Safety web site:
www.navfac.navy.mil/safety/pub.htm. If any conflict occurs between this UFC and
OPNAVINST 5100.23, the requirements of OPNAVINST 5100.23 take precedence.
1-2.3
FIRE PROTECTION. All DoD facilities must comply with UFC 3-600-01,
Design: Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities. If any conflict occurs between this
UFC and UFC 3-600-01, the requirements of UFC 3-600-01 take precedence.
1-2.4
ANTITERRORISM/FORCE PROTECTION. All DoD facilities must
comply with UFC 4-010-01, Design: DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for
Buildings. If any conflict occurs between this UFC and UFC 4-010-01, the requirements
of UFC 4-010-01 take precedence.
1-1
UFC 3-430-09N
16 January 2004
APPENDIX A
MIL-HDBK 1003/8A
EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM, HIGH PRESSURE WATER, CHILLED
WATER, NATURAL GAS, AND COMPRESSED AIR
A-1

INCH-POUND
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
15 AUGUST 1990
SUPERSEDING
MIL-HDBK-1003/8
30 SEPTEMBER 1987
MILITARY HANDBOOK
EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM,

HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER, CHILLED WATER,
NATURAL GAS, AND COMPRESSED AIR
NO DELIVERABLE DATA REQUIRED BY THIS DOCUMENT

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A.
UNLIMITED
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE:
AREA FACR
DISTRIBUTION IS
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
ABSTRACT
Presented here is basic yet comprehensive design guidance and technical data
for exterior distribution piping systems. Services supported by these systems
include: steam supply, high-temperature water, chilled water, cooling or
condensing water, natural gas, and compressed air to various buildings and
other facilities. This handbook also contains data covering return systems
for condensate, water, and other spent services. Additional design data
includes information on loads and fluid conditions, fluid characteristics, and
distribution site locations. Factors governing tests for field permeability,
soil resistivity, soil stability, and water conditions, information on
distribution pipe sizing, valves and supports, distribution methods, and
piping specifications and codes are provided. Material included also covers
ownership, operations, and maintenance cost variables associated with
permanent or temporary sites.
ii
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Change 2, 30 December 1991
FOREWORD
This military handbook has been developed from an extensive evaluation of
shore establishment facilities, surveys of new materials' availability and
construction methods, selections from the best design practices of the Naval
Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFACENGCOM), other government agencies and
the private sector. MIL-HDBK-1003/8A uses and references design data
standards established and validated by national professional societies,
associations, and technical institutes. Deviations from these criteria, in
planning, engineering, design and construction of naval shore facilities,
cannot be made without prior approval of NAVFACENGCOM HQ Code 04.
Design methods and practices cannot remain static any more than the functions
they serve or the technologies used. Accordingly, recommendations for
improvement are encouraged and should be furnished on the DD Form 1426
provided inside the back cover to Commander, Western Division, Naval
Facilities Engineering Command, Code 406, Building 203, San Bruno, CA 94066,
telephone (415) 244-3331.
THIS HANDBOOK SHALL NOT BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT FOR PROCUREMENT OF
FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION. IT IS TO BE USED IN THE PURCHASE OF FACILITIES
ENGINEERING STUDIES AND DESIGN (FINAL PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND COST
ESTIMATES). DO NOT REFERENCE IT IN MILITARY OR FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS OR
OTHER PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS.
iii

NOTICE OF
CHANGE
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
NOTICE 1
30 AUGUST 1991
MILITARY HANDBOOK
EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM, HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER
CHILLED WATER, NATURAL GAS, AND COMPRESSED AIR
TO ALL HOLDERS OF MIL-HDBK-1003/8A:
1.
THE FOLLOWING PAGES OF MIL-HDBK-1003/8A HAVE BEEN REVISED AND
SUPERSEDE THE PAGES LISTED:
NEW PAGE
63
64
2.
DATE
SUPERSEDED PAGE
30 August 1991
30 August 1991
63
64
DATE
REPRINTED WITHOUT CHANGE
30 August 1991
RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS.
3.
Holders of MIL-HDBK-1003/8A will verify that all changes indicated
above have been made. This notice page will be retained as a check sheet.
This issuance, together with appended pages, is a separate publication.
Each notice is to be retained by stocking points until the military
handbook is completely revised or canceled.
CUSTODIAN:
NAVY-YD
PREPARING ACTIVITY:
NAVY-YD
PROJECT NO.
FACR-1061
AMSC N/A
UNLIMITED
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE:

iv
DISTRIBUTION
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
NOTICE 2
15 November 1991
MILITARY HANDBOOK
EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM, HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT
WATER, CHILLED WATER, NATURAL GAS AND COMPRESSED AIR
TO ALL HOLDERS OF MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
1. THE FOLLOWING PAGES OF MIL-HDBK-1003/8A HAVE BEEN REVISED AND SUPERSEDE
THE PAGES LISTED:
NEW PAGE
41
42
2.
DATE
SUPERSEDED PAGE
15 November 1991
15 November 1991
41
42
DATE
15 August 1990
15 August 1990
RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS.
3. Holders of MIL-HDBK-1003/8A will verify that all changes indicated above

have been made. This notice page will be retained as a check sheet. This
issuance, together with appended pages, is a separate publication. Each
notice is to be retained by stocking points until the Military Handbook is
completely revised or cancelled.
CUSTODIANS:
NAVY-YD
PREPARING ACTIVITY:
NAVY-YD
PROJECT NO.
FACR-1063
unlimited.
Approved for public release; distribution is

v
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CRITERIA MANUALS
Criteria
Manual
Title
Preparing
Activity
DM-3.01
Plumbing Systems
WESTDIV
MIL-HDBK-1003/2
Incinerators
WESTDIV
DM-3.03
Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning,

and Dehumidifying Systems
WESTDIV
DM-3.4
Refrigeration Systems for Cold Storage
WESTDIV
DM-3.5
Compressed Air and Vacuum Systems
WESTDIV
MIL-HDBK-1003/6
Central Heating Plants
NEESA
MIL-HDBK-1003/7
Steam Power Plants - Fossil Fueled
NEESA
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Exterior Distribution of Steam, High

Temperature Water, Chilled Water,
Natural Gas, and Compressed Air
WESTDIV
DM-3.09
Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters,

Access Lifts, and Pneumatic Tube
Systems
WESTDIV
DM-3.10
Noise and Vibration Control for

Mechanical Equipment (Tri-Service
TM-5-805-4, AFM 88-37)
ARMY
MIL-HDBK-1003/11
Diesel Electric Generating Plants
WESTDIV
MIL-HDBK-1003/12
Boiler Controls
NEESA
MIL-HDBK-1003/13
Solar Heating of Buildings and

Domestic Hot Water
NCEL
DM-3.14
Power Plant Acoustics (Tri-Service

TM-5-805-9, AFM 88-20)
ARMY
MIL-HDBK-1003/17
Industrial Ventilation Systems
NEESA
MIL-HDBK-1003/19
Design Procedures for Passive

Solar Buildings
NCEL
vi
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
NOTICE 2
30 December 1991
MILITARY HANDBOOK
EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM, HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT
WATER, CHILLED WATER, NATURAL GAS, AND COMPRESSED AIR
TO ALL HOLDERS OF MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
1. THE FOLLOWING PAGES OF MIL-HDBK-1003/8A HAVE BEEN REVISED AND SUPERSEDE THE
PAGES LISTED:
NEW PAGE
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SUPERSEDED PAGE
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15 August
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15 August
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15 August
Reprinted
15 August
15 August
Reprinted
15 August
15 August
15 August
Reprinted
15 August
15 August
15 August
15 August
New Page
15 August
Reprinted
15 August
15 August
Reprinted
30 August
Reprinted
15 August
15 August
15 August
15 August
2. RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS.

vii
1991
1990
1991
1990
1990
1990
w/o Change
1990
1990
w/o Change
1990
1990
1990
w/o Change
1990
1990
1990
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w/o Change
1990
1990
w/o Change
1991
w/o Change
1990
1990
1990
1990
3. Holders of MIL-HDBK-1003/8A will verify that all changes indicated above have
been made. This notice page will be retained as a check sheet. This issuance,
together with appended pages, is a separate publication. Each notice is to be
retained by stocking points until the Military Handbook is completely revised or
cancelled.
CUSTODIANS:
NAVY-YD
PROJECT NO.
PREPARING ACTIVITY:
NAVY-YD
FACR-1063
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.
viii
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM, HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER,
CHILLED WATER, NATURAL GAS, AND COMPRESSED AIR
CONTENTS
Page
Section 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Section 2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.4.1
2.3.4.2
2.3.5
2.3.5.1
2.3.5.2
2.3.5.3
2.3.6
INTRODUCTION
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLANNING FACTORS
Types of Exterior Distribution Systems. . . . . . . . .
Steam and Condensate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hot Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chilled Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooling or Condensing Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naval Facilities Guide Specifications (NFGS) Related to
Distribution Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02685, Exterior Buried Natural Gas
Distribution Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02693, Exterior Shallow Trench Heat
Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02694, Exterior Underground Heat Distribution
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02695, Exterior Aboveground Steam Distribution
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02696, Exterior Piping Insulation. . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02697, Exterior Buried Pumped Condensate
Return System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NFGS-02698, Exterior Buried Preinsulated Water
Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exterior Compressed Air Piping System . . . . . . . . .
Loads and Distribution System Locations . . . . . . . .
Requirements for Individual Facilities. . . . . . . . .
System Load Demand Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aboveground and Underground Systems . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aboveground Piping Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buried Piping Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economic Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Owning, Operating, and Maintenance Costs . . . .
Steam Versus High Temperature Water Distribution. . . .
High-Pressure (above 50 psig) (344.5 kPa) Steam
Versus Low-Pressure (0 to 14 psig) (0 to 103.4 kPa)
Steam Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation for Shallow Trench Systems Which Exceed
500 Feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
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MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Page
2.3.6.1
2.3.6.2
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
Section 3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3,2,2,1
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.3
3.2.2.4
3.2.2.5
3.2.2.6
3.2.2.7
3.2.2.8
3.2.2.9
3.2.2.10
3.2.2.11
3.2.2.12
3.2.3
3.2.3.1
3.2.3.2
3.2.3.3
3.2.3.4
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.5.1
3.2.5.2
3.2.5.3
3.2.6
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.6.1
Heat Loss Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heat Loss and Cost Relationship . . . . . . .
Federal Agency Approved System Suppliers. . .
Class A, B, C, and D Ground Water Conditions.
Class B, C, and D Ground Water Conditions . .
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GENERAL DESIGN FACTORS

Design Responsibilities for Underground
Pre-engineered Heat Distribution Systems. .
Design by Project Designer. . . . . . . . . .
Design by System Supplier . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution Site Location. . . . . . . . . .
Location Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subsurface Explorations . . . . . . . . . . .
Timing of Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time of Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exploration Considerations. . . . . . . . . .
Test Explorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Ground Considerations . . . . . . . .
Permeability Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Resistivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Corrosiveness Classification . . . . . .
Soil Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Load-Bearing Capacity. . . . . . . . . .
Site Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class A, Severe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class B, Bad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class C, Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class D, Mild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analyzing Site Classification for Application
Pre-Engineered Underground System . . . . .
Analyzing Site Classification for Application
Shallow Concrete Trench System. . . . . . .
Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settlement of Trenches. . . . . . . . . . . .
Under-Trench Drainage Systems . . . . . . . .
Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Plastic (RTRP)
Service and Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alternate Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Future Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . .
Route Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Through Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
3.3.6.2
3.3.6.3
3.3.6.4
3.3.6.5
3.3.6.6
3.3.6.7
3.3.6.8
3.4
3.5
Section 4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4
4.2.2.5
4.2.2.6
4.2.2.7
4.2.2.8
4.2.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
4.2.3.3
4.2.3.4
4.2.4
4.2.4.1
4.2.4.2
4.2.4.3
4.2.4.4
4.2.4.5
4.2.5
4.2.5.1
4.2.5.2
4.2.6
4.2.6.1
4.2.6.2
Exterior Steam Distribution

Aboveground Overhead Piping
Buried Piping . . . . . . .
Condensate Return cost. . .
Choice of Route . . . . . .
Piping Layouts. . . . . . .
Underground . . . . . . . .
Insulation. . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous . . . . . . .
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SPECIFIC PIPING DESIGN FACTORS

Fluid Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Condensate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Temperature Water (HTW), Medium Temperature
Water (MTW), and Low Temperature Hot Water (LTW).
Compressed Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution System Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent Lengths of Piping. . . . . . . . . . . .
Sizing of Distribution Piping . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum Pipe Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steam Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Condensate Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Temperature Water (HTW) Piping . . . . . . . .
Chilled Water Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Condenser Water Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural Gas Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piping Specifications and Codes . . . . . . . . . .
Steam Supply and Condensate Return. . . . . . . . .
High Temperature Water, Medium Temperature Water,
and Low Temperature Water . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural Gas and Compressed Air. . . . . . . . . . .
Chilled and Condenser Water . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Expansion of Steel and Copper Pipe. . . . .
Branch Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expansion Bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expansion Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flexibility Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation of Piping Systems. . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation Thickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drainage Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drips and Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Page
4.2.6.3
4.2.7
4.2.7.1
4.2.7.2
4.2.7.3
4.2.7.4
4.2.7.5
4.2.8
4.2.8.1
4.2.8.2
4.2.8.3
4.2.8.4
4.2.9
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
Condensate Systems. . . . . . .
Pipe Anchors. . . . . . . . . .
Location. . . . . . . . . . . .
Specification . . . . . . . . .
Strength. . . . . . . . . . . .
Guying. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Embedding . . . . . . . . . . .
Supports. . . . . . . . . . . .
Low Elevations. . . . . . . . .
High Elevations . . . . . . . .
Long Spans. . . . . . . . . . .
Underground Conduits. . . . . .
Finish and Protection . . . . .
Concrete Trench Design. . . . .
Depth of Trench . . . . . . . .
Drainage of Trench. . . . . . .
Tops. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Details . . . . . . . . . . . .
Valve Manholes. . . . . . . . .
Inspection Ports. . . . . . . .
Crossings . . . . . . . . . . .
Precast Concrete Shallow Trench
Manholes. . . . . . . . . . . .
Drainage. . . . . . . . . . . .
Waterproofing . . . . . . . . .
Pipe Entry. . . . . . . . . . .
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
FIGURES
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
Relation Between Heat Loss and System Costs

Total Cost of Owning and Operating Three
Hypothetical Systems. . . . . . . . . . .
Chart for Weight-Flow Rate and Velocity
of Steam (30 psig) (206.7 kPa). . . . . .
of Steam (50 psig) (344.5 kPa). . . . . .
of Steam (100 psig) (689.4 kPa) . . . . .
xii
. . . . . . 11
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. . . . . . 31
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. . . . . . 32
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Page
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Chart for Weight-Flow Rate and Velocity of

Steam (150 psig) (1033.5 kPa) . . . . . . . . .
Values of C1, Flow Factor in Equation 1 . . . . .
Low Volume Flow Rate Natural Gas Chart (10 to
10,000 CU FT/HR) (.283 to 283 m3/hr) . . . . .
High Volume Flow Rate Natural Gas Chart (1,000 to
1 million CU FT/HR) (28.3 to 28,300 m3/hr) . .
Protective Arrangement for RTRP Pipe . . . . . .
Typical Aboveground Pipe Supports . . . . . . . .
Concrete Shallow Trench Heat Distribution System
Detail 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detail 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel Carrier Piping Manhole Entry Detail
(no scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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32
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64
TABLES
Table
1
2
3
4
Distribution Loads and Fluid Conditions . . . . . .

Advantages and Disadvantages of Steam and Hot Water
Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation Thickness (in inches) to be Assessed in
Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Location Factors for Each Distribution System . . .
xiii
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13
17
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Page
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Site Classification Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Representative Equavalent Length in Pipe/Diameter
Ratio (L/D) for Various Valve and Fittings . . . . .
Values of C2, Flow Factor in Equation 1 . . . . . . . .
Reasonable Velocities for Flow of Steam in Pipes . . .
Return Pipe Capacities for 30 psig (206.7 kPa) Steam
Systems Capacity Expressed in lbs/hr) . . . . . . . .
Return Pipe Capacities for 150 psig (1,033.5 kPa) Steam
Systems (Capacity Expressed in lbs/hr) . . . . . . .
Pipe Expansion in Inches Per 100 Feet (30.5 m) of
Length for Temperature Shown . . . . . . . . . . . .
Condensate Loads from Aboveground Heat Distribution
Piping (Pounds Per Hour Per 100 Linear Feet) . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xiv
81
17
18
30
18
37
39
39
43
48
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
PAGE xv INTENTIONALLY BLANK
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Section 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Scope. Data and criteria in this military handbook apply to design of
exterior distribution piping systems for supplying certain central generating
plant services to various buildings and facilities and for returning such
spent services to the plants.
1.2
Cancellation. This handbook, MIL-HDBK-1003/8A, cancels and supersedes
MIL-HDBK-1003/8 of September 1987.
1.3
Related Criteria. All documents referenced in this handbook are
listed in the reference section.
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Section 2:
PLANNING FACTORS
2.1
Types of Exterior Distribution Systems.
distribution systems are as follows:
Types of exterior
2.1.1
Steam and Condensate. These systems supply heat in the form of steam
from central steam generating plants. Several buildings, building groups, or
ship berthing facilities may be supplied with steam for domestic hot water
and/or for space heating. Heating equipment using steam includes unit
heaters, radiators, convectors, heating coils, and other devices. Process
equipment using steam includes hot water heaters, laundry machinery,
cleaning/plating tanks, kitchen equipment, and other devices. Condensate is
returned to the central plant whenever possible.
2.1.2
Hot Water. System circulates hot water which supplies heat from a
central heating plant to several buildings for space heating, domestic hot
water, and process work, and returns the water to the central plant. High
Temperature Water (HTW) systems operate at 260 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (127
degrees Celsius (C)) and higher; Medium Temperature Water (MTW) systems
operate between 200 degrees F (93 degrees C) to 259 degrees F (126 degrees C);
and Low Temperature Water (LTW) systems operate below 200 degrees F (93
degrees C). Material shall be selected to the same specifications as for High
Temperature Water systems, except that Military Specification (Mil. Spec.)
MIL-P-28584A, Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic for
Condensate Return Lines, plastic piping may be used for LTW distribution
systems which have maximum of 125 psig at 250 degrees F (refer to para.
2.2.6).
2.1.3
Compressed Air. System supplies compressed air from a compressor
plant to docks, air start systems, shops, hangars, and other structures.
2.1.4
Chilled Water. System circulates chilled water from a central
refrigeration plant to several buildings for space cooling and returns the
water to the central plant (refer to para. 2.2.7).
2.1.5
Cooling or Condensing Water. System distributes cooling water from a
central source (such as a bay, stream, or cooling tower) to several facilities
for condensing steam or refrigerants, for cooling water jackets, or stuffing
boxes. The water is then returned to the source (cooling tower) or sent to
waste in once-through systems.
2.1.6
Natural Gas.
burning operations.
System distributes natural gas or propane for gas
2.2
Naval Facilities Guide Specifications (NFGS) Related to Distribution
Systems. The following NFGSs are for use in the design of the exterior
distribution systems discussed in this handbook.
2
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
2.2.1
NFGS-02685, Exterior Buried Natural Gas Distribution Systems. NFGS02685 covers these requirements for maximum system working pressures of 60
psig at 100 degrees F for exterior distribution systems for natural gas.
Project drawings shall indicate the design for the entire piping system.
2.2.2
NFGS-02693, Exterior Shallow Trench Heat Distribution System. NFGS02693 covers the requirements for exterior shallow trench heat distribution
systems, including concrete trench, manholes, piping, pipe anchors, pipe
supports, interface with each manhole and watershed to aboveground piping.
The specification covers system components for working pressure of 150 psig
(1034 kiloPascal (kPa)) steam at 366 degrees F (185 degrees C) and 125 psig
(862 kPa) condensate at 250 degrees F (121 degrees C) or hot water at 450
degrees F (232 degrees C). Show the design for the entire piping systems and
shallow concrete trench systems on the project drawings.
2.2.3
NFGS-02694, Exterior Underground Heat Distribution Systems. NFGS02694 (formerly NFGS-15705) covers the requirements for Contractor designing
and providing exterior buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated or preengineered preinsulated steam and condensate piping systems and hot water
piping systems for Class A, B, C, and D ground water conditions including
concrete pipe anchors exterior of manholes, interface with each manhole, and
the watershed to aboveground piping. The specification covers system
components for working pressure of 150 psig (1034 kPa) steam at 366 degrees F
(185 degrees C) and 125 psig (862 kPa) condensate at 250 degrees F (121
degrees C) or hot water at 450 degrees F (232 degrees C). Show the design for
the aboveground piping, the manholes, the piping within manholes, and the
piping not in approved conduit systems on the drawings. The Contractor
designs and provides buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated piping in a
conduit or pre-engineered insulated piping system for which a Federal Agency
Approved Brochure has been issued including concrete pipe anchors exterior of
manholes, interface with each manhole and building, and the watershed to
aboveground piping.
2.2.4
NFGS-02695, Exterior Aboveground Steam Distribution System. NFGS02695 covers the requirements for exterior aboveground steam and condensate
(hot water) piping systems: exposed to the weather exterior of buildings and
supported on pedestals or poles; on piers, under piers, and in trenches on
piers; and in tunnels, in manholes, and related work. The work also includes
providing buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated steam and condensate
piping under roads. The specification covers system components for working
pressure of 150 psig (1034 kPa) steam at 366 degrees F (185 degrees C) and 125
psig (862 kPa) condensate at 250 degrees F (121 degrees C). Show the design
for the aboveground piping, and the piping under roads on project drawings.
The design includes manholes, the piping within manholes, (buried factoryprefabricated preinsulated piping in a conduit or pre-engineered insulated
piping under roads for which a Federal Agency Approved Brochure has been
issued), concrete pipe anchors, interface with each manhole, and the watershed
to aboveground piping.
3
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
2.2.5
NFGS-02696, Exterior Piping Insulation. NFGS-02696 covers fieldapplied exterior piping insulation, insulation requirements for exterior steam
piping, exterior condensate piping including aboveground piping, piping on
piers, piping under piers, piping in trenches on piers, piping in tunnels, and
piping in manholes.
2.2.6
NFGS-02697, Exterior Buried Pumped Condensate Return System. NFGS02697 covers the requirements for exterior buried factory-prefabricated
preinsulated pumped condensate (hot water) return piping systems suitable for
installation in Class A, B, C, and D ground water conditions, including piping
in manholes, plastic piping systems for which a Federal Agency Approved
Brochure has been issued, and related work. Use the plastic carrier piping
only for sizes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 inches. Thus, the connecting system
piping should be of equal size or increased to the next size of the plastic
carrier piping. NFGS-02697 also covers Contractor's responsibilities which
include the following:
a)
design,
b) provide exterior buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated pumped

condensate (hot water), and
c) provide plastic piping systems for Class A or Class B ground water
conditions including concrete pipe anchors exterior of manholes, interface
with each manhole, and the watershed to aboveground piping.
Show the design for the aboveground piping, the manholes, the piping
within manholes, and the piping not in approved prefabricated conduit or preengineered systems on project drawings. The Contractor designs and provides
direct buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated piping in a conduit or preengineered insulated piping system for which a Federal Agency Approved
Brochure has been issued, including concrete piping anchors exterior of
manholes, interface with each manhole, and the watershed to aboveground
piping.
2.2.7
NFGS-02698, Exterior Buried Preinsulated Water Piping. NFGS-02698
covers the requirements for exterior buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated
domestic water piping, including hot domestic water piping, recirculating hot
domestic water piping, chilled water piping, chill-hot (dual-temperature)
water piping, and hot water piping. Show the design for the entire piping
systems on project drawings.
2.2.8
Exterior Compressed Air Piping System. Use NFGS-02682, Exterior Fuel
Distribution System, for the requirements of furnishing and installing
exterior compressed air piping.
2.3
Loads and Distribution System Locations.
refer to Table 1.
4
For approximate conditions,
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
2.3.1
Requirements for Individual Facilities. The actual loads and
conditions are determined from the design of each building and facility.
Refer to P-272, Definitive Designs for Naval Shore Facilities, as guidance for
preliminary estimates of requirements. The facility layout, design, and
geographic factors will further define requirements.
2.3.2
System Load Demand Factors.
For demand factors, refer to Table 1.
2.3.3
Aboveground and Underground Systems. When selecting a system,
factors to consider are: permanent versus temporary use, high-water table,
corrosiveness of soil for underground systems, cost and degree of hazard.
Refer to para. 3.3.6.6.
2.3.4
Distribution Routes. Select the most direct routes, avoiding all
obvious obstacles where possible.
2.3.4.1
Aboveground Piping Routes. Aboveground systems are generally lower
in life-cycle costs but are less convenient in areas of heavy traffic.
Consider blockage of access to areas for future development along with
vulnerability to damage and acts of vandalism or sabotage.
Consider aboveground heat distribution systems for use in lieu of
underground systems because of generally longer life and lower maintenance and
use wherever operations and local conditions permit.
2.3.4.2
Buried Piping Routes. Select routing to allow for proper drainage
of the system. Manholes and provision for piping expansion must be considered
in space allocation. Consider minimum separation of parallel piping runs
where temperatures in the runs vary widely. Consider cover and drainage
provisions for manholes.
2.3.5
Economic Studies. Refer to NAVFAC P-442, Economic Analysis
Handbook, for procedures in life-cycle cost analyses. Economic studies for
all piping system types must include life-cycle (owning, operating, and
maintenance) costs. For prefabricated/pre-engineered underground steam or hot
water systems, perform the economic analysis, developing costs from heat loss
data provided in Part 1 of Appendix A or from heat losses calculated from
procedures provided in NFGS-02694. For concrete shallow trench systems of
greater than 500-foot (152.5 m) length, use the additional procedures outlined
in para. 2.3.6 and modify NFGS-02696 accordingly. Consider first an
aboveground system, which, in most cases, will be economically advantageous to
the Government. Also consider whether or not the facility is permanent or
temporary. Provide a separate economic analysis for the selection of an
insulation system among those allowed in NFGS-02696.
2.3.5.1
Annual Owning, Operating, and Maintenance Costs.
following:
7
Consider the
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
a) Base selection of the distribution system and route on the
results of life-cycle economic analyses of alternatives. Consider esthetics
within the limits of the Station Master Plan.
b) Operation and maintenance costs depend on the type of system
design and past experience with various systems.
2.3.5.2
Steam Versus High Temperature Water Distribution. For criteria on
steam versus high temperature water distribution, refer to DM-3.6, Central
Heating Plants. Some advantages and disadvantages of each system type are
summarized on Table 2.
2.3.5.3
High-Pressure (above 50 psig) (344.5 kPa) Steam Versus Low-Pressure
(0 to 15 psig) (0 to 103.4 kPa) Steam Distribution. Compare costs of higher
pressure pipe, valve, and fitting standards against lower pressure standards
plus costs of pressure reducing stations in selecting the most economical
system. Low pressure steam may not require full-time boiler operator
attendance. If operationally adequate, consider medium-pressure steam
systems, 15 to 50 psig (103.4 to 344.5 kPa). End-use temperature requirements
of terminal equipment must be met by the system selected.
2.3.6
Insulation for Shallow Trench Systems Which Exceed 500 Feet. If
the estimated distribution line length exceeds 500 feet (152.5 m), determine
the required insulation thickness as follows and edit NFGS-02693 as required.
2.3.6.1
Heat Loss Formula. For concrete shallow trench systems, perform
the economic analysis with heat losses calculated using the following
equation:
Equation: Q = 6.28(Tf - T)/1n(rp/r)/Kp + 1n(ri/rp)/Ki + 0.5/ri
where:
r
=
rp=
ri=
Tf=
T
=
Kp=
Ki=
Q
inside radius of pipe, feet (one half of id)

outside radius of pipe, feet (one half of od)p
radius of insulation, feet (one half of od)
temperature of fluid, degrees Ff
temperature of ambient, degrees F (use 75)
steel pipe thermal conductivity, Btu-in/(hr)(sq-ft)
(degrees F)
Insulation thermal conductivity, Btu-in/(hr)(sq-ft)i
(degrees F)
pipe heat loss, Btu/hr (ft of pipe)
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
2.3.6.2
Heat Loss and Cost Relationship. To optimize the costs the designer
must calculate the total owning and operating cost of different sections of
the system, assuming use of one particular type of system configuration with
various thicknesses of insulation. Only one type of system configuration
needs to be considered because the optimum heat loss rate in a particular set
of circumstances is not significantly different for different types of system
configurations. As illustrated in Figure 1, the total owning and operating
cost of a system is represented by a "U" shaped curve when cost is plotted
against heat loss which is a function of insulation thickness. The curve is
the sum of three other curves: the owning cost curve, which increases as heat
loss increases; the maintenance cost curve, which is constant within limits
regardless of heat loss; and the operating cost curve, which is directly
proportional to the heat loss. The lowest point of the total cost curve is
the minimum total owning and operating cost for the system, and the heat loss
for the point is the optimum heat loss for the system. When total cost curves
are generated for various types of system configurations for a particular
site, the point of optimum heat loss is approximately the same for all the
system configurations even though the total cost of owning and operating the
different systems is different, as illustrated in Figure 2. Therefore, it is
not necessary to calculate the insulation requirements for all types of system
configurations.
2.4
Federal Agency Approved System Suppliers. The following list
contains all approved system suppliers issued Federal Agency Letters of
Acceptability required in NFGS-02694, Exterior Underground Heat Distribution
System.
2.4.1
Class A, B, C, and D Ground Water Conditions.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
2.4.2
Intergy Systems, Brecksville, OH

Perma Pipe, Niles, IL
Rovanco Pipe, Joliet, IL
E. B. Kaiser Company, Glenview, IL
Pittcon Preinsulated Pipes, Inc., Syracuse, NY
U. S. Polycon Corporation, Panama City, FL
Nova Group, Inc., Napa, CA
Thermacor Process, Inc., Fort Worth, TX
Sigma Piping Company, Inc., Incline Village, NV
Class B, C, and D Ground Water Conditions.

a)
Thermal Pipe Systems, Media, PA
10
11
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Step 1.
After the general layout of the system has been made and the site
and application conditions have been determined, size the system
carrier piping assuming a 2 percent heat loss from the supply line
at maximum flow.
Step 2.
Select one particular type of system configuration which is

relatively low in first cost and is approved for use with the site
and application conditions identified, to use as a model in making
the economic analysis.
Step 3.
Determine separately, for each section of the system, the installed

cost per foot of the system configuration with each of the
applicable combinations of insulation thicknesses shown in Table 3.
A section can be considered as any portion of the system in which
the conditions that affect heat loss are similar--e.g., pipe size,
tunnel shape, cover type. The cost of all components, other than
valve vaults called for in the selected system should be included
in the cost estimate. If only one pipe is to be installed (i.e.,
either a supply or return, but not both), use only the appropriate
column from the table for that type of pipe.
Step 4.
Determine the annual owning cost per foot of each section of the
system with each of the different thicknesses of insulation called
for in Table 3, using the following equation:
Owning Cost ($/ft-yr) =
Installed Cost ($/ft)
*Series Present Worth Factor
*The series present worth factor is the reciprocal of the

capital recovery factor.
The series present worth factor can be obtained from any set of
interest tables, given the annual interest rate (or rate or return)
and the number of years over which the cost is to be amortized
(i.e., the economic life of the item). Use an economic life of 25
years and a discount rate as published in National Bureau of
Standards (NBS) Handbook 135, entitled Life Cycle Cost Manual for
the Federal Energy Management Program.
Step 5.
Calculate the heat loss per linear foot separately for each pipe in
each section of the selected model system, assuming the various
thicknesses of insulation called for in Table 3, using applicable
calculation procedures in para. 2.3.6.1.
12
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Table 3
Insulation Thickness (in inches) to be Assessed in Calculations
Thermal
Conductivity
of Insulation
WITH HIGH
TEMPERATURE
WATER (above
250 degrees F)
WITH LOW
TEMPERATURE
WATER (250
degrees F and
lower)
WITH STEAM
(any pressure)
On the
Supply
Pipe
On the
Supply
Pipe
On the
Supply
Pipe
On the
Return
Pipe
On the
Return
Pipe
On the
Condensate
Pipe
(Btu/hr,
square feet,
degrees F/in.)
Up to 0.2
1/2
1/2
1/2
0
1/2
0
1
3/4
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
1/2
1
0
1-1/2
1
1
3/4
1
3/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-1/2
3/4
1-1.2
0
1-1/2
1
1-1/2
1
From 0.2
to 0.4
From 0.4
to 0.6
3/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2-1/2
2-1/2
-
3/4
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
-
3/4
3/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2
2
0
3/4
3/4
1
1
1-1/2
3/4
3/4
1-1/2
1-1/2
2-1/2
2-1/2
0
3/4
0
3/4
0
1-1/2
2
3
3
4
4
-
2
2
3
3
4
-
2
2
3
3
4
4
0
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
3
3
4
4
0
2
0
2
0
2
Above 0.6
3
3
3
0
3
0
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
0
5
3
4
4
4
3
5
5
5
3
5
0
5
4
5
3
13
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Section 3:
GENERAL DESIGN FACTORS
3.1
Design Responsibilities for Underground Pre-engineered Heat
Distribution Systems. The project designer is responsible for accomplishing
the following prior to project bidding:
a) Define site conditions for underground water classification (A,
B, C, or D), soil corrosiveness, soil pH if less than 5.0, and potential soil
load bearing problems.
b) Determine the general layout and essential characteristics of
the system such as system media, maximum operating temperature and pressure,
location and design of manholes, and branch runouts. The interface detail of
the system at manhole walls shall be provided by the system supplier.
c)
Design special elements of the system as required.
d) Calculate the maximum heat loss per lineal foot of the conduit
in accordance with the procedures outlined in NFGS-02694.
3.1.1
Design by Project Designer. The project designer shall design on
project drawings the exterior steam and condensate piping systems aboveground,
the manholes, piping within manholes, and piping not in approved conduit
systems. The project designer shall establish the system design parameters of
the entire underground piping system, such as site classification, general
layout, essential characteristics of the system, and specially designed
elements of the system. The project designer is responsible for sizing the
pipe, establishing the piping elevations, identifying the piping right-of-way,
obstructions and utilities (plan and profile) within 25 feet (7.62 m) of the
center line of the right-of-way, and every area within 25 feet of the center
line that must be avoided; for example, paved areas and buildings. The
project designer is also responsible for the location and sizing of manholes,
the design of concrete manholes and the piping and equipment layout of
manholes including valves, fittings, traps, expansion joints (when required),
and manhole drains.
3.1.2
Design by System Supplier. The construction Contractor shall
design and provide buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated piping in a
conduit or pre-engineered insulated piping system for which a Federal Agency
Approved Brochure has been issued. It is intended that the supplier of a
Federal Agency approved system provide the details of design for his system in
accordance with his Federal Agency Approved Brochure. The preapproved
brochure and the design will address expansion loops, bends, offsets, concrete
pipe anchors outside of manholes, interface with each manhole, and the
watershed to aboveground piping. When prefabricated steel manholes are
indicated, the system supplier is responsible for the structural design of the
manhole and the manufacture of the complete manhole, including installation of
valves, fittings, and other equipment as specified herein and indicated on the
project
14
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
drawings. The Contractor is responsible for the design, fabrication, and
installation of the underground piping system within the system design
parameters established by the project designer.
3.2
Distribution Site Location.
should be according to the following:
3.2.1
Location Factors.
to Table 4.
Fluid distribution site locations
For location factors for each system, refer
3.2.2
Subsurface Explorations. When a concrete trench or a buried steam
or hot water system is specified, make a thorough investigation of ground and
water conditions shall be made. Employ a soils engineer familiar with ground
water conditions at the site to establish the classification. In the absence
of existing definitive information on soil types and ground water conditions,
make a detailed site classification survey. Upon completion of the survey,
classify each exploration point as A, B, C, or D on the basis of the criteria
presented in Tables 5 and 6. The worst ground water condition encountered
between adjacent manholes determines the class of the system to be installed
between adjacent manholes. Conduct this survey within the guidelines
specified in paras. 3.2.2.1 through 3.2.2.12. When concrete shallow trench
systems are specified, use the criteria of NFGS-02693 for prefabricated piping
systems covered in this handbook.
3.2.2.1
Timing of Survey. Conduct the survey after the general layout of
the system has been determined.
3.2.2.2
Time of Year. Make the survey at a time of year when the highest
water table is expected to exist, if possible. If this is not possible,
correct water table measurements on the basis of professional judgment, to
indicate conditions likely to exist at the time of year when the water table
is at its highest point. Follow exploration methods indicated in the NAVFAC
criteria manual DM-7.01, Soil Mechanics.
3.2.2.3
Exploration Considerations. As a minimum, collect information on
ground water conditions, soil types, terrain, and precipitation rates and
irrigation practices in the area of the system. Information on terrain and
precipitation rates and irrigation practices may be obtained from available
records at the installation.
3.2.2.4
Test Explorations. Make test explorations (borings or test pits)
at least every 100 feet (30.5 m) along the line of a proposed system. If
changes in stratification are noted, decrease the boring spacings so an
accurate horizontal soil profile may be obtained.
15
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
3.2.2.5
Depth of Exploration. Extend all explorations 5 ft (1.53 m) below
the expected elevation of the concrete trench invert or the depth of the preengineered system to determine ground water conditions.
3.2.2.6
Special Ground Considerations.
following conditions:
Give particular attention to the
a) The possibility that the ground below a backfilled piping

system may not be able to absorb runoff that has seeped into it.
b) Areas where ponding may occur, either along a sloping surface
or in low flat areas.
c)
3.2.2.7
The permeability of the ground below the system (see below).
Permeability Tests.
Perform field permeability tests as follows:
a) Space field permeability tests (percolation) along the line of

a trench at intervals of approximately 100 feet (30.5 m). When available
information indicates uniform subsurface conditions, longer intervals may be
allowed for larger projects.
b) Dig holes approximately 1 foot2 (0.093 m2) to a depth of
2 feet (620 mm) below the approximate bottom of a trench.
c) Fill each hole with water to the bottom elevation of the
planned trench.
d) After the water has completely seeped away, immediately refill
each hole with water to the same depth.
e) If it requires 20 minutes or less for the water to drop 2
inches (51 mm), consider the soil dry; otherwise, consider it as saturated at
times.
3.2.2.8
Test Results.
Use test results as follows:
a) If the soil is saturated, no further tests are required.

A underground conduit systems for wet soils must be used.
Class
b) If the soil is dry, as defined above, deepen permeability test

holes an additional 3 feet (920 mm) to determine if the water table is within
5 feet (1.53 m) of the trench bottom.
3.2.2.9
follows:
Soil Resistivity.
Considerations for soil resistivity are as
19
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
a) Take soil resistivity readings along the conduit line (in
accordance with Table 4).
b) A cathodic protection system is required to protect metallic
piping systems and manholes. This applies to all sites where soil resistivity
is less than 30,000 ohms per cubic centimeter (ohm-cm), where stray direct
currents can be detected underground or where underground corrosion, due to
local soil conditions, has been found to be severe.
3.2.2.10
Soil Corrosiveness Classification. Have an experienced corrosion
engineer make the classification based on a field survey of the site carried
out in accordance with recognized guidelines for conducting such surveys.
Classify the soil at the site as corrosive or noncorrosive on the basis of the
following criteria:
a) Corrosive: The soil resistivity is less than 30,000 ohmscentimeter (ohm-cm) or stray direct currents can be detected underground.
b) Noncorrosive: The soil resistivity is 30,000 ohm-cm or greater
and no stray direct currents can be detected underground.
3.2.2.11
Soil Stability. During the above survey, observe and note the soil
stability. Use NAVFAC DM-7.01 for criteria. Note areas of unstable soil on
the site plans depicting the distribution route.
3.2.2.12
Soil Load-Bearing Capacity. As a part of the project designer's
survey, have an experienced soils engineer investigate the load-bearing
qualities of the soil in which the system will be installed. Identify the
location and nature of potential soils problems. Depending on the nature of
the problem, the designer may choose to reroute the line, use a combination of
concrete shallow trench, direct buried, or aboveground low-profile systems, or
elect to over-excavate and replace with nonexpensive fill.
3.2.3
Site Classification. Base selection of the conduit system type on
the underground water conditions at the project site as defined in Tables 4,
5, and 6 for Class A, B, C, or D application corresponding to underground
water conditions ranging from severe to mild, respectively.
3.2.3.1
Class A, Severe. The water table is expected to be frequently
above the bottom of the system or the water table is expected to be
occasionally above the bottom of the system and surface water is expected to
accumulate and remain for long periods in the soil surrounding the system.
3.2.3.2
Class B, Bad. The water table is expected to be occasionally above
the bottom of the system and surface water is expected to accumulate and
remain for short periods (or not at all) in the soil surrounding the system or
the water table is expected never to be above the bottom of the system but
20
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
surface water is expected to accumulate and remain for long periods in the
soil surrounding the system.
3.2.3.3
Class C, Moderate. The water table is expected to never be above
the bottom of the system, but surface water is expected to accumulate and
remain for short periods in the soil surrounding the system.
3.2.3.4
Class D, Mild. The water table is expected never to be above the
bottom of the system and surface water is not expected to accumulate or remain
in the soil surrounding the system.
3.2.4
Analyzing Site Classification for Application of Pre-Engineered
Underground System. The Federal Agency Committee on Underground Heat
Distribution Systems has reviewed and approved systems by suppliers. Each
system is defined in the brochure approved by the Committee. No system may be
installed without prior approval as given in the brochure. The letter of
certification contained in the conduit system brochure stipulates the approved
site classification. A system approved for higher classification is
acceptable for use in lower classifications. For example, Class A is
acceptable for Classes B, C, and D, etc.
3.2.5
Analyzing Site Classification for Application of Shallow Concrete
Trench System
3.2.5.1
Soils
a) Fine grained soils (impervious). The highest ground water

level evident during the wettest period of the year should be a minimum of 1
foot (305 mm) below the lowest point of water entry into the concrete shallow
trench system. The lowest point of entry is defined as the joint between the
concrete trench wall and concrete trench bottom. The concrete trench bottom
will be continuous with no openings. The above condition will ensure that
constructability of the concrete shallow trench is practical and that
potential infiltration of water into the shallow trench will be negligible.
Open drainage ways, swales, or swampy/boggy areas will preclude use of a
concrete shallow trench system because of ground water level guidance in Table
5. The concrete shallow trench system must be rerouted or regraded to bring
the concrete trench out of the unsuitable conditions. Have the geotechnical
engineer who performed the detailed site classification survey provide
regrading instructions. The designer will ensure that the fill will remain
stable and will not be subject to future wash-outs. If the specific site
conditions are such that these alternatives are not viable, consider
aboveground low profile or a direct buried system of the prefabricated or
preengineered type in accordance with NFGS-02694 for these areas.
b) Coarse grained soils (semipervious/pervious). The ground water
level during the wettest period of the year should be at least 1 foot (305 mm)
below the lowest point of water entry into the concrete shallow trench system.
21
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
(1) Water table located 1 to 2 feet (305 to 610 mm) below
lowest point of water entry. The criteria of para. 3.2.5.1 a) applies.
(2) Water table located 2 or more feet below lowest point of
water entry: Concrete shallow trench systems with noncontinuous bottom
(tunnel constructed of noncontinuous concrete bottom with openings provided in
bottom at intervals of 4 feet (1220 mm) or more to permit drainage into the
semipervious/pervious soils) may be used. Special considerations are required
when the concrete shallow trench would traverse open drainage ways or swales
where the water table would be less than 2 feet (610 mm) below the concrete
trench bottom. The designer may elect to reroute the system, place fill to
bring the system out of the unsuitable conditions, or provide a continuous
bottom trench floor for this area of the site.
c) Swelling Soils (material with high swell potential): If the
specific site conditions are such that these alternatives are not viable,
consider aboveground low profile or a direct buried system of the
prefabricated or preengineered type in accordance with NFGS-02694 for those
areas. Design the concrete shallow trench system in materials having high
swell potential in accordance with para. 3.2.5.1 a). Soils having a liquid
limit (LL) greater than 50 and a plasticity index (PI) greater than 25 require
testing (consolidation swell) to determine the swell characteristics. When
the results of the swell test indicate high swell potential, special
considerations such as over excavation (width and depth) and replacement with
nonexpansive fill, under-trench drainage system or other methods of minimizing
differential heave will be provided. The design of special features such as
described above will be in accordance with instructions provided by the
geotechnical engineer who performed the detailed site classification survey.
Design of joint spacing and joint details to accommodate movements will also
be provided when required.
3.2.5.2
Settlement of Trenches. Generally, settlement of concrete trenches
will not be a problem since the unit load of the shallow trench system will be
similar to the existing unit overburden load. Backfill adjacent to the
concrete trench must be thoroughly compacted to prevent settlement which would
create ponding. Positive slopes away from the concrete trench are desirable.
Special care of backfill and compaction is required where the system crosses
existing streets to preclude settlement and cracking of the roadway adjacent
to the trench from repeated traffic loads.
3.2.5.3
Under-Trench Drainage Systems. Use concrete trench subdrain
systems as required. When subsurface conditions are of differing soil types,
(fine grained and coarse grained) and those differing soil conditions will
cause blocked drainage either horizontally or vertically adjacent to the
concrete trench, provide subdrains to ensure drainage to prevent ponding or
entrapment of water adjacent to the shallow trench system. Base the design of
the subdrain system on the instructions provided by the geotechnical engineer
who performed the detailed site classification survey and classified each
22
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
exploration point. Soils of low permeability and high moisture content (lean
and fat clays (CL-CH)) shall not require under-drains when the shallow trench
system is designed to accommodate all anticipated inflow with systems or
equipment such as direct connections to storm sewers or the use of dual sump
pumps. Connect drainage system sump pump discharge pipes to storm sewer
system where feasible. If not feasible, provide discharge to splash blocks on
grade. When discharging to grade install the pump discharge line without a
check valve to allow complete drainage of the discharge pipe to prevent
freezing. Do not use under-trench drainage to alter ground water level to
meet requirements of Table 5.
3.2.6
Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Plastic (RTRP) Pipe. RTRP pipe is
normally supplied under Mil Spec. MIL-P-28584, when used for condensate
systems. This pipe is suitable for service pressures up to 150 psig (1034
kPa) and temperatures up to 200 degrees F (93 degrees C). Above 200 degrees F
(93 degrees C) the pressure rating drops off rapidly. At 250 degrees F (121
degrees C) the pressure rating is 125 psig (861.3 kPa) and drops to 45 psig
(310.1 kPa) at 270 degrees F (132 degrees C). These ratings are for hot
water. Live steam cannot be tolerated, although RTRP pipe may be used for
vented gravity condensate piping as well as for pumped condensate piping.
RTRP pipe is acceptable at Class B sites (refer to para. 3.2.3). It is
recommended for Class A sites, as permitted in para. 2.1.2, due to its low
cost and long service life. Procure and install RTRP condensate piping in
accordance with NFGS-02697. Take special care in the design of steam drip
connections to protect the RTRP piping from live steam from failed traps.
Insulate condensate piping only when a life-cycle cost analysis indicates a
payback in energy savings, or where needed for personnel protection (manholes,
for example).
3.3
Service and Loads. Determine from Section 2 the services, such as
steam, high temperature water, hot water, chilled water, compressed air, fuel
gas and others, required for each load center or building, the load demands
for each service, and the capacity of a source or central plant for each
service. (Refer to Section 2 for fluid conditions inside service lines, for
sizing pipes for these conditions, and for the required capacities.)
3.3.1
Alternate Routes. Refer to Master Plan and consider system routing
and size to accommodate future construction.
3.3.2
Pressure Drop. From the total allowable pressure drop and ultimate
length of a line, determine the pressure drop per 100 feet (30.5 m). Note the
maximum flow between each load center and size the different pipeline sections
accordingly.
3.3.3
Obstacles.
From a field survey, note all obstacles for each route.
3.3.4
Future Loads. Refer to Master Plan and consider system routing to
accommodate future construction.
23
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
3.3.5
Distribution Circuits. Select a circuit which is economical, easy
to operate, balance and control, and is suitable for a particular project
terrain. Note that types easiest to balance and control are those where
pressure and temperature differences are fairly constant between equipment
supply and return branches.
3.3.6
Route Types. Run distribution piping through buildings,
aboveground, or underground and below piers.
3.3.6.1
Through Buildings. Select the route considered technically and
economically best justified; make full use of building piers, underpiling
spaces, basements, crawl spaces, and attics, including connecting corridors
between buildings, existing tunnels and concrete trenches. However, highpressure fuel gas, steam, and HTW piping inside buildings should be routed to
comply with federal and local fire and life safety codes. Gas piping shall
comply with ANSI B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, and
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code. Steam, condensate and compressed air lines
shall comply with ANSI B31.1, Power Piping.
3.3.6.2
Exterior Steam Distribution. Use NFGS-02695 for all steam
distribution piping exposed to the weather, on building exteriors, aboveground
piping supports, piers (pedestals), poles, and for all steam piping on piers
and under piers, in tunnels and in manholes. Use NFGS-02693 for piping in
trenches. Use NFGS-02694 for buried steam piping .
3.3.6.3
Aboveground Overhead Piping. Locate piping as low as 1 foot
(305 mm) or as high as 22 feet (6.7 m) above the ground surface. A 16-foot
(4.9 m) clearance is required for automobile and truck traffic, and a 22-foot
(6.7 m) clearance for railroad cars.
3.3.6.4
Buried Piping. For buried piping routes, the following criteria
apply (refer to NFGS-02694):
a) Compressed Air and Gas Piping. Compressed air and gas piping
generally require no insulation, but they should be shop coated, wrapped,
tested, and handled in accordance with provisions of NFGS-02685, Exterior
Buried Natural Gas Distribution Systems, NFGS-02682, Exterior Fuel
Distribution System), and NFGS-09809, Protection of Buried Steel Piping and
Steel Bulkhead Tie Rods. Provide for testing of coverings by electrical flow
detectors (spark test).
b) Minimum Cover. Protect all buried piping and conduits by
laying them under a minimum cover of 24 inches (610 mm). However, protect
buried piping under railroads, roads, streets, or highways or due to changes
in ground contours against possible external damage due to the superimposed
car or truck traffic. Lay pipes below the frost line. Casings may be needed
where there is no frost.
24
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
c) Other Hazards. When piping must be laid where it will be
subjected to hazards such as earthquakes, washouts, floods, unstable soils,
landslides, dredging of water bottoms and other categorically similar
conditions, protect it by increasing pipe wall thickness, constructing
intermediate supports or anchors, erosion prevention, covering pipes with
concrete, adding seismic restraints for above-grade piping or other reasonable
protection.
d) Manholes. Select manhole locations in accordance with the
following. Details of piping and design of manholes are the responsibility of
the project designer. Design manholes to provide adequate space for
maintenance, proper venting and quick egress. Manholes are required where
vertical offsets in steam piping are required to conform to grading
requirements. Manholes accommodate the required steam main drip traps and any
block valves needed. Manholes are usually provided at all major branch line
connections and at drip traps on compressed air lines.
e) Tunnels. Construct tunnels for underground routes with a
walkway minimum height of 76 inches (1.93 m) and clear width of 36 inches
(920 mm), with piping stacked vertically on one side and enlarged zones for
crossovers and takeoffs. Label all pipes and conduit. Provide enough room to
reach all flange bolts, to operate tools, and to operate or to replace any
component. Run a drainage trench along one wall to a point of disposal such
as a storm sewer or a sump pit, with an automatic drainage pump driven by an
electric motor or steam jet. Install all electrical systems in rigid metal
conduit. Identify and separate by voltage class. Tunnels shall be well
lighted and ventilated. Use moisture resistant electrical fixtures. Tunnels
may be built of reinforced concrete, brick, or other suitable structural
materials, and shall be membrane waterproofed.
3.3.6.5
Condensate Return Cost.
Refer to para. 4.1.2 and 4.2.2.3.
3.3.6.6
Choice of Route. Except in congested and vulnerable areas, choose
aboveground routes for heat distribution systems. Otherwise, adapt site
conditions to comparative advantages of going above or underground as stated
below:
25
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Aboveground
Underground
Lower first cost
Less heat loss on hot lines

Less vulnerable target
Less maintenance
Less obstruction to aboveground

traffic
Easy detection of failure
Less unsightly
Higher continuous operating

efficiency
Freeze protected when buried
Longer life
Less heat gain in chilled and

condenser water piping
3.3.6.7
Piping Layouts. The project designer is responsible for
determining location of expansion bends, loops and joints, anchors, takeoffs,
isolation valves, and drip points. The project designer is also responsible
for locating all manholes, takeoffs, isolation valves, and drip points. The
system designer determines the initial location of anchors, expansion bends,
loops and joints; the system supplier determines final location and design of
these features to fit actual field conditions. Plan and position piping
layouts as follows:
a) Determine what lines between the same points should be parallel
to each other (such as supply and return) or be separated (such as steam from
chilled water). The minimum clearance between pipe conduits in the same
trench shall be 6 inches (150 mm).
b) Determine locations of expansion bends or loops, anchors,
takeoffs, and drip points. In non-pre-engineered/prefabricated heat
distribution systems, the project designer is responsible for determining
location of expansion bends, loops and joints; anchors; takeoffs; isolation
valves; and drip points. In pre-engineered/prefabricated heat distribution
systems, the project designer is responsible for locating all manholes,
takeoffs, isolation valves and drip points. Initial location of anchors,
expansion bends, loops and joints shall be by the system designer. The system
designer determines the initial location of anchors, expansion bends, loops
and joints; the system supplier determines final location and design of these
features to fit actual field conditions.
c) Lay out piping on a scaled contour map of the site and on a
profile drawing along the route, locating all obstructions and interferences,
such as streams, roads, railroads, buried tunnels, concrete trenches, drainage
piping, sewers, water piping, electrical conduits, and other service piping,
within 25 (7.6 m) feet of the center line of the right-of-way and identify
areas within 25 feet of the center line that must be avoided. If sufficient
26
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
right-of-way to accommodate pipe expansion cannot be identified and expansion
joints are required, they must be specified and located with installation
details noted on the drawings.
d) Provide a log of soil conditions along the piping right-of-way
which gives, as a minimum, soil type, soil resistivity and pH, bearing
strength and unstable conditions, and indicate corrective work required.
e) Provide details at building entries on the project drawings to
show pipe elevation, floor elevation, building wall construction, and existing
equipment.
3.3.6.8
Underground. Use only approved and certified conduit systems for
steam, condensate and HTW, and procure and install in accordance with the
requirements of NFGS-02694, NFGS-02697, and NFGS-02698, respectively. The
Federal Agency Committee for Underground Heat Distribution Systems approves
and certifies the various types of conduit systems, i.e., drainable and
dryable (pressure testable), sectionalized, prefabricated (non-pressure
testable), and poured-in-place granular insulation type conduit systems.
Concrete shallow trench systems may be used only if the soil characteristics
set forth in NFGS-02693 are met. In this case, design and specify the system
in accordance with NFGS-02693.
3.4
Insulation. Evaluate insulation for all piping systems with the
potential for significant thermal losses. These include steam, condensate,
HTW, MTW, LTW, and CHW piping. Use NFGS-15250, Insulation of Mechanical
Systems, for CHW, LTW and special applications requiring insulation of fuel
gas and compressed air piping systems. Use NFGS-02696 for above-grade steam,
HTW, MTW, LTW, and condensate return piping systems. (Alternately, NFGS-15250
may be used for these above-grade piping systems.) Use aluminum jackets and
organic felt as specified in NFGS-15250 and NFGS-02696. Use NFGS-02694 for
underground heat distribution piping insulation. Insulation materials shall
not contain asbestos.
3.5
Miscellaneous Criteria. Anchor or guy exterior distribution
systems to withstand the wind velocity specified for design of structures,
refer to MIL-HDBK-1002/2, Loads.
27
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Section 4:
SPECIFIC PIPING DESIGN FACTORS
4.1
Fluid Characteristic
4.1.1
Steam.
Steam.
Refer to Keenan and Keyes, Thermodynamic Properties of
4.1.2
Condensate. For the economics of returning condensate, use the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) 1985 Handbook - Fundamentals and ASHRAE 1987 Handbook - HVAC Systems
and Applications.
4.1.3
High Temperature Water (HTW), Medium Temperature Water (MTW), and
Low Temperature Hot Water (LTW). Use ASHRAE 1985 Handbook - Fundamentals and
ASHRAE 1987 Handbook - HVAC Systems and Applications.
4.1.4
Compressed Air. For data on compressed air, refer to DM-3.5,
Compressed Air and Vacuum Systems.
4.1.5
Natural Gas.
Refer to NFPA 54.
4.2
Distribution System Piping
4.2.1
Equivalent Lengths of Piping. To the straight lengths of pipe
along a pipeline route, add equivalent lengths for valves and fittings as
indicated in Table 7.
4.2.2
follows:
Sizing of Distribution Piping.
Size distribution piping as
4.2.2.1
Minimum Pipe Size. Use minimum of 2-inch (51 mm) pipe which
requires extra strong piping for direct buried piping with threaded end
connections sized for piping in shallow trench system with all joints welded.
Smaller pipe sizes and threaded joints are allowable in valve manholes.
4.2.2.2
Steam Piping. The project designer shall specify the design
temperatures and pressures. The approved systems are suitable for
temperatures to 450 degrees F (232 degrees C). If higher temperature systems
are required, review manufacturers' approved brochures to determine the
exceptions to the brochures to be made in the project specification relative
to pipe material, pipe expansion, and valve classification. Design
considerations are as follows:
28
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
a) Steam Flow Charts. For pressures of 30 psig (206.7 kPa),
50 psig (344.5 kPa), 100 psig (689.4 kPa), and 150 psig (1033.5 kPa), see
Figures 3 through 6. These charts show weight-rate pressure drop and
velocities of saturated steam in Schedule 40 steel pipe. By selecting all
pipe sizes on an optimum pressure drop, the total pressure drop of a pipeline
may be estimated from an equivalent length, irrespective of pipe size. The
charts are based on the rational flow formula (Darcy) shown below. For higher
pressures, refer to Piping Handbook, by Crocker and King.
b) Rational Flow Charts. The simplified rational flow formula
(Darcy) is used for compressible fluids for all pressures:
EQUATION:
P100 =
W2(0.000336f) v/d5 = C1 x C2 x v
(2)
Where:
P100 = pressure drop per 100 feet of equivalent length of pipe
(psi)
C1
= W210-9
C2
= 336000f/d5
W
f
d
v
=
=
=
=
c)
Velocities.
EQUATION:
(for values, see Figure 7)

(for values, refer to Table 8)
rate of flow, pounds per hour (pph) (0.454 Kg/h)

friction factor
inside diameter of pipe (in)
specific volume of fluid (ft3 per lb) at average pressure
(Refer to Table 9.)
3.06W
V =
d2
(3)
Where:
V
R
=
=
velocity of flow (fpm)

density (pcf)
30
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Table 9
Reasonable Velocities for Flow of Steam in Pipes
CONDITION
OF STEAM
PRESSURE
(psig)
SERVICE
REASONABLE
VELOCITY [1]
(fpm)
Saturated
Vacuum
0 to 25
25 and up
125 and up
Up to 18,000
4,000 to 6,000
6,000 to 10,000
Superheated
200 and up
Turbine exhaust
Heating
Steam distribution
Underground steam
distribution
Boiler and turbine
leads
Up to 20,000
7,000 to 20,000
[1] Velocities should be below those which would produce excessive noise
or erosion.
d) Steam Distribution Pressures. Steam pressure is governed by
the highest pressure needed by the equipment served at the most remote
location as well as by an economic analysis of the feasible systems, including
pressure considerations. The advantages of a low-pressure system (under 15
psig) (103.4 kPa) are low distribution loss, lower losses and less trouble
from leakage, traps, and venting, simplified pressure reduction at buildings,
standard steel fittings, and low maintenance. The advantages of high-pressure
distribution, over 50 psig (344.5 kPa), are smaller pipe sizes, availability
of steam for purposes other than for heating, and more flexibility in
velocities and pressure drops.
e) Selection of Valve Types. Install double-ported, pilotoperated valves for large capacities, especially for inlet pressures above 125
psig (861.3 kPa). Double-ported valves will not shut off completely on noload demand; therefore, single-seated valves must be used for such services.
Do not install reducing valves on the basis of pipe sizes, because oversized
valves do not give satisfactory service. Select valves to operate generally
fully open, with ratings and reduction ratios as recommended by the
manufacturer. Install a strainer and condensate drain ahead of the pressurereducing valve. Because the volume of steam increases rapidly as the pressure
is reduced, a reducing valve with increased outlet or expanding nozzle is
required when the reduction ratio is more than 15 to 1. Provide cutout valves
to isolate the pressure reducing valve to permit maintenance. Where the
resulting superheated steam temperature is objectionable to the process on the
low pressure side or the temperature-use limit of the equipment has been
exceeded, a desuperheater must be used to lower the steam temperature to that
for saturation. Provide a manual bypass for emergency operation when the
36
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
pressure reducing valve is out of service. Provide a pressure gauge on the
low pressure side. Where steam requirements are relatively large, above
approximately 3,000 pounds/hour (1364 kg/hr), and subject to seasonal
variation, install two reducing valves in parallel, sized to pass 70 percent
and 30 percent of maximum flow. During mild spring and fall weather, set the
large valve at a slightly reduced pressure so that it will remain closed as
long as the smaller valve can supply the demand. During the remainder of the
heating season reverse the valve settings to keep the smaller one closed
except when the larger one is unable to supply the demand.
f) Safety Valves. Provide one or more relief or safety valves on
the low pressure side of each reducing valve in case the piping and/or
equipment on the low pressure side do not meet the requirements of the full
initial pressure. The combined discharge capacity of the relief valves shall
be such that the pressure rating of the lower pressure piping and equipment
will not be exceeded. For special conditions refer to ASME B31.1 and ASHRAE
Handbooks - Systems and Applications.
g) Takeoffs from Mains. Takeoffs from mains to buildings must be
at the top of mains and located at fixed points of the mains, at or near
anchor points. When a branch is short, valves at each takeoff are
unnecessary. Takeoffs shall have valves when the branch is of considerable
length or where several buildings are served. A 45 takeoff is preferred; 90
takeoffs are acceptable. Branch line slope of 1/2 inch (12.6 mm) should be
used for lines less than 10 feet (3.05 m) in length and should be 1/2 inch per
10 feet (3.05 m) on branch lines longer than 10 feet.
4.2.2.3
Condensate Returns. Condensate returns are preferred if owning and
operating costs of such a system are less than that of using and treating raw
water for makeup. Factors favoring condensate return are: high area
concentration of steam usage; restriction on condensate disposal; high raw
water treatment costs; water treatment space unavailable; high cost of raw
water; and high cost of fuel for feedwater heating. Design considerations are
as follows:
a) Return Piping. Size condensate trap piping to conform with 30
to 150 psig (206.7 to 1033.5 kPa) steam piping in accordance with Tables 10
and 11 and interpolate these for other pressures.
b) Discharge Piping. Size discharge piping from condensate and
heating pumps in accordance with pump capacities, which may be between one to
three times the capacity of the steam system branch which they serve,
depending on whether continuously or intermittently operated.
37
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Table 10
Return Pipe Capacities for 30 psig (206.7 kPa) Steam Systems (a)
(Capacity Expressed in lbs/hr)
DROP IN PRESSURE (psi PER 100 ft IN LENGTH)
PIPE SIZE
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
(in.)
3/4
115
170
245
308
365
1
230
340
490
615
730
1-1/4
485
710
1,025
1,290
1,530
1-1/2
790
1,160
1,670
2,100
2,500
2
1,580
2,360
3,400
4,300
5,050
2-1/2
2,650
3,900
5,600
7,100
8,400
3
4,850
7,100
10,300
12,900
15,300
3-1/2
7,200
10,600
15,300
19,200
22,800
4
10,200
15,000
21,600
27,000
32,300
5
19,000
27,800
40,300
55,500
60,000
6
31,000
45,500
65,500
83,000
98,000
(a) Based on 0-4 psig maximum return pressure.

Table 11
Return Pipe Capacities for 150 psig (1033.5 kPa) Steam Systems (a)
(Capacity Expressed in lbs/hr)
DROP IN PRESSURE (psi PER 100 ft IN LENGTH)
PIPE SIZE
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
2
(in.)
3/4
156
232
360
465
560
890
1
313
462
690
910
1,120
1,780
1-1/4
650
960
1,500
1,950
2,330
3,700
1-1/2
1,070
1,580
2,460
3,160
3,800
6,100
2
2,160
3,300
4,950
6,400
7,700
12,300
2-1/2
3,600
5,350
8,200
10,700
12,800
20,400
3
6,500
9,600
15,000
19,500
23,300
37,200
3-1/2
9,600
14,400
22,300
28,700
34,500
55,000
4
13,700
20,500
31,600
40,500
49,200
78,500
5
25,600
38,100
58,500
76,000
91,500
146,000
6
42,000
62,500
96,000
125,000
150,000
238,000
(a) Based on 1-20 psig maximum return pressure.

38
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
c) Common Pump Discharge Mains. Size common pump discharge mains
to serve the sum of their capacities. Use the Hydraulic Institute (HI) Pipe
Friction Manual for steel pump discharge pipe sizing of new clean steel pipe,
6 feet per second (fps) (1.83 m/s) maximum velocity, and a correction factor
of 1.85 to provide for increased pressure drops when the pipe becomes dirty
and rough with age. Friction plus static heads shall not exceed the pump
characteristics of standard pump and receiver units.
4.2.2.4
High Temperature Water (HTW) Piping.
is as follows:
High temperature water piping
a) Sizing Piping. Use pipe friction charts in ASHRAE 1985

Handbook Fundamentals. These charts are based on the rational flow formula
using clean pipe. A reasonable average velocity is approximately 5 fps
(1.53 m/s). The minimum allowable velocity is 2 fps (0.61 m/s).
b) Venting and Draining. For methods of venting high points of
distribution lines, refer to DM-3.03, Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning
and Dehumidifying Systems. Piping must have drainage means at low points.
4.2.2.5
Chilled Water Piping. Use the standards of the Hydraulic Institute
Pipe Friction Manual for sizing new clean pipe, unless water is renewed
annually, in which case a correction factor of 1.41 for pressure drop is also
to be used. For recommended velocities, refer to DM-3.03.
4.2.2.6
Condenser Water Piping. Use the standards of the Hydraulic
Institute Pipe Friction Manual for pipe sizing, multiplying the pressure drop
by a factor of 1.85 to correct for the increase of pipe roughness with age.
For recommended velocities, refer to DM-3.03. No correction faction is
required for RTRP pipe.
4.2.2.7
Natural Gas Piping. Apply criteria in DM-3.01, Plumbing Systems,
for sizing pipe inside buildings. Use Figure 8 for low volume flow rates and
Figure 9 for high volume flow rates in sizing distribution piping. Using
these figures will simplify design of piping by indicating required diameter,
maximum rate of flow, permissible pressure drop, initial pressure, or final
pressure when the rest of these values are known. These charts are based on
the Weymouth formula for rate of flow in cubic feet of gas per hour. (The
chart is based upon the following conditions: gas at 60 degrees F (15.5
degrees C) and specific gravity of 0.60, with air = 1.0.). Exterior
distribution piping usually stops 5 feet (1.53 m) outside of buildings.
4.2.2.8
Compressed Air. For criteria on distribution piping, refer to DM3.5, Compressed Air and Vacuum Systems.
4.2.3
Piping Specifications and Codes.
are as follows:
39
Piping specifications and codes
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
4.2.3.1
Steam Supply and Condensate Return. Piping shall conform to ASME
B31.1, except for underground prefabricated or pre-engineered type systems, in
which case the entire system shall conform to NFGS-02694.
a) If a separate pump condensate return system is used, it shall
conform to NFGS-02697.
b) For condensate provided as a part of an underground
prefabricated, pre-engineered system, include Mil. Spec MIL-P-28584 plastic
condensate piping in the specification as a Contractor's option for sites
classified B, C, or D. Plastic piping is optional but encouraged for sites
classified A. The Contracting Officer shall give specific approval for
plastic condensate piping in Class A systems. Take particular care that the
failure of high pressure steam drip traps shall not discharge high
temperatures and pressures into the plastic condensate piping.
4.2.3.2
High Temperature Water, Medium Temperature Water, and Low
Temperature Hot Water. Piping specifications and codes are as follows, except
for underground prefabricated or pre-engineered types, in which case the
entire system shall conform to NFGS-02694.
a) Piping. HTW metallic piping (450 degrees F maximum) (232
degrees C) and medium temperature water metallic piping shall conform to ASME
B31.1.
b) Joints. Welded joints are preferred. Threaded joints are not
permitted. Hold flanged joints to a minimum and use ferrous alloy gaskets in
such joints. Avoid the use of copper and brass pipe.
c) Valves. All valves shall have cast steel bodies with stainless
steel trim (no bronze trim). All valves shall be capable of being repacked
under operational pressures. Use gate valves only as shutoff or isolation
valves.
4.2.3.3
Natural Gas and Compressed Air. Piping shall conform to ASME B31.1
and B31.8 including guidance for abandoning existing gas lines. Note that
ASME B31.8 requires that abandoned gas lines be physically disconnected from
gas sources and purged prior to sealing. Shutoff valves are not an acceptable
means of disconnect. Cathodic protection systems on lines to be abandoned
should be evaluated for modifications required to ensure continuity of the
systems after abandoned lines are disconnected or removed. Provide excessflow (earthquake) shutoff valves in gas supply piping outside of each building
served in earthquake zones 3 and 4. In addition, provide flexible
connections. Gas piping and appurtenances from point of connection with
existing system to a point approximately 5 feet (1.53 m) from the building
shall conform to NFGS-02685.
4.2.3.4
Chilled and Condenser Water. Use Schedule 40 steel pipe in 10-inch
(254 mm) size and smaller, and use 1/2-inch (12.5 mm) wall thickness steel
41
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
pipe for 12-inch (305 mm) size and larger. RTRP pipe and PVC pipe are also
acceptable. RTRP pipe and PVC pipe are available in 2 through 12-inch (51
through 305-mm) pipe sizes.
4.2.4
Thermal Expansion of Steel and Copper Pipe. Pipe expands with
temperature increases (such as between installation and operating
temperatures) as indicated in Table 12. Make provisions for the control of
expansion in any piping system where thermal expansion is a factor. Wherever
possible, provide for expansion of pipes by changes in direction of pipe runs.
4.2.4.1
Branch Lines. Where practicable, design branch line piping to
provide for expansion inside buildings. Expansion control of branch lines
should be designed so as to have no effect on mains.
4.2.4.2
pipe.
Expansion Bends.
Bends are to be factory fabricated except for RTRP
a) Loop Sections.
delivery and handling.
Loops may be furnished in sections to facilitate
b) Anchors. A reasonable distance between anchors for expansion

loops is 200 feet (61 mm) for 125 psig (861.3 kPa) steam system. Expansion is
usually kept at about 6 inches (150 mm) between anchors.
c) Cold Springing. Cold springing may be used in installations but
no design stress relief is allowed for it. For credit permitted in thrust and
moments, refer to ANSI B31.1.
4.2.4.3
Expansion Joints. Install expansion joints only where space
restrictions prevent the use of other means. When necessary to use, expansion
joints shall be in an accessible location and shall be one of the following
types:
a) Mechanical Slip Joint. An externally guided joint designed for
repacking under operating pressures. Hold maximum traverse of piping in
expansion joints under 8 inches (203 mm).
b) Bellows Type Joint. Use these joints on steel pipe for thermal
expansion with stainless steel bellows, guided and installed according to
manufacturer's instructions. Make bellows or corrugations for absorbing
vibrations or mechanical movements at ambient temperatures of copper or other
materials suitable for the job conditions. A maximum travel of 4 inches (102
mm) is allowed for this type. RTRP expansion joints may be
polytetrafluoroethylene bellows type.
c) Flexible Ball Joints.
manufacturer's instructions.
Install these joints according to
42
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
4.2.4.4
Flexibility Analysis. Refer to ASME B31.1 for expansion and
flexibility criteria and allowable stresses and reactions.
42a
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Table 12
Pipe Expansion in Inches Per 100 Feet (30.5 m) of Length
for Temperature Shown
CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE
(Degrees F)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
STEEL
0
0.075
0.149
0.224
0.299
0.374
0.449
0.525
0.601
0.678
0.755
0.831
0.909
0.987
1.066
1.145
1.224
1.304
1.384
1.464
1.545
1.626
1.708
1.791
1.872
1.955
2.038
2.132
2.207
2.291
2.376
2.460
2.547
2.632
2.718
2.805
2.892
2.980
3.069
MATERIAL
COPPER
CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE
(Degrees F)
0
0.111
0.222
0.333
0.444
0.556
0.668
0.780
0.893
1.006
1.119
1.233
1.346
1.460
1.575
1.690
1.805
1.919
2.035
2.152
2.268
2.384
2.501
2.618
2.736
2.854
2.971
3.089
3.208
3.327
3.446
3.565
3.685
3.805
3.926
4.050
4.167
4.289
4.411
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
960
980
1,000
1,000
1,200
43
MATERIAL
STEEL
COPPER
3.156
3.245
3.334
3.423
3.513
3.603
3.695
3.785
3.874
3.962
4.055
4.151
4.342
4.525
4.715
4.903
5.096
5.291
5.486
5.583
5.882
6.083
6.284
6.488
6.692
6.899
7.102
7.318
7.529
7.741
7.956
8.172
8.389
8.608
8.830
9.052
9.275
10.042
11.598
4.532
4.653
4.777
4.899
5.023
5.145
5.269
5.394
5.519
5.643
5.767
5.892
6.144
6.396
6.650
6.905
7.160
7.417
7.677
7.938
8.197
8.460
8.722
8.988
9.252
9.519
9.783
10.056
10.327
10.598
10.872
11.144
11.420
11.696
11.973
12.253
12.532
13.950
15.397
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
4.2.4.5
Stress Analysis. For methods of analyzing stresses in piping
systems, use piping handbooks and publications of pipe and pipe fitting
manufactures. These manufacturers also supply calculation forms and charts.
Keep calculated pipe stresses under those allowed by ANSI B31.1.
4.2.5
Insulation of Piping Systems.
Use NFGS-02694 for insulation
design for underground heat distribution piping. Use NFGS-02696 for above
grade steam, condensate, HTW, MTW, and LTW. Use applicable sections of NFGS15250 for other systems.
4.2.5.1
Insulation Thickness. Insulation thicknesses indicated in NFGS02696 and in NFGS-15250 are suitable for most geographic locations. However,
in locations where extreme annual temperatures occur, the project designer
should evaluate different thicknesses of insulation. Make final selection
based on an economic analysis in accordance with para. 2.3.5.
4.2.5.2
Jackets. Design insulation jackets in waterfront or other
locations subject to flooding to drain; they shall not be watertight.
4.2.6
Drainage Provisions.
requirements listed below.
Drainage provisions must conform to
4.2.6.1
Pitch. The surrounding terrain and piping application both affect
the pitch of piping as indicated below.
a) Horizontal Piping. Pitch horizontal steam piping down at a
minimum of 2-1/2 inches (64 mm) per 100 feet (30.5 m) of length in the
direction of steam flow.
b) Underground Piping. Pitch horizontal piping down towards drain
points (unless otherwise noted) a minimum of 2-1/2 inches (64 mm) in 100 feet
(30.5 m). Where the ground surface slopes in the opposite direction to steam
piping, step up underground piping in vertical risers at drip points in
manholes, and pitch them down to the next drip point. Use this method also
for all very long horizontal runs, above- or belowground, to keep piping
within a reasonable range of elevations with reference to the ground surface.
c) Counter-Flow Conditions. Where counter-flow of condensate
within the steam pipe may occur in a portion of a pipeline because the stepped
construction cannot be built, or because of steam flow reversal in a loop
system, pitch that portion up in the direction of steam flow a minimum of 6
inches (152 mm) per 100 feet (30.5 m) and increase pipe diameter by one
standard pipe size.
d) Compressed Air and Natural Gas Lines.
gas piping as for steam piping.
44
Pitch compressed air and
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
e) Pumped Water Pipe. Pitch pumped water pipes (condensate, HTW,
MTW, LTW, CHW, or condenser water) up or down in direction of flow at a
minimum slope of 2-1/2 inches (64 mm) per 100-foot (30.5 m) length. Place
drain valves at all low points and vents at high points.
4.2.6.2
Drips and Vents.
Provide drips and vents as follows:
a) Drip Legs. Provide drip legs to collect condensate from steam

piping and compressed air piping for removal by automatic moisture traps, or
by manual drain valves for compressed air piping when practicable. Locate
drip legs at low points, at the bottom of all risers, and at intervals of
approximately 200 to 300 feet (61 to 91.5 m) for horizontally pitched pipe
where a trap is accessible, and not over 500 feet (152.5 m) for buried
underground pipe systems. On gas piping, drip legs are not usually required
where dry gas is provided. Where there is moisture in the gas, provide drip
legs and sediment traps in accordance with NFPA 54. Automatic traps are not
utilized.
b) Water Piping. Vent piping, especially high-temperature water
piping, at distribution piping high points.
c) Fuel Gas Piping. Provide capped dirt traps in vertical risers
upstream of gas-burning devices.
4.2.6.3
Condensate Systems.
Condensate systems are as follows:
a) Furnish a complete system of drip traps and piping to drain all

steam piping of condensate from drip legs. Ensure drip piping to traps is the
same weight and material as the drained piping.
b) Preferably, run a condensate line from a trap separately to a
gravity condensate return main or to a nearby flash tank. (Refer to ASHRAE
Handbooks - Systems and Applications for flash tank details and specific trap
applications. Additionally, refer to Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory
(NCEL) UG-0005, Steam Trap Users Guide.) However, a trap may be discharged
through a check valve into the pumped condensate line if pressure in the trap
discharge line exceeds the back pressure in the pumped condensate line during
standby time of an intermittently operated pump. If the pumped condensate
line is RTRP pipe, install a condensate cooling device, similar to that shown
in Figure 10, to limit temperature of the condensate entering the line to less
than 250 degrees F (121 degrees C).
c) Select traps using a safety load factor no greater than 2. The
condensate load should be indicated on design drawings and may be determined
for aboveground lines by using Table 13. The condensate load for underground
distribution lines is determined from maximum heat loss as indicated by the
design. With the tight safety load factor for sizing traps, an alternate
45
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
method of expelling gasses during warmup is required. To this end, all
strainers should have blowdown valves which will also be used for controlled
warmup.
Table 13
Condensate Loads from Aboveground Heat Distribution Piping
(Pounds Per Hour Per 100 Linear Feet)
_________________________________________________________
STEAM
STEAM PIPE SIZE (INCHES, DIAMETER)
PRESSURE
(psig)
2
4
6
8
10
12
_________________________________________________________
10
6
12
16
20
24
30
30
10
18
25
32
40
46
60
13
22
32
41
51
58
125
17
30
44
55
68
80
300
25
46
64
83
203
122
600
37
68
95
124
154
182
_________________________________________________________
d) Pitch discharge piping down a minimum of 3 inches (76 mm) per
100 feet (30.5 m) to the collection tank. This applies where a condensate
pump set or reliance upon a gravity return is used. An exception to this
"rule-of-thumb" exists when there is sufficient pressure in a steam line to
overcome its friction and static head, whether the line is level, or pitched
up. Trap discharge line shall not be RTRP pipe nor shall the trap discharge
connect to an RTRP pipe by direction connection. Install pipe through a
condensate cooling device as depicted in Figure 10. This system provides a
cooling tank and diffuser, plus a temperature relief valve to limit the
temperature of condensate returned to a pumped RTRP condensate line to less
than 250 degrees F (121 degrees C).
e) If it is not justifiable to return drips to a condensate system,
they may be drained as waste to a sewer. If the temperature exceeds sewer
limitations, condensate must be cooled in a sump or by other means. Disposal
of condensate from steam systems along the waterfront or under piers warrants
special consideration to be determined on a case-by-case basis.
4.2.7
Pipe Anchors.
Ensure anchors comply with the following criteria:
4.2.7.1
Location. Locate anchors for non-pre-engineered/prefabricated
systems at takeoffs from mains and other necessary points to contain pipeline
expansion. If possible, locate anchors in buildings, piers, tunnels, and
manholes with suitable access.
46
47
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
4.2.7.2
B31.1.
Specification.
Design and locate anchors in accordance with ASME
4.2.7.3
Strength. Design anchors to withstand expansion reactions. With
expansion joints, consider the additional end reactions due to internal fluid
pressure, and add end reactions due to spring rate of the joint.
4.2.7.4
Guying. Anchors for elevated aboveground systems shall consist of
wire rope guys running from embedded concrete deadmen to pipe saddles welded
to the pipe and secured to the vertical support(s). Guy in both directions.
Guys may be located on the diagonal to serve also as sway bracing.
4.2.7.5
Embedding. In underground concrete tunnels, the ends of structural
steel shapes anchoring a pipe may be embedded in the tunnel walls or floors.
4.2.8
Supports.
Insure pipe supports conform to ASME B31.1.
4.2.8.1
Low Elevations. For aboveground systems at low elevations (defined
as lower than 5 feet (1.53 m) above grade or the working surface), use and
space concrete pedestals, steel frames, or treated wood frames as required
depending on pipe sizes.
4.2.8.2
High Elevations. At higher elevations above ground, support
pipelines on wood, steel pipe, H-section steel, reinforced concrete,
prestressed concrete poles with crossarms, or steel frameworks fitted with
rollers and insulation saddles. (See Figure 11.) Details of design will vary
depending on site conditions.
4.2.8.3
Long Spans. When long spans are necessary, cable-suspension or
catenary systems may be used.
4.2.8.4
Underground Conduits. Use approved types of manufacturers' standard
designs supports for underground conduits.
4.2.8.5
In Trench. Suspend pipes either from the walls or the tops of the
walls. Do not support piping from either the floor of the trench or from the
removable top. The pipe hanger design must provide for adequate system
expansion and contraction.
48
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
4.2.9
Finish and Protection. All noninsulated ferrous parts of the
piping, piping support system, or equipment will be hot-dipped galvanized or
primed with red oxide primer and painted with epoxy paint.
4.3
Concrete Trench Design. The concrete shallow trench will consist
of poured concrete sides and floor, with removable tops. Portions of the
floor may be omitted at locations outlined previously under course grained
soils with water table 2 feet (610 mm) or more below lowest point of water
entry.
4.3.1
Depth of Trench. Ensure the depth of the concrete trench is
sufficient to provide adequate protection to the piping system and, slope the
floor of the trench to provide adequate internal drainage, but in all cases
not less than 6 inches (150 mm) from the bottom surface of the suspended pipe
insulation to the floor of the trench. Ensure there is a minimum of 3 inches
(75 mm) between the surface of the pipe insulation and the adjoining trench
walls and a minimum of 4 inches (100 mm) between surfaces of adjacent pipe
insulation.
4.3.2
Drainage of Trench. Base the design on sound engineering practices
which provide for drainage under all anticipated conditions. Consider the
annual rainfall, water table, and other topographic conditions in the basis
for the design. For those instances where natural drainage cannot be provided
(storm water drainage system at least 2 feet (610 mm) below trench bottom at
all times), provide a dual sump pump capability with failure annunciator.
4.3.3
Tops. The tops of the concrete trenches will be removable by use
of a portable lifting device such as a forklift or backhoe, and can also be
used for sidewalks, if practical. Earth must not cover the tops. Covers will
be close tolerance fit with a maximum gap tolerance build up of 0.12 inch from
all causes.
4.3.4
Details. Design the Concrete Shallow Trench Heat Distribution
System and show on the contract drawings. Use Figures 12 through 23 as
appropriate.
Provide the following information on the contract drawings for the
concrete Shallow Trench System, as applicable: dimension on all runs of pipe;
elevations of the pipe along the systems path; sizes of the pipe; location of
all valves; location and details of all expansion loops, Z- and L-bends;
location of pipe anchors; how changes in pipe direction are made; thickness of
the insulation on the pipe; concrete trench details; final elevations of
concrete trench; profile of trench showing all existing utilities; manhole
dimensions; manhole cover details; how manhole is drained and vented where
required; sump pump piping details; sump pump capacity; condensate pump
capacity and details; include specific requirements for modification to
existing; steam drip trap locations and capacity; steam pressure reducing
valve capacity and details; and other pertinent information and details
50
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
required to clearly show the intent of the Shallow Trench Heat Distribution
System. Also indicate any obstructions in the path of the distribution system
that the Contractor may have to work around.
4.3.5
Valve Manholes. Extend valve manholes at least 9 to 12 inches (175
to 305 mm) above finished grade to prevent seasonal runoff from entering
except where trench will be a pedestrian walk, in which case the vault cover
will be flush with the trench covers.
4.3.6
Inspection Ports. Where required, provide inspection ports at
appropriate locations to enable the user to observe drains or expansion at
loops or locations requiring frequent (monthly) observation.
4.3.7
Crossings. At all road and railroad type crossings, provide
required slab thickness for railroad crossings and H-20 loading for street
crossings. Review railroad track removal/replacement with respective
authority and coordinate all activities. Road and rail crossing where
maintenance of traffic is critical may be accomplished by jacking using an
acceptable conduit/tunnel.
4.3.8
Precast Concrete Shallow Trench Options. In addition to or in
combination with a poured-in-place concrete shallow trench system, a precast
or prefabricated shallow trench system consisting of precast concrete covers,
concrete trench, or supports may be specified. If the designer selects this
option, he must include special details and specification requirements of the
precast system and the transition between the poured-in-place and precast
system.
4.4
Manholes
4.4.1
Drainage. Provide sump pumps in manholes. Units should discharge
by buried piping to nearest storm sewer if possible. Where not economical to
discharge to storm sewer, pumps are to discharge above grade to splashblocks.
Plan discharge locations carefully so water will not be placed over tunnel
tops, sidewalks, etc. Use sump pumps capable of passing 3/8-inch (12 mm)
solid (sphere) minimum. Adjust float switches so the pumps start
sequentially, reducing electrical line surge. Coordinate power requirements
with electrical designer and provide tell-tale light above ground to indicate
that power is available to sump pumps.
4.4.2
Waterproofing. If portions of manholes are installed below the
water table, waterproof that portion below the water table.
4.4.3
Pipe Entry. Pipe entry, for buried pre-engineered systems piping,
shall be in accordance with Figure 24.
51
63
64
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
APPENDIX A
HEAT LOSS CALCULATION DATA
PART 1:
EARTH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FACTORS
The earth thermal conductivity factors (Ke) in Btu-in/(hr) (sq-ft) (degrees F)

to be used in the heat loss calculations are as follows:
Moisture Content
of Soil
TYPE OF SOIL
Sand
Silt
Clay
Medium (from 4% to
20% by weight)
13
High (greater than

20% by weight)
15
15
15
Low (less than

4% by weight)
Note: Dry soil is exceedingly rare in most parts of the United States,
and a low moisture content should be assumed only if the assumption can
be proven valid.
65
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
APPENDIX A (continued)
PART 2:
ENERGY COST AND MAXIMUM PIPE HEAT LOSS
Maximum heat loss, Btu/hr (ft), for each energy cost (EC) in $/1,000,000 Btu
shall be based on the following:
$2.
EC and Maximum Pipe Heat Loss, Btu/hr (ft)
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200
Fluid Temperature (Tf), degrees F

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15
18
19
22
26
30
36
41
46
58
53
60
64
7l
78
24
27
30
35
40
46
44
50
72
89
83
93
100
110
120
32
38
41
39
55
63
60
69
98
96
113
127
136
150
164
59
68
74
85
83
94
98
128
172
176
180
235
297
280
236
68
78
85
98
96
108
113
148
198
203
208
237
292
322
272
$3.
41
40
53
50
57
65
76
88
100
123
144
162
174
192
155
51
49
53
61
70
79
94
108
123
126
177
199
213
235
190
61
58
63
73
83
80
83
129
147
151
177
201
254
239
227
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15
18
19
18
26
30
28
32
46
45
53
60
64
71
78
24
27
30
28
40
46
44
50
72
7O
83
93
100
110
120
27
31
34
39
44
50
60
69
78
80
113
127
136
150
121
59
68
74
66
67
75
98
113
127
137
180
183
219
217
215
68
78
85
69
77
87
113
130
146
144
168
211
253
226
247
34
40
43
50
57
55
57
88
100
103
121
137
174
163
155
66
42
49
53
61
59
67
70
92
123
126
129
l47
181
200
169
50
58
63
73
71
80
83
97
108
151
154
156
216
208
202
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
$4.
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15
18
19
18
26
30
28
32
46
45
53
60
64
71
78
24
22
24
28
32
37
44
50
57
59
83
93
100
110
89
27
31
34
39
44
43
44
58
78
80
94
lO7
136
128
121
59
59
53
60
67
75
98
113
114
125
146
165
219
196
215
60
62
61
69
77
87
113
117
120
144
168
190
253
192
247
$5.
34
40
43
50
48
55
57
75
74
103
105
106
148
163
138
42
49
53
43
59
67
70
81
91
126
129
131
157
155
154
50
58
45
51
63
64
83
97
108
106
124
156
187
167
183
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15
18
15
18
21
24
28
32
37
45
53
60
64
71
57
19
22
24
28
27
31
32
43
57
59
69
69
100
94
79
27
31
34
27
38
43
44
51
58
80
82
83
100
99
108
52
49
53
60
67
75
81
101
104
125
125
118
163
166
182
50
57
61
69
77
87
94
117
120
123
144
136
174
192
184
34
40
31
35
43
44
57
66
74
73
85
106
128
114
125
67
42
38
38
43
48
54
70
81
82
89
104
118
157
140
154
44
42
45
51
57
64
69
87
89
106
124
130
151
142
183
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
$6.
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15
14
16
18
21
20
28
32
37
38
53
60
64
71
57
19
22
24
28
27
31
32
43
42
59
60
69
84
94
79
27
31
34
27
34
34
44
51
58
63
82
83
100
89
98
52
49
53
60
67
75
81
101
104
107
125
118
151
166
159
50
57
61
69
77
87
94
99
120
123
144
136
153
192
184
$7.
34
31
31
35
39
44
57
66
67
73
85
96
128
114
125
37
35
38
43
48
54
70
72
74
89
104
109
127
119
154
44
42
45
51
57
64
69
87
89
106
115
100
139
142
155
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12
14
16
18
21
20
21
32
37
38
44
51
64
60
57
19
22
24
22
24
31
32
38
42
59
60
61
84
72
72
27
31
24
27
30
34
44
51
58
57
66
83
100
89
98
44
49
53
60
67
75
81
86
104
107
125
118
133
166
159
50
57
61
69
77
87
94
99
104
110
121
136
153
160
184
34
29
31
35
39
44
57
59
61
73
85
89
103
97
125
68
37
35
38
43
48
54
58
72
74
89
96
84
117
119
130
44
42
45
51
57
64
69
87
89
91
106
100
129
142
136
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
$8.
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12
14
16
18
21
20
21
27
37
38
44
44
64
60
57
19
22
24
22
24
25
32
38
42
46
60
61
73
65
72
27
31
24
27
30
34
44
51
52
57
66
75
100
89
98
44
43
53
60
67
75
81
86
90
95
105
118
133
138
159
50
57
61
69
77
75
94
99
104
110
121
136
153
160
184
$9.
30
29
31
35
39
44
47
59
61
73
85
89
103
97
106
37
35
38
43
48
54
58
72
74
77
89
84
108
119
130
37
42
45
51
57
64
69
87
89
91
106
100
113
142
136
Pipe Size
(Inches)
150
200

250
300
350
400
450
500
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
12
14
16
18
18
20
21
27
37
38
39
44
54
60
51
19
22
24
20
22
25
32
38
42
46
48
61
73
65
72
27
24
24
27
30
34
44
46
52
57
66
75
81
76
98
44
49
53
60
67
65
81
86
90
95
105
118
133
138
159
50
57
61
64
72
75
94
99
98
110
121
136
153
160
173
30
29
31
35
39
44
47
59
61
73
85
69
95
97
106
69
31
35
38
43
48
54
58
72
74
77
89
84
108
119
114
37
42
45
51
57
64
69
74
77
81
106
100
113
118
136
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
PART 3:
EARTH TEMPERATURES
The earth tempevatures (Te) to be used in the heat loss calculations are
listed below. The list presents the average earth temperature from 0 to 10
feet below the surface for the four seasons of the year and for the whole year
for the indicated locale. The temperatures were computed on the basis of the
method described in the 1965 ASHRAE technical paper entitled "Earth
Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity at Selected Stations in the United States"
by T. Kusuda and P. R. Achenback (in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 71, Part 1,
p. 61, 1965) using the monthly average air temperatures published by the U.S.
Weather Bureau for the listed localities in the United States. Earth
temperatures are expressed in Fahrenheit degrees. AP refers to airport data,
CO to city office data, COOP to cooperative weather station data, and OBS to
observation station data. When data is not available for exact project
location, use nearest location shown in following table.
Location
Alabama
Anniston AP
Birmingham AP
Mobile AP
Mobile CO
Montgomery AP
Montgomery CO
Arizona
Bisbee COOP
Flagstaff AP
Ft Huachuca
(proving ground)
Phoenix AP
Phoenix CO
Prescott AP
Tuscon AP
Winslow AP
Yuma AP
Arkansas
Fort Smith AP
Little Rock AP
Texarkana AP
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
55
54
61
61
58
59
58
58
63
64
61
62
7O
71
74
75
73
74
67
68
7l
72
70
71
63
63
67
68
65
66
55
35
58
39
70
54
67
50
62
45
55
60
61
46
59
45
65
58
64
65
49
62
49
69
71
79
80
65
76
65
84
68
75
76
61
73
61
80
63
69
70
55
68
55
75
52
53
56
46
57
60
72
72
74
68
68
71
62
62
65
70
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
California
Bakersfield AP
Beaumont CO
Bishop AP
Blue Canyon AP
Burbank AP
Eureka CO
Fresno AP
Los Angeles AP
Los Angeles CO
Mount Shasta CO
Oakland AP
Red Bluff AP
Sacramento AP
Sacramento CO
Sandberg CO
San Diego AP
San Francisco AP
San Francisco CO
San Jose COOP
Santa Catalina AP
Santa Maria AP
56
53
47
43
58
50
54
58
60
41
53
54
53
54
47
59
53
55
55
57
54
60
56
51
46
60
51
58
59
61
44
54
58
56
57
50
60
54
55
57
58
55
74
67
65
58
68
54
72
64
68
57
60
72
67
68
63
66
59
59
64
64
60
70
64
61
55
66
54
68
63
66
54
59
69
64
65
60
65
57
58
62
62
59
65
60
56
50
63
52
63
61
64
49
56
63
60
61
55
62
56
57
59
60
57
Colorado
Alamosa AP
Colorado Springs AP
Denver AP
Denver CO
Grand Junction AP
Pueblo AP
30
39
39
41
39
41
35
43
43
45
44
45
52
59
60
61
65
62
48
55
56
58
60
58
41
49
50
51
52
51
Connecticut
Bridgeport AP
Hartford AP
Hartford AP (Brainer)
New Haven AP
40
39
39
40
44
43
43
44
61
61
60
60
57
57
56
56
50
50
50
50
Delaware
Wilmington AP
44
48
64
60
54
Washington D.C.
Washington AP
Washington CO
Silver Hill OBS
47
47
46
51
51
50
66
66
65
63
63
61
56
57
55
71
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
Florida
Apalachicola CO
Daytona Beach AP
Fort Myers AP
Jacksonville AP
Jacksonville CO
Key West AP
Key West CO
Lakeland CO
Melbourne AP
Miami AP
Miami CO
Miami Beach COOP
Orlando AP
Pensacola CO
Tallahassee AP
Tampa AP
West Palm Beach
63
65
70
63
64
74
75
68
68
72
72
74
68
62
61
68
7l
65
67
7l
66
66
75
76
69
70
74
73
75
70
64
64
69
73
75
75
78
75
76
80
81
77
77
79
78
80
77
74
74
77
79
73
74
76
73
73
79
79
75
75
78
77
78
J5
72
72
75
77
69
70
74
69
70
77
78
72
72
76
75
77
72
68
68
72
75
Georgia
Albany AP
Athens AP
Atlanta AP
Atlanta CO
Augusta AP
Columbus AP
Macon AP
Rome AP
Savannah AP
Thomasville CO
Valdosta AP
60
54
54
54
56
56
58
53
60
62
61
63
58
57
57
59
59
61
56
63
64
64
75
71
70
70
72
72
74
70
74
74
74
72
68
67
67
69
69
71
67
71
72
72
67
63
62
62
64
64
66
61
67
68
68
Idaho
Boise AP
Idaho Falls 46 W
Idaho Falls 42 N W
Lewiston AP
Pocatello AP
Salmon CO
40
30
28
42
35
32
44
35
33
46
40
37
62
55
54
63
59
56
58
50
49
59
55
52
51
42
41
52
44
44
72
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
Illinois
Cairo CO
Chicago AP
Joliet AP
Moline AP
Peoria AP
Springfield AP
Springfield CO
49
38
37
38
39
41
43
53
43
42
43
44
45
47
70
62
61
62
63
64
66
66
57
56
58
58
60
62
60
50
49
50
51
52
54
Indiana
Evansville AP
Fort Wayne AP
Indianapolis AP
Indianapolis CO
South Bend AP
Terre Haute AP
47
39
41
43
38
42
51
43
46
48
42
47
67
61
64
65
61
65
63
57
59
61
56
60
57
50
52
54
49
53
Iowa
Burlington AP
Charles City CO
Davenport CO
Des Moines AP
Des Moines CO
Dubuque AP
Sioux City
Waterloo AP
39
33
39
37
38
34
35
35
44
38
44
42
43
39
40
40
64
60
64
63
64
60
62
61
59
55
59
58
59
55
57
56
51
46
51
50
51
47
49
48
Kansas
Concordia CO
Dodge City AP
Goodland AP
Topeka AP
Topeka CO
Wichita AP
42
43
38
43
44
45
47
48
43
47
49
50
67
67
62
66
68
68
62
62
57
62
63
64
54
55
50
55
56
57
Kentucky
Bowling Green AP
Lexington AP
Louisville AP
Louisville CO
47
44
46
47
51
48
50
51
67
65
67
67
63
61
63
64
57
54
56
57
73
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
Louisiana
Baton Rouge AP
Burrwood CO
Lake Charles AP
New Orleans AP
New Orleans CO
Shreveport AP
61
65
61
63
64
58
63
67
64
65
66
61
74
77
75
75
77
75
72
74
73
73
74
72
67
71
68
69
70
66
Maine
Caribou AP
Eastport CO
Portland AP
24
33
33
29
37
38
50
51
56
45
48
51
37
42
44
Maryland
Baltimore AP
Baltimore CO
Frederick AP
45
47
44
49
51
48
65
67
65
61
63
61
55
57
55
Massachusetts
Boston AP
Nantucket AP
Pittsfield AP
Worcester AP
41
41
34
36
44
44
38
40
61
57
55
58
57
54
51
54
51
49
44
47
33
37
54
50
43
38
38
30
36
36
38
36
31
36
28
42
43
35
40
40
42
40
35
40
32
60
60
53
58
58
60
58
53
57
51
56
56
49
54
54
56
54
49
53
47
49
49
42
47
47
49
47
42
47
39
25
25
26
22
32
31
30
31
27
37
55
52
52
51
60
49
47
47
45
54
40
38
39
36
46
Michigan
Alpena CO
Detroit Willow
Run AP
Detroit City AP
Escanaba CO
Flint AP
Grand Rapids AP
Grand Rapids CO
East Lansing CO
Marquette CO
Muskecon AP
Sault Ste Marie AP
Minnesota
Crookston COOP
Duluth AP
Duluth CO
International Falls
Minneapolis AP
74
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
31
28
32
36
33
37
58
56
60
53
51
54
44
42
46
Mississippi
Jackson AP
Meridian AP
Vicksburg CO
57
57
58
61
60
61
73
72
74
70
69
71
65
64
66
Missouri
Columbia AP
Kansas City AP
Saint Joseph AP
Saint Louis AP
Saint Louis CO
Springfield AP
43
55
42
45
46
45
48
49
47
49
50
49
66
68
67
67
68
66
62
64
72
63
64
62
55
56
54
56
57
56
Montana
Billings AP
Butte AP
Glasgow AP
Glasgow CO
Great Falls AP
Harve CO
Helena AP
Helena CO
Kalispell AP
Miles City AP
Missoula AP
35
27
27
28
34
31
31
32
32
32
33
40
31
33
34
38
36
36
36
37
37
37
59
50
56
57
56
57
55
55
54
59
56
55
45
51
52
52
52
50
50
50
54
51
47
38
42
43
45
44
43
43
43
45
44
38
39
43
44
64
64
59
60
51
52
40
35
37
39
36
35
45
40
42
44
41
40
65
62
62
65
60
61
61
57
57
60
56
56
53
48
49
52
48
48
34
35
39
39
57
56
53
52
46
45
Rochester AP
Saint Cloud AP
Saint Paul AP
Nebraska
Grand Island AP
Lincoln AP
Lincoln
University CO
Norfolk AP
North Platte AP
Omaha AP
Scottsbluff AP
Valentine CO
Nevada
Elko AP
Ely AP
75
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
56
40
41
38
60
44
56
42
78
58
61
60
74
55
57
56
67
49
51
49
New Hampshire
Concord AP
Mt Washington COOP
33
17
38
21
56
37
52
33
45
27
New Jersey
Atlantic City CO
Newark AP
Trenton CO
45
43
43
49
47
47
63
63
64
60
59
60
54
53
53
New Mexico
Albuquerque AP
Clayton AP
Raton AP
Roswell AP
46
43
38
51
50
47
42
54
67
63
58
69
63
59
54
66
57
53
48
60
36
38
38
34
38
37
40
43
42
38
42
41
59
61
59
56
59
58
54
56
55
52
55
54
47
49
48
45
48
47
44
44
48
47
64
63
60
59
54
53
44
36
37
35
38
48
40
41
40
42
64
58
58
59
60
60
54
54
55
56
54
47
47
47
49
48
52
49
56
51
52
51
55
53
59
55
56
64
69
67
70
69
70
61
66
64
68
65
66
56
60
58
63
60
61
Las Vegas AP
Reno AP
Tonopah
Winnemucca AP
New York
Albany AP
Albany CO
Bear Mountain CO
Binghampton AP
Binghampton CO
Buffalo AP
New York AP
(La Guardia)
New York CO
New York Central
Park
Oswego CO
Rochester AP
Schenectady COOP
Syracuse AP
North Carolina
Asheville CO
Charlotte AP
Greensboro AP
Hatteras CO
Raleigh AP
Raleigh CO
76
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
56
50
59
53
71
67
69
64
64
58
North Dakota
Bismarck AP
Devils Lake CO
Fargo AP
Minot AP
Williston CO
27
24
26
25
27
33
29
32
31
33
56
54
56
54
56
51
48
50
49
50
42
39
41
39
41
Ohio
Akron-Canton AP
Cincinnati AP
Cincinnati CO
Cincinnati ABBE OBS
Cleveland AP
Cleveland CO
Columbus AP
Columbus CO
Dayton AP
Sandusky CC
Toledo AP
Youngstown AP
39
43
46
45
40
41
41
43
42
41
38
39
43
47
50
49
44
45
46
47
46
45
43
43
60
64
66
65
61
62
62
64
63
62
60
60
56
60
63
61
57
58
59
60
59
58
56
56
50
54
56
55
51
51
52
53
52
51
49
50
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City AP
Oklahoma City CO
Tulsa AP
50
50
50
54
55
54
71
71
71
67
68
67
60
61
61
Oregon
Astoria AP
Baker CO
Burns CO
Eugene AP
Meacham AP
Medford AP
Pendelton AP
Portland AP
Portland CO
Roseburg AP
Roseburg CO
Salem AP
Sexton Summit
Troutdale AP
47
36
36
46
34
46
42
46
48
47
48
46
42
45
48
40
40
48
38
49
46
49
50
49
51
49
44
48
56
56
58
59
52
62
63
60
61
60
61
60
55
59
54
52
54
57
49
59
59
57
59
57
59
57
52
57
51
46
47
52
43
54
53
53
55
53
55
53
48
52
Wilmington AP
Winston Salem AP
77
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
Pennsylvania
Allentown AP
Erie AP
Erie CO
Harrisburg AP
Park Place CO
Philadelphia AP
Philadelphia CO
Pittsburgh Allegheny
Pittsburgh GRTR PITT
Pittsburgh CO
Reading CO
Scranton CO
Wilkes Barre-Scranton
Williamsport AP
40
38
40
43
36
44
46
42
40
44
43
40
39
40
44
42
44
47
40
48
50
46
44
48
47
44
43
44
62
58
60
63
57
64
66
62
61
64
64
61
60
61
58
55
56
59
53
61
62
58
57
60
60
57
56
57
51
48
50
53
46
54
56
52
51
54
54
50
49
51
Rhode Island
Block Island AP
Providence AP
Providence CO
41
39
41
45
43
45
59
59
62
55
56
58
50
49
51
South Carolina
Charleston AP
Charleston CO
Columbia AP
Columbia CO
Florence AP
Greenville AP
Spartanburg AP
58
60
56
57
55
53
53
61
62
59
60
59
56
56
72
74
72
72
72
69
70
70
71
69
69
69
66
66
65
67
64
64
64
61
61
South Dakota
Huron AP
Rapid City AP
Sioux Falls AP
31
34
32
37
39
37
60
58
60
55
54
55
46
46
46
Tennessee
Bristol AP
Chattanooga AP
Knoxville AP
Memphis AP
Memphis CO
Nashville AP
Oak Ridge CO
Oak Ridge 8 S
48
51
50
52
53
51
49
49
51
55
54
56
57
54
52
52
65
69
68
71
72
69
67
67
62
65
65
68
68
66
64
64
56
60
59
62
62
60
58
58
78
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
55
47
60
56
68
65
57
62
54
58
50
63
59
70
68
61
65
58
73
67
76
74
79
78
76
77
72
70
63
73
70
77
76
72
75
69
64
57
68
65
74
72
66
70
63
57
63
63
62
63
67
50
55
58
61
63
58
61
64
58
53
60
66
66
65
66
70
54
59
62
64
65
61
64
67
62
57
75
77
77
76
77
81
69
73
74
75
76
74
77
78
76
73
72
74
74
73
74
79
65
70
71
72
74
71
74
76
73
69
66
70
70
69
70
74
59
64
66
68
69
66
69
71
67
63
Utah
Blanding CO
Milford AP
Salt Lake City AP
Salt Lake City CO
39
37
40
41
43
42
44
46
60
61
63
65
56
56
59
60
50
49
51
53
Vermont
Burlington AP
32
37
57
52
44
Virginia
Cape Henry CO
Lynchburg AP
Norfolk AP
Norfolk CO
51
48
51
52
55
51
54
56
68
66
68
69
65
62
64
66
60
57
59
61
Texas
Abilene AP
Amarillo AP
Austin AP
Big Springs AP
Brownsville AP
Corpus Cristi AP
Dallas AP
Del Rio AP
El Paso AP
Fort Worth AP
(Amon Carter)
Galveston AP
Galveston CO
Houston AP
Houston CO
Laredo AP
Lubbock AP
Midland AP
Palestine CO
Port Arthur AP
Port Arthur CO
San Angelo AP
San Antonio AP
Victoria AP
Waco AP
Wichita Falls AP
79
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
48
50
48
52
53
51
67
68
66
63
64
62
58
59
57
37
45
47
41
47
49
59
57
54
55
54
53
48
51
51
44
36
45
46
40
46
56
59
53
54
55
52
50
47
49
46
47
44
37
32
46
46
44
40
48
50
47
41
35
48
47
48
44
58
59
57
58
48
58
52
65
61
56
57
55
54
45
55
51
61
57
52
53
51
47
40
52
49
54
50
West Virginia
Charleston AP
Elkins AP
Huntington CO
Parkersburg CO
Petersburg CO
47
41
48
45
44
50
45
52
49
48
65
59
67
65
63
61
56
63
61
60
56
50
57
55
54
Wisconsin
Green Bay AP
La Crosse AP
Madison AP
Madison CO
Milwaukee AP
Milwaukee CO
31
32
34
34
35
36
36
38
39
39
40
41
56
60
59
60
58
59
51
55
54
55
54
55
44
46
47
47
47
48
Wyoming
Casper AP
Cheyenne AP
Lander AP
Rock Springs AP
Sheridan AP
34
35
31
31
33
38
39
35
35
37
57
55
56
54
56
52
51
51
50
52
45
45
43
42
44
Richmond AP
Richmond CO
Roanoke AP
Washington
Ellensburg AP
Kelso AP
North Head L H RESVN
Olympia AP
Omak 2 mi N W
Port Angeles AP
Seattle AP (Boeing
Field)
Seattle CO
Seattle-Tacoma AP
Spokane AP
Stampede Pass
Tacoma CO
Tattosh Island CO
Walla Walla CO
Yakima AP
80
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
Location
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Annual
Hawaii
Hilo AP
Honolulu AP
Honolulu CO
Lihue AP
72
74
74
72
72
75
74
73
74
77
77
76
74
77
76
75
73
76
75
74
Alaska
Anchorage PA
Annette AP
Barrow AP
Bethel AP
Cold Bay AP
Cordova AP
Fairbanks AP
Galena AP
Gambell AP
Juneau AP
Juneau CO
King Salmon AP
Kotzebue AP
McGrath AP
Nome AP
Northway AP
Saint Paul Island AP
Yakutat AP
25
40
4
18
33
32
14
13
15
34
36
25
10
14
16
12
31
33
29
42
7
23
35
35
19
18
19
36
39
28
14
18
20
16
32
36
46
51
16
41
43
45
38
37
34
47
49
44
31
37
37
32
40
45
42
49
14
37
41
43
34
33
30
45
46
40
27
33
33
29
38
43
35
46
10
30
38
39
26
25
24
41
42
34
21
25
26
22
35
39
West Indies
Ponce Santa Isabel AP
San Juan AP
San Juan CO
Swan Island
75
77
77
80
76
77
77
80
78
79
79
82
78
79
79
81
77
78
78
81
Virgin Islands
St. Croix, V.I. AP
78
78
81
80
79
Pacific Islands
Canton Island AP
Koror
Ponape Island AP
Truk Moen Island
Wake Island AP
Yap
83
81
81
81
79
81
84
81
81
81
79
81
84
81
81
81
81
82
84
81
81
81
81
82
84
81
81
81
80
82
81
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
REFERENCES
NOTE: THE FOLLOWING REFERENCED DOCUMENTS FORM A PART OF THIS HANDBOOK TO THE
EXTENT SPECIFIED HEREIN. USERS OF THIS HANDBOOK SHOULD REFER TO THE LATEST
REVISIONS OF CITED DOCUMENTS UNLESS OTHERWISE DIRECTED.
FEDERAL/MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, BULLETINS, HANDBOOKS, AND NAVFAC
GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS:
Unless otherwise indicated, copies are available from Standardization
Documents Order Desk, Building 4 D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA
19111-5094.
SPECIFICATIONS
MILITARY
MIL-P-28584A
Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Glass Fiber

Reinforced Plastic for Condensate Return
Lines
HANDBOOKS
MIL-HDBK-1002/2
Loads
MIL-HDBK-1003/6
Central Heating Plants
MIL-HDBK-1025/2
Dockside Utilities for Ships Service
NAVFAC GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS

NFGS-02685
Exterior Fuel Distribution System
NFGS-02685
Gas Distribution System
NFGS-02693
Exterior Shallow Trench Heat Distribution

System
NFGS-02694
Exterior Underground Heat Distribution System
NFGS-02695
Exterior Aboveground Steam Distribution

System
NFGS-02696
Exterior Piping Insulation
NFGS-02697
Exterior Buried Pumped Condensate Return

System
NFGS-02698
Exterior Buried Preinsulated Water Piping

82
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
NFGS-09809
NFGS-15250
Protection of Buried Steel Piping and Steel

Bulkhead Tie Rods
Insulation of Mechanical Systems
NAVY MANUALS, DRAWINGS, P-PUBLICATIONS, AND MAINTENANCE OPERATING MANUALS:

Available from Commanding Officer, Naval Publications and Forms Center (NPFC),
5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120-5099. To order these documents:
government agencies must use the Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue
Procedure (MILSTRIP); the private sector must write to NPFC, ATTENTION: Cash
Sales, Code 1051, 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120-5099.
DESIGN MANUALS
DM-1.01
Basic Architectural Requirements
DM-3.01
Plumbing Systems
DM-3.03
Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and

Dehumidifying Systems
DM-3.5
Compressed Air and Vacuum Systems
DM-3.6
Central Heating Systems (See MIL-HDBK-1003/6

Reference)
DM-7.01
Soil Mechanics
P-272 (Part I)
Definitive Designs for Naval Shore Facilities
P-442
Economic Analysis Handbook
OTHER GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS:

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST)
NBS Handbook 135
Life-Cycle Cost Manual for the Federal Energy

Management Program
Unless otherwise indicated, copies are available from National Technical

Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161.
NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
NCEL UG-0005
Steam Trap Users Guide
Available from Commanding Officer, Code L08B, Naval Civil Engineering

Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-5003.
83
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
NON-GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS:
Crocker and King, Piping Handbook, 5th Edition, available from McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., New York, NY 10036.
Keenan, Keyes, Hill and Moore, Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, available
from J. Wiley & Sons, NY, Copyright 1969, Library of Congress Catalog, Card
No. 68-54568.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME)
ASME B31.1
Power Piping (ANSI/ASME)
ASME B31.8
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping

Systems (ASME/ANSI)
Unless otherwise indicated, copies are available from American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10007.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS
(ASHRAE)
ASHRAE
Handbook - Fundamentals
ASHRAE
Handbook - Systems
ASHRAE
Handbook - Applications
ASHRAE Transactions
Volume 71, Part 1,
p. 61, 1965)
Earth Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity at

Selected Stations in the United States
Unless otherwise indicated, copies are available from American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie
Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329.
HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE (HI)
Pipe Friction Handbook
Unless otherwise indicated, copies are available from Hydraulic Institute, 712
Lakewood Center North, 14600 Detroit Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44107.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
NFPA 54
National Fuel Gas Code
Unless otherwise indicated, copies are available from National Fire Protection
Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
84
MIL-HDBK-1003/8A
CUSTODIAN:
NAVY - YD
PREPARING ACTIVITY
NAVY - YD
PROJECT NO.
FACR - 0490
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:
1990--704-034/30889
85

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UFC 3-430-09

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

with Change 1, 25 March 2009

EXTERIOR MECHANICAL UTILITY DISTRIBUTION

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This document replaces UFC 3-430-09N and UFC 3-430-05FA.

Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/.

MIL-HDBK 1003/8A.................... A-1

with Change 1, 25 March 2009

EXTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM,

NO DELIVERABLE DATA REQUIRED BY THIS DOCUMENT

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE:

RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE:

RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS.

3. Holders of MIL-HDBK-1003/8A will verify that all changes indicated above

Approved for public release; distribution is

Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning,

Refrigeration Systems for Cold Storage

Compressed Air and Vacuum Systems

Central Heating Plants

Steam Power Plants - Fossil Fueled

Exterior Distribution of Steam, High

Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters,

Noise and Vibration Control for

Diesel Electric Generating Plants

Solar Heating of Buildings and

Power Plant Acoustics (Tri-Service

Industrial Ventilation Systems

Design Procedures for Passive

2. RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is

Heat Loss Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GENERAL DESIGN FACTORS

Exterior Steam Distribution

SPECIFIC PIPING DESIGN FACTORS

Relation Between Heat Loss and System Costs

Chart for Weight-Flow Rate and Velocity of

Distribution Loads and Fluid Conditions . . . . . .

System distributes natural gas or propane for gas

b) provide exterior buried factory-prefabricated preinsulated pumped

For approximate conditions,

System Load Demand Factors.

For demand factors, refer to Table 1.

inside radius of pipe, feet (one half of id)

Class A, B, C, and D Ground Water Conditions.

Intergy Systems, Brecksville, OH

Class B, C, and D Ground Water Conditions.

Thermal Pipe Systems, Media, PA

Select one particular type of system configuration which is

Determine separately, for each section of the system, the installed

Installed Cost ($/ft)

*Series Present Worth Factor

*The series present worth factor is the reciprocal of the

GENERAL DESIGN FACTORS

Design special elements of the system as required.

Fluid distribution site locations

For location factors for each system, refer