ABS - Part 4 - e PDF

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
STEEL VESSELS
2004
PART 4
VESSEL SYSTEMS AND MACHINERY
American Bureau of Shipping

Incorporated by Act of Legislature of
the State of New York 1862
Copyright 2003
American Bureau of Shipping
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060 USA
Rule Change Notice (2004)

The effective date of each technical change since 1993 is shown in parenthesis at the end of the
subsection/paragraph titles within the text of each Part. Unless a particular date and month are shown,
the years in parentheses refer to the following effective dates:
(2000) and after
(1999)
(1998)
(1997)
1 January 2000 (and subsequent years)

12 May 1999
13 May 1998
19 May 1997
(1996)
(1995)
(1994)
(1993)
9 May 1996
15 May 1995
9 May 1994
11 May 1993
Listing by Effective Dates of Changes from the 2003 Rules

Notice No. 3 to the 2003 Rules (effective on 1 July 2003), which is incorporated in the 2003 Rules, is
summarized below.
EFFECTIVE DATE 1 July 2003
(based on the contract date for construction between builder and Owner)
Part/Para. No.
Title/Subject
4-4-1/7.11
Hydrostatic Tests
Status/Remarks
To align requirements with for hydrostatic testing of
pressure vessels with ASME Code (1.3 MAWP).
(Incorporates Notice No. 3)
4-4-A1/21
Hydrostatic Tests
To align requirements with for hydrostatic testing of

pressure vessels with ASME Code (1.3 MAWP).
4-6-4/17
(New)
Additional Measures for Oil

Pollution Prevention
To introduce new optional Class notation POT

(Protection of Fuel and Lubricating Oil Tanks).
EFFECTIVE DATE 1 January 2004

Part/Para. No.
Title/Subject
4-1-1/1.9.3
Essential Services
Status/Remarks
To provide cross reference to definition of essential
services in 4-8-1/7.3.3.
4-1-1/1.9.6
4-1-1/1.9.7
(New)
Dead Ship Condition

Blackout
To clarify the term dead ship condition in accordance

with IACS UI SC 124 (Rev.1) and to introduce
definition of blackout.
4-1-1/7.7
Dead Ship Start
To align editorially with 4-1-1/1.9.6.
4-1-1/Table 7
Design Angles of Inclination
To clarify the application of the static fore-and-aft

inclination requirement for large vessels (exceeding 100
m in length).
4-2-1/7.5.1
Diesel Engines Speed

Governing
To align the requirements for testing of generator engine

speed governors with IACS UR M3 (Rev. 4).
4-2-3/7.5.1
Gas Turbines Speed

Governing
To align the requirements for testing of generator

turbine speed governors with IACS UR M3 (Rev. 4).
4-2-4/7.5.1
Steam Turbines Speed

Governing

turbine speed governors with IACS UR M3 (Rev. 4).
ii
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2004
Part/Para. No.
Title/Subject
4-3-1/5.3.4
Shaft Alignment Analysis
(New)
Status/Remarks
To account for shaft alignment conditions that can affect
the loading of gear-shaft support bearings.
4-3-2/7.3
Shaft Alignment Calculations
To specify requirements to take into account the

difference in relative stiffness of the flexible hull girder
and large diameter, stiffer tail shafts.
4-3-2/11.1.1
Alignment
To clarify shaft alignment procedures.
4-4-1/9.1.1(a)
Boiler
To modify requirements to correlate safety valve sizing

with boilers thermal capacity. To specify separate
conditions for propulsion and auxiliary boilers.
4-6-2/5.7.2
Molded Expansion Joints
To clarify that molded expansion joints of composite

construction utilizing metallic materials with rubberized
coatings inside and/or outside and having passed the
hose fire tests in 4-6-2/5.7.1(e) may be used in oil piping
systems.
4-6-2/9.5
Provisions for Expansion and

Contraction of Piping
To elaborate further on the specific installation

requirements for expansion joints, in conjunction with
the changes to 4-6-2/7.2 and 4-6-4/Table 4
4-6-4/
13.5.1(d)
Service Tanks
To clarify the term fuel oil service tank, in line with

IACS UI SC123 (Rev. 2).
4-6-4/Table 4
Pipe Joint Limitations for Fuel

Oil Piping
To clarify 4-6-4/Table 4 with regard to the use of

molded non-metallic expansion joints of composite
construction in fuel oil piping systems, in conjunction
with the changes to 4-6-2/7.2 and 4-6-2/9.5
4-6-7/Table 1
Pipe Joint Limitations for

Hydraulic Piping
To emphasize that certified thruster systems are to

maintain the same level of integrity as steering and
propulsion systems. To reference requirements for
composite expansion joints.
4-7-3/3.5.2(f)
Main Shutoff Valve
To clarify that the open/close position of the main

shutoff valves is to be clearly identified.
4-7-3/3.5.5(b)
Disallowed Types of Control

Devices
To prohibit use of electromagnetic valves in the CO2

release/control system
4-8-1/7.3.3
Essential Services
To define the essential services necessary for continuous

operation to maintain propulsion and steering, the
minimum level of vessels safety and the emergency
services, in accordance with IACS UI SC134.
4-8-1/Tables
1 and 2
(New)
Primary Essential Services

Secondary Essential Services
To define the essential services necessary for continuous

operation to maintain propulsion and steering, the
minimum level of vessels safety and the emergency
services, in accordance with IACS UI SC134.
4-8-2/3.1.1
General
To incorporate IACS UI SC124 (Rev.1) and to add cross

references for definition of essential services and
requirements for system arrangements where generators
operate in parallel or a single generator supplies the
electrical power.
4-8-2/3.1.3
Starting from Dead Ship

Condition
To incorporate IACS UI SC124 (Rev.1) and to add cross

references for dead ship condition and blackout.
iii
Part/Para. No.
Title/Subject
Generators Driven by
4-8-2/3.5
Propulsion Machinery
Status/Remarks
To incorporate IACS UI SC1 (Rev.1) and UR E17.
4-8-2/3.7
Transformers and Converters
To incorporate IACS UI SC134, UI SC83 and SOLAS

Reg. II-1/41.1.5 and to clarify the continuity of power
supply arrangements for essential services with DC
24 V supply source.
4-8-2/3.11
System Arrangement
To incorporate IACS UI SC157 regarding system

arrangements for single generator systems and for
multiple generators operating in parallel.
4-8-2/9.9
Load Shedding Arrangements
To specify the services for which load shedding is not

allowed, in accordance with IACS UI SC134 and UI
SC157.
4-8-3/3.13
Operating Governors

engine/turbine speed governors with IACS UR M3
(Rev. 4).
4-8-4/7
Switchboard and Distribution

Boards
To incorporate IACS UI SC167 and to clarify that

electrically insulated floors, with insulated level of floor
to earth of 50 to 100 M, are acceptable in lieu of nonconductive mats.
4-8-4/21.9.4
Plastic Cable Trays and

Protective Casings
To incorporate IACS UR E16 regarding plastic cable

trays and protective casings.
Section 4-8-4,
Appendix 1
(New)
Guidance for Type Test

Procedure for Plastic Cable
Tray and Protective Casing
To incorporate IACS Recommendation No. 73 Type

Approval Procedure for cable Trays/Protective Casing
Made of Plastics Materials.
4-8-5/3.7.2
Circuit Breakers and Switches

Auxiliary Circuit Power
Supply Systems
To emphasize that for breaker operation, sources of

stored energy in some systems may be brought from
outside a circuit in which the circuit breakers or
switches are located.
4-8-5/3.7.3
Rotating Machines Cooler
Requirements relocated to 4-8-5/5.17.5(c) since they are

not specific to high voltage machines only.
4-8-5/5.17.5(c)
Air Coolers
To clarify that the requirement for double tube cooling

pipe is considered necessary for electric propulsion
motors in a single system (single generator and single
motor).
4-9-4/21.3viii)
Controls at Fire Fighting

Station
To allow for pump valves being left locked open (or

closed, as appropriate), provided the room is equipped
with a high bilge level alarm.
EFFECTIVE DATE 1 July 2004

Part/Para. No.
Title/Subject
Safety System Alarms
4-9-2/9.3
4-9-2/Table 1
iv
Instrumentation and
Controllers on Remote
Propulsion Control Stations
Status/Remarks
To provide for a threshold warning level for activation
of the main propulsion safety system, in accordance
with IMO Resolution MSC.134(76), Annex 3.
To provide for a threshold warning level for activation
of the main propulsion safety system, in accordance
with IMO Resolution MSC.134(76), Annex 3.
PART
4
Vessel Systems and Machinery
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 General....................................................................................1
Section 1
Classification of Machinery .......................................3
CHAPTER 2 Prime Movers........................................................................19

Section 1
Diesel Engines ........................................................23
Section 2
Turbochargers.........................................................69
Section 3
Gas Turbines ..........................................................75
Section 4
Steam Turbines.......................................................85
Section 1
Appendix 1 Plans and Data for Diesel

Engines ...................................................................59
Section 1
Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare Parts .................67
Section 4
Appendix 1 Guidance for Spare Parts .................97
CHAPTER 3 Propulsion & Maneuvering Machinery...............................99

Section 1
Gears ....................................................................107
Section 2
Propulsion Shafting...............................................187
Section 3
Propellers..............................................................205
Section 4
Steering Gears......................................................221
Section 5
Thrusters and Dynamic Positioning Systems .......239
Section 1
Appendix 1 Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel

Gears ....................................................................117
Section 1
Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare Parts ...............175
Section 1
Appendix 3 Gear Parameters ............................177
CHAPTER 4 Boilers, Pressure Vessels and Fired Equipment ............255

Section 1
Boilers and Pressure Vessels and Fired

Equipment.............................................................259
Section 1
Appendix 1 Rules for Design .............................283
CHAPTER 5 Deck and Other Machinery................................................ 319

Section 1
Anchor Windlass ...................................................321
CHAPTER 6 Piping Systems .................................................................. 325

Section 1
General Provisions................................................333
Section 2
Metallic Piping.......................................................343
Section 3
Plastic Piping ........................................................367
Section 4
Ship Piping Systems and Tanks ...........................383
Section 5
Piping Systems for Internal Combustion

Engines .................................................................417
Section 6
Piping Systems for Steam Plants .........................431
Section 7
Other Piping Systems ...........................................447
CHAPTER 7 Fire Safety Systems........................................................... 457

Section 1
Section 2
Provisions for Specific Spaces .............................467
Section 3
Fire-extinguishing Systems and Equipment .........487
CHAPTER 8 Electrical Systems ............................................................. 515

Section 1
Section 2
System Design......................................................529
Section 3
Electrical Equipment .............................................553
Section 4
Shipboard Installation andTests ...........................583
Section 5
Special Systems ...................................................605
Section 1
Appendix 1 Guidance for Type Test Procedure

for Plastic Cable Tray and Protective Casing .......601
CHAPTER 9 Remote Propulsion Control and Automation.................. 623

Section 1
Section 2
Remote Propulsion Control...................................639
Section 3
ACC Notation........................................................645
Section 4
ACCU Notation .....................................................653
Section 5
Installation, Tests and Trials .................................669
Section 6
Computerized Systems.........................................673
Section 7
Equipment.............................................................677
CHAPTER 10 Remote Control and Monitoring for Auxiliary

Machinery and Systems Other Than Propulsion ............ 687
Section 1
vi
Watertight Bulkhead Doors, Shell Doors and

External Doors ......................................................689
PART
4
CHAPTER
General
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
Classification of Machinery...................................................3
1
General ..................................................................................3
1.1
Organization of Part 4 ....................................................... 3
1.3
Requirements for Classification ........................................ 4
1.5
Classification Notations..................................................... 4
1.7
Alternative Standards........................................................ 5
1.9
Definitions ........................................................................ 5
Certification of Machinery ......................................................7

3.1
Basic Requirements .......................................................... 7
3.3
Type Approval Program .................................................... 7
3.5
Non-mass Produced Machinery ........................................ 7
3.7
Details of Certification of Some Representative Products. 8
Machinery Plans ....................................................................8

5.1
Submission of Plans.......................................................... 8
5.3
Plans ................................................................................. 8
Miscellaneous Requirements for Machinery..........................8

7.1
Construction Survey Notification ....................................... 8
7.3
Machinery Equations......................................................... 9
7.5
Astern Propulsion Power................................................... 9
7.7
Dead Ship Start................................................................. 9
7.9
Inclinations ........................................................................ 9
7.11
Ambient Temperature ....................................................... 9
7.13
Machinery Space Ventilation............................................. 9
Sea Trials.............................................................................10
TABLE 1
Certification Details Prime Movers..........................11
TABLE 2
Certification Details Propulsion, Maneuvering and

Mooring Machinery ....................................................12
TABLE 3
Certification Details Electrical and Control

Equipment ..................................................................13
TABLE 4
Certification Details Fire Safety Equipment ............14
TABLE 5
Certification Details Boilers, Pressure Vessels and

Fired Equipment.........................................................15
TABLE 6
Certification Details Piping System

Components...............................................................16
TABLE 7
Design Angles of Inclination.......................................17
TABLE 8
Ambient Temperatures for Unrestricted Service........17
FIGURE 1
Organization of Part 4 ..................................................3
PART
4
CHAPTER
General
SECTION
Classification of Machinery
General
1.1
Organization of Part 4 4-1-1/1.1
4-1-1
4-1-1/1
Part 4 contains classification requirements for machinery. These requirements are organized in two
broad segments: that specific to equipment, and that specific to systems. 4-1-1/Figure 1 shows the
overall organization of Part 4.
FIGURE 1
Organization of Part 4
PART 4
RULES FOR MACHINERY
Chapter 1
CLASSIFICATION OF
MACHINERY
EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENTS
SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
Chapter 2
PRIME
MOVERS
Chapter 3
PROPULSION &
MANEUVERING
MACHINERY
Chapter 6
PIPING
SYSTEMS
Chapter 7
FIRE SAFETY
SYSTEMS
Chapter 4
BOILERS,
PRESSURE VESSELS
& FIRED EQUIPMENT
Chapter 5
DECK AND OTHER
MACHINERY
Chapter 8
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
Chapter 9
REMOTE PROPULSION
CONTROL &
AUTOMATION
Chapter 10
REMOTE CONTROL AND MONITORING
FOR AUXILIARY MACHINERY &
SYSTEMS OTHER THAN PROPULSION
Part
Chapter
Section
1.3
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
Requirements for Classification 4-1-1/1.3

1.3.1
Scopes of Part 4 and Part 5 4-1-1/1.3.1

Part 4 provides the minimum requirements for machinery of self-propelled vessels of 90
meters in length and over. Compliance with Part 4 is a condition for classification of all such
vessels, and for assigning the appropriate machinery class notations indicated in 4-1-1/1.5.
Additional requirements for machinery, which are specific for each vessel type, are provided
in Part 5. Compliance with the provisions of Part 5 is a condition for assigning the vessel type
class notation specified therein, such as Oil Carrier, Passenger Vessel, Liquefied Gas
Carrier, etc.
1.3.2
Fundamental Intent of Machinery Rules 4-1-1/1.3.2

1.3.2(a) Propulsion and maneuvering capability. Part 4 of the Rules is intended to assure
the propulsion and maneuvering capability of the vessel through specification of pertinent
design, testing and certification requirements for propulsion, maneuvering and other
equipment and their associated systems. See 4-1-1/Figure 1 for equipment and systems
included in the scope.
1.3.2(b) Machinery hazards. Part 4 of the Rules is also intended to identify and address
hazards associated with machinery aboard a vessel, particularly those hazards which are
capable of causing personal injury, flooding, fire or pollution.
1.3.2(c) Cargo hazards. Hazards associated with cargoes carried (such as oil, dangerous
goods, etc.) or to the specialized operations of the vessel (such as navigating in ice) are
addressed in Part 5.
1.3.3
1.5
Application 4-1-1/1.3.3
Requirements in Part 4 are intended for vessels under construction; but they are to be applied
to alterations made to existing vessels, as far as practicable.
Classification Notations 4-1-1/1.5

Classification notations are assigned to a vessel to indicate compliance with particular portions of the
Rules. The following classification notations define compliance with specific requirements of the
Rules for machinery:
AMS indicates that a vessel complies with all machinery requirements in Part 4, other than the
requirements associated with the other classification notations below. AMS is mandatory for all selfpropelled vessels.
ACC indicates that in a self-propelled vessel, in lieu of manning the propulsion machinery space
locally, it is intended to monitor the propulsion machinery space and to control and monitor the
propulsion and auxiliary machinery from a continuously manned centralized control station. Where
such a centralized control station is installed, the provisions of Section 4-9-3 are to be complied with.
Upon verification of compliance, ACC will be assigned.
ACCU indicates that a self-propelled vessel is fitted with various degrees of automation and with
remote monitoring and control system to enable the propulsion machinery space to be periodically
unattended and the propulsion control to be effected primarily from the navigation bridge. Where
periodically unattended propulsion machinery space is intended, the provisions of Section 4-9-4 are to
be complied with. Upon verification of compliance, ACCU will be assigned.
APS indicates that a self-propelled vessel is fitted with athwartship thrusters. APS is optional for all
self-propelled vessels fitted with such thrusters and signifies compliance with applicable requirements
of Section 4-3-5.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
PAS indicates that a non-self-propelled vessel is fitted with thrusters for the purpose of assisting the
movement or maneuvering. PAS is only assigned when requested by the Owner and signifies
compliance with applicable requirements of Section 4-3-5.
DPS-0, -1, -2, or -3 indicates that a vessel, self-propelled or non-self-propelled, is fitted with a
dynamic positioning system. The numerals (-0, -1, -2 or -3) indicates the degree of redundancy in the
dynamic positioning system. DPS is assigned only when requested by the owners and signifies
compliance with 4-3-5/15.
The above class notations, where preceded by the symbol (Maltese cross; e.g., AMS), signify
that compliance with these Rules was verified by the Bureau during construction of the vessel. This
includes survey of the machinery at the manufacturers plant (where required), during installation on
board the vessel and during trials.
Where an existing vessel, not previously classed by the Bureau, is accepted for class, these class
notations are assigned without .
1.7
Alternative Standards 4-1-1/1.7

Equipment, components and systems for which there are specific requirements in Part 4 may comply
with requirements of an alternative standard, in lieu of the requirements in the Rules. This, however,
is subject to such standards being determined by the Bureau as being not less effective than the Rules.
Where applicable, requirements may be imposed by the Bureau in addition to those contained in the
alternative standard to assure that the intent of the Rules is met. In all cases, the equipment,
component or system is subject to design review, survey during construction, tests and trials, as
applicable, by the Bureau for purposes of verification of its compliance with the alternative standard.
The verification process is to be to the extent as intended by the Rules. See also 1-1-1/1.
1.9
Definitions 4-1-1/1.9
Definitions of terms used are defined in the chapter, sections or subsections where they appear. The
following are terms that are used throughout Part 4.
1.9.1
Control station 4-1-1/1.9.1

A location where controllers or actuator are fitted, with monitoring devices, as appropriate,
for purposes of effecting desired operation of specific machinery.
Control Station is defined exclusively for purposes of Part 4, Chapter 7 Fire Safety
Systems, as intended by SOLAS, in 4-7-1/11.21.
Centralized Control Station is used in Part 4, Chapter 9 Remote Propulsion Control and
Automation to refer to the space or the location where the following functions are
centralized:
controlling propulsion and auxiliary machinery,
monitoring propulsion and auxiliary machinery, and
monitoring the propulsion machinery space.
1.9.2
Machinery Space 4-1-1/1.9.2

Machinery Space is any space that contains propulsion machinery, boilers, oil fuel units,
steam and internal combustion engines, generators and major electrical machinery, oil filling
stations, air conditioning and ventilation machinery, refrigerating machinery, stabilizing
machinery or other similar machinery, including the trunks to the space. Machinery space is
to include machinery space of category A, which, as defined in 4-7-1/11.15, is a space and
trunks to that space which contains:
internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion; or
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
internal combustion machinery used for purposes other than main propulsion where
such machinery has in the aggregate a total power output of not less than 375 kW
(500 hp); or
any oil-fired boiler (including similar oil-fired equipment such as inert gas
generators, incinerators, waste disposal units, etc.) or oil fuel unit (see definition in
4-7-1/11.19).
1.9.3
Essential Services (2004) 4-1-1/1.9.3

For definition of essential services, see 4-8-1/7.3.3.
1.9.4
Hazardous Area 4-1-1/1.9.4

Areas where flammable or explosive gases, vapors or dust are normally present or likely to be
present are known as hazardous areas. Hazardous areas are, however, more specifically
defined for certain machinery installations, storage spaces and cargo spaces that present such
hazard, e.g.:
helicopter refueling facilities, see 4-8-4/27.3.3;
paint stores, see 4-8-4/27.3.3;
cargo oil tanks and other spaces of oil carriers; see 5-1-7/31.5;
ro-ro cargo spaces; see 5-10-4/3.7.2.
1.9.5
Toxic or Corrosive Substances 4-1-1/1.9.5

Toxic Substances (solid, liquid or gas) are those that possess the common property of being
liable to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if swallowed or inhaled, or by
skin contact. Corrosive Substances (solid or liquid) are those, excluding saltwater, that
possess in their original stage the common property of being able through chemical action to
cause damage by coming into contact with living tissues, the vessel or its cargoes, when
escaped from their containment.
1.9.6
Dead Ship Condition (2004)

Dead ship condition means a condition under which:
1.9.7
i)
the main propulsion plant, boilers and auxiliary machinery are not in operation due to
the loss of the main source of electrical power, and
ii)
in restoring propulsion, the stored energy for starting the propulsion plant, the main
source of electrical power and other essential auxiliary machinery is assumed to be
not available.
Blackout (2004)
Blackout situation means the loss of the main source of electrical power resulting in the main
and auxiliary machinery to be out of operation.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
Certification of Machinery
3.1
Basic Requirements 4-1-1/3.1
4-1-1
4-1-1/3
The Rules define, to varying degrees, the extent of evaluation required for products, machinery,
equipment and their components based on the level of criticality of each of those items. There are
three basic evaluation constituents:
design review; type/prototype testing, as applicable;
survey during construction and testing at the plant of manufacture; and
survey during installation on board the vessel and at trials.
Where design review is required by the Rules, a letter will be issued by the Bureau upon satisfactory
review of the plans to evidence the acceptance of the design. In addition to, or independent of, design
review, ABS may require survey and testing of forgings, castings and component parts at the various
manufacturers plants, as well as survey and testing of the finished product. A certificate or report will
be issued upon satisfactory completion of each survey to evidence acceptance of the forging, casting,
component or finished product. Design review, survey and the issuance of reports or certificates
constitute the certification of machinery.
Based on the intended service and application, some products do not require certification because they
are not directly related to the scope of classification or because normal practices for their construction
within the industry are considered adequate. Such products may be accepted based on the
manufacturers documentation on design and quality.
In general, surveys during installation on board the vessel and at trials are required for all items of
machinery. This is not considered a part of the product certification process. There may be instances,
however, where letters or certificates issued for items of machinery contain conditions which must be
verified during installation, tests or trials.
3.3
Type Approval Program (2003)4-1-1/3.3

Products that can be consistently manufactured to the same design and specification may be Type
Approved under the ABS Type Approval Program. The ABS Type Approval Program is a voluntary
option for the demonstration of the compliance of a product with the Rules or other recognized
standards. It may be applied for at the request of the designer or manufacturer. . The ABS Type
Approval Program generally covers Product Type Approval (1-1-4/3.7.3), but is also applicable for a
more expeditious procedure towards Unit-Certification, as specified in 1-1-4/3.7.2.
See the ABS Type Approval Program in Appendix 1-1-A3.
3.5
Non-mass Produced Machinery (2003)4-1-1/3.5

Non-mass produced critical machinery, such as propulsion boilers, slow speed diesel engines,
turbines, steering gears and similar critical items are to be individually unit certified in accordance
with the procedure described in 4-1-1/3.1. However, consideration will be given to granting Type
Approval to such machinery in the categories of Acceptable Quality System (AQS) and Recognized
Quality System (RQS). The category of Product Quality Assurance (PQA) will not normally be
available for all products, and such limitations will be indicated in 4-1-1/Table 1 through 4-1-1/Table
6. In each instant where Type Approval is granted, in addition to quality assurance and quality control
assessment of the manufacturing facilities, the Bureau will require some degree of product specific
survey during manufacture.
Part
Chapter
Section
3.7
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
Details of Certification of Some Representative Products 4-1-1/3.7

4-1-1/Table 1 through 4-1-1/Table 6 provide abbreviated certification requirements of representative
machinery based on the basic requirements of the Rules for machinery. The tables also provide the
applicability of the Type Approval Program for each of these machinery items.
For easy reference, the tables contain six product categories as follows:
Prime movers
Propulsion, maneuvering and mooring machinery
Electrical and control equipment
Fire safety equipment
Boilers, pressure vessels, fired equipment
Piping system components
Machinery Plans
5.1
Submission of Plans 4-1-1/5.1
4-1-1/5
Machinery and systems plans required by the Rules are to be submitted by the manufacturer, designer
or shipbuilder, in triplicate, to the Bureau. After review and approval of the plans, one copy will be
returned to the submitter, one copy will be retained for the use of the Bureaus Surveyor, and one
copy will be retained by the Bureau for record. It may be necessary to submit additional copies of
plans when attendance by the Bureaus Surveyor is anticipated at more than one location. Where so
stated in the shipbuilding contract, the Owner may require the builder to provide copies of approved
plans and related correspondence, in which case the total number of copies of each plan to be
submitted to the Bureau is to be increased, correspondingly. A fee will be charged for the review of
plans which are not covered by a contract of classification with the shipbuilder.
In general, all plans are to be submitted and approved before proceeding with the work.
5.3
Plans 4-1-1/5.3
Machinery plans required to be submitted for review and approval by the Bureau are listed in each of
the sections in Part 4. In general, equipment plans are to contain performance data and operational
particulars; standard of compliance where standards are used in addition to, or in lieu of, the Rules;
construction details such as dimensions, tolerances, welding details, welding procedures, material
specifications, etc.; and engineering calculations or analyses in support of the design. System plans
are to contain a bill of material with material specifications or particulars, a legend of symbols used,
system design parameters, and are to be in a schematic format. Booklets containing standard shipyard
practices of piping and electrical installations are generally required to supplement schematic system
plans.
Miscellaneous Requirements for Machinery
7.1
Construction Survey Notification 4-1-1/7.1
4-1-1/7
Before proceeding with the manufacture of machinery requiring test and inspection, the Bureau is to
be notified that survey is desired during construction. Such notice is to contain all of the necessary
information for the identification of the items to be surveyed.
Part
Chapter
Section
7.3
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
Machinery Equations 4-1-1/7.3

The equations for rotating parts of the machinery in Part 4 of the Rules are based upon strength
considerations only and their application does not relieve the manufacturer from responsibility for the
presence of dangerous vibrations and other considerations in the installation at speeds within the
operating range.
7.5
Astern Propulsion Power 4-1-1/7.5

Sufficient power for going astern is to be provided to secure proper control of the vessel in all normal
circumstances. The astern power of the main propelling machinery is to be capable of at least 30
minutes of astern operation at 70% of the ahead rpm corresponding to the maximum continuous ahead
power. For main propulsion systems with reversing gears, controllable pitch propellers or electric
propulsion drive, running astern is not to lead to overload of the propulsion machinery. The ability of
the machinery to reverse the direction of thrust of the propeller in sufficient time, and so to bring the
vessel to rest within a reasonable distance from maximum ahead service speed, is to be demonstrated
and recorded.
7.7
Dead Ship Start (2004) 4-1-1/7.7

Means are to be provided to bring the machinery into operation from a dead ship condition as
defined in 4-1-1/1.9.6. See 4-8-2/3.1.3 for the required starting arrangements.
7.9
Inclinations 4-1-1/7.9
Machinery installations are to be designed to ensure proper operations under the conditions as shown
in 4-1-1/Table 7.
7.11
Ambient Temperature 4-1-1/7.11

For vessels of unrestricted service, ambient temperature, as indicated in 4-1-1/Table 8, is to be
considered in the selection and installation of machinery, equipment and appliances. For vessels of
restricted or special service, the ambient temperature appropriate to the special nature is to be
considered.
7.13
Machinery Space Ventilation (2002)4-1-1/7.13

Suitable ventilation is to be provided for machinery spaces so as to simultaneously allow for crew
attendance and for engines, boilers and other machinery to operate at rated power in all weather
conditions, including heavy weather. The main propulsion machinery space is to be provided with
mechanical means of ventilation.
The supply of air is to be provided through ventilators which can be used in all weather conditions. In
general, ventilators necessary to continuously supply the main propulsion machinery space and the
immediate supply to the emergency generator room are to have coamings of sufficient height to
eliminate the need to have closing arrangements. See 3-2-17/9.5.
However, where due to the vessel size and arrangement this is not practicable, lesser heights for
machinery space and emergency generator room ventilator coamings may be accepted with provision
of weathertight closing appliances in accordance with 3-2-17/9.5 in combination with other suitable
arrangements to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply of ventilation to these spaces. See also
4-7-2/1.11.5 and 4-7-2/1.11.6.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
Sea Trials
4-1-1
4-1-1/9
A final underway trial is to be made of all machinery, steering gear, anchor windlass, stopping and
maneuvering capability, including supplementary means for maneuvering, if any. Insofar as
practicable, the vessel is to be ballasted or otherwise arranged to simulate fully laden condition so as
to allow propulsion machinery to discharge its rated power. The entire machinery installation is to be
operated in the presence of the Surveyor in order to demonstrate its reliability and sufficiency to
function satisfactorily under operating conditions and its freedom from dangerous vibration and other
detrimental operating phenomena at speeds within the operating range. All automatic controls,
including tripping of all safety protective devices that affect the vessels propulsion system, are to be
tested under way or alongside the pier, to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. References are also to be
made to the following for more detail requirements:
Steering gear trial:
4-3-4/21.7.
Anchor windlass trial:
4-5-1/9.
Remote propulsion control and automation trial:
4-9-5/5.
The viscosity of the fuel used on the sea trial will be entered in the classification report.
Based on the sea trials, the following information is to be provided on board:
stopping time (see also 4-1-1/7.5),
vessel headings and distances recorded on sea trials, and
for vessels with multiple propellers, ability to navigate and maneuver with one or more
propellers inoperative.
Reference may be made to IMO Resolution A.209(VII) Recommendation on Information to be
Included in the Maneuvering Booklet and IMO Resolution A.601(15) Recommendation on the
Provision and the Display of Maneuvering Information on board ships.
10
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 1
Certification Details Prime Movers (2003)
Prime movers (1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Individual unit
Certification (2)
Diesel engines with cylinder bore; d, m, s, t,

> 300 mm
Diesel engines; steam turbines; gas d, m, s, t
turbines; 100 kW (135 hp)
Diesel engines; steam turbines; gas g
turbines, < 100 kW (135 hp)
d, m, s, t
Turbochargers for engines 100
kW (135 hp) and bore 300 mm
(11.8 in)
d, t
Turbochargers for engines 100
kW (135 hp) and bore < 300 mm
(11.8 in)
Type Approval Program (3)

Product design assessment
Manufacturing Assessment
1-1-A3/5.1
1-1-A3/5.3
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Type test
AQS
RQS
PQA.
Design
Type
review
exam.
x
x
x
o
o
NA
x
Notes
1
For full certification details, refer to Part 4, Chapter 2.
See also 4-1-1/3.1. Notations used in this column are:

d design review by ABS.
m material tests witnessed by Surveyor.
s survey at the plant of manufacture including witnessing acceptance tests on production unit.
t type/prototype testing conducted on an actual sample or a prototype model is required, as applicable.
g certification by ABS not required; acceptance based on manufacturers guarantee.
For description of Type Approval Program, see 1-1-A3/5. Notations used in these columns are:
x indicates the particular element of the program is applicable
o - indicates the particular element of the program is optional
NA Indicates the particular element of the program is not applicable.
11
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 2
Certification Details Propulsion, Maneuvering
and Mooring Machinery (2003)
Propulsion, maneuvering
and mooring machinery (1)
1.
2.
Propulsion shafts, couplings,

coupling bolts (4)
Cardan shafts, standard couplings
and coupling bolts
Individual
unit
certification (2)

1-1-A3/5.1
1-1-A3/5.3
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Type test
AQS
RQS
PQA.
Design
Type
review
exam.
d, m, s
NA
NA
NA
d, m, s
3.
Gears and Clutches 1120 kW

(1500 hp)
d, m, s
NA
4.
Gears and clutches, 100 kW

(135 hp)
Gears and clutches, < 100 kW
(135 hp)
Propellers, fixed and controllable
pitch (4)
Propulsion thrusters
Steering gears
Athwartship thrusters
Positioning thrusters (5)
Dynamic positioning thrusters
with DPS notation
Anchor windlass
Mooring winches
d, m, s
d, m, s
NA
NA
NA
d, m, s
d, m, s
d, m, s
g
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
NA
o
o
d, m, s, t
NA
d or t, and s
g
x
x
x
x
x
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Notes
1
For full certification details, refer to Part 4, Chapter 3 and Chapter 5.

M material tests to be witnessed by Surveyor.
s survey at the plant of manufacture, and witness acceptance tests on production unit.
g certification by ABS not required; acceptance is based on manufacturers guarantee.
For description of Type Approval Program, see 1-1-A3/5.. Notations used in these columns are:
x indicates the particular element of the program is applicable.
o indicates the particular element of the program is optional.
NA indicates the particular element of the program is not applicable.
12
Typically made to custom designs. However, manufacturing facilities may be quality assurance approved, see
4-1-1/3.5.
Thrusters in this category would be those not normally relied upon for maneuvering assistance.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 3
Certification Details Electrical and Control Equipment (2003)
Electrical and control

Equipment (1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Generators and motors for

essential services 100 kW
(135 hp)
Generators and motors for
essential services <100 kW
(135 hp)
Propulsion generators and motors
Switchboards (propulsion, main
and emergency) (4)
Motor controllers for essential
services 100 kW (135 hp)
Motor control centers for essential
services 100 kW (135 hp)
Battery charging and discharging
boards for essential, emergency or
transitional source of power
Power transformers and
converters
Cables
Propulsion cables
Circuit breakers & fuses
Certified safe equipment
Governors
Control, monitoring and safety
system devices, including
computers, programmable logic
controllers, etc., for ACC and
ACCU notations
Individual
unit
certification (2)
d, s, t

1-1-A3/5.1
1-1-A3/5.3
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Type test
AQS
RQS
PQA.
Design
Type
review
exam
x
x
x
o
o
o
d, m, s, t
d, s
x
x
x
NA
x
NA
o
o
o
o
NA
o
d, s
NA
d, s
NA
d, s
NA
x
x
NA
NA
NA
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
NA
o
o
o
d-1, t
d-1, s, t
g
t
t
Notes
1
For full certification details, see Section 4-8-3 and Section 4-8-5 for electrical equipment and Section 4-9-7 for
control, monitoring and safety system equipment.

d-1 reviewed for compliance with a recognized standard.
m material tests to be witnessed by Surveyor.
s survey at the plant of manufacture including witnessing acceptance tests of production unit.
g certification by ABS not required; acceptance is based on manufacturers guarantee.
NA indicates the particular element of the program is not applicable.
This equipment is generally made to custom design; but manufacturing facilities may be quality assurance
approved, see 4-1-1/3.5.
13
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 4
Certification Details Fire Safety Equipment (2003)
Fire safety equipment (1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fire detection and alarm system

components
Fixed fire extinguishing system
components
Firemans outfit
Fire hoses
Portable fire extinguishers
Individual unit
Certification (2)
d, t

1-1-A3/5.1
1-1-A3/5.3
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Type test
AQS
RQS
PQA
Design
Type
review
exam.
x
x
x
o
o
o
d, t
t
t
t
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Notes
1
For certification details, see Section 4-7-3.

s survey at the plant of manufacture and witness acceptance tests of production unit.
t type/prototype testing conducted on an actual sample or a prototype model is required, as applicable; or type
approval by Flag Administration.
14
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 5
Certification Details Boilers, Pressure Vessels
and Fired Equipment (2003)
Boilers, pressure vessels

and fired equipment
1.
2.
3.
(1)
Group I boilers and pressure

vessels
Group II pressure vessels
Inert gas generators, incinerators
Individual unit
certification (2)
d, m, s
d, s
d

1-1-A3/5.1
1-1-A3/5.3
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Type test
AQS
RQS
PQA.
Design
Type
review
exam.
x
x
NA
o
o
NA
x
x
x
x
NA
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
Notes
1
For grouping of boilers and pressure vessels, see 4-4-1/1.7 and 4-4-1/1.9.

d design review by ABS
m material tests to be witnessed by Surveyor
s survey at the plant of manufacture and witness acceptance tests of production unit
For description of Type Approval Program, see 1-1-A3/5. Type Approval Programs are generally applicable to
mass produced boilers and pressure vessels (See 4-4-1/1.11.2). Notations used in these columns are:
x indicates the particular element of the program is applicable
o indicates the particular element of the program is optional
NA indicates the particular element of the program is not applicable
15
Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 6
Certification Details Piping System Components (2003)
Piping system
components (1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Pumps related to propulsion diesel

engines (bore >300mm) (11.8 in)
and gas turbines and gearsfuel,
cooling water, lube. Oil services
Pumps related to propulsion steam
plant and gearsfuel oil, lube. Oil,
condensate, main circulating, feed
water services
Hydraulic pumps of steering gears,
controllable pitch propellers,
anchor windlass
Pumps for fire main, ballast, bilge,
liquid cargoes
Air compressors
Steel pipes, classes I and II
Steel pipes, class III
Pipe fittingsflanges, elbows,
tees, flexible joints, etc., and
valves; classes I & II
Pipe fittingsflanges, elbows,
tees, flexible joints, etc., and
valves; class III
Plastic pipes and pipe joints
Hoses
Vent heads, pressure vacuum
valves
Gauges, detectors and transmitters
Fluid power cylinders and systems,
including valve actuators (4)
Individual
unit
certification(2)
s, t

1-1-A3/5.1
1-1-A3/5.3
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Type test
AQS
RQS
PQA.
Design
Type
review
exam.
x
x
x
o
o
o
s, t
s, t
s, t
g
m, s
g
x
x
x
x
NA
NA
x
NA
NA
o
o
x
o
o
x
o
o
x
d-1
NA
NA
NA
NA
d-2, t, s
d-2, t
d-2, t
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
d-2
d-1
x
x
x
x
x
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
Notes
1
For full certification details, see 4-6-1/7 and Section 4-6-2 for metallic piping and Section 4-6-3 for plastic
piping.

d-1 verification for compliance with recognized standard or design review by ABS.
d-2 reviewed for suitability for proposed installation.
m material tests witnessed by Surveyor.
s survey at the plant of manufacture, including witnessing acceptance tests of production unit.
g certification by ABS not required; acceptance is based on manufacturers documentation.
x - indicates the particular element of the program is applicable.
o - indicates the particular element of the program is optional.
NA - indicates the particular element of the program is not applicable.
16
Other than steering gear actuators.

Part
Chapter
Section
4
1
1

General
4-1-1
TABLE 7
Design Angles of Inclination
Angle of inclination, degrees (1)
Athwartship
Installations, components
Fore-and-aft
Static
Dynamic
Static
Dynamic
15
22.5
5 (4)
7.5
Emergency power installation (3)
22.5
22.5
10
10
Emergency fire pumps and their drives
22.5
22.5
10
10
22.5 (2)
22.5 (2)
10
10
Propulsion and auxiliary machinery

Safety equipment
Switchgear
Electrical and electronic appliances and control systems
Notes
1
Athwartship and fore-and-aft inclinations occur simultaneously.
Up to an angle of inclination of 45 degrees, switches and controls are to remain in their last set position.
In vessels designed for carriage of liquefied gases and of chemicals, the emergency power installation is to
remain operable with the vessel flooded to its permissible athwartship inclination up to a maximum of 30
degrees.
(2004) Where the length of the vessel exceeds 100 m (328 ft), the fore-and-aft static angle of inclination may
be taken as 500/L degrees. L is the length of the vessel in meters (feet), as defined in 3-1-1/3.1.
TABLE 8
Ambient Temperatures for Unrestricted Service
Atmospheric
Seawater
Location
Enclosed spaces (1) (2)
Open deck (1)
All
Temperature
0 to 45C
25 to 45C
32C
Notes:
1
Electronic equipment is to be suitable for operations up to 55C.
Electrical equipment in machinery spaces is to be designed for 45C, except that electric generators and motors
are to be designed for 50C. Electrical equipment outside machinery space may be designed for 40C.
17
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
Diesel Engines......................................................................23
1
General ................................................................................23
1.1
Application ...................................................................... 23
1.3
Definitions ....................................................................... 23
1.5
Increased Power Rating.................................................. 24
1.7
Ambient Reference Conditions ....................................... 24
1.9
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted ............................ 24
Materials ..............................................................................27
3.1
Material Specifications and Tests.................................... 27
3.3
Alternative Materials and Tests ....................................... 27
Design..................................................................................28
5.1
Bedplate/Crankcase........................................................ 28
5.3
Crankcase Doors ............................................................ 28
5.5
Cylinders and Covers, Liners and Pistons ...................... 28
5.7
Securing of Nuts.............................................................. 28
5.9
Crankshafts ..................................................................... 28
5.11
Shaft Couplings and Clutches ......................................... 39
Engine Appurtenances.........................................................39
7.1
Explosion Relief Valves................................................... 39
7.3
Governors and Overspeed Protection............................. 40
7.5
Governors and Overspeed Protection for Engines

Driving Generators .......................................................... 40
7.7
Cylinder Overpressure Monitoring................................... 42
7.9
Scavenging Blowers........................................................ 42
7.11
Fire Extinguishing System for Scavenge Manifold .......... 42
7.13
Warning Notices.............................................................. 42
7.15
Jacket Drain and Overpressure Protection ..................... 43
7.17
Monitoring ....................................................................... 43
Piping Systems for Diesel Engines......................................43
11
Installation of Diesel Engines...............................................43

11.1
Seating Arrangements for Diesel Engines ...................... 43
11.3
Metal Chocks .................................................................. 43
11.5
Cast Resin Chocks.......................................................... 44
11.7
Resilient Mountings......................................................... 44
19
11.9
13
15
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Diesel Engines ......44

13.1
Material and Nondestructive Tests ..................................44
13.3
Hydrostatic Tests of Diesel Engine Components ............44
13.5
Relief and Safety Valves .................................................44
13.6
Manufacturers Quality Control ........................................44
13.7
Type Tests of Diesel Engines..........................................47
13.9
Shop Tests of Each Produced Diesel Engine..................50
13.11
Type Tests of Mass-produced Diesel Engines ................52
13.13
Certification of Diesel Engine ..........................................53
Shipboard Trials of Diesel Engines......................................54

15.1
Engines Driving Fixed Pitch Propellers ...........................54
15.3
Engines Driving Controllable Pitch Propellers .................55
15.5
Engines Driving Propulsion Generators ..........................55
15.7
Engines Driving Generators ............................................55
15.9
Engines Burning Residual Fuel Oil..................................55
15.11
Torsional Vibration Barred Speed Range ........................55
TABLE 1
Required Material and Nondestructive Tests of

Diesel Engine Parts ...................................................56
TABLE 2
Test Pressures for Parts of Internal-combustion

Engines ......................................................................57
FIGURE 1
Crank Throw for In-line Engine ..................................29
FIGURE 2
Crank Throw for Engine with Adjacent Connecting

Rods...........................................................................29
FIGURE 3
Crank Dimensions for the Calculation of Stress

Concentration Factors................................................29
FIGURE 4
Crank Throw for Semi-built Crankshaft......................29
FIGURE 5
Limiting Curves for Loading 4-stroke Diesel

Engines Step by Step from No-load to Rated
Power as Function of the Brake Mean
Effective Pressure......................................................42
FIGURE 6
Type Test Power/Speed Diagram..............................50
SECTION 1
Appendix 1 Plans and Data for Diesel Engines ............. 59
SECTION 1
Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare Parts ............................ 67
SECTION 2
General ................................................................................67
Spare Parts for Main Propulsion Diesel Engines.................67
Spare Parts for Auxiliary Diesel Engines .............................68
Turbochargers...................................................................... 69
1
20
Hot Surfaces....................................................................44
General ................................................................................69
1.1
Application.......................................................................69
1.3
Definitions........................................................................69
1.5
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted ............................69

3.1
Material Specifications and Purchase Orders ................. 71
3.3
Engines with Cylinder Bore 300 mm (11.8 in.) ............. 71
3.5
Engines with Cylinder Bore > 300 mm (11.8 in.) ............. 71
3.7
Alternative Material Test Requirements .......................... 71
Design..................................................................................71
5.1
Engines with Cylinder Bores 300 mm (11.8 in.) ........... 71
5.3
Engines with Cylinder Bores > 300 mm (11.8 in.) ........... 72
Piping Systems for Turbochargers ......................................72
Installation of Turbochargers ...............................................72
11
13
SECTION 3
Materials ..............................................................................71
9.1
Air Inlet............................................................................ 72
9.3
Hot Surfaces ................................................................... 72
9.5
Pipe and Duct Connections............................................. 72
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Turbochargers .......73

11.1
Shop Inspection and Tests.............................................. 73
11.3
Certification of Turbochargers ......................................... 73
11.5
Engine and Shipboard Trials ........................................... 74
Spare Parts ..........................................................................74
Gas Turbines ........................................................................75

1
General ................................................................................75
1.1
Application ...................................................................... 75
1.3
Definitions ....................................................................... 75
1.5
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted ............................ 76
Materials ..............................................................................77
3.1
Material Specifications and Tests.................................... 77
3.3
Alternative Materials and Tests ....................................... 77
Design..................................................................................78
5.1
Rotors and Blades........................................................... 78
5.3
Operation Above the Rated Speed and Power ............... 78
5.5
Overhaul Interval............................................................. 78
5.7
Type Test Data................................................................ 78
Gas Turbine Appurtenances................................................79

7.1
Overspeed Protective Devices ........................................ 79
7.3
Operating Governors for Propulsion Gas Turbines ......... 79
7.5
Operating Governors for Turbines Driving Electric

Generators ...................................................................... 79
7.7
Safety Systems and Devices .......................................... 80
7.9
Hand Trip Gear ............................................................... 81
7.11
Air-intake Filters and Anti-icing........................................ 81
7.13
Silencers ......................................................................... 81
Piping Systems for Gas Turbines ........................................82
11
Installation of Gas Turbines .................................................82

11.1
Pipe and Duct Connections............................................. 82
11.3
Intake and Exhaust ......................................................... 82
11.5
Hot Surfaces ................................................................... 82
21
13
15
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Gas Turbines.........82

13.1
Shop Inspection and Tests ..............................................82
13.3
Certification of Gas Turbines ...........................................83
13.5
Shipboard Trials ..............................................................84
Spare Parts ..........................................................................84
TABLE 1
SECTION 4
Steam Turbines .................................................................... 85

1
General ................................................................................85
1.1
Application.......................................................................85
1.3
Definitions........................................................................85
1.5
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted ............................86
Materials...............................................................................87
3.1
Material Specifications and Tests....................................87
3.3
Alternative Materials and Tests .......................................87
Design ..................................................................................88
5.1
Casings ...........................................................................88
5.3
Rotor Shafts ....................................................................88
5.5
Blades .............................................................................89
5.7
Discs or Drums................................................................90
Steam Turbine Appurtenances ............................................92

7.1
Overspeed Protective Devices ........................................92
7.3
Operating Governors for Propulsion Turbines .................92
7.5
Operating Governors for Turbines Driving Electric

Generators ......................................................................92
7.7
Hand and Automatic Tripping ..........................................93
7.9
Shaft Turning Gear ..........................................................93
7.11
Overpressure Protection..................................................93
Piping Systems for Steam Turbines ....................................94
11
Installation of Steam Turbines .............................................94

11.1
13
SECTION 4
22
List of Alarms and Shutdowns ...................................81
Exhaust Steam to Turbine ...............................................94
11.3
Extraction of Steam .........................................................94
11.5
Pipe and Duct Connections .............................................94
11.7
Hot Surfaces....................................................................94
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Steam Turbines .....94

13.1
Shop Inspection and Tests ..............................................94
13.3
Certification of Steam Turbines .......................................95
13.5
Shipboard Trials ..............................................................96
Appendix 1 Guidance for Spare Parts ............................ 97

1
General ................................................................................97
Spare Parts for Propulsion Steam Turbines ........................97
Spare Parts for Steam Turbines Driving Electric

Generators ...........................................................................97
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
SECTION
Diesel Engines
General
1.1
Application 4-2-1/1.1
4-2-1
4-2-1/1
Diesel engines having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for propulsion and for
auxiliary services essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety (see 4-1-1/1.3) of the vessel, are to
be designed, constructed, tested, certified and installed in accordance with the requirements of this
section.
Diesel engines having a rated power of less than 100 kW (135 hp) are not required to comply with the
provisions of this section but are to be designed, constructed and equipped in accordance with good
commercial and marine practice. Acceptance of such engines will be based on manufacturers
affidavit, verification of engine nameplate data, and subject to a satisfactory performance test after
installation conducted in the presence of the Surveyor.
Diesel engines having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for services considered
not essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety, are not required to be designed, constructed and
certified by the Bureau in accordance with the requirements of this section. They are to comply with
safety features, such as crankcase explosion relief valve, overspeed protection, etc., as provided in
4-2-1/7, as applicable. After installation, they are subject to a satisfactory performance test conducted
in the presence of the Surveyor.
Piping systems serving diesel engines, such as fuel oil, lubricating oil, cooling water, starting air,
crankcase ventilation and exhaust gas systems are addressed in Section 4-6-5; hydraulic and
pneumatic systems are addressed in Section 4-6-7.
Requirements for turbochargers are provided in Section 4-2-2.
1.3
For the purpose of this section, the following definitions apply:
1.3.1
Slow-, Medium-, High-speed Diesel Engines 4-2-1/1.3.1

Slow-Speed Engines means crosshead type diesel engines having a rated speed of less than
400 rpm.
Medium-Speed Engines means trunk piston type diesel engines having a rated speed of 400
rpm and above, but less than 1400 rpm.
High-Speed Engines means trunk piston type diesel engines having a rated speed of 1400 rpm
or above.
23
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1
1.3.2
1.5

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Rated Power 4-2-1/1.3.2

The Rated Power is the maximum power output at which the engine is designed to run
continuously at its rated speed between the normal maintenance intervals recommended by
the manufacturer.
Increased Power Rating 4-2-1/1.5

The rated power of an engine, which has been type tested as specified in 4-2-1/13.7 or 4-2-1/13.11
and which has proven reliability in service, may be increased by not more than 10% of the type tested
power rating without performing any new type test, subject to prior approval of relevant plans and
particulars.
1.7
Ambient Reference Conditions 4-2-1/1.7

The following ambient reference conditions are to be applied by the engine manufacturer for the
purpose of determining the rated power of diesel engines used on vessels with unrestricted service.
However, the engine manufacturer is not expected to provide simulated ambient reference conditions
at any test.
Barometric pressure:
1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi)
Air temperature:
45C (113F)
Relative air humidity:
60%
Seawater Temperature (Charging air coolant inlet): 32C (90F)
1.9
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted 4-2-1/1.9

For a tabulated listing, see Appendix 4-2-A1.
1.9.1
Engine Construction 4-2-1/1.9.1

Engine transverse cross-section
Engine longitudinal section
Bedplate with welding details and procedures; frame/column with welding details and
procedures; crankcase with welding details and procedures
Structural supporting and seating arrangements
Arrangement of foundation bolts (for main engines only)
Thrust bearing assembly
Thrust bearing bedplate
Tie rod
Cylinder cover, assembly or cylinder head
Cylinder jacket or engine block
Cylinder liner
Crankshaft, details
Crankshaft, assembly
Thrust shaft or intermediate shaft (if integral with engine)
Coupling bolts
Counterweights (if not integral with crankshaft)
24
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Connecting rod
Connecting rod, assembly and details
Crosshead, assembly and details
Piston rod, assembly and details
Piston, assembly and details
Camshaft drive, assembly
Arrangement of crankcase explosion relief valve and breather arrangement (only for engines
having a cylinder bore of 200 mm (8 in.) and above)
1.9.2
Engine Systems and Appurtenances (2001) 4-2-1/1.9.2

Starting air system
Fuel oil system
Lubricating oil system
Cooling water system
Governor arrangements
Schematic diagram of the engine control and safety system
Shielding and insulation of exhaust pipes, assembly
Shielding of high pressure fuel pipes, assembly as applicable
Turbochargers and superchargers, see 4-2-2/1.5
Couplings and clutches
Vibration damper assembly
Tuning wheel assembly, if fitted
Engine driven pump assembly
Scavenging pump and blower assemblies
1.9.3
Data 4-2-1/1.9.3
Type designation of engine and combustion cycle
Number of cylinders
Rated power, kW (PS, hp)
Rated engine speed, (rpm)
Sense of rotation (clockwise/counter-clockwise)
Firing order with the respective ignition intervals and, where necessary, V-angle, v
Cylinder diameter, mm (in.)
Stroke, mm (in.)
Maximum cylinder pressure pmax, bar (kgf/mm2, psi)
Mean effective pressure, bar (kgf/mm2, psi)
Mean indicated pressure, bar (kgf/mm2, psi)
25
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Charge air pressure, bar (kgf/mm2, psi), (before inlet valves or scavenge ports, whichever
applies)
Nominal compression ratio
Connecting rod length LH, mm (in.)
Oscillating mass of one crank gear, kg (lb.), (in case of V-type engines, where necessary, also
for the cylinder unit with master and articulated type connecting rod or forked and inner
connecting rod)
Mass of reciprocating parts, kg (lb.)
Digitalized gas pressure curve presented at equidistant intervals, bar (kgf/mm2, psi) versus
crank angle, (intervals equidistant and integrally divisible by the V-angle, but not more than
5 degrees CA)
For engines with articulated-type connecting rod:
Distance to link point LA, mm (in.)
Link angle N (degree)
Connecting rod length (between bearing centers) LN, mm (in.)
Tightening torques for pretensioned bolts and studs for reciprocating parts.
Mass and diameter of flywheel and flywheel effect on engine
Operation and service manuals
1.9.4
Materials 4-2-1/1.9.4
Crankshaft material:
Material designation
Mechanical properties of material (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation (with
length of specimen), reduction of area, impact energy)
Type of forging (open die forged (free form), continuous grain flow forged, close die
forged (drop-forged), etc., with description of the forging process)
Crankshaft heat treatment
Crankshaft surface treatment
Surface treatment of fillets, journals and pins (induction hardened, flame hardened,
nitrided, rolled, shot peened, etc., with full details concerning hardening)
Hardness at surface
Hardness as a function of depth, mm (in.)
Extension of surface hardening
Material specifications of other main parts
1.9.5
Calculations and Analyses (2001)4-2-1/1.9.5

Strength analysis for crankshaft and other reciprocating parts
Strength analysis for engine supports and seating arrangements
Torsional vibration analysis for all modes of operation including the condition of one cylinder
misfiring
26
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Calculation demonstrating the adequacy of the bolting arrangement attaching tuning wheels
or vibration dampers to the propulsion system to withstand all anticipated torsional vibration
and operating loads
1.9.6
Submittals by Licensee 4-2-1/1.9.6

1.9.6(a) Plans lists. For each diesel engine manufactured under license, the licensee is to
submit two listings of plans and data to be used in the construction of the engine:
one list is to contain drawing numbers and titles (including revision status) of the
licensers plans and data of the engine as approved by the Bureau (including approval
information such as location and date at which they are approved); and
a second list, which is to contain the drawing numbers and titles (including revision
status) of the licensees plans and data, insofar as they are relevant to the construction
of the engine. In the event that construction is based solely on the licensers plans,
this list will not be required.
1.9.6(b) Plans for approval. Any design change made by the licensee is to be documented,
and relevant plans and data are to be submitted by the licensee for approval or for
information, as appropriate. The licensers statement of acceptance of the modifications is to
be included in the submittal.
1.9.6(c) Plans for surveyor. A complete set of the licensers or the licensees plans and data,
as approved by the Bureau, is to be made available to the Surveyor attending the licensees
plant.
Materials
3.1
Material Specifications and Tests 4-2-1/3.1
4-2-1/3
Material specifications are to be in accordance with that in Part 2, Chapter 3 or other specifications
approved under 4-2-1/3.3.1. Except as noted in 4-2-1/3.3, materials intended for engines required to
be constructed under survey are to be tested and inspected in accordance with 4-2-1/Table 1. The
material tests, where so indicated in the table, are to be witnessed by the Surveyor. Nondestructive
tests in 4-2-1/Table 1 are to be carried out by the manufacturer whose test records may be accepted by
the Bureau.
Copies of material specifications or purchase orders are to be submitted to the Surveyor for
information.
3.3
Alternative Materials and Tests 4-2-1/3.3

3.3.1
Alternative Specifications 4-2-1/3.3.1

Material manufactured to specifications other than those given in Part 2, Chapter 3 may be
accepted, provided that such specifications are approved in connection with the design and
that they are verified or tested in the presence of a Surveyor, as applicable, as complying with
the specifications.
3.3.2
Steel-bar Stock 4-2-1/3.3.2

Hot-rolled steel bars up to 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter may be used when approved for any
of the items indicated in 4-2-1/Table 1, subject to the conditions specified in Section 2-3-8
27
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
3.3.3
Material for Engines of 375 kW (500 hp) Rated Power or Less 4-2-1/3.3.3
Material for engines having a rated power of 375 kW (500 hp) or less, including shafting,
couplings, and coupling bolts will be accepted on the basis of the material manufacturers
certified test reports and a satisfactory surface inspection and hardness check witnessed by the
Surveyor. Coupling bolts manufactured to a recognized bolt standard will not require material
testing.
3.3.4
Engines Certified Under Quality Assurance Approval 4-2-1/3.3.4

For diesel engines certified under quality assurance assessment as provided for in
4-2-1/13.13.2(b), material tests required by 4-2-1/3.1 need not be witnessed by the Surveyor;
such tests are to be conducted by the engine manufacturer whose certified test reports may be
accepted instead.
Design
5.1
Bedplate/Crankcase 4-2-1/5.1
4-2-1/5
The bedplate or crankcase is to be of rigid construction, oiltight, and provided with a sufficient
number of bolts to secure the same to the vessels structure. See also 4-2-1/11.1 for seating of diesel
engines.
5.3
Crankcase Doors 4-2-1/5.3

Crankcase doors are to be constructed and securely fastened so that they will not be readily displaced
by an explosion.
5.5
Cylinders and Covers, Liners and Pistons 4-2-1/5.5

Cylinders, liners, cylinder covers and pistons, which are subjected to high temperatures or pressures,
are to be of materials suitable for the stresses and temperatures to which they are exposed.
5.7
Securing of Nuts 4-2-1/5.7

All nuts of main bearings and of connecting-rod bolts and all other moving parts are to be secured by
split pins or other effective locking means.
5.9
Crankshafts 4-2-1/5.9
5.9.1
General 4-2-1/5.9.1
Crankshafts are to be designed in accordance with the following requirements. These
requirements are intended for diesel engines for propulsion and auxiliary purposes where the
engines are being so designed as to be capable of continuous operation at their rated power
when running at rated speed.
Alternatively, the design may be substantiated by means of a more detailed stress analysis
and/or direct stress (strain) measurement. In such instances, details of the method, results and
analysis are to be submitted, including reliability data.
In addition to the criteria given hereunder, torsional vibration stresses in propulsion engine
crankshafts and associated gears, where applicable, are to be evaluated based on criteria
provided in 4-3-2/7.5.
28
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1
5.9.2

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Bending Moments and Shearing Forces 4-2-1/5.9.2

The journals are considered supported in the center of adjacent bearings and subjected to
cylinder pressure and inertial forces. The bending length is taken as the length between the
two main bearings (distance L3), see 4-2-1/Figure 1 and 4-2-1/Figure 2.
The nominal bending moment is taken as the bending moment in the crank web cross-section
in the center of the solid web (distance L1) based on a triangular bending moment load due to
the radial components of the connecting rod force. For crank throws with two connecting rods
acting upon one crankpin, the nominal bending moment is taken as a bending moment
obtained by superimposition of the two triangular bending moment loads according to phase.
FIGURE 1
Crank Throw for In-line Engine
FIGURE 2
Crank Throw for Engine with
Adjacent Connecting Rods
D
E
L1
L1
L2
L1
L2
L2
L3
FIGURE 4
Crank Throw for
Semi-built Crankshaft
FIGURE 3
Crank Dimensions for the
Calculation of Stress
Concentration Factors
A
DBH
A
RH
RG
W
TH
DBG
DG - S
2
TG
D
RG
D
W
L1
L2
L3
DG
centerline of
connecting rod
DG
DG
DS
DG - S
2
DG
DBG
LS
A-A
DA
A-A
The nominal alternating stresses due to bending moments and shearing forces are to be related
to the cross-sectional area of the crank web. This reference area of cross-section results from
the web thickness W and the web width B in the center of the overlap of the pins or, if
appropriate, at the center of the adjacent generating lines of the two pins if they do not
overlap, see 4-2-1/Figure 3.
29
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
5.9.2(a) Calculation of nominal alternating bending and shearing stresses. In general, the
calculation is carried out in such a way that the individual radial forces acting upon the crank
pin owing to cylinder pressure and inertial forces will be calculated and considered for all
crank positions within one working cycle. The nominal alternating bending moment is to be
determined by the following equation.
MBN = 0.5(MBmax MBmin )
where
MBN =
nominal alternating bending moment; N-mm (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
MBmax =
maximum bending moment during one working cycle; N-mm (kgf-mm,

lbf-in)
MBmin =
minimum bending moment during one working cycle; N-mm (kgf-mm,

lbf-in)
The nominal alternating bending stress is to be modified by the empirical factor Ke which
considers the influence of adjacent cranks and bearing restraint.
BN =
M BN K e
Weq
Weq =
B W 2
6
where
BN =
nominal alternating bending stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
Weq =
equatorial moment of resistance related to cross-sectional area of web

(section modulus); mm3 (mm3, in3)
B, W =
see 4-2-1/Figure 3; mm (mm, in.)
Ke
0.8 for crosshead engines; 1.0 for other engines
In case of V-type engines, the bending moments calculated from the cylinder pressure and
inertial forces of the two cylinders acting on one crank throw are to be superimposed
according to phase.
Where there are cranks of different geometrical configuration (e.g., asymmetric cranks) in one
crankshaft, the calculation is to cover all crank variants. The nominal alternating shearing
stress is to be determined by the following equation:
QN =
QN K e
F
QN = 0.5(Qmax Qmin)
F = B W
where
QN =
nominal alternating stress due to shearing force; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

lbf/in2)
QN
nominal alternating shearing force; N (kgf, lbf)
Qmax =
30
maximum shear force during one working cycle; N (kgf, lbf)

Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Qmin =
minimum shear force during one working cycle; N (kgf, lbf)
area related to cross-section of web; mm2 (mm2, in2)
B, W =
see 4-2-1/Figure 3
5.9.2(b) Calculation of alternating bending stresses in fillets. The alternating bending

stresses are to be determined for the crankpin fillet, as well as for the journal fillet.
For the crankpin fillet:
BH = B BN
where
BH =
alternating bending stress in crankpin fillet; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
stress concentration factor for bending in crankpin fillet
For the journal fillet:
BG = (B BN + Q QN)
where:
BG =
alternating stresses in journal fillet; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
stress concentration factor for bending in journal fillet
stress concentration factor for shearing
5.9.2(c) Calculation of alternating torsional stresses. The calculation for nominal alternating
torsional stresses is to be determined by the engine manufacturer, as indicated below.
The maximum value obtained will be used when determining the equivalent alternating stress.
In the absence of such a maximum value (such as when a prototype design is submitted
without an actual installation), it will be necessary to incorporate a fixed value based on the
allowable vibratory stresses from 4-3-2/7.5.1 in the calculation for the crankshaft dimensions
on the basis of an estimation.
5.9.2(d) Calculation of nominal alternating torsional stresses. The maximum and minimum
alternating torques are to be ascertained for every mass point of the system and for the entire
speed range by means of a harmonic synthesis of the forced vibrations:
for 2-stroke cycle engines, from the first order up to and including the 15th order; and
for 4-stroke cycle engines from the 0.5th order up to and including the 12th order
Allowance must be made for the dampings that exist in the system and for unfavorable
conditions (misfiring in one of the cylinders).
The nominal alternating torsional stress in every mass point, which is essential to the
assessment, is to be determined from the following equations.
N =
MT
Wp
MT = 0.5(MTmax MTmin)
Wp =
( D 4 DBH 4 )
16 D
or
( DG 4 DBG 4 )
16 DG
31
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
where
nominal alternating torsional stress referred to crankpin or journal;

N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
MT
nominal alternating torque; N-mm (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
Wp
polar moment of resistance related to cross-sectional area of bored

crankpin or bored journal; mm3 (mm3, in3)
MTmax =
maximum torsional moment during one working cycle with consideration

of mean torque; N-mm (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
MTmin =
minimum torsional moment during one working cycle with consideration

of mean torque; N-mm (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
D, DG, DBH, DBG, = see 4-2-1/Figure 3; mm (mm, in.)

The assessment of the crankshaft is based on the alternating torsional stress which, in
conjunction with the associated bending stress, results in the lowest acceptability factor (see
4-2-1/5.9.8). Where barred speed ranges are necessary, the torsional stresses within these
ranges are to be neglected in the calculation of the acceptability factor.
Barred speed ranges are to be so arranged that satisfactory operation is possible despite their
existence.
5.9.2(e) Calculation of alternating torsional stress in fillets. The alternating torsional
stresses are to be determined for both the crankpin and the journal fillets by the following
equations:
H = T N
where
alternating torsional stress in crankpin fillet; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
stress concentration factor for torsion in crankpin fillet or pins

G = T N
where
alternating torsional stress in journal fillet; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
stress concentration factor for torsion in journal fillet

5.9.2(f) Calculations of nominal torsional stress for the crankpin/journal centers. The
nominal torsional stresses are to be determined at neutral axis for consideration of the oil
holes. If the oil holes are not on the neutral axis, calculations are to be submitted considering
the additional bending load on the section.
32
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
The corresponding alternating torsional stress is to be determined from the following

equations:
NM =
Wp =
0.5 ( M T max M T min )

Wp
( D 4 DBH 4 )
16 D
where
NM =
alternating torsional stress in the oil holes; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
MTmax =
maximum torsional moment during one working cycle with the

consideration of the mean torque
MTmin =
minimum torsional moment during one working cycle with the

consideration of the mean torque
D, DBH, =
5.9.3
stress concentration factor for torsion at the oil hole
see 4-2-1/Figure 3; mm (mm, in.)
Calculation of Stress Concentration Factors 4-2-1/5.9.3

Where the stress concentration factors cannot be furnished by actual measurements, the
values may be evaluated by means of the equations below, which are applicable to the fillets
of solid-forged web-type crankshafts and to the crankpin fillets of semi-built crankshafts only.
Crank dimensions for calculation of stress concentration factors are shown in 4-2-1/Figure 3.
5.9.3(a) Actual dimensions and ratios
B
web width; mm (mm, in.)
crankpin diameter; mm (mm, in.)
DBG =
diameter of bore in journal; mm (mm, in.)
DBH =
diameter of bore in crankpin; mm (mm, in.)
DG
journal diameter; mm (mm, in.)
pin eccentricity; mm (mm, in.)
L1 , L2 , L3 =
see 4-2-1/5.9.2 and 4-2-1/Figure 1 and 4-2-1/Figure 2; mm (mm, in.)
RG
fillet radius of journal; mm (mm, in.)
RH
fillet radius of crankpin; mm (mm, in.)
pin overlap = [(D + DG)/2] E; mm (mm, in.)
TG
recess of journal; mm (mm, in.)
TH
recess of crankpin; mm (mm, in.)
web thickness; mm (mm, in.)
The following ratios of dimensions will apply for the calculation of stress concentration
factors:
rp
crankpin fillets = RH /D
rj
journal fillets = RG /D
33
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
S /D
W/D
B /D
dG
DBG /D
dH
DBH /D
tH
T H /D
tG
T G /D
4-2-1
The stress concentration factor calculations are valid only if ratios of dimensions are within
the following limits:
0.5 s 0.7
0.2 w 0.8
1.2 b 2.2
0.03 r, rp, rj 0.13
0 dG 0.8
0 dH 0.8
The factor, f(recess), which accounts for the influence of a recess in the fillets is valid if
tH RH /D,
t G R G /D
and is to be applied within the range

0.3 s 0.5
5.9.3(b) Crankpin fillet. The stress concentration factor for bending (B) is to be determined
from the following equation.
f(s,w) =
2.7 (s, w) (w) (b) (r) (dG) (dH) (recess)

4.19 + 29.2w 77.59w2 + 91.95w3 40.05w4 + (1 s) (9.54 58.35w
+ 159.35w2 192.58w3 + 85.29w4) + (1 s)2 ( 3.84 + 25.04w 70.56w2
+ 87.04w3 39.18w4)
f(w) =
2.18 w0.72
f(b)
0.68 0.01 b + 0.15 b2
f(r)
0.21 rp0.52
f(dG) =
1.0 + 0.27 dG 1.02 dG2+ 0.53 dG3
f(dH) =
1 + 0.31 dH 1.52 dH2+ 2.41 dH3
f(recess) =
1 + (tH + tG) (1.8 + 3.2 s)
The stress concentration factor for torsion (T) is to be determined from the following
equations.
T = 0.8 fT(r,s) fT(b) fT(w)

fT (r , s ) = rp[0.32 + 0.1(1 s ) ]
34
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
fT(b) = 7.9 10.65 b + 5.35 b2 0.86 b3

fT(w) = w0.15
5.9.3(c) Journal fillet. The stress concentration factor for bending B is to be determined
from the following equations:
fB(s,w) =
2.7 fB(s,w) fB(w) fB(b) fB(r) fB(dG) fB(dH) f(recess)

1.76 + 2.99w 1.53w2 + (1 s) (5.12 5.81w + 3.12w2) + (1 s)2
( 2.16 + 2.33w 1.3w2)
fB(w) =
2.24w0.75
fB(b) =
0.56 + 0.12 b + 0.12 b2
fB(r) =
0.19rj0.56
fB(dG) =
1.0 0.64 dG + 1.23 dG2
fB(dH) =
1.0 0.19 dH + 0.01 dH2
f(recess) =
1 + (tH + tG) (1.8 + 3.2s)
The stress concentration factor for shearing Q, is to be determined from the following
equation:
3.01 fQ (s) fQ (w) fQ (b) fQ (r) fQ (dH) f(recess)
fQ (s) =
0.44 + 2.16 (1 s) 1.52 (1 s)2
fQ (w) =
w/(0.06 + 0.94w)
fQ (b) =
0.5 + b
fQ (r) =
0.53 rj0.2
fQ (dH) =
1.0 1.19 dH + 1.74 dH2
f(recess) =
1 + (tH + tG) (1.8 + 3.2s)
The stress concentration factor for alternating torsion T is:
T = T
if the diameters and fillet radii of crankpin and journal are the same, or
T = 0.8 fT(r,s) fT(b) fT(w)

if crankpin and journal diameters and/or radii are of different sizes. fT(r,s), fT(b) and fT(w) are
to be determined in accordance with the calculations of T, however, the radius of the journal
fillet is to be related to the journal diameter,
r = RG / DG
and used in lieu of rp in determining fT(r, s) above for T.
5.9.3(d) Oil hole. The stress concentration factor for torsion is
= 1.65.
35
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
The oil hole diameter is to be in the range of up to 25 percent of D and the edge radius is not
to be less than 1/3 of the oil hole diameter. The oil holes are assumed to be positioned near the
neutral axis. If this is not the case, the effects of bending moment is to be included in the
analysis. Stress concentration data for the oil hole will be required for other units.
5.9.4
Additional Bending Stresses 4-2-1/5.9.4

In addition to the alternating bending stresses in fillets (see 4-2-1/5.9.2), further bending
stresses due to misalignment and bedplate deformation, as well as due to axial and bending
vibrations, are to be considered by applying add, as given by the table below.
add
5.9.5
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
psi
Crosshead engines
30
4350
Trunk piston
engines
10
1450
Calculation of Equivalent Alternating Stress 4-2-1/5.9.5

The equivalent alternating stress is to be calculated for the crankpin fillet, as well as for the
journal fillet. In this, it is assumed that the maximum alternating bending stresses and
maximum alternating torsional stresses within a crankshaft occur simultaneously and at the
same point.
The equivalent alternating stress is to be determined in accordance with the following

equations.
v = ( BH + add ) 2 + 3 H 2
v = ( BG + add ) 2 + 3 G 2
For the oil hole:
v =
3( NM ) 2
where v = equivalent alternating stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)

5.9.6
Calculation of Fatigue Strength 4-2-1/5.9.6

The fatigue strength is that value of alternating bending stress which a crankshaft can
permanently withstand at the most highly stressed points of the fillets.
Where the fatigue strength for a crankshaft cannot be furnished by reliable measurements, the
fatigue strength may be determined by means of the following equations:
Related to the crankpin diameter:
DW = K {0.42 B + c1}0.26 + c2 D 0.2 +
36
c3 B c5 1 / RH
+
c4
B
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Related to the journal diameter:
0.2
DW = K {0.42 B + c1}0.26 + c2 DG
c3 B c5 1 / RG
+
B
c4
Related to the pin oil hole:
DW = K {0.42 B + c1}0.26 + c2 D 0.2 +
c3 B
c4
where
DW =
calculated fatigue strength of crankshaft; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
factor for different type of forged and cast crankshafts without surface
treatment
1.05 for continuous grain flow forged or closed die crankshafts
1.0 for open die forged crankshafts
0.93 for cast steel crankshafts
minimum tensile strength of crankshaft material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

lbf/in2)
c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 are given in the table below.

c1
SI units
39.3
MKS units
4
US units
5700
c2
1.1
1.1
0.576
c3
785
80
113850
c4
4900
500
711000
c5
196
20
5640
It is to be considered that for calculations purposes RH and RG are not to be taken less than
2 mm (0.08 in).
Surface strengthened crankshaft strength will be subject to special consideration. Where
results of fatigue tests conducted on full size crank throws or crankshafts which have been
subjected to surface treatment are not available, the K-factors for crankshafts without surface
treatment are to be used, and strength is to be taken as that of the untreated materials.
In each case, the experimental values of fatigue strength carried out with full size crank
throws or crankshafts are subject to special consideration.
The survival probability for fatigue strength values derived from testing is to be, in principle,
not less than 80%.
5.9.7
Calculation of Shrink-fits of Semi-built Crankshafts 4-2-1/5.9.7

Crank dimensions for the calculation of the shrink-fit are shown in 4-2-1/Figure 4.
DS
shrink diameter; mm (mm, in)
LS
length of shrink-fit; mm (mm, in)
37
Part
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Section
4
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1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
DA
outside diameter of web; mm (mm, in), or twice the minimum distance x

between centerline of journals and outer contour of web, whichever is
less
distance between the adjacent generating lines of journal and pin; mm

(mm, in)
y 0.05 DS
Where y is less than 0.1DS special consideration is to be given to the effect of the stress due to
the shrink-fit on the fatigue strength at the crankpin fillet. For other parameters see
4-2-1/Figure 3.
Respecting the radius of the transition from the journal to the shrink diameter, the following
should be complied with,
RG 0.015 DG and RG 0.5 (DS DG)
where the greater value is to be considered.
The actual oversize Z of the shrink-fit must be within the limits Zmin and Zmax calculated by
the following equations.
5.9.7(a) Minimum oversize of shrink-fit. The minimum oversize of the shrink-fit is to be
determined by the following equations.
The calculation of the minimum oversize is to be carried out for the crank throw with the
absolute maximum torque Mmax. The torque Mmax corresponds to the maximum value of the
torque MTmax used to calculate the nominal alternating torsional stress for the various mass
points of the crankshaft.
4 2M max 1 QA2QS 2
Z min =
2
2
Em D2 L2 (1 QA )(1 QS )
QA =
D
DS
, QS = BG
DA
DS
= 0.20 for LS /DS 0.40

where
Zmin =
QA,QS =
minimum oversize of shrink-fit; mm (mm, in)

ratio of different diameters
coefficient for static friction
Em
Youngs modulus; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
5.9.7(b) Maximum permissible oversize of shrink-fit. The maximum permissible oversize of

the shrink-fit is calculated in accordance with the following formula.
Zmax =
S DS
Em
0.8DS
1000
where
Zmax =
38
maximum oversize of shrink-fit; mm (mm, in)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
S
5.9.8
4-2-1
minimum yield strength of material for crank web; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

lbf/in2)
Acceptability Criteria 4-2-1/5.9.8

The crankshaft is to have an acceptability factor of at least 1.15. The acceptability factor is to
be determined for the crankpin fillet, the journal fillet and the oil hole in the crankpin, and is
to be in accordance with the following equation.
Q=
DW
v
where Q = acceptability factor.

5.9.9
5.11
Other Reciprocating Components 4-2-1/5.9.9

All other reciprocating components (e.g., connecting rod) are to have acceptability factors of
at least 1.15. Tightening torques are to be submitted for pretensioned bolts/studs.
Shaft Couplings and Clutches 4-2-1/5.11

The design and construction of fitted bolt and non-fitted bolt couplings, flexible couplings and
clutches is to be in accordance with the provisions of 4-3-2/5.19.
Engine Appurtenances
7.1
Explosion Relief Valves 4-2-1/7.1
4-2-1/7
7.1.1
Explosion relief valves of an approved type are to be installed on enclosed crankcases of all
engines having a cylinder bore of 200 mm (8 in.) or above or having a crankcase gross
volume of 0.6 m3 (21 ft3) or above.
7.1.2
Valve Construction and Sizing 4-2-1/7.1.2
The free area of each explosion relief valve is not to be less than 45 cm2 (7 in2), and the total
free area of all relief valves is to be not less than 115 cm2 for each cubic meter (1 in2 for each
2 ft3) of crankcase gross volume. The volume of the fixed parts in the crankcase may be
deducted in estimating gross volume.
The explosion relief valves are to be of the return-seating type, are to relieve the pressure readily at
not more than 0.2 bar (0.2 kgf/cm2, 2.85 lbf/in2), and are to close quickly in order to prevent an inrush of air.
In the arrangement and location of valves, consideration is to be given to minimizing the
danger from emission of flame.
7.1.3
Location of Valves (2002)4-2-1/7.1.3

Engines having a bore of 200 mm (8 in.) and above, but not exceeding 250 mm (10 in.), are to
have at least one valve near each end. However, for engines with more than 8 crank throws,
an additional valve is to be fitted near the middle of the engine.
Engines having a bore exceeding 250 mm (10 in.), but not exceeding 300 mm (11.8 in.), are
to have at least one valve in way of each alternate crank throw, with a minimum of two
valves.
39
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Engines having a bore exceeding 300 mm (11.8 in.) are to have at least one valve in way of
each main crank throw.
7.3
7.5
7.1.4
Other Compartments of Crankcase 4-2-1/7.1.4

Additional relief valves are to be fitted on separate spaces of the crankcase such as gear or
chain cases for camshaft or similar drives when the gross volume of such spaces is 0.6 m3
(21 ft3) and above.
7.1.5
Scavenge Spaces 4-2-1/7.1.5

Explosion relief valves are to be fitted in scavenge spaces which are in open connection to the
cylinders for engines having a cylinder diameter greater than 230 mm (91/16 in.).
Governors and Overspeed Protection 4-2-1/7.3

7.3.1
Governors 4-2-1/7.3.1
All diesel engines, except those driving electric generators (see 4-2-1/7.5), are to be fitted
with governors which will prevent the engines from exceeding the rated speed by more than
15%.
7.3.2
Overspeed Protective Device 4-2-1/7.3.2

In addition to the governor, each main propulsion engine having a rated power of 220 kW
(295 hp) and over and which can be declutched or which drives a controllable pitch propeller,
is to be fitted with a overspeed device so adjusted that the speed cannot exceed the maximum
rated speed by more than 20%. This overspeed device, including its driving mechanism, is to
be independent from the normal governor.
7.3.3
Electronic Governors 4-2-1/7.3.3

Electronic speed governors fitted to main propulsion diesel engines and formed part of the
remotely propulsion control system are to comply with the following:
If lack of power to the governor may cause major and sudden changes in the preset
speed and direction of thrust of the propeller, an automatically available back up
power supply is to be provided.
ii)
Local control of the engines is to be possible. For this purpose, means are to be
provided at the local control position to disconnect the remote control signal. If this
will also disconnect the speed governing functions required by 4-2-1/7.3.1, an
additional separate speed governor is to be provided for such local mode of control.
iii)
Electronic speed governors and their electrical actuators are to be subjected to

environmental and performance tests, in accordance with 4-9-7/13.
Governors and Overspeed Protection for Engines Driving Generators 4-2-1/7.5

7.5.1
40
i)
Speed Governing (2004) 4-2-1/7.5.1

Diesel engines driving propulsion, auxiliary or emergency electric generators are to be fitted
with an operating governor which is capable of automatically maintaining the speed within
the following limits:
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
7.5.1(a) The transient frequency variations in the electrical network when running at the
indicated loads below are to be within 10% of the rated frequency when:
i)
running at full load (equal to rated output) of the generator and the maximum
electrical step load is suddenly thrown off;
In the case when a step load equivalent to the rated output of a generator is thrown
off, a transient frequency variation in excess of 10% of the rated frequency may be
acceptable, provided the overspeed protective device fitted in addition to the
governor, as required by 4-2-1/7.5.3, is not activated.
ii)
running at no load and 50% of the full load of the generator is suddenly thrown on,
followed by the remaining 50% after an interval sufficient to restore the frequency to
steady state.
In all instances, the frequency is to return to within 1% of the final steady state condition in
not more than 5 seconds.
7.5.1(b) Where the electrical power system is fitted with a power management system and
sequential starting arrangements, the application of loads in multiple steps of less than 50% of
rated load in 4-2-1/7.5.1(a)ii) above may be permitted, provided it is in accordance with
4-2-1/Figure 5. The details of the power management system and sequential starting
arrangements are to be submitted and its satisfactory operation is to be demonstrated to the
Surveyor.
7.5.1(c) For diesel engines driving emergency generators, the requirements of
4-2-1/7.5.1(a)i) and, where applicable, 4-2-1/7.5.1(b) above are to be met. In addition, if the
sum of the emergency load that can be automatically connected is more than:
in the case of 4-2-1/7.5.1(a)ii), 50 % of the full load of the generator, or
in the case of 4-2-1/7.5.1(b), the first applied load permitted by 4-2-1/Figure 5,
the sum of the emergency loads is to be used as the first applied load.
7.5.1(d) The permanent frequency variation is to be within 5% of the rated frequency at any
load between no load and the full load.
7.5.2
Generators in Parallel 4-2-1/7.5.2

For diesel engines driving AC generators that operate in parallel, the governors
characteristics are to be such that in the range between 20% and 100% of the combined rated
load of all generators, the load on any individual generator will not differ from its
proportionate share of the total combined load by more than 15% of the rated power of the
largest generator or 25% of the individual generator, whichever is less.
Provisions are to be made to adjust the governors sufficiently fine in order to permit a load
adjustment within the limits of 5% of the rated load at normal frequency.
7.5.3
Overspeed Protective Device 4-2-1/7.5.3

In addition to the governor, each engine driving an electric generator and having a rated
power of 220 kW (295 hp) and over is to be fitted with a separate overspeed device so
adjusted that the speed cannot exceed the maximum rated speed by more than 15%. Provision
is to be made for hand tripping.
41
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
FIGURE 5
Limiting Curves for Loading 4-stroke Diesel Engines
Step by Step from No-load to Rated Power as Function
of the Brake Mean Effective Pressure
7.7
Cylinder Overpressure Monitoring (2001) 4-2-1/7.7

For diesel engines having a bore exceeding 230 mm (9 in.), each cylinder is to be fitted with a means
of indicating a predetermined overpressure. This may be a relief valve, a sentinel valve, audible and
visual alarms, or equivalent. The device is to be set at a pressure to be determined by the engine
manufacturer.
7.9
Scavenging Blowers 4-2-1/7.9

At least one scavenging blower, either of the reciprocating or the rotary type, is to be provided for
each two-cycle propulsion engine. Each ocean-going vessel of 300 gross tonnage and over, having a
single two-cycle propulsion engine with an attached rotary scavenging blower, driven by means other
than a gear train, is to be provided with at least two such blowers. The capacity of each of the two
attached rotary scavenging blowers is to be sufficient to provide not less than one-half the maximum
rated engine rpm when one blower is out of service. Provisions for design and construction of
scavenge blowers are in Section 4-2-2.
7.11
Fire Extinguishing System for Scavenge Manifold 4-2-1/7.11

For crosshead type engines, scavenge spaces in open connection to the cylinder are to be permanently
connected to an approved fire extinguishing system entirely separate from the fire extinguishing
system of the engine room. A steam smothering system is acceptable for this purpose. Provisions for
the design and installation of fixed fire-extinguishing system are in Section 4-7-3.
7.13
Warning Notices 4-2-1/7.13

7.13.1 Crankcase 4-2-1/7.13.1
To caution against opening hot crankcase, suitable warning notices are to be fitted, preferably
on a crankcase door on each side of the engine or on the engine control stand. The notices are
to specify a period of time for cooling after shutdown, based upon the size of the engine, but
not less than 10 minutes in any case, before opening the door. Such notice is also to warn
against restarting an overheated engine until the cause of overheating has been remedied.
42
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
7.13.2 Barred Speed Ranges 4-2-1/7.13.2

Where a barred speed range is specified in accordance with torsional vibration analysis, the
engine speed indicator is to be so marked. A warning notice is to be fitted to the engine and at
all local and remote propulsion control stations to the effect that operation in the barred range
is to occur only while passing through the range and that operation within the barred range is
to be avoided. See 4-3-2/7.5 for torsional vibration criteria.
7.15
Jacket Drain and Overpressure Protection 4-2-1/7.15

Drain cocks are to be fitted at the lowest point of all cooling medium jackets. Means are to be
provided to prevent the cooling medium jacket from being overpressurized. This will not be required
if the cooling pump is of the centrifugal type, such that the no-flow pressure is no greater than the
design pressure of the jacket.
7.17
Monitoring 4-2-1/7.17
Required monitoring for engines fuel oil, lubricating oil, cooling water, starting air and exhaust gas
systems are provided in system requirements, see 4-2-1/9 below. For propulsion machinery spaces
intended for centralized or unattended operation, engine and engine system monitoring and safety
system functions are provided in Part 4, Chapter 9; see e.g., 4-9-4/Table 3A and 4-9-4/Table 3B.
Piping Systems for Diesel Engines
4-2-1/9
The requirements of piping systems, essential for operation of diesel engines intended for propulsion,
maneuvering, electric power generation and vessel safety, are provided in Section 4-6-5. These
systems include:
fuel oil:
4-6-5/3;
lubricating oil:
4-6-5/5;
cooling water:
4-6-5/7;
starting air:
4-6-5/9;
electric starting:
4-8-2/11.11;
crankcase ventilation:
4-6-5/13;
exhaust gas:
4-6-5/11;
hydraulic and pneumatic systems:
4-6-7/3 and 4-6-7/5.
11
Installation of Diesel Engines
11.1
Seating Arrangements for Diesel Engines 4-2-1/11.1
4-2-1/11
Diesel engines are to be securely supported and mounted to the vessels structure by bolted
connections with consideration given to all of the static and dynamic forces imposed by the engine.
11.3
Metal Chocks 4-2-1/11.3

Where metal chocks are used, they are to be made of forged steel, rolled steel or cast steel.
43
Part
Chapter
Section
11.5
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
Cast Resin Chocks 4-2-1/11.5

Cast resin chocks of an approved type (see 1-1-A3/5 for type approval) may be used, provided that the
arrangements and installation procedures are in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations. Arrangements of the proposed installation, along with installation parameters such
as engine deadweight, holding-down bolt tightening torque, etc., and calculations showing that the
manufacturers specified pressure is not exceeded, are to be submitted for review in each case.
11.7
Resilient Mountings 4-2-1/11.7

Resilient mountings may be used within the limits of the manufacturers instructions and
specifications for the resilient elements elasticity and durability under shipboard ambient conditions.
11.9
Hot Surfaces 4-2-1/11.9

Hot surfaces likely to come into contact with the crew during operation are to be suitably guarded or
insulated. Where the temperature of hot surfaces are likely to exceed 220C (428F), and where any
leakage, under pressure or otherwise, of fuel oil, lubricating oil or other flammable liquid is likely to
come into contact with such surfaces, they are to be suitably insulated with non-combustible materials
that are impervious to such liquid. Insulation material not impervious to oil is to be encased in sheet
metal or an equivalent impervious sheath.
13
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Diesel Engines
13.1
Material and Nondestructive Tests 4-2-1/13.1
4-2-1/13
For testing and nondestructive tests of materials intended for engine construction, see 4-2-1/3.1 and
4-2-1/3.3.
13.3
Hydrostatic Tests of Diesel Engine Components 4-2-1/13.3

Hydrostatic tests of diesel engine parts and components are to be in accordance with 4-2-1/Table 2.
These tests are to be carried out by the manufacturer whose certificate of tests will be acceptable.
However, independently driven pumps for fuel oil, lubricating oil, and cooling water services of diesel
engines of bores exceeding 300 mm (11.8 in) are required to be certified by the Surveyor; see
4-6-1/7.3.
13.5
Relief and Safety Valves 4-2-1/13.5

All relief and safety valves are to be tested and set in the presence of the Surveyor.
13.6
Manufacturers Quality Control (2002)

13.6.1 Quality Plan
Prior to commencement of construction, the manufacturer is to submit to the Surveyor a
quality plan setting out the quality control that it plans to perform on, but not limited to the
following:
44
issuance of material specifications

for purchasing
receiving inspection of materials
receiving inspection of finished

components and parts
welding defect tracking
NDT written procedures and

qualification documentation
NDT plan
casting and weld defect resolutions
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
4-2-1
assembly and fit specifications
subassembly inspection: alignment

and dimension checks, functional
tests
welding procedure qualification
testing of safety devices
welder qualification
hydrostatic testing plan
Weld inspection plan
engine test plan
dimensional and functional checks

on finished components and parts
edge preparation and fit-up

tolerances
The Surveyor is to review the quality plan and may, at his discretion, identify inspection hold
points on the quality plan, in addition to those required in 4-2-1/13.1 through 4-2-1/13.5. In
all cases, the manufacturer is to maintain traceability and documentation of materials and
parts; welds, welders and NDT records; dimension and alignment measurements bolted joint
pretension values; hydrostatic test records; and other quality control measurements; which are
to be made available to the Surveyor during the course of the inspection. Upon completion of
the construction, the quality control documents are to be compiled in a folio and a copy of
which is to be provided to the Surveyor.
13.6.2 Welding on Engine Entablatures, Frames, Bedplates and Power Transmitting
Component
13.6.2(a) Welding procedure. Before proceeding with welding, the manufacturer is to prove
to the satisfaction of the Surveyor that the intended welding process, welding filler metal,
preheat, post weld heat treatment, etc., as applicable, have been qualified for joining the base
metal. In general, the intended welding procedure is to be supported by welding procedure
qualification record (PQR) acceptable to or conducted in the presence of the Surveyor. The
extent to which a PQR may be used to support multiple welding procedures is to be
determined based on a recognized welding standard and is subject to acceptance by the
Surveyor.
13.6.2(b) Welders and welding operators. Before proceeding with welding, the manufacturer
is to prove to the satisfaction of the Surveyor that the welder or the welding operator is
qualified for performing the intended welding procedure. In general, welders and welding
operators are to be qualified in accordance with 2-4-3/11 in the presence of the Surveyor or
supported by documented welder performance qualification records (WPQ) acceptable to the
Surveyor. The extent to which a WPQ may be used to support multiple welding procedures is
to be determined based on a recognized welding standard and is subject to acceptance by the
Surveyor.
13.6.2(c) Facility-specific PQR and WPQ. To prove the capability of specific facilities, PQR
and WPQ are to be conducted at and certified by the facilities where the fabrication or weld
repair is to be conducted. PQR and WPQ conducted at other facilities are normally not
acceptable for supporting the intended welding, without specific acceptance by the Surveyor.
13.6.2(d) Welding filler metals. All welding filler metals are to be certified by their
manufacturers as complying with appropriate recognized national or international standards.
Welding filler metals tested, certified and listed by the Bureau in its publication, Approved
Welding Consumables, for meeting such a standard may be used in all cases. See Part 2,
Appendix 2 for approval of filler metals. Welding filler metals not so listed may also be
accepted provided that:
i)
they are of the same type as that proven in qualifying the welding procedure; and
ii)
they are of a make acceptable to the Surveyor; and
45
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Diesel Engines
iii)
4-2-1
for welding of Group I engineering structures, representative production test pieces

are to be taken to prove the mechanical properties of the weld metal.
13.6.2(e) Tack welds. Tack welds, where used, are to be made with filler metal suitable for
the base metal. Tack welds intended to be left in place and form part of the finished weld are
to be made by qualified welders using process and filler metal the same as or equivalent to the
welding procedure to be used for the first pass. When preheating is required, the same
preheating should be applied prior to tack welding.
13.6.2(f) Repair of defective welds. Any weld joint imperfection disclosed by examination in
4-2-1/13.6.3(c) and deemed unacceptable is to be removed by mechanical means or thermal
gouging processes, after which the joint is to be welded using the appropriate qualified
welding procedure by a qualified welder. Preheat and post-weld heat treatment is to be
performed, as applicable. Upon completion of repair, the repaired weld is to be re-examined
by the appropriate technique that disclosed the defect in the original weld.
13.6.2(g) Repair of castings by welding. Casting surface defects and defects revealed by
nondestructive tests specified in 4-2-1/Table 1 and deemed unacceptable may be repaired by
welding. All welding repairs are to be conducted using qualified welding procedure and by
qualified welders as per 4-2-1/13.6.2(a), 4-2-1/13.6.2(b) and 4-2-1/13.6.2(c). The welding
procedure, preheat and post weld heat treatment, as applicable, are to be in accordance with
engine designers specifications and supported by appropriate PQR. The Surveyor is to be
notified prior to proceeding with the repair. Where welding repair is to be conducted at the
foundry, the same procedure is to be adhered to. Defects detected by nondestructive tests
required by 4-2-1/Table 1 are to be re-examined by at least the same technique after
completion of repair.
13.6.3 Nondestructive Tests and Inspections
13.6.3(a) Qualification of procedures and operators. Before proceeding to conduct
nondestructive tests required by 4-2-1/Table 1, the manufacturer is to have a written
procedure for conducting each of these tests and for qualifying the operators intended for
conducting these tests. Subcontractors, if employed for this purpose, are to be similarly
qualified. In general, the processes of qualifying the procedures and the operators and the
necessary technical supervision and training are to be in accordance with a recognized
standard.
13.6.3(b) Nondestructive test procedures of engine parts. Parts requiring ultrasonic tests by
4-2-1/Table 1 are each to be provided with a test plan. Typically, for ultrasonic testing, the
plan is to specify:
part to be tested
ultrasonic equipment
couplant
reference block(s)
scanning coverage and rate

calibration procedure
acceptance standards
As a minimum, dye penetrant test plans are to specify the part to be tested, penetrant type and
developer, procedure for retest, allowable ambient and test piece temperatures, and
acceptance standards; and magnetic particle test plans are to specify parts to be tested,
magnetization technique and equipment, surface preparation, type of ferromagnetic particles,
and acceptance standards.
13.6.3(c) Nondestructive tests of welds. The manufacturers quality plan for weld inspection
should include visual inspection, measurement of weld sizes, as well as nondestructive tests
(dye-penetrant, magnetic particle, radiography or ultrasonic), as may be specified by the
engine designer for important structural parts.
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13.6.3(d) Documentation. The manufacturer is to document and certify the results of the
required nondestructive tests. The number and locations of unacceptable indications found are
to be reported, together with corrective action taken, preferably on a sketch, along with
questionable areas and any required areas not examined, where applicable.
13.6.3(e) Witness by Surveyor. All documents required in 4-2-1/13.6.3 are to be made
available to the Surveyor. Where in doubt, or for purposes of verification, the Surveyor may
request for a demonstration of any nondestructive tests required by 4-2-1/Table 1 to be
conducted in his presence.
13.6.4 Assembly and Fit
The manufacturers quality plan is to require checks on important fit, alignment, tolerances,
pretensioning, etc. specified by the engine designers. Data measured in the as-assembled
condition are to be recorded and made available to the Surveyor, who may request for
verification of the recorded data.
13.7
Type Tests of Diesel Engines 4-2-1/13.7

13.7.1 Application 4-2-1/13.7.1
Each new type of diesel engine, as defined in 4-2-1/13.7.2, is to be type tested under the
conditions specified in 4-2-1/13.7, except that mass-produced engines intended to be certified
by quality assurance may be type tested in accordance with 4-2-1/13.11. A type test carried
out for a type of engine at any place of manufacture will be accepted for all engines of the
same type built by licensees and licensers. A type test carried out on one engine having a
given number of cylinders will be accepted for all engines of the same type having a different
number of cylinders.
13.7.2 Engine Type Definition 4-2-1/13.7.2
For purposes of type tests, a diesel engine type, as specified by the manufacturers type
designation, is to be defined by:
the working cycle (2-stroke, 4-stroke)

the cylinder arrangement (in-line, vee)
the rated power per cylinder at rated speed and mean effective pressure
the kind of fuel (liquid, dual fuel, gaseous)
the method of fuel injection (direct or indirect)
the cylinder bore
the stroke
the scavenging system (naturally aspirated or supercharged)
the supercharging system (constant or pulsating pressure)
the charged air cooling system (provided with intercooler or not, number of cooling
stages)
Engines may be considered the same type if they do not differ from any of the above items.
13.7.3 Increase in Rated Power 4-2-1/13.7.3
The rated power of an engine type, which has proven reliability in service, may be increased
by not more than 10% without any further type test, subject to prior approval of relevant plans
and particulars.
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13.7.4 Stages of Type Tests 4-2-1/13.7.4

Each type test is subdivided into three stages:
Stage A: manufacturers tests;

Stage B: type assessment tests to be con-ducted in the presence of a Surveyor;
Stage C: component inspection after the test by a Surveyor.
These stages are described in details as follows.
13.7.4(a) Stage A: manufacturers tests. The manufacturer is to carry out functional tests in
order to collect and record the engines operating data. During these tests, the engine is to be
operated at the load points specified by the engine manufacturer and the pertinent operating
values are to be recorded. The load points may be selected according to the range of
applications.
Where an engine is designed for operation without using mechanically driven cylinder
lubricators, such capability is to be demonstrated and recorded.
For engines which are designed to operate on heavy fuel oil, the suitability for this is to be
proven during the tests. Where not possible, this is to be demonstrated during shipboard trials
of the first engine brought into service.
The tests are to include the normal and the emergency operating modes as specified below:
i)
Normal operating mode.

The load points 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 110% of the rated power:
along the nominal (theoretical) propeller curve and at constant rated speed for
propulsion engines;
at constant rated speed for engines intended to drive electric generators;
The limit points of the permissible operating range, as defined by the engine
manufacturer.
ii)
Emergency operating mode. The manufacturers test for turbocharged engines is to

include the determination of the maximum achievable continuous power output in the
following cases of simulated turbocharger damage:
engines with one turbocharger: with the rotor blocked or removed;
engines with two or more turbochargers: with one turbocharger shut off.
13.7.4(b) Stage B: type tests to be witnessed by the Surveyor. The engine is to be operated at
the load points shown in 4-2-1/Figure 6. The data measured and recorded at each load point is
to include all necessary parameters for the engine operation.
The operating time per load point depends on the engine size (achievement of steady-state
condition) and on the time for collection of the operating values. For 4-2-1/13.7.4(b)i) below,
an operating time of two hours is required and two sets of readings are to be taken at a
minimum interval of one hour. For 4-2-1/13.7.4(b)ii) through 4-2-1/13.7.4(b)vi) below, the
operating time per load point is not to be less than 30 minutes.
48
i)
Rated power, i.e., 100% output at 100% torque and 100% speed corresponding to
load point 1.
ii)
100% power at maximum permissible speed corresponding to load point 2.
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iii)
Maximum permissible torque (normally 110%) at 100% speed corresponding to load

point 3; or maximum permissible power (normally 110%) and speed according to
nominal propeller curve corresponding to load point 3a.
iv)
Minimum permissible speed at 100% torque corresponding to load point 4.
v)
Minimum permissible speed at 90% torque corresponding to load point 5.
vi)
Part load operation, e.g., 75%, 50%, 25% of maximum continuous rated power and
speed according to the nominal propeller curve corresponding to point 6, 7 and 8, and
at rated speed with constant governor setting corresponding to points 9, 10 and 11.
For turbocharged engines, maximum achievable power when operating along the nominal
propeller curve and when operating with constant governor setting for rated speed under the
following conditions:
i)
engines equipped with one turbocharger: with the rotor blocked or removed,
ii)
engines equipped with two or more turbochargers: with one turbocharger shut off.
Functional tests are to be performed for the following:

i)
the lowest engine speed according to the nominal propeller curve
ii)
the engine starting and reversing appliances
iii)
the speed governor
iv)
the safety system, particularly for overspeed and low lubricating oil pressure
13.7.4(c) Stage C: component inspection by the Surveyor. Immediately after the test run, the
following components of one cylinder for in-line and of two cylinders for V-engines are to be
presented for the Surveyors inspection:
Piston removed and dismantled
Crosshead bearing, dismantled
Crank bearing and main bearing, dismantled
Cylinder liner in the installed condition
Cylinder head, valves disassembled
Control gear, camshaft and crankcase with opened covers
Further dismantling of the engine may be required by and at the discretion of the Surveyor.
13.7.5 Additional Tests 4-2-1/13.7.5
For engines intended to be used for emergency services, supplementary tests according to the
regulations of the Administration whose flag the vessel flies may be required.
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FIGURE 6
Type Test Power/Speed Diagram
overload power
110
110
106.6
100
3a
rated power
(continuous power)
power (%)
100
90
80
ue
10
rq p =
to
e
bm
80
0%
0%
10 5
70
2
60
er
cu
rve
70
no
mi
na
lp
rop
e ll
60
50
90
50
1
10
40
40
30
30
11
100
103.2
speed (%)
13.9
= range of continuous operation
= range of intermittent operation
= range of short-time overload operation
Shop Tests of Each Produced Diesel Engine 4-2-1/13.9

Each diesel engine where required to be certified by 4-2-1/1.1, except those manufactured on the basis
of the Type Approval Program referred to in 4-2-1/13.13.2, is to be tested in the presence of a
Surveyor, in accordance with the provisions of 4-2-1/13.9. The scope of tests may be expanded as
called for by the specific engine application.
13.9.1 General 4-2-1/13.9.1
The operational data corresponding to each of the specified test load conditions are to be
determined and recorded and all results are to be compiled in an acceptance protocol to be
issued by the engine manufacturer. In each case, all measurements conducted at the various
load points shall be carried out at steady operating conditions. The readings for 100% power
(rated power at rated speed) are to be taken twice at an interval of at least 30 minutes.
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13.9.2 Engines Directly Driving Propellers 4-2-1/13.9.2

Main engines intended for directly driving propellers are to be tested under the following
conditions:
i)
100% of rated power at rated engine speed (no), for at least 60 minutes, after having
reached steady conditions.
ii)
110% of rated power at an engine speed of n = 1.032no for 30 minutes, after having
reached steady conditions.
iii)
After running on the test bed, the fuel delivery system of the engine is to be adjusted
so that the engine output is limited to the rated power and so that the engine cannot be
overloaded under service condition.
iv)
90%, 75%, 50% and 25% of rated power, in accordance with the nominal propeller
curve.
v)
Starting and reversing maneuvers.
vi)
Testing of governor and independent overspeed protective device.
vii)
Testing of shutdown device.
13.9.3 Engines Driving Electric Propulsion Generators 4-2-1/13.9.3

For engines intended for driving electric propulsion generators, the tests are to be performed
at the rated speed with a constant governor setting under the following conditions:
i)
100% rated power for at least 60 min., after having reached steady conditions.
ii)
110% of rated power for 30 min., after having reached steady conditions.
iii)
After running on the test bed, the fuel delivery system of the engine is to be adjusted
so that an overload power of 110% of the rated power can be supplied. Due regard is
to be given to service conditions after installation on board and to the governor
characteristics, including the activation of generator protective devices. See also
4-2-1/7.5.1(b) for governor characteristics associated with power management
systems.
iv)
75%, 50% and 25% of rated power and idle run.
v)
Start-up tests.
vi)
Testing of governor and independent overspeed protective device.
vii)
Testing of shutdown device.
13.9.4 Engines Driving Other Generators and Machinery 4-2-1/13.9.4

Engines intended for driving vessel service generators, emergency generators or other
essential machinery are to be tested as specified in 4-2-1/13.9.3. After running on the test bed,
the fuel delivery system of the engine is to be adjusted so that an overload power of 110% of
the rated power can be supplied. Due regard is to be given to service conditions after
installation on board and to the governor characteristics including the activation of generator
protective devices. See also 4-2-1/7.5.1(b) for governor characteristics associated with power
management systems.
13.9.5 Inspection After Tests 4-2-1/13.9.5
After shop tests, engine components, randomly selected at the discretion of the Surveyor, are
to be presented for inspection. Where engine manufacturers require crankshaft deflection to
be periodically checked during service, the crankshaft deflection is to be measured at this time
after the shop test and results recorded for future reference.
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4-2-1
13.11 Type Tests of Mass-produced Diesel Engines 4-2-1/13.11

13.11.1 Application 4-2-1/13.11.1
Each type of diesel engine mass produced (see 4-2-1/13.11.2) under the accepted quality
assurance program is to be type tested in accordance with the provisions of 4-2-1/13.11. A
type test carried out for a type of engine at a place of manufacture will be accepted for all
engines of the same type built by licensees and licensers. A type test carried out on one engine
having a given number of cylinders will qualify all engines of the same type having a
different number of cylinders. The type test is to be conducted in the presence of the
Surveyor.
13.11.2 Definition of Mass Production of Diesel Engines 4-2-1/13.11.2
A diesel engine intended for propulsion or auxiliary service is considered mass-produced if it
meets the following criteria:
The engines are produced in quantity.

The materials and components used for the construction of the engines are
manufactured in accordance with approved quality control procedures specified by
the engine builder.
The machinery used for manufacturing of the engine components is specially
calibrated and subject to regular inspection in order to meet the engine builders
specifications and quality requirements and to allow for assembly or
interchangeability of components without any re-machining.
Each assembled engine undergoes a bench test in accordance with specified
procedures.
Final testing, in accordance with specified procedures, is carried out on engines
selected at random after bench testing.
13.11.3 Tests to be Witnessed by the Surveyor 4-2-1/13.11.3
13.11.3(a) Load points:
i)
80 hours at rated power;
ii)
8 hours at 110% overload and alternately 100% rpm and 103% rpm;
iii)
10 hours at partial loads (in steps of 90%, 75%, 50% and 25% of rated power);
iv)
2 hours at intermittent loads.
The tests are to be conducted in cycles, with each cycle comprising all of the above load
points, and the cycle repeated until the specified durations of the tests are achieved.
13.11.3(b) Functional tests:
i)
the engine starting and reversing appliances,
ii)
the speed governor,
iii)
the overspeed device,
iv)
the lubricating oil failure indication device,
v)
the condition of turbocharger out of action (where applicable),
vi)
running at minimum speed for main propulsion engines and at idle speed for auxiliary
engines.
13.11.3(c) Component inspection. After the type test, all main parts of the engine are to be
dismantled and examined by the Surveyor.
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4-2-1
13.11.4 Measurements and Recordings 4-2-1/13.11.4

The following particulars are to be measured and recorded:
Ambient test conditions:

air temperature
barometric pressure
relative humidity
external cooling water temperature
characteristics of fuel and lubricating oil
Engine measurements:
engine power
engine rpm
torque or brake load
maximum combustion pressure (indicator diagram where practicable)
exhaust smoke
lubricating oil pressure and temperature
cooling water pressure and temperature
exhaust gas temperature in exhaust manifold and, if possible, at each cylinder outlet
and for supercharged engines
turbocharger rpm
air pressure and temperature at inlet and outlet of turbocharger and cooler
exhaust gas pressure and temperature at inlet and outlet of exhaust gas turbine and
charge air cooler
cooling water temperature at charge air cooler inlet
Results of examination done after type tests: This should include disassembling and
examination of the main parts and the parts subject to wear.
13.11.5 Additional Tests 4-2-1/13.11.5
For engines intended for different purposes and having different performances for each
purpose, the type test program is to be extended to cover each performance under
consideration of the most severe condition.
13.13 Certification of Diesel Engine 4-2-1/13.13

13.13.1 General 4-2-1/13.13.1
Each diesel engine required to be certified by 4-2-1/1.1 is:
i)
to have its design approved by the Bureau; for which purpose, plans and data as
required by 4-2-1/1.9 are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval; and the
performance of the engine is to be verified by a type test which is to be conducted in
the presence of a Surveyor in accordance with 4-2-1/13.7 or 4-2-1/13.11, as
appropriate;
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ii)
to be surveyed during its construction, which is to include, but not limited to, material
and nondestructive tests as indicated in 4-2-1/13.1, hydrostatic tests of components as
indicated in 4-2-1/13.3, and tests and setting of relief valves, as applicable; and
iii)
to subject the finished unit to a performance test conducted in accordance with

4-2-1/13.9 to the satisfaction of a Surveyor.
13.13.2 Certification Under Type Approval Program (2003) 4-2-1/13.13.2

13.13.2(a) Product design assessment. Upon application by the manufacturer, each model
of a type of diesel engine may be design assessed as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. For this
purpose, each design of an engine type is to be approved in accordance with 4-2-1/13.13.1i).
Engines so approved may be applied to the Bureau for listing on the ABS website in the
Design Approved Products Index [see 1-1-A3/5.1 (DA)]. Once listed, and subject to renewal
and updating of certificate as required by 1-1-A3/5.7, engine particulars will not be required
to be submitted to the Bureau each time the engine is proposed for use on board a vessel.
13.13.2(b) Mass produced engines. Manufacturer of mass-produced engines, who operates

a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the Bureau for a
quality assurance assessment, described in 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA).
Upon satisfactory assessment under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA), engines produced in those facilities
will not require a Surveyors attendance at the tests and inspections indicated in
4-2-1/13.13.1ii) and 4-2-1/13.13.1iii). Such tests and inspections are to be carried out by the
manufacturer whose quality control documents will be accepted. Certification of each engine
will be based on verification of approval of the design and on continued effectiveness of the
quality assurance system. See 1-1-A3/5.7.1(a).
13.13.2(c) Non-mass Produced Engines. Manufacturer of non-mass produced engines, who
operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the Bureau
for a quality assurance assessment, described in 1-1-A3/5.3.1(a) (AQS) or 1-1-A3/5.3.1(b)
(RQS). Certification to 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA) may also be considered in accordance with
4-1-1/Table 1.
13.13.2(d) Type Approval Program. Engine types which have their designs approved in
accordance with 4-2-1/13.13.2(a) and the quality assurance system of their manufacturing
facilities approved in accordance with 4-2-1/13.13.2(b) or 4-2-1/13.13.2(c) will be deemed Type
Approved and will be eligible for listing on the ABS website as Type Approved Products.
15
Shipboard Trials of Diesel Engines
4-2-1/15
After the conclusion of the running-in program, diesel engines are to undergo shipboard trials in the
presence of a Surveyor, in accordance with the following procedure.
15.1
Engines Driving Fixed Pitch Propellers 4-2-1/15.1

For main propulsion engines directly driving fixed pitch propellers, the following running tests are to
be carried out:
54
i)
At rated engine speed (no) for at least 4 hours.
ii)
At engine speed corresponding to the normal continuous cruising power for at least 2 hours.
iii)
At engine speed n = 1.032no for 30 minutes (where engine adjustment permits).
iv)
At minimum on-load speed.
v)
Starting and reversing maneuvers.
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vi)
In reverse direction of propeller rotation at a minimum engine speed of n = 0.7no for 10

minutes.
vii)
Testing of the monitoring and safety systems.
Engines Driving Controllable Pitch Propellers 4-2-1/15.3

For main propulsion engines driving controllable pitch propellers or reversing gears, the tests as per
4-2-1/15.1 apply, as appropriate. In addition, controllable pitch propellers are to be tested with various
propeller pitches.
15.5
Engines Driving Propulsion Generators 4-2-1/15.5

For engines driving electric propulsion generators, the running tests are to be carried out at the rated
speed with a constant governor setting and are to be based on the rated electrical power of the driven
generators, under the following conditions:
At 100% rated power for at least 4 hours.
At normal continuous cruising power for at least 2 hours.
In reverse direction of propeller rotation at a minimum speed of 70% of the nominal propeller
speed for 10 minutes.
Further, starting maneuvers and functional tests of the monitoring and safety systems are to be carried out.
Governor characteristics associated with power management systems in 4-2-1/7.5.1(b) are to be
demonstrated during the vessels trial.
15.7
Engines Driving Generators 4-2-1/15.7

For engines driving generators for essential services other than propulsion generators, an operation
test at the rated power for an extended period is to be carried out. For main service generators, the
duration of test is to be at least four hours. Governor characteristics associated with power
management systems in 4-2-1/7.5.1(b) are to be demonstrated during the vessels trial.
15.9
Engines Burning Residual Fuel Oil 4-2-1/15.9

The suitability of propulsion and auxiliary diesel engines to burn residual fuel oils or other special
fuel oils, where they are intended to burn such fuel oils in service, is to be demonstrated.
15.11 Torsional Vibration Barred Speed Range 4-2-1/15.11

Where torsional vibration analyses indicate that a torsional vibration critical is within the engine
operating speed range, the conduct of torsiograph tests and marking of the barred speed range, as
appropriate, are to be carried out in accordance with 4-3-2/11.3.1.
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TABLE 1
Required Material and Nondestructive Tests
of Diesel Engine Parts (2002)
Nondestructive tests (2)
Engine part
(1)
Material Tests
(5)
Magnetic particle,
liquid penetrant, or
similar tests (3)
Ultrasonic tests (6)
Crankshafts, forged, cast, fully built, or semi-built
all
all
all
Crankshaft coupling flange (non integral) for main

propulsion engines
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Coupling bolts for crankshaft
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Connecting rods and connecting rod bearing caps
all
all
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Piston rods
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Crosshead
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Cylinder liner-steel parts
above 300 mm
(11.8 in.) bore
Steel cylinder covers
above 300 mm
(11.8 in.) bore
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
all
Tie rods
all
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore (4)
Steel piston crowns
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
all
Bolts and studs for cylinder covers, crossheads, main

bearings, connecting rod bearings
above 300 mm
(11.8 in.) bore
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Steel gear wheels for camshaft drives
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
above 400 mm
(16 in.) bore
Steel castings for welded bedplates (including main

bearing housing)
all
all
all
Steel forgings for welded bedplates (including main

bearing housing)
all
Plates for welded bedplates (including main bearing

housing); frames, crankcases and entablatures of
welded construction
all
Weld seams of important structural parts as

determined by engine designer
As specified by engine
designer
As specified by engine
designer
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
6
56
This table does not cover turbochargers, superchargers and piping systems, such as fuel oil injection, starting
air, etc. Turbochargers and superchargers are provided for in 4-2-2/3. For material tests of piping components,
see 4-6-1/Table 1 and 4-6-1/Table 2.
Where there is evidence to doubt the soundness of any engine component, a nondestructive test by approved
detecting methods may be required in any case.
Tests are to be at positions mutually agreed to by the Surveyor and manufacturer, where experience shows
defects are most likely to occur.
For tie rods, the magnetic particle test is to be carried out at each threaded portion, which is twice the length of
the thread.
Tests for these items are to be witnessed by the Surveyor. Alternatively, for engines certified under quality
assurance assessment, tests by the manufacturer will suffice, see 4-2-1/3.3.4.
Ultrasonic test report to be certified by the engine manufacturer, see also 4-2-1/13.6.3(d).
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4-2-1
TABLE 2
Test Pressures for Parts of Internal-combustion Engines
Engine part
Test pressure
(P = max. working pressure of engine part)
Cylinder cover, cooling space. For forged cylinder covers, test

methods other than pressure testing may be accepted, e.g.,
nondestructive examination and dimensional checks.
7 bar (7 kgf/cm, 100 psi)
Cylinder liner, over the whole length of cooling space
Cylinder jacket, cooling space
4 bar (4 kgf/cm, 58 psi) but not less than 1.5P
Exhaust valve, cooling space
Piston crown, cooling space, where the cooling space is sealed

by piston rod or by piston rod and skirt (test after assembly).
For forged piston crowns test methods other than pressure
testing may be used, e.g., nondestructive examination and
dimensional checks.
Fuel-injection system (pump body pressure side, valve and

pipe)
1.5P or P + 300 bar (P + 306 kgf/cm, P + 4350 psi) which ever

is less
Hydraulic System, high pressure piping for hydraulic drive of

exhaust gas valve
1.5P
Scavenge-pump cylinder
Turbocharger, cooling space (see 4-2-2/11.1.3)
Exhaust pipe, cooling space
Engine-driven air compressor, (cylinders, covers, intercoolers

and aftercoolers) air side
1.5P
Engine-driven air compressor, (cylinders, covers, intercoolers

and aftercoolers) water side
Coolers, each side (charge air coolers need only be tested on the
water side)
Engine driven pumps (oil, water, fuel, bilge)
Independently driven pumps (oil, water, fuel) for engines with

bores >300 mm (11.8 in)
1.5P, for certification of pumps; see 4-6-1/7.3.
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SECTION
Appendix 1 Plans and Data for

Diesel Engines
4-2-1A1
For each type of engine to be approved, the plans and data listed in the following table and as
applicable to the type of engine are to be submitted for approval (A) or for information (R) by each
engine manufacturer (see Note 4). After the approval of an engine type has been given by the Bureau
for the first time, only those documents as listed in the table which have undergone substantive
changes will have to be submitted again for consideration by the Bureau. In cases where both (R) and
(A) are shown, the first refers to cast components and the second to welded components.
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Appendix 1 - Plans and Data for Diesel Engines
No.
A/R
Item
Engine particulars as per attached sheet
Engine transverse cross-section
Engine longitudinal section
R/A
Bedplate or crankcase, cast or welded with welding details and instructions
Thrust bearing assembly (3)
R/A
Thrust bearing bedplate, cast or welded with welding details and instructions (1)
R/A
Frame/column, cast or welded with welding details and instructions (1)
Tie rod
Cylinder cover, assembly
10
Cylinder jacket or engine block (1,2)
11
Cylinder liner (2)
12
Crankshaft, details each cylinder No.
13
Crankshaft, assembly, each cylinder No.
14
Thrust shaft or intermediate shaft (if integral with engine)
15
Coupling bolts
16
Counterweights (if not integral with crankshaft)
17
Connecting rod
18
Connecting rod, assembly (2)
19
Crosshead, assembly (2)
20
Piston rod, assembly (2)
21
Piston, assembly
22
Camshaft drive, assembly
23
Material specifications of main parts with information on nondestructive testing
24
Arrangement of foundation bolts (for main engines only)
25
Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of starting air system on the engine (6)
26
Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of fuel oil system on the engine (6)
27
Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of lubricating oil system on the

engine (6)
28
Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of cooling water system on the

engine (6)
29
Schematic diagram of engine control and safety system on the engine (6)
30
Shielding and insulation of exhaust pipes, assembly
31
Shielding of high pressure fuel pipes, assembly (4)
32
Arrangement of crankcase explosion relief valve (5)
33
R
1
2
3
4
5
6
60
4-2-1A1
Operation and service manuals

only for one cylinder
only necessary if sufficient details are not shown on the transverse cross section
and longitudinal section
if integral with engine and not integrated in the bedplate
for attended engine room: only engines with a bore of 250 mm and above for
unattended engine room: all engines
only for engines with bore exceeding 200 mm
and the entire system. if this is part of the goods to be supplied by the engine
manufacturer.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
4-2-1A1
Data Sheet for Calculation

of Crankshafts for Diesel Engines
1
Engine Builder
Engine Type Designation
Stroke-Cycle
2 SCSA
4 SCSA
Kind of engine
In-line engine
V-type engine with adjacent connecting rods
4
V-type engine with articulated-type connecting rods

V-type engine with forked/inner connecting rods
Crosshead engine
Trunk piston engine
Combustion Method
Direct injection
Precombustion chamber
Others:
6
A1
A2
A4
A3
A5
B1
A6
B2
B4
B3
B5
B6
6
counter
clockwise
clockwise
driving
shaft flange
counter
clockwise
clockwise
FIGURE 1 Designation of the cylinders

Sense of Rotation (corresponding to Item 6)
7
Clockwise
8
Firing Order (corresponding to Item 6 and 7)
9
Firing Intervals [deg] (corresponding to Item 8)
10
Rated Power
11
Rated Engine Speed
12
Mean Effective Pressure
13
Mean Indicated Pressure
14
Maximum Cylinder Pressure (Gauge)
Continued
Counter clockwise
kW
1/min
bar
bar
bar
61
Part
Chapter
Section
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
4
2
1

Prime Movers
4-2-1A1
Charge Air Pressure (Gauge) (before inlet valves or scavenge ports)

bar
Nominal Compression Ratio
Number of Cylinders
Diameter of Cylinders
mm
Length of Piston Stroke
mm
Length of Connecting Rod (between bearing centers)
mm
Oscillating Mass of One Gear (mass of piston, rings, pin, piston rod,
kg
crosshead, oscillating part of connecting rod)
Digitalized Gas Pressure Curve (Gauge) presented at equidistant intervals [bar versus
crank angle] (intervals not more than 5 CA)
given in the attachment
Additional Data of V-type Engines

23
V-Angle v(corresponding to Item 6)
deg
For the Cylinder Bank with Articulated-type Connecting Rod (Dimensions corresponding to
Item 27)
24
Maximum Cylinder Pressure (Gauge)
bar
25
Charge Air Pressure (Gauge) (before inlet valves or scavenge ports)
bar
26
Nominal Compression Ratio

N
27
LN
LH
LA
Articulated-type connecting rod

28
Distance to Link Point LA
mm
29
Link Angle N
deg
30
Length of Connecting Rod LN
mm
31
kg
32
Digitalized Gas Pressure Curve (Gauge) presented at equidistant intervals [bar versus
crank angle] (intervals not more than 5 CA)
given in the attachment
For the Cylinder Bank with Inner Connecting Rod
Continued
33
62
kg
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
4-2-1A1
Data of Crankshaft
(Dimensions corresponding to Item 39)
Note: For asymmetric cranks the dimensions are to be entered both for the left and right part of the
crank throw.
34
Drawing No.
35
Kind of crankshaft (e.g., solid-forged crankshaft, semi-built crankshaft, etc.)

Method of Manufacture (e.g., free form forged, cast steel, etc.):
36
Description of the forging process if c.g.f forged or drop-forged given in the

attachment
37
Heat treatment (e.g., tempered)
38
Surface Treatment of Fillets, Journals and Pins (e.g., induction hardened, nitrided, rolled,
etc.):
Full details given in the attachment
D
E
L1
L2
DG
L1
centerline of
connecting rod
centerline of
connecting rod
DG
L1
L2
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
Crank throw for in-line engine
Crank throw for engine with

2 adjacent connecting rods
39
DBH
A
RH
D
S
RG
W
DG - S
2
TG
TH
DG - S
2
DG
DBG
A-A
Crank dimensions necessary for the calculation of stress concentration factors
40
Crankpin Diameter D
mm
41
Diameter of Bore in Crankpin DBH
mm
42
Fillet Radius of Crankpin RH
mm
43 Recess of Crankpin TH
continued
mm
63
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
4-2-1A1
44
Journal Diameter DG
mm
45
Diameter of Bore in Journal DBG
mm
46
Fillet Radius of Journal RG
mm
47
Recess of Journal TG
mm
48
Web Thickness W
mm
49
Web Width B
mm
50
Bending Length L1
mm
51
Bending Length L2
mm
52
Bending Length L3
mm
53
Oil Bore Design

Safety margin against fatigue at the oil bores is not less than than acceptable in the fillets
54
Diameter of Oil Bore
mm
55
Smallest Edge Radius of Oil Bore
mm
56
Surface Roughness of Oil Bore Fillet
57
Inclination of Oil Bore Axis related to Shaft Axis
deg
Additional Data for Shrink-Fits of Semi-Built Crankshafts (dimensions corresponding to

Item 58)
A
D
RG
DBG
DG
58
DS
x
DA
A-A
LS
A
Crank throw of semi-built crankshaft

59
Shrink Diameter DS
mm
60
Length of Shrink-Fit LS
mm
61
Outside Diameter of Web DA or Twice the Minimum Distance x (the

smaller value is to be entered)
mm
Amount of Shrink-Fit (upper and lower tolerances)
mm
62
Maximum Torque (ascertained according to 4-2-1/5.9.2(d) with

consideration of the mean torque)
Continued
63
64
N-m
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
4-2-1A1
Data of Crankshaft Material
Note: Minimum values of mechanical properties of material obtained from longitudinal test
specimens
64
Material Designation (according to DIN, AISI, etc.)
65
Method of Material Melting Process (e.g., open-hearth furnace, electric furnace, etc.)
66
Tensile Strength
N/mm2
67
Yield Strength
N/mm2
68
Reduction in Area at Break
69
Elongation A5
70
Impact Energy KV
71
Young's Modulus
N/mm2
Additional Data for Journals of Semi-Built Crankshafts
72
Material Designation (according to DIN, AISI, etc.)
73
Tensile Strength
N/mm2
74
Yield Strength
N/mm2
Data according to calculation of torsional stresses
75
Max. nominal alternating torsional stress (ascertained by means of

a harmonic synthesis according to 4-2-1/5.9.2(d) and related to
cross- sectional area of bored crank pin)
N/mm2
76
Engine speed (at which the max. nominal alternating torsional

stress occurs)
N/mm2
77
Minimum engine speed (for which the harmonic synthesis was

carried out)
N/mm2
Data of stress concentration factors (S.C.F.) and/or fatigue strength furnished by reliable
measurements
Note: To be filled in only when data for stress concentration factors and/or fatigue are furnished by
the engine manufacturer on the basis of measurements. Full supporting details are to be enclosed.
78
S.C.F. for Bending in Crankpin Fillet B
79
S.C.F. for Torsion in Crankpin Fillet T
80
S.C.F. for Bending in Journal Fillet B
81
S.C.F. for Shearing in Journal Fillet Q
82
S.C.F. for Torsion in Journal Fillet T
83
Allowable Fatigue Strength of Crankshaft DW
N/mm2
Remarks
Manufacturers Representative..
Date ..
65
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
SECTION
Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare

Parts
4-2-1A2
General
4-2-1A2/1
While spare parts are not required for purposes of classification, the spare parts list below is provided
as a guidance for vessels intended for unrestricted service. Depending on the design of the engine,
spare parts other than those listed below, such as electronic control cards, should be considered.
Spare Parts for Main Propulsion Diesel Engines
4-2-1A2/3
Main bearings
Main bearings or shells for one bearing of each size and type fitted, complete with
shims, bolts and nuts
1 set
Main thrust block
Pads for one face of michell-type thrust block, or
1 set
Complete white metal thrust shoe of solid-ring type, or
1 set
Inner and outer race with rollers, where roller-thrust bearings are
fitted
Cylinder liner
Cylinder liner, complete with joint ring and gaskets for one cylinder
Cylinder cover
Cylinder cover, complete with all valves, joint rings and gaskets. For engines without
covers the respective valves
Cylinder-cover bolts and nuts, for one cylinder
1/2 set
Exhaust valves, complete with castings, seats springs and other fittings for one
cylinder
2 sets
Air inlet valves, complete with casings, seats, springs and other fittings for one
cylinder
1 set
Starting-air valve, complete with casing, seat, springs and other fittings
Relief valve, complete
Engines with one or two fuel valves per cylinder: fuel valves complete with springs
and fittings for half the number of cylinders on one engine
As applicable
Engines with three or more fuel valves per cylinder: two fuel valves complete per
cylinder for half the number of cylinders on one engine and a sufficient number of
valve parts, excluding the body, to form with those fitted on each cylinder for a
complete engine set
As applicable
Cylinder cooling
Cooling pipes, fittings, and seals or their equivalent for one cylinder unit
1 set
Connecting rod
bearings
Bottom-end bearings or shells of each size and type fitted, complete with shims, bolts
and nuts, for one cylinder
1 set
Top-end bearings or shells of each size and type fitted, complete with shims, bolts and
nuts, for one cylinder
1 set
Cylinder valves
67
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
1

Prime Movers
Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare Parts
4-2-1A2
Cross-head bearing
lubrication
Engines fitted with a separate attached pump for lubrication of cross-head bearing, a
complete pump with fittings for one cylinder unit
Pistons
Cross-head type: Piston of each type fitted, complete with piston rod, stuffing box,
skirt, rings, studs and nuts
Trunk-piston type: Piston of each type fitted, complete with skirt, rings, studs, nuts,
gudgeon pin and connecting rod.
Piston rings
Piston rings of each type for one cylinder
1 set
Piston cooling
Telescopic cooling pipes, fittings and seals or their equivalent, for one cylinder unit
1 set
Gear and chain for
Gear wheel drive: Wheels for the camshaft drive of one engine
1 set
camshaft drivers
Chain Drive: Separate links with pins and rollers of each size and type fitted.
Bearings bushes of each type fitted
1 set
Cylinder lubricators
Lubricator, complete, of the largest size, with its chain drive or gear wheels
Fuel-injection pumps
Fuel pump complete or when replacement at sea is practicable, a complete set of

working parts for one pump (plunger, sleeve, valve springs, etc.)
Fuel pump cams
Engines fitted with separate cams for ahead and astern drive for the fuel pump: One
piece of cam nose with fittings for each
ahead and astern drive for one cylinder unit
1 set
Fuel injection piping
High pressure fuel pipe of each size and shape fitted, complete with couplings
1 set
Scavenge blowers
(including turbo
chargers)
Bearings, nozzle rings, gear wheels and complete attached lubricating pump or
equivalent working parts of other types. [Note: Where an engine with one blower out
of action can be maneuvered satisfactorily, spare parts, except for the necessary
blanking arrangements, may be omitted.]
1 set
Scavenging system
Suction and delivery valves for one pump of each type fitted
1/2 set
Overspeed governors
A complete set of working parts for one governor
1 set
Gaskets and packings
Special gaskets and packings of each size and type fitted for cylinder covers and
cylinder liners for one cylinder
1 set
Tools
Necessary special tools
1 set
Spare Parts for Auxiliary Diesel Engines
4-2-1A2/5
Main bearings
Main bearings or shells for one bearing of each size and type fitted, complete with
shims, bolts and nuts
Cylinder valves
Exhaust valves, complete with casings, seats, springs and other fittings in one cylinder
2 sets
Air inlet valves, complete with casings, seats, springs and other fittings for one
cylinder
1 set
Starting-air valve, complete with casing, seat, springs and other fittings
Relief valve, complete
Fuel valves of each size and type fitted, complete with all fittings for one engine
1/2 set
Bottom-end bearings or shells of each size and type fitted, complete with shims, bolts
and nuts for one cylinder
1 set
Top-end bearings or shells of each type fitted, complete with shims, bolts and nuts for
one cylinder
1 set
Trunk-piston type: gudgeon pin with bush for one cylinder
1 set
Connecting-rod
bearings
Piston rings
Piston rings, for one cylinder
1 set
Piston cooling
Telescopic cooling pipes and fittings or their equivalent for one cylinder unit
1 set
Fuel-injection pumps
Fuel pump complete or, when replacement at sea is practicable, a complete set of
working parts for one pump (plunger, sleeve, valve springs, etc.)
Fuel-injection piping
High-pressure fuel pipe of each size and shape fitted, complete with couplings
Gaskets and packings
Special gaskets and packings of each size and type fitted, for cylinder covers and
cylinder liners for one cylinder
1 set
68
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
SECTION
Turbochargers
General
1.1
4-2-2
4-2-2/1
Turbochargers for diesel engines rated 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for propulsion and for
auxiliary services essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety of the vessel [see 4-1-1/13.2(a)],
are to be designed, constructed, tested, certified and installed in accordance with the requirements of
this section.
Turbochargers for diesel engines rated less than 100 kW (135 hp) are to be designed, constructed and
equipped in accordance with good commercial and marine practice. Acceptance of such turbochargers
will be based on the manufacturer's affidavit, verification of turbocharger nameplate data and subject
to a satisfactory performance test after installation, conducted in the presence of the Surveyor.
1.3
1.5
1.3.1
Turbocharger 4-2-2/1.3.1
Where the term Turbocharger is used in this section, it refers also to superchargers,
turboblowers, scavenge blowers or other similar equipment designed to charge the diesel
engine cylinders with air at a higher pressure and hence higher density than air at atmospheric
pressure.
1.3.2
Maximum Operating Speed 4-2-2/1.3.2

The Maximum Operating Speed is the maximum permissible speed for which the
turbocharger is designed to run continuously at the maximum permissible operating
temperature. This speed is to be used for making strength calculations.

1.5.1
Turbocharger Construction 4-2-2/1.5.1

Turbochargers for engines with cylinder bores 300 mm (11.8 in.):
Sectional assembly
Parts list
Turbochargers for engines with cylinder bores > 300 mm (11.8 in.):
Sectional assembly
69
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
2

Prime Movers
Turbochargers
4-2-2
Parts list
Casings
Turbine rotors
Compressor rotors
Compressor and turbine discs
Blading
Shafts
Bearing arrangements
1.5.2
Turbocharger System and Appurtenances 4-2-2/1.5.2

Lubrication system
Cooling system
1.5.3
Data 4-2-2/1.5.3
Turbochargers for engines with cylinder bores 300 mm (11.8 in):
Operating speed and temperatures

Speed and temperature limitations
Balancing data
Type test data
Operating speed and temperatures
Speed and temperature limitations
Mass and velocity of rotating elements
Balancing data
Type test data
1.5.4
Turbochargers for engines with cylinder bores 300 mm (11.8 in.):
Material specifications
Material specifications, including density, Poissons ratio, range of chemical composition,
room-temperature physical properties and, where material is subject to temperatures
exceeding 427C (800F), the high-temperature strength characteristics as well as creep rate
and rupture strength for the design service life.
1.5.5
70
Calculation and Analyses 4-2-2/1.5.5

Turbochargers for engines with cylinder bores > 300 mm (11.8 in.): Design basis and design
analyses for turbine and compressor rotors and blading including calculations and test results
to substantiate the suitability and strength of components for the intended service.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
2

Prime Movers
Turbochargers
Materials
3.1
Material Specifications and Purchase Orders 4-2-2/3.1
4-2-2
4-2-2/3
Materials entered into the construction of turbochargers are to conform to specifications approved in
connection with the design in each case. Copies of material specifications and purchase orders are to
be submitted to the Surveyor for information and verification.
3.3
Engines with Cylinder Bore 300 mm (11.8 in.) 4-2-2/3.3

Materials for turbochargers intended for engines with cylinder bore 300 mm need not be verified by
a Surveyor. The turbocharger manufacturer is to assure itself of the quality of the materials.
3.5
Engines with Cylinder Bore > 300 mm (11.8 in.) (2003) 4-2-2/3.5
The materials are to meet specifications in Part 2, Chapter 3 or that approved in connection with the
design. Except as noted in 4-2-2/3.7, materials for turbochargers intended for engines with cylinder
bore > 300 mm (11.8 in.), as specified below, are to be tested in the presence of and inspected by the
Surveyor.
3.7
i)
Forgings: compressor and turbine rotors and shafts.
ii)
Blade material.
Alternative Material Test Requirements 4-2-2/3.7

3.7.1

that they are verified or tested by a Surveyor as complying with the specifications.
3.7.2

Hot-rolled steel bars up to 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter may be used when approved for use in
place of any of the forgings as per 4-2-2/3.5i) above, under the conditions outlined in Section
2-3-8.
3.7.3
Certification Under Quality Assurance Assessment 4-2-2/3.7.3

For turbochargers certified under quality assurance assessment as provided for in
4-2-2/11.3.2(b), material tests and inspections required by 4-2-1/3.1 need not be witnessed by
the Surveyor. Such tests are to be conducted by the turbocharger manufacturer whose certified
material test reports will be accepted instead.
Design
5.1
Engines with Cylinder Bores 300 mm (11.8 in.) 4-2-2/5.1
4-2-2/5
Turbochargers intended for engines with cylinder bore 300 mm (11.8 in.) will be accepted on the
basis of manufacturers type test data. The test data are to be in accordance with 4-2-2/5.3.3.
Considerations will also be given to submittal of design criteria and engineering analyses. The
manufacturer is to specify and guarantee the limits of speed and temperature.
71
Part
Chapter
Section
5.3
4
2
2

Prime Movers
Turbochargers
4-2-2
Engines with Cylinder Bores > 300 mm (11.8 in.) 4-2-2/5.3

5.3.1
Casings 4-2-2/5.3.1
5.3.1(a) Castings. Castings for turbochargers intended for engines with cylinder bore
> 300 mm (11.8 in.) are to be of a specification suitable for stresses and temperatures to
which they are designed to be exposed. Cast iron may only be considered for operating
temperatures not exceeding 232C (450F). Ductile cast iron designed for high temperature
service is acceptable subject to review of mechanical and metallurgical properties at design
temperatures. Cast steel may be considered for operating temperatures not exceeding 427C
(800F). All castings are to be properly heat-treated to remove internal stresses.
5.3.1(b) Seals and drains. Casings are to be provided with suitable seals. Drains are to be
fitted in places where water or oil may collect.
5.3.2
Shafts, Rotors and Blades 4-2-2/5.3.2

Rotors, bearings, discs, impellers and blades are to be designed in accordance with sound
engineering principles. Design criteria along with engineering analyses substantiating the
suitability of the design for the rated power and speed are to be submitted for review.
5.3.3
Type Test Data 4-2-2/5.3.3

The manufacturer is to submit type test data in support of the design. The type test is
preferably to be witnessed and certified by a Surveyor. The type test data are to contain at
least the test schedule, measurements taken during the tests and test results. Normally, the
type test is to have at least one hour of hot running test at maximum permissible speed and
temperature, verification of performance, tests specified in 4-2-2/11.1.5 and opening for
examination after the test. Also, burst tests and containment tests are to be performed, but the
submission of appropriate stress calculations may be substituted in lieu of these tests.
Piping Systems for Turbochargers
4-2-2/7
The lubricating oil and cooling water piping systems of turbochargers are to be in accordance with the
provisions of 4-6-5/5 and 4-6-5/7, respectively.
Installation of Turbochargers
9.1
Air Inlet 4-2-2/9.1
4-2-2/9
The air inlet of the turbocharger is to be fitted with a filter to minimize the entrance of harmful foreign
material or water.
9.3

Hot surfaces likely to come into contact with the crew are to be water-jacketed or effectively
insulated. Where the temperature of hot surfaces is likely to exceed 220C (428F) and where any
leakage, under pressure or otherwise, of fuel oil, lubricating oil or other flammable liquid is likely to
come into contact with such surfaces, they are to be suitably insulated with non-combustible materials
that are impervious to such liquid. Insulation material not impervious to oil is to be encased in sheet
metal or an equivalent impervious sheath.
9.5
Pipe and Duct Connections 4-2-2/9.5

Pipe or duct connections to the turbocharger casing are to be made in such a way as to prevent the
transmission of excessive loads or moments to the turbochargers.
72
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
2

Prime Movers
Turbochargers
11
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Turbochargers
11.1
Shop Inspection and Tests 4-2-2/11.1
4-2-2
4-2-2/11
The following shop inspection and tests are to be witnessed by a Surveyor for turbochargers of
engines having cylinder bores greater than 300 mm (11.8 in.).
11.1.1 Material Tests (2002)4-2-2/11.1.1
Materials entered into the construction of turbines are to be tested in the presence of a
Surveyor in accordance with the provisions of 4-2-2/3. This does not apply to independently
driven auxiliary blowers that are not needed during continuous operation of the engine.
11.1.2 Welded Fabrication 4-2-2/11.1.2
All welded fabrication is to be conducted with qualified welding procedures, by qualified
welders, and with welding consumables acceptable to the Surveyors. See Section 2-4-2.
11.1.3 Hydrostatic Tests 4-2-2/11.1.3
The cooling spaces of each gas inlet and outlet casing are to be hydrostatically tested to 1.5
times the working pressure but not to be less than 4 bar.
11.1.4 Dynamic Balancing 4-2-2/11.1.4
Rotors are to be dynamically balanced at a speed equal to the natural period of the balancing
machine and rotor combined.
11.1.5 Shop Trial (2003) 4-2-2/11.1.5
Upon completion of fabrication and assembly, each turbocharger is to be subjected to a shop
trial, either on a test bed or on a test engine, in accordance with the manufacturers test
schedule, which is to be submitted for review before the trial. During the trial, the following
tests are to be conducted:
i)
Impeller and inducer wheels are to be overspeed tested for 3 minutes either:
on a test bed at 20% above the maximum operating speed at ambient temperature, or
on a test engine at 10% above the maximum operating speed at operating
temperature.
ii)
11.3
A mechanical running test for at least 20 minutes at maximum operating speed and
operating temperature, or a test run on the engine for which the turbocharger is
intended for 20 minutes at 110% of the engines rated output.
Certification of Turbochargers 4-2-2/11.3

11.3.1 General 4-2-2/11.3.1
Each turbocharger required to be certified by 4-2-2/1.1 is:
i)
required by 4-2-2/1.5 are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval, and a unit of the
same type is to be satisfactorily type tested (see 4-2-2/5.3.3);
ii)
to be surveyed during its construction for compliance with the design approved, along
with, but not limited to, material tests, hydrostatic tests, dynamic balancing,
performance tests, etc., as indicated in 4-2-2/11.1, all to be carried out to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor.
73
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
2

Prime Movers
Turbochargers
4-2-2
11.3.2 Approval Under the Type Approval Program (2003) 4-2-2/11.3.2

11.3.2(a) Product design assessment. Upon application by the manufacturer, each model of
a type of turbocharger is to be design assessed as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. For this purpose,
each design of a turbocharger type is to be approved in accordance with 4-2-2/11.3.1i). The
type test specified in 4-2-2/5.3.3, however, is to be conducted in accordance with an approved
test schedule and is to be witnessed by a Surveyor. Turbochargers so approved may be
applied to the Bureau for listing on the ABS website as Products Design Assessed. Once
listed, and subject to renewal and updating of the certificate as required by 1-1-A3/5.7,
turbocharger particulars will not be required to be submitted to the Bureau each time the
engine is proposed for use on board a vessel.
11.3.2(b) Mass produced turbochargers. A manufacturer of mass-produced turbochargers,

who operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the
Bureau for quality assurance approval described in 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA).
Upon satisfactory assessment under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA), turbochargers produced in those
facilities will not require a Surveyors attendance at the tests and inspections indicated in
4-2-2/11.3.1ii). Such tests and inspections are to be carried out by the manufacturer whose
quality control documents will be accepted. Certification of each turbocharger will be based
on verification of approval of the design and on continued effectiveness of the quality
assurance system. See 1-1-A3/5.7.1(a).
11.3.2(c) Non-mass Produced Turbochargers. A manufacturer of non-mass produced
turbochargers, who operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may
apply to the Bureau for quality assurance assessment described in 1-1-A3/5.3.1(a) (AQS) or
1-1-A3/5.3.1(b) (RQS). Certification to 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA) may also be considered in
accordance with 4-1-1/Table 1.
11.3.2(d) Type Approval Program. Turbocharger types which have their designs approved in
Approved and will be eligible for listing on the ABS website as Type Approved Product.
11.5
Engine and Shipboard Trials 4-2-2/11.5

Before final acceptance, each turbocharger, after installation on the engine, is to be operated in the
presence of the Surveyor to demonstrate its ability to function satisfactorily under operating
conditions and its freedom from harmful vibrations at speeds within the operating range. The test
schedules are to be as indicated in 4-2-1/13.9 for engine shop test and in 4-2-1/15 for shipboard trial.
13
Spare Parts
4-2-2/13
While spare parts are not required for purposes of classification, the spare parts listed in Appendix
4-2-1A2 are provided as a guidance for vessels intended for unrestricted service. The maintenance of
spare parts aboard each vessel is the responsibility of the owner.
74
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
SECTION
Gas Turbines
General
1.1
4-2-3
4-2-3/1
Gas turbines having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for propulsion and for
section.
Gas turbines having a rated power of less than 100 kW (135 hp) are not required to comply with the
provision of this section but are to be designed, constructed and equipped in accordance with good
commercial and marine practice. Acceptance of the gas turbines will be based on the manufacturers
affidavit, verification of gas turbines nameplate data and subject to a satisfactory performance test after
Gas turbines having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for services considered not
essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety, are not required to be designed, constructed and
certified by the Bureau in accordance with the provisions of this section. They are to comply with
safety features, such as overspeed protection, etc., as provided in 4-2-3/7 hereunder, as applicable, and
are subject to a satisfactory performance test after installation, conducted in the presence of the
Surveyor.
Provisions for piping systems of gas turbines, in particular, fuel oil, lubricating oil, cooling water and
exhaust gas systems, are addressed in Section 4-6-5.
1.3
1.3.1

The Rated Power is the maximum power output at which the turbine is designed to run
continuously at its rated speed. Gas turbine power is to be that developed at the lowest
expected inlet air temperature, but in no case is this design inlet air temperature to exceed
15C (59F).
75
Part
Chapter
Section
1.5
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3

1.5.1
Gas Turbine Construction 4-2-3/1.5.1

Sectional assembly
Casings
Foundation and fastening
Combustion chambers
Gasifiers
Regenerators or recuperators
Turbine rotors
Compressor rotors
Compressor and turbine discs
Blading
Shafts
Bearing arrangements.
1.5.2
Gas Turbine Systems and Appurtenances 4-2-3/1.5.2

Couplings
Clutches
Starting arrangements
Fuel oil system
Lubricating oil system
Air-intake system
Exhaust system
Safety systems and devices and associated failure modes and effects analysis
1.5.3
Data 4-2-3/1.5.3
Rated power
Rated speed
Maximum temperature at which rated power can be achieved
Balancing data
Type test schedule, measurements and data
Manufacturers shop test schedule
Manufacturers recommended overhaul schedule
76
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
1.5.4
Material specifications (including density, Poissons ratio, range of chemical composition,
exceeding 427C (800F), the elevated temperature mechanical properties, as well as creep
rate and rupture strength for the design service life).
1.5.5
Calculations and Analyses 4-2-3/1.5.5

Design basis for turbine and compressor rotors and blading including calculations or test
results to substantiate the suitability and strength of components for the intended service.
Design service life data

Torsional vibration analysis of the entire propulsion shafting system; see 4-3-2/7.5.
Materials
3.1
4-2-3/3
Materials entered into the construction of gas turbines are to conform to specifications approved in
connection with the design. Copies of material specifications and purchase orders are to be submitted
to the Surveyor for information and verification.
Except as noted in 4-2-3/3.3, the following materials are to be tested in the presence of, inspected and
certified by the Surveyor. The materials are to meet the specifications of Part 2, Chapter 3, or to the
requirements of the specifications approved in connection with the design:
3.3
i)
Forgings: Compressor and turbine rotors, shafts, couplings, coupling bolts, integral gears and
pinions.
ii)
Castings: Compressor and turbine casings where the temperature exceeds 232C (450F) or
where approved for use in place of any of the above forgings.
iii)
Plates: Plates for casings of fabricated construction where the casing pressure exceeds 41.4
bar (42.9 kgf/cm2, 600 psi) or the casing temperature exceeds 371C (700F).
iv)
Blade material: Material for all turbine blades.
v)
Pipes, pipe fittings and valves: See 4-6-1/Table 1 and 4-6-1/Table 2.

3.3.1

that they are verified or tested by a Surveyor, as applicable, as complying with the
specifications.
3.3.2

2-3-8.
77
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
3.3.3
Materials for Turbines of 375 kW (500 hp) Rated Power or Less 4-2-3/3.3.3
Materials for turbines of 375 kW (500 hp) rated power or less, including shafting, integral
gears, pinions, couplings and coupling bolts will be accepted on the basis of the material
manufacturers certified test reports and a satisfactory surface inspection and hardness check
witnessed by the Surveyor. Coupling bolts manufactured to a recognized bolt standard and
used as coupling bolts do not require material testing.
3.3.4

For gas turbines certified under quality assurance assessment as provided for under
such tests may be conducted by the turbine manufacturer whose certified material test reports
will be accepted instead.
Design
5.1
Rotors and Blades 4-2-3/5.1
4-2-3/5
Rotors, bearings, discs, drums and blades are to be designed in accordance with sound engineering
principles, taking into consideration criteria such as fatigue, high temperature creep, etc. Design
criteria along with engineering analyses substantiating the suitability of the design for the rated power
and speed are to be submitted for review.
Design criteria are to include the design service life, which is the maximum number of hours of
operation at rated power and speed. The service life between major overhauls is generally not to be
less than 5000 hours or the equivalent of one year of the vessels service.
The rated power is to be taken as that developed at the lowest expected inlet air temperature. In no
case is this temperature to exceed 15C (59F).
Torsional vibration stresses in propulsion turbine shafts and associated gears are to be evaluated based
on criteria provided in 4-3-2/7.5.
5.3
Operation Above the Rated Speed and Power 4-2-3/5.3

Where operation above the rated power and speed for short duration is required in service, the design
criteria for such operation, along with operating envelope, engineering analyses and type test data, are
to be submitted for review.
5.5
Overhaul Interval 4-2-3/5.5

The manufacturers recommended overhaul schedule is to be submitted for information and record
and is to be considered with the design service life indicated in 4-2-3/5.1. As far as practicable, the
overhaul schedule is to coincide with the survey cycle or Continuous Survey Machinery cycle
specified in Part 7.
5.7
Type Test Data 4-2-3/5.7

The manufacturer is to submit type test data in support of the design. The type test is to be witnessed
and certified by a Surveyor or by an independent agency. The type test data are to contain at least the
test schedule, measurements taken during the tests and test results. Properly documented, actual
operational experience may be considered in lieu of type test data.
78
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
Gas Turbine Appurtenances
7.1
Overspeed Protective Devices 4-2-3/7.1
4-2-3
4-2-3/7
All propulsion and generator turbines are to be provided with overspeed protective devices to prevent
the rated speed from being exceeded by more than 15%.
Where two or more turbines are coupled to the same output gear without clutches, the use of only one
overspeed protective device for all turbines may be considered. This is not to prevent operation with
one or more turbines uncoupled.
7.3
Operating Governors for Propulsion Gas Turbines 4-2-3/7.3

Propulsion turbines coupled to reverse gear, electric transmission, controllable-pitch propeller or
similar are to be fitted with a separate independent speed governor system in addition to the overspeed
protective device specified in 4-2-3/7.1. This governor system is to be capable of controlling the speed
of the unloaded turbine without bringing the overspeed protective device into action.
7.5
Operating Governors for Turbines Driving Electric Generators 4-2-3/7.5

7.5.1

An operating governor is to be fitted to each gas turbine driving propulsion, vessel service or
emergency electric generator. The governor is to be capable of automatically maintaining the
turbine speed within the following limits.
i)
governor, as required by 4-2-3/7.1, is not activated.
ii)
steady state.
not more than 5 seconds.
7.5.1(b) For gas turbines driving emergency generators, the requirements of 4-2-3/7.5.1(a)ii)
above are to be met. However, if the sum of all emergency loads that can be automatically
connected is more than 50 % of the full load of the emergency generator, the sum of the
emergency loads is to be used as the first applied load.
7.5.1(c) The permanent frequency variation is to be within 5% of the rated frequency at any
7.5.2
Load Sharing 4-2-3/7.5.2

Gas turbines driving AC generators that operate in parallel are to have the following governor
characteristics. In the range between 20% and 100% of the combined rated load of all
generators, the load on any individual generator will not differ from its proportionate share of
the total combined load by more than the lesser of the following:
15% of the rated power of the largest generator or

25% of the individual generator.
79
Part
Chapter
Section
7.7
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
7.5.3
Fine Adjustments 4-2-3/7.5.3

7.5.4
Turbines Driving Electric Propulsion Generators 4-2-3/7.5.4

For gas turbines driving electric propulsion generators, where required by the control system,
this governor is to be provided with means for local hand control, as well as for remote
adjustment from the control station.
Safety Systems and Devices 4-2-3/7.7

7.7.1
General 4-2-3/7.7.1
Gas turbines are to be fitted with automatic safety systems and devices for safeguards against
hazardous conditions arising from malfunctions in their operations. The design of such
systems and devices is to be evaluated with failure mode and effect analysis, which is to be
submitted for review.
7.7.2
Automatic Shutdown 4-2-3/7.7.2

Gas turbines are to be fitted with a quick acting device which will automatically shut off fuel
supply in the event of:
7.7.3
7.7.4
i)
overspeed;
ii)
excessive high vacuum at compressor inlet;
iii)
low lubricating oil pressure;
iv)
low lubricating oil pressure in reduction gear;
v)
loss of flame during operation;
vi)
excessive vibration;
vii)
excessive axial displacement of each rotor (except for gas turbines fitted with roller
bearings); or
viii)
excessively high exhaust gas temperature;
Automatic Temperature Controls 4-2-3/7.7.3

Gas turbines are to be fitted with automatic control systems to maintain steady state
temperatures in the following systems throughout the turbines' normal operating ranges:
i)
Lubricating oil;
ii)
fuel oil (or in lieu of temperature, viscosity);
iii)
exhaust gas.
Starting System Safety 4-2-3/7.7.4

7.7.4(a) Automatic purging. Prior to commencing the ignition process, automatic purging is
required for all starts and restarts. The purge phase is to be of sufficient duration so as to clear
all parts of the turbine of accumulation of liquid or gaseous fuel.
7.7.4(b) Preset time. The starting control system is to be fitted with ignition detection
devices. If light off does not occur within a preset time, the control system is to automatically
abort the ignition, shutoff the main fuel valve and commence a purge phase.
80
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3
7.7.5

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
Alarms and Shutdowns 4-2-3/7.7.5

4-2-3/Table 1 provides a summary of the required alarms and, where applicable, the
corresponding requirements for shutdowns.
TABLE 1
List of Alarms and Shutdowns
Monitored parameter
Alarm
Shutdown
Speed
High
Required2)
Lubricating oil pressure
Low1)
Required2)
1)
Required2)
Lubricating oil pressure of

reduction gear
Low
Differential pressure across

lubricating oil filter
High
Lubricating oil temperature
High
Fuel oil supply pressure
Low
Fuel oil temperature
High
Cooling medium
temperature
High
Bearing temperature
High
Flame and ignition
Failure
Automatic starting
Failure
Vibration
Excessive1)
Required2)
Axial displacement of rotor
High
Required2), 3)
Exhaust gas temperature
High1)
Required2)
1)
Required2)
Vacuum at compressor inlet
High
Control system power
Loss
Required2)
1)
Alarm is to be set at a point prior to that set for shutdown.

2)
Each shutdown is to be accompanied by own alarm.
3)
Except where fitted with roller bearings.
7.9
Hand Trip Gear 4-2-3/7.9

Hand trip gear for shutting off the fuel in an emergency is to be provided locally at the turbine control
platform and, where applicable, at the centralized control station.
7.11
Air-intake Filters and Anti-icing 4-2-3/7.11

Air intake is to be provided with demisters and filters to minimize the entry of water and harmful
foreign material. They are to be so designed as to prevent the accumulation of salt deposits on the
compressor and turbine blades. Means are to be provided to prevent icing in the air intake.
7.13
Silencers 4-2-3/7.13
Inlet and exhaust silencers are to be fitted to limit the sound power level at one meter from the gas
turbine system to 110 dB for unmanned machinery spaces or to 90 dB for manned machinery spaces.
81
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
Piping Systems for Gas Turbines
4-2-3/9
The requirements of piping systems associated with operation of gas turbines for propulsion, electric
power generation and vessels safety are provided in Section 4-6-5. These systems include:
fuel oil:
4-6-5/3 (see 4-6-5/3.7 in particular);
lubricating oil:
4-6-5/5 (see 4-6-5/5.3 and 4-6-5/5.5 in particular);
cooling water:
4-6-5/7;
starting air:
4-6-5/9;
exhaust gas:
4-6-5/11.11.
11
Installation of Gas Turbines
11.1
4-2-3/11
Pipe or duct connections to the gas turbine casing are to be made in such a way as to prevent the
transmission of excessive loads or moments to the turbine.
11.3
Intake and Exhaust 4-2-3/11.3

Air inlets are to be located as high as possible to minimize water intake, and are to be fitted with
baffle, demisters, anti-icing arrangements and silencers as indicated in 4-2-3/7.11 and 4-2-3/7.13. Airintake ducting is to be arranged in accordance with the turbine manufacturers recommendations with
a view to providing the gas turbine with a uniform pressure and velocity flowfield at the compressor
inlet. The exhaust outlets are to be designed to expel turbine exhaust gas at a velocity, and are to be so
located as to prevent reingestion of exhaust gas into the intake.
11.5

Hot surfaces likely to come into contact with the crew during operation are to be suitably guarded or
insulated. Hot surfaces likely to exceed 220C (428F), and which are likely to come into contact with
any leakage, under pressure or otherwise, of fuel oil, lubricating oil or other flammable liquid, are to
be suitably insulated with non-combustible materials that are impervious to such liquid. Insulation
material not impervious to oil is to be encased in sheet metal or an equivalent impervious sheath.
13
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Gas Turbines
13.1
4-2-3/13
The following shop tests and inspection are to be witnessed by a Surveyor on all gas turbines required
to be certified by the Bureau under 4-2-3/1.1.
13.1.1 Material Tests 4-2-3/13.1.1
Surveyor in accordance with the provisions of 4-2-3/3.
welders, and with welding consumables acceptable to the Surveyors. See Section 2-4-2.
82
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
13.1.3 Pressure Tests 4-2-3/13.1.3

Turbine casings are to be subjected to a pressure test of 1.5 times the highest pressure in the
casing during normal operation. Turbine casings may be divided by temporary diaphragms to
allow for an even distribution of the test pressures. Where hydrostatic tests are not practicable,
alternative tests to determine soundness and workmanship are to be submitted for
consideration and approval in each case. Intercoolers and heat exchangers are to be
hydrostatically tested on both sides to 1.5 times the design pressure.
13.1.4 Rotor Balancing 4-2-3/13.1.4
All finished compressor and turbine rotors are to be dynamically balanced at a speed equal to
the natural period of the balancing machine and rotor, combined.
13.1.5 Shop Trial 4-2-3/13.1.5
Upon completion of fabrication and assembly, each gas turbine is to be subjected to a shop
trial in accordance with the manufacturers test schedule, which is to be submitted for review
before the trial. During the trial, the turbine is to be brought up to its overspeed limit to enable
the operation of the overspeed protective device to be tested.
13.3
Certification of Gas Turbines 4-2-3/13.3

13.3.1 General 4-2-3/13.3.1
Each gas turbine required to be certified by 4-2-3/1.1 is:
i)
required by 4-2-3/1.5 are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval, and a gas
turbine of the same type is to have been satisfactorily type tested or to have a
documented record of satisfactory service experience (see 4-2-3/5.7);
ii)
to be surveyed during its construction for compliance with the approved design, along
with, but not limited to, material and nondestructive tests, pressure tests, dynamic
balancing, performance tests, etc., as indicated in 4-2-3/13.1, all to be carried out to
the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
13.3.2 Approval Under Type Approval Program (2003) 4-2-3/13.3.2

a type of turbine may be design assessed as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. For this purpose, each
design of a turbine type is to be approved in accordance with 4-2-3/13.3.1i). The type test,
however, is to be conducted in accordance with an approved test schedule and is to be
witnessed by a Surveyor. Turbine so approved may be applied to the Bureau for listing on the
ABS website as Products Design Assessed. Once listed, and subject to renewal and updating
of certificate as required by 1-1-A3/5.7, turbine particulars will not be required to be
submitted to the Bureau each time the turbine is proposed for use on board a vessel.
13.3.2(b) Mass produced turbines. A manufacturer of mass-produced turbines, who operates

a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the Bureau for quality
assurance assessment described in 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA).
Upon satisfactory assessment under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA), turbines produced in those facilities
quality control documents will be accepted. Certification of each engine will be based on
verification of approval of the design and on continued effectiveness of the quality assurance
system. See 1-1-A3/5.7.1(a).
83
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
3

Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
4-2-3
13.13.2(c) Non-mass Produced Gas Turbines. A manufacturer of non-mass produced

turbines, who operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply
to the Bureau for quality assurance assessment described in 1-1-A3/5.3.1(a) (AQS) or
1-1-A3/5.3.1(b) (RQS). Certification to 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA) may also be considered in
13.3.2(d) Type Approval Program.
Turbine types which have their designs approved in
accordance with 4-2-3/13.3.2(a) and the quality assurance system of their manufacturing facilities
approved in accordance with 4-2-3/13.3.2(b) or 4-2-3/13.3.2(c) will be deemed Type Approved and
will be eligible for listing on the ABS website as Type Approved Product.
13.5
Shipboard Trials 4-2-3/13.5

After installation, each gas turbine, including all starting, control and safety system, is to be operated
in the presence of the Surveyor to satisfactorily demonstrate function and freedom from harmful
vibration at speeds within the operating range. Each gas turbine is also to operate to the overspeed
limit to test the function of the overspeed governor. The means for the propulsion system to reverse
are to be demonstrated and recorded.
15
Spare Parts
4-2-3/15
Spare parts are not required for purposes of classification. The maintenance of spare parts aboard each
vessel is the responsibility of the owner.
84
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
SECTION
Steam Turbines
General
1.1
4-2-4
4-2-4/1
Steam turbines having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for propulsion and for
section.
Steam turbines having a rated power of less than 100 kW (135 hp) are not required to comply with the
commercial and marine practice. Acceptance of such steam turbines will be based on manufacturers
affidavit, verification of steam turbines nameplate data and subject to a satisfactory performance test
after installation conducted in the presence of the Surveyor.
Steam turbines having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for services considered
not essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety, are not required to be designed, constructed and
certified by the Bureau in accordance with the provisions of this section. However, they are to comply
with safety features, such as overspeed protection, etc., as provided in 4-2-4/7 hereunder, as
applicable, and are subject to a satisfactory performance test after installation, conducted in the
presence of the Surveyor.
Piping systems of steam turbines, in particular, steam, condensate and lubricating oil systems are
given in Section 4-6-6.
1.3
For the purpose of this section the following definitions apply:
1.3.1

The Rated Power of a turbine is the maximum power output at which the turbine is designed
to run continuously at its rated speed.
1.3.2
Rated Speed 4-2-4/1.3.2

The Rated Speed is the speed at which the turbine is designed to run continuously at its rated
power. The rated speed is to be used for making strength calculations.
85
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
1.3.3
Turbine Overspeed Limit 4-2-4/1.3.3

The Overspeed Limit is the maximum intermittent speed allowed for a turbine in service. It is
not to exceed the rated speed by more than 15% and is to be the maximum permissible setting
of the overspeed governor.
1.3.4
Operating Temperature 4-2-4/1.3.4

The requirements for steam turbine blades and rotors in 4-2-4/5.5 and 4-2-4/5.3 are based on a
maximum operating temperature at the turbine inlet of 427C (800F).
Installations for which this maximum operating temperature is exceeded will be subject to
special consideration of the design criteria.
1.5

1.5.1
Steam Turbine Construction 4-2-4/1.5.1

Sectional assembly
Casings
Foundation and fastening
Turbine rotors
Turbine discs
Blading
Shafts
Bearing arrangements.
1.5.2
Steam Turbine Systems and Appurtenances 4-2-4/1.5.2

Couplings
Clutches
Steam inlet and exhaust system
Lubrication system.
Monitoring and safety arrangements
1.5.3
Data 4-2-4/1.5.3
Rated speed
Rated power
Area of wheel
Moment of inertia of wheel profile area
Center of gravity of blade and root
Balancing data
Manufacturers shop operating test schedule
86
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
1.5.4
Material specifications (including density, Poissons ratio, range of chemical composition,
exceeding 427C (800F), the high-temperature strength characteristics, as well as creep rate
and rupture strength for the design service life).
1.5.5

Design basis for turbine rotors and blading including calculations or test results to substantiate
the suitability and strength of components for the intended service.
Torsional vibration analysis of the entire propulsion shafting system; see 4-2-4/7.5.
Materials
3.1
4-2-4/3
Materials entered into the construction of turbines are to conform to specifications approved in
connection with the design. Copies of material specifications and purchase orders are to be submitted
to the Surveyor for information and verification.
Except as noted in 4-2-4/3.3, the following materials are to be tested in the presence of, inspected and
certified by the Surveyor in accordance with the requirements of Part 2, Chapter 3 or to the
requirements of the specifications approved in connection with the design:
3.3
i)
Forgings: Discs and rotor drums, shafts and rotors, couplings, coupling bolts, integral gears
and pinions for all turbines.
ii)
Castings: Turbine casings and maneuvering valves where the temperature exceeds 232C
(450F) or where approved for use in place of any of the above forgings.
iii)
Plates: Plates for turbine casings of fabricated construction where the casing pressure exceeds
41.4 bar (42.9 kgf/cm2, 600 psi) or the casing temperature exceeds 371C (700F).
iv)
Blade material: Material for all turbine blades (hardness or chemical composition checktested).
v)
Pipes, pipe fittings and valves: See 4-6-1/Table 1 and 4-6-1/Table 2, except for maneuvering
valves as provided for in 4-2-4/3.1ii) above.

3.3.1

Material manufactured to specifications other than those given in Part 2, Chapter 3, may be
that they are verified or tested by a Surveyor, as applicable, as complying with the
specifications.
3.3.2

2-3-8.
87
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
3.3.3
Materials for Turbines of 375 kW (500 hp) Rated Power or Less 4-2-4/3.3.3
Materials for turbines of 375 kW (500 hp) rated power or less, including shafting, integral
gears, pinions, couplings and coupling bolts will be accepted on the basis of the material
manufacturers certified test reports and a satisfactory surface inspection and hardness check
witnessed by the Surveyor. Coupling bolts manufactured to a recognized bolt standard will
not require material testing.
3.3.4

For steam turbines certified under quality assurance assessment as provided for in
such tests are to be conducted by the turbine manufacturer whose certified material test
reports will be accepted instead.
Design
4-2-4/5
In lieu of the design rules provided hereunder, the Bureau will consider designs that are substantiated
by sound engineering analyses conducted for all designed operating conditions, and taking into
consideration strength criteria such as fatigue, high temperature creep, torsional vibration, etc., as
appropriate.
5.1
5.3
Casings 4-2-4/5.1
5.1.1
Castings 4-2-4/5.1.1
Turbine casings and associated fixtures that are subject to pressure are to be of a design and
made of material suitable for the stress and temperatures to which they may be exposed. Cast
iron and cast steel may be considered suitable where the maximum operating temperature
does not exceed 232C (450F) and 427C (800F), respectively. All castings are to be heattreated to remove internal stresses.
5.1.2
Seals and Drains 4-2-4/5.1..2

Casings are to be provided with suitable seals. Drains are to be fitted in places where water or
oil may collect.
5.1.3
Overpressure Protection 4-2-4/5.1.3

Turbine casings are to be fitted with means to prevent overpressure; see 4-2-4/7.11.
Rotor Shafts 4-2-4/5.3

5.3.1
General 4-2-4/5.3.1
The diameter of a turbine rotor shaft is to be determined by the following equations:
d = K 6 (bT ) 2 + (mM ) 2
b = 0.073 +
m=
n
Y
c1
c2 + Y
where
88
shaft diameter at section under consideration; mm (mm, in.)

Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
yield strength (see 2-3-1/13.3); N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
torsional moment at rated speed; N-m (kgf-cm, lbf-in.)
bending moment at section under consideration; N-m (kgf-cm, lbf-in)
K, n, c1 and c2 are constants given in the following table:
5.5
K
n
c1
SI units
5.25
191.7
1186
MKS units
2.42
19.5
121
US units
0.10
27800
172000
c2
413.7
42.2
60000
5.3.2
Shaft Diameters in way of Rotors 4-2-4/5.3.2

Where rotor members are fitted by a press or shrink fit, or by keying, the diameter of the shaft
in way of the fitted member is to be increased not less than 10%.
5.3.3
Astern Power 4-2-4/5.3.3

In determining the required size of coupling shafting transmitting astern power, the astern
torque is to be considered when it exceeds the transmitted ahead torque.
5.3.4
Torsional Vibration 4-2-4/5.3.4

Torsional vibration stresses in propulsion turbine shafts and associated gears are to be
evaluated based on criteria provided in 4-3-2/7.5.
Blades 4-2-4/5.5
Blades are to be so designed as to avoid abrupt changes in section and to provide an ample amount of
stiffness to minimize deflection and vibration. The area at the root of the blade is not to be less than
that given in the following equation based upon either the tensile strength or yield strength of the
material.
SI units
A=
MKS units
2
4.39WN r
F
A=
0.45WN r
F
US units
A=
114WN 2 r
F
Notes:
1
These equations are based solely upon centrifugal stress

consideration. Designers/manufacturers are to take into
consideration vibrations at speeds within the operating range.
Where turbine blades are designed with F = 2Y resulting in a safety

factor against ultimate strength of less than four, a dye-penetrant or
magnetic-particle inspection is to be made of each individual rotor
blade.
where
minimum blade root areas; cm2 (cm2, in2)
mass of one blade; kg (kg, lb)
rpm at rated speed divided by 1000
radius of center of gravity of blade from centerline of shaft; cm (cm, in.)
89
Part
Chapter
Section
5.7
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
minimum tensile strength of material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
yield strength of material (2-3-1/13.3); N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
U or optionally 2Y (See Note 2 under the equations above)
Discs or Drums 4-2-4/5.7

5.7.1
General 4-2-4/5.7.1
The following strength requirements are applicable only where creep and relaxation are not
the determining factors in design, and their use does not relieve the manufacturer from
responsibility for excessive creep or relaxation at normal operating temperatures. In general,
they apply to installations where maximum operating temperature at the superheater outlet
does not exceed 427C (800F).
5.7.2
Factors of Safety 4-2-4/5.7.2

The stress at any point in the disc or drum section is not to exceed the value Y/f, where Y is
the yield strength of the material and f is the factor of safety given in the following table.
Radial stress, R
Tangential stress, T
Mean tangential
stress1), Tm
1)
5.7.3
90
4-2-4
Built-up rotor
Propulsion
Auxiliary
2.5
2.25
2.5
2.25
3
3
Solid rotor
Propulsion
Auxiliary
2.5
2.25
2
2
3
3
Tm is not to be higher than ultimate tensile strength divided by a factor of safety

of 4.
Symbols 4-2-4/5.7.3
The symbols used in the equations are as follows (units of measure are given in the order of
SI units (MKS units, US units)):
radial stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
tangential stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
minimum tensile strength; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
sum of principal stresses; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
difference of principal stresses; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
change in S caused by change in thickness
change in D caused by change in thickness
y, y' =
successive thickness of disc at step points; cm (cm, in.)
tangential velocity at rated speed; m/s (m/s, ft/s)
Poissons ratio
specific mass of material; kg/cm3 (kg/cm3, lb/in3)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4
5.7.4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
Tm
mean tangential stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
rpm at rated speed divided by 1000
area of wheel profile, including the rim, on one side of axis of rotation; cm2 (cm2,
in2)
moment of inertia of area A about the axis of rotation; cm4 (cm4, in4)
total mass of blades and roots; kg (kg, lb)
radial distance to center of gravity of W; cm (cm, in)
Total rim load due to centrifugal force of blades; N (kgf, lbf)
Elastic Stress 4-2-4/5.7.4

To calculate the elastic stresses, assume R = 0 at the edge of the bore in solid rotors if the
inspection hole is larger than one-fourth the basic diameter in way of the discs, and at the
bottom of the keyway in the bore for separate discs. Assume R = T at the center for solid
rotors if the inspection hole does not exceed one-fourth the basic diameter in way of the discs.
Assume that T has the maximum permissible value at the starting point. Proceed step by step
outward to the rim or bottom of the machined blade grooves, calculating S and D at the step
points for the determination of R and T at all points on the disc or drum section, using the
following equations.
S2 = (S1 +S1) + k1w(1 + n)(V12 V22)

D2V22 = (D1 + D1)V12 + k2w(1 n)(V24 V14)
where k1 and k2 are factors given in the following table:
k1
SI units
0.5
MKS units
0.051
US units
0.186
k2
0.25
0.025
0.093
R=
SD
2
T=
S+D
2
y
S = R(n + 1) 1
y'
y
D = R(n 1) 1
y'
The calculated radial stress R at the rim or bottom of the machined blade grooves determines
the maximum permissible rim load. The rim load in this calculation is the total load due to
blades, roots and that portion of the rim which extends beyond the bottom of the groove,
neglecting supporting effect in the rim. If in the calculation it is found that the permissible
stress at any point has been exceeded, the calculation is to be repeated, assuming a value of T
at the starting point sufficiently low to prevent the calculated stress from exceeding the
permissible stress at any point.
91
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4
5.7.5

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
Mean Tangential Stress 4-2-4/5.7.5

The mean tangential stress is to be calculated by the following equation:
Tm =
c1wN 2 I c2 P
+
A
2A
where
SI units
P
109.7Wr N
MKS units
2
11.2Wr N
US units
28.4Wr N 2
c1
1.10
0.11
28.4
c2
0.01
0.01
1.0
Steam Turbine Appurtenances
7.1
Overspeed Protective Devices 4-2-4/7.1
4-2-4/7
All propulsion and auxiliary turbines are to be provided with a overspeed protective device to prevent
the rated speed from being exceeded by more than 15%.
In addition to cutting off the main steam supply, where steam from other systems or exhaust steam are
admitted to the turbine lower stages, they are also to be cut off at the activation of overspeed
protective device.
Where two or more turbines are coupled to the same output gear, use of only one overspeed protective
device for all turbines may be considered.
7.3
Operating Governors for Propulsion Turbines 4-2-4/7.3

Propulsion turbines coupled to reverse gear, electric transmission, controllable-pitch propeller or
similar are to be fitted with a separate independent speed governor system, in addition to the
overspeed protective device specified in 4-2-4/7.1. This governor system is to be capable of
controlling the speed of the unloaded turbine without bringing the overspeed protective device into
action.
7.5
Operating Governors for Turbines Driving Electric Generators 4-2-4/7.5

7.5.1

An operating governor is to be fitted to each steam turbine driving propulsion or vessel
service electric generator. The governor is to be capable of automatically maintaining the
turbine speed within the following limits.
i)
governor, as required by 4-2-1/7.5.3, is not activated.
ii)
92
steady state.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
no more than 5 seconds.
7.5.1(b) The permanent frequency variation is to be within 5% of the rated frequency at any
7.5.2
Load Sharing 4-2-4/7.5.2

Steam turbines driving AC generators that operate in parallel are to have the following
governor characteristics. In the range between 20% and 100% of the combined rated load of
all generators, the load on any individual generator will not differ from its proportionate share
of the total combined load by more than the lesser of the following:
15% of the rated power of the largest generator;

25% of the individual generator.
7.7
7.5.3
Fine Adjustments 4-2-4/7.5.3

7.5.4
Turbines Driving Electric Propulsion Generators 4-2-4/7.5.4

For steam turbines driving electric propulsion generators, where required by the control
system, this governor is to be provided with means for local hand control as well as remote
adjustment from the control station.
Hand and Automatic Tripping 4-2-4/7.7

Arrangements are to be provided for shutting off steam to propulsion turbines by suitable hand trip
gear situated at the main control console and at the turbine itself. For auxiliary steam turbines, hand
tripping is to be arranged in the vicinity of the turbine overspeed protective device. The hand tripping
gear is to shut off both the main and exhaust steam supplies to the turbines.
Automatic means of shutting off the steam supply (including exhaust steam supply) through a quick
acting device is also to be fitted for all steam turbines upon overspeed (see 4-2-4/7.1) and upon failure
of the lubricating oil system (see 4-6-6/9). See also 4-2-4/7.11 for back-pressure trip.
7.9
Shaft Turning Gear 4-2-4/7.9

Propulsion turbines are to be equipped with a slow turning gear, providing for rotation in both
directions. For auxiliary turbines, provisions are to be made that allow at least for shaft turning by
hand.
For vessels fitted with remote propulsion control, the turning gear status is to be indicated at each
remote propulsion control station. In addition, interlock is to be fitted to prevent operation of the
turbine when the turning gear is engaged, and vice versa. See also 4-9-2/Table 1.
In the propulsion machinery space intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC or ACCU
notation), the non-rotation of the propulsion shaft in excess of a predetermined duration on a standby
or stop maneuver is to be alarmed at the centralized control station and other remote control stations.
In addition, for the unattended propulsion machinery space (ACCU notation), whenever such duration
is exceeded, means for automatic roll-over of the propulsion turbine shaft is to be fitted. See also
4-9-4/Table 4.
7.11
Overpressure Protection 4-2-4/7.11

Sentinel valves or equivalent are to be fitted to all main and auxiliary steam turbine exhausts.
Auxiliary steam turbines sharing a common condenser are to be fitted with back-pressure trips or
other approved protective device.
93
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
Piping Systems for Steam Turbines
4-2-4/9
The requirements of piping systems essential for operation of steam turbines for propulsion, electric
power generation and vessels safety are in Section 4-6-6. These systems are:
Steam piping for propulsion turbines:
4-6-6/3.11
Steam piping for auxiliary turbines:
4-6-6/3.13
Condensers:
4-6-6/5.3.2
Lubricating oil system:
4-6-6/9
Condenser cooling system:
4-6-6/11
11
Installation of Steam Turbines
11.1
Exhaust Steam to Turbine 4-2-4/11.1
4-2-4/11
If exhaust steam is admitted to a turbine, means are to be provided to prevent water from entering the
turbine.
11.3
Extraction of Steam 4-2-4/11.3

Where provision is made for extraction of steam, approved means are to be provided for preventing a
reversal of flow to the turbine.
11.5

Any pipe or duct connections to the steam turbine casing are to be made in such a manner as to
prevent the transmission of excessive loads or moments to the turbine casing.
11.7

Hot surfaces likely to come into contact with crew during operation are to be suitably guarded or
insulated. Hot surfaces likely to exceed 220C (428F), and which are likely to come into contact with
any leakage, under pressure or otherwise, of fuel oil, lubricating oil or other flammable liquid, are to
be suitably insulated with non-combustible materials that are impervious to such liquid. Insulation
material not impervious to oil is to be encased in sheet metal or an equivalent impervious sheath.
13
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Steam Turbines
4-2-
4/13
13.1

The following shop tests and inspections are to be witnessed by a Surveyor on all steam turbines
required to be certified by the Bureau under 4-2-4/1.1.
13.1.1 Material Tests 4-2-4/13.1.1
Surveyor, in accordance with the provisions of 4-2-4/3.
welders and with welding consumables acceptable to the Surveyors. See Section 2-4-2.
94
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
13.1.3 Nondestructive Examination of Turbine Blades 4-2-4/13.1.3

Where turbine blades are designed with F = 2Y (see 4-2-4/5.5), resulting in a safety factor
against ultimate strength of less than four, dye-penetrant or magnetic-particle inspection is to
be made of each rotor blade.
13.1.4 Hydrostatic Tests 4-2-4/13.1.4
Turbine casings and maneuvering valves are to be subjected to hydrostatic tests of 1.5 times
the working pressure. Turbine casings may be divided by temporary diaphragms to allow for
an even distribution of test pressures. Where hydrostatic tests are not practicable, alternative
tests to determine soundness and workmanship are to be submitted for consideration and
approval in each case.
Condensers are to have both the steam side and the water side hydrostatically tested to 1.5
times the design pressure; in any case, the test pressure on the steam side is not to be less than
1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 lb/in2). See also 4-6-6/5.11.2.
13.1.5 Safety Relief Valves 4-2-4/13.1.5
All safety relief valves are to be tested and set in the presence of the Surveyor.
13.1.6 Vibration and Balancing 4-2-4/131.6
Excessive vibration is not to occur within the operating speed range of turbines. Turbine
rotors and discs are to be dynamically balanced at a speed equal to the natural period of the
balancing machine and rotor combined.
13.1.7 Shop Trial 4-2-4/13.1.7
Upon completion of fabrication and assembly, each steam turbine is to be subjected to a shop
trial in accordance with the manufacturers test schedule, which is to be submitted for review
before the trial. The test schedule is to specify the duration of tests and to include full load
test, half load response tests, full load thrown-off tests, etc. During the trial, the turbine is to
be brought up to its overspeed limit to enable the operation of the overspeed protective device
to be tested. Where this is not practicable, the manufacturer may submit alternative testing
methods for consideration.
13.3
Certification of Steam Turbines 4-2-4/13.3

13.3.1 General 4-2-4/13.3.1
Each steam turbine required by 4-2-4/1.1 to be certified is:
i)
to have its design approved by the Bureau; for which purpose, plans and data, as
required by 4-2-4/1.5 are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval;
ii)
to be surveyed during its construction for compliance with the design approved, along
with, but not limited to, material and nondestructive tests, hydrostatic tests, dynamic
balancing, performance tests, etc., as indicated in 4-2-4/13.1, all to be carried out to
13.3.2 Approval Under Type Approval Program (2003)4-2-4/13.3.2

a type of turbine may be design assessed, as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. For this purpose, each
design of a turbine type is to be approved in accordance with 4-2-4/13.3.1i) and either
satisfactorily type tested in a shop in the presence of a Surveyor or substantiated by
documented satisfactory service experience. Turbine so approved may be applied to the
Bureau for listing on the ABS website as Products Design Assessed. Once listed, and subject
to renewal and updating of certificate as required by 1-1-A3/5.7, turbine particulars will not
be required to be submitted to the Bureau each time the turbine is proposed for use onboard a
vessel.
95
Part
Chapter
Section
4
2
4

Prime Movers
Steam Turbines
4-2-4
13.3.2(b) Mass produced turbines. A manufacturer of mass-produced turbines who operates

a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities may apply to the Bureau for quality
Upon satisfactory assessment under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA), turbines produced in those facilities
quality control documents will be accepted. Certification of each turbine will be based on
verification of approval of the design and on continued effectiveness of the quality assurance
system. See 1-1-A3/5.7.1(a).
13.3.2(c) Non-mass Produced Turbines. A manufacturer of non-mass produced turbines who
operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities may apply to the Bureau
for quality assurance assessment described in 1-1-A3/5.3.1(a) (AQS) or 1-1-A3/5.3.1(b)
4-1-1/Table 1.
13.3.2(d) Type Approval Program. Turbine types which have their designs assessed in
facilities assessed in accordance with 4-2-4/13.3.2(b) or 4-2-4/13.3.2(c) will be deemed Type
13.5

Before final acceptance, the entire installation of each steam turbine including all control and safety
equipment is to be operated in the presence of the Surveyor to demonstrate its ability to function
satisfactorily under operating conditions and its freedom from harmful vibration at speeds within the
operating range.
Each steam turbine is to be tested to the overspeed limit in order to operate the overspeed governor.
The reversing characteristics of propulsion turbine plants are to be demonstrated and recorded.
96
PART
4
CHAPTER
Prime Movers
SECTION

Parts
4-2-4A1
General
4-2-4A1/1
While spare parts are not required for purposes of classification, the spare parts list below is provided
as a guidance for vessels intended for unrestricted service. Depending on the turbine design, spare
parts other than those listed below, such as electronic control cards, should be considered.
Spare Parts for Propulsion Steam Turbines
4-2-4A1/3
a)
b)
c)
d)
One (1) set of springs for governor, relief and maneuvering valves
Sufficient packing rings with springs to repack one gland of each kind and size
One (1) set of thrust pads or rings, also springs where fitted, for each size turbine-thrust bearing
Bearing bushings sufficient to replace all of the bushings on every turbine rotor, pinion and gear
for main propulsion, spare bearing bushings sufficient to replace all of the bushings on each nonidentical auxiliary-turbine rotor, pinion and gear having sleeve-type bearings or complete
assemblies consisting of outer and inner races and cages complete with rollers or balls where
these types of bearings are used
e) One (1) set of bearing shoes for one face, for one single-collar type main thrust bearing where
fitted. Where the ahead and astern pads differ, pads for both faces are to be provided.
f) One (1) set of strainer baskets or inserts for filters of special design of each type and size, for oil
filters.
g) Necessary special tools.
Spare Parts for Steam Turbines Driving Electric

Generators 4-2-4A1/5
a) Main
bearings
b) Turbine
thrust bearing
c) Turbine shaft
sealing rings
d) Oil filters
Bearing bushes or roller bearings of each size and type fitted for the
shafts of the turbine rotor and of the reduction gearing, if any, for one
engine
Pads for one face of tilting pad type thrust, with liners, or rings for
turbine adjusting block with assorted liners, for one engine
Carbon sealing rings where fitted, with springs for each size and type of
gland, for one engine
Strainer baskets or inserts, for filters of special design, of each type and
size
1 set
1 set
1 set
1 set
97
PART
4
CHAPTER
Propulsion & Maneuvering

Machinery
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
Gears ...................................................................................107
1
SECTION 1
General ..............................................................................107
1.1
Application .................................................................... 107
1.3
Definitions ..................................................................... 107
1.5
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted .......................... 108
Materials ............................................................................110
3.1
Material Specifications and Test Requirements ............ 110
3.3
Alternative Material Test Requirements ........................ 110
Design................................................................................111
5.1
Gear Tooth Finish ......................................................... 111
5.3
Bearings ........................................................................ 111
5.5
Gear Cases ................................................................... 112
5.7
Access for Inspection .................................................... 112
5.9
Calculation of Shafts for Gears ..................................... 112
5.11
Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears........................... 114
5.13
Alternative Gear Rating Standards................................ 114
5.15
Gears with Multiple Prime Mover Inputs........................ 114
Piping Systems for Gears ..................................................114
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Gears...................115

9.1
Material Tests................................................................ 115
9.3
Dynamic Balancing ....................................................... 115
9.5
Shop Inspection ............................................................ 115
9.7
Certification of Gears .................................................... 115
9.9
Shipboard Trials ............................................................ 116
Appendix 1 Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears......117

1
Application .........................................................................117
Symbols and Units .............................................................117
Geometrical Definitions......................................................119
Bevel Gear Conversion and Specific Formulas.................120
Nominal Tangential Load, Ft, Fmt .......................................123
11
Application Factor, KA ........................................................124
99
13
Load Sharing Factor, K .....................................................124
15
Dynamic Factor, Kv ............................................................125
17
19
21
15.1
Determination of Kv Simplified Method .......................125
15.3
Determination of Kv Single Resonance Method..........126
Face Load Distribution Factors, KH and KF .....................133

17.1
Factors Used for the Determination of KH ....................133
17.3
Face Load Distribution Factor for Contact Stress KH ...137
17.5
Face Load Distribution Factor for Tooth Root Bending

Stress KF ......................................................................137
Transverse Load Distribution Factors, KH and KF ...........138

19.1
Determination of KH for Contact Stress KF for Tooth

Root Bending Stress .....................................................139
19.3
Limitations of KH and KF .............................................139
Surface Durability...............................................................140
21.1
23
100
Contact Stress...............................................................140
21.3
Permissible Contact Stress ...........................................141
21.5
Single Pair Mesh Factors, ZB, ZD and Mid-zone

Factor ZM-B .....................................................................142
21.7
Zone Factor, ZH .............................................................143
21.9
Elasticity Factor, ZE........................................................143
21.11
Contact Ratio Factor (Pitting), Z ...................................144
21.13
Bevel Gear Load Sharing Factor, ZLS.............................144
21.15
Bevel Gear Factor (Flank), ZK........................................144
21.17
Helix Angle Factor, Z ....................................................144
21.19
Allowable Stress Number (Contact), Hlim .....................145
21.21
Life Factor, ZN ................................................................145
21.23
Influence Factors on Lubrication Film, ZL, ZV and ZR......145
21.25
Hardness Ratio Factor; ZW.............................................148
21.27
Size Factor, ZX ...............................................................149
21.29
Safety Factor for Contact Stress, SH ..............................149
Tooth Root Bending Strength ............................................150

23.1
Tooth Root Bending Stress for Pinion and Wheel .........150
23.3
Permissible Tooth Root Bending Stress ........................150
23.5
Tooth Form Factor, YF, YFa.............................................151
23.7
Stress Correction Factor, YS, YSa ....................................155
23.9
Helix Angle Factor, Y ....................................................156
23.11
Contact Ratio Factor, Y ................................................156
23.13
Bevel Gear Factor, YK ....................................................157
23.15
Load Sharing Factor, YLS ...............................................157
23.17
Allowable Stress Number (Bending), FE .......................157
23.19
Design Factor, Yd ...........................................................157
23.21
Life Factor, YN ................................................................158
23.23
Relative Notch Sensitivity Factor, YrelT ..........................158
23.25
Relative Surface Factor, YRrelT........................................158
23.27
Size Factor (Root), YX ....................................................159
23.29
Safety Factor for Tooth Root Bending Stress, SF ...........159
SECTION 1
TABLE 1
Values of the Elasticity Factor ZE and Youngs

Modulus of Elasticity E .............................................160
TABLE 2
Size Factor ZX for Contact Stress ............................163
TABLE 3
Allowable Stress Number (contact) Hlim and

Allowable Stress Number (bending) FE ..................164
TABLE 4
Determination of Life Factor for Contact

Stress, ZN .................................................................167
TABLE 5
Determination of Life Factor for Tooth Root

Bending Stress, YN ...................................................168
TABLE 6
Constant K for the Calculation of the Pinion Offset

Factor ....................................................................169
FIGURE 1
Tooth in Normal Section ..........................................170
FIGURE 2
Dimensions and Basic Rack Profile of the Tooth

(Finished Profile)......................................................171
FIGURE 3
Wheel Blank Factor CR, Mean Values for Mating

Gears of Similar or Stiffer Wheel Blank Design. ......172
FIGURE 4
Bevel Gear Conversion to Equivalent Cylindrical

Gear .........................................................................173
FIGURE 5
Definitions of the Various Diameters .......................174
Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare Parts...........................175

1
General ..............................................................................175
Spare Parts for Gears ........................................................175
SECTION 1
Appendix 3 Gear Parameters .........................................177
SECTION 2
Propulsion Shafting ...........................................................187

1
General ..............................................................................187
1.1
Application .................................................................... 187
1.3
Definitions ..................................................................... 187
1.5
Materials ............................................................................189
3.1
General ......................................................................... 189
3.3
Weldability..................................................................... 189
3.5
Shaft Liners ................................................................... 189
3.7
Material Tests................................................................ 190
Design and Construction ...................................................190

5.1
Shaft Diameters ............................................................ 190
5.3
Hollow Shafts ................................................................ 191
5.5
Alternative Criteria......................................................... 191
5.7
Key................................................................................ 192
5.9
Strengthening for Navigation in Ice ............................... 193
5.11
Tail Shaft Propeller-end Design .................................... 193
5.13
Propeller-end Seal ........................................................ 193
5.15
Tail Shaft Bearings........................................................ 193
101
5.17
11
SECTION 3
5.19
Couplings and Coupling Bolts .......................................196
5.21
Cardan Shaft .................................................................199
Propulsion Shaft Alignment and Vibrations .......................199

7.1
General..........................................................................199
7.3
Shaft Alignment Calculations.........................................199
7.5
Torsional Vibrations.......................................................200
7.7
Axial Vibrations..............................................................202
7.9
Lateral (Whirling) Vibrations ..........................................202
Inspection, Testing and Certification..................................203

9.1
General..........................................................................203
9.3
Material Testing.............................................................203
9.5
Propulsion Shafts and Associated Parts........................203
9.7
Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Cardan Shafts, etc..........203
Installation and Trials .........................................................203

11.1
Shaft Alignment .............................................................203
11.3
Vibration Measurement .................................................204
11.5
Circulating Currents.......................................................204
11.7
Sea Trial ........................................................................204
TABLE 1
Shaft Design Factor K for Line Shafts and Thrust

Shafts .......................................................................191
TABLE 2
Shaft Design Factor K for Tail Shafts and Stern

Tube Shafts..............................................................192
TABLE 3
Maximum Values of U to be Used in Shaft

Calculations..............................................................192
TABLE 4
Allowable Vibratory Stress for Single Harmonic ......200
FIGURE 1
Typical Arrangements and Details of Fitting of Tail

Shaft and Propeller ..................................................194
Propellers ........................................................................... 205

1
General ..............................................................................205
1.1
Application.....................................................................205
1.3
Definitions......................................................................205
1.5
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted ..........................206
Materials.............................................................................207
3.1
Normally Used Propeller Materials ................................207
3.3
Stud Materials ...............................................................207
3.5
Design ................................................................................207
5.1
102
Tail Shaft Liners ............................................................195
Blade Thickness Fixed Pitch Propeller .......................207
5.3
Blade Thickness Controllable-pitch Propellers ...........209
5.5
Blade Thickness Highly Skewed Fixed-pitch

Propellers ......................................................................210
5.7
Blades of Unusual Design .............................................212
5.9
Blade-root Fillets ...........................................................212

SECTION 4
5.11
Strengthening for Navigation in Ice ............................... 212
5.13
Controllable Pitch Propellers Pitch Actuation

System .......................................................................... 212
5.15
Propeller Fitting ............................................................. 214
Certification ........................................................................218
7.1
Material Tests................................................................ 218
7.3
Inspection and Certification ........................................... 218
Installation, Tests and Trial................................................218

9.1
Keyed Propellers........................................................... 218
9.3
Controllable Pitch Propellers Fit of Studs and Nuts.... 218
9.5
Protection Against Corrosion ........................................ 218
9.7
Circulating Currents ...................................................... 218
9.9
Keyed and Keyless propellers Contact Area Check

and Securing ................................................................. 219
9.11
Controllable Pitch Propellers Hydrostatic Tests ......... 219
9.13
Sea Trial........................................................................ 219
TABLE 1
Propeller Materials ...................................................207
TABLE 2
Material Constants ...................................................216
TABLE 3
Estimated Propeller Thrust, T ..................................217
FIGURE 1
Maximum Skew Angle .............................................206
FIGURE 2
Rake and Rake Angle ..............................................206
FIGURE 3
Theoretical Contact Surface Between Hub and

Shaft.........................................................................215
Steering Gears....................................................................221
1
General ..............................................................................221
1.1
Application .................................................................... 221
1.3
Basic Principles............................................................. 221
1.5
Definitions ..................................................................... 221
1.7
Steering Gear Compartment ......................................... 222
1.9
Performance ................................................................. 223
1.11
Materials ............................................................................223
3.1
General ......................................................................... 223
3.3
Material Testing............................................................. 223
System Arrangements .......................................................224

5.1
Power Units................................................................... 224
5.3
Rudder Actuators .......................................................... 224
5.5
Single Failure Criterion.................................................. 224
5.7
Independent Control Systems ....................................... 224
5.9
Non-duplicated Components......................................... 225
5.11
Power Gear Stops......................................................... 225
5.13
Steering Gear Torques.................................................. 225
103
11
13
Mechanical Component Design.........................................226

7.1
Mechanical Strength......................................................226
7.3
Rudder Actuators ..........................................................226
7.5
Tillers, Quadrants and Other Mechanical Parts.............227
7.7
Rudder Stock to Tiller/Quadrant Connection .................228
7.9
Welding .........................................................................228
Hydraulic System ...............................................................229

9.1
System Design ..............................................................229
9.3
Hydraulic Oil Reservoir and Storage Tank ....................229
9.5
Piping Design ................................................................230
9.7
Piping Components .......................................................230
Electrical Systems..............................................................230
11.1
Power Supply Feeders ..................................................230
11.3
Electrical Protection.......................................................231
11.5
Undervoltage Release ...................................................231
11.7
Motor Rating..................................................................231
11.9
Emergency Power Supply .............................................231
Control Systems.................................................................232
13.1
Redundancy ..................................................................232
13.3
Power Supply ................................................................232
13.5
Control System Override ...............................................232
13.7
Hydraulic Telemotor ......................................................233
15
Instrumentation ..................................................................233
17
Communications ................................................................234
19
Certification ........................................................................234
21
19.1
General..........................................................................234
19.3
19.5
Prototype Tests of Power Units .....................................234
19.7
Components Shop Tests ...............................................234
Installation, Tests and Trials ..............................................234

21.1
23
25
104
Steering Gear Seating ...................................................234
21.3
Operating Instructions ...................................................234
21.5
Installation Tests ...........................................................235
21.7
Sea Trials ......................................................................235
Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessels ..............236

23.1
Performance..................................................................236
23.3
Sea Trials ......................................................................236
Additional Requirements for Oil or Fuel Oil Carriers,

Chemical Carriers and Gas Carriers..................................236
25.1
Vessels of 10,000 Gross Tonnage and Upwards ..........236
25.3
Alternative for Vessels 10,000 Gross Tonnage and

Upwards but Less than 100,000 Tonnes
Deadweight ...................................................................237
25.5
Non-duplicated Rudder Actuators for Vessels of

10,000 Gross Tonnage and Upwards but Less
than 100,000 Tonnes Deadweight.................................237
25.7
Sea Trials ......................................................................238
TABLE 1
SECTION 5
Steering Gear Instrumentation.................................233
Thrusters and Dynamic Positioning Systems.................239

1
General ..............................................................................239
1.1
Application .................................................................... 239
1.3
Class Notations ............................................................. 239
1.5
Definitions ..................................................................... 240
1.7
Materials ............................................................................241
3.1
General ......................................................................... 241
3.3
Material Testing............................................................. 241
Design................................................................................241
5.1
Prime Movers ................................................................ 241
5.3
Propellers ...................................................................... 242
5.5
Gears ............................................................................ 245
5.7
Shafts............................................................................ 245
5.9
Anti-friction Bearings ..................................................... 245
Controls and Instrumentation.............................................246

7.1
Control System.............................................................. 246
7.3
Instrumentation ............................................................. 246
Communications ................................................................246
11
Miscellaneous Requirements for Thruster Rooms ............246

11.1
Ventilation ..................................................................... 246
11.3
Bilge System for Thruster Compartments ..................... 247
11.5
Fire Fighting Systems ................................................... 247
13
Certification and Trial .........................................................247
15
Dynamic Positioning Systems ...........................................247

15.1
General ......................................................................... 247
15.3
Thruster System............................................................ 249
15.5
Power Generation and Distribution System .................. 249
15.7
Environment Sensor and Position Reference

System .......................................................................... 250
15.9
Control System.............................................................. 251
15.11
Communications ........................................................... 252
15.13
Operation Manual.......................................................... 253
15.15
Certification and Trials .................................................. 253
TABLE 1
Instrumentation for Thrusters...................................246
TABLE 2
Instrumentation at DPS Control Station...................252
105
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Gears
General
1.1
4-3-1
4-3-1/1
Gears having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for propulsion and for auxiliary
services essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety (see 4-1-1/1.3) of the vessel, are to be
designed, constructed, certified and installed in accordance with the provisions of this section.
Gears having a rated power of less than 100 kW (135 hp) are not required to comply with the
commercial and marine practice. Acceptance of such gears will be based on the manufacturers
affidavit, verification of gear nameplate data and subject to a satisfactory performance test after
Gears having a rated power of 100 kW (135 hp) and over, intended for services considered not
essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety, are not required to be designed, constructed and
certified by the Bureau in accordance with the requirements of this section, but are to be installed and
tested to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
Piping systems of gears, in particular, lubricating oil and hydraulic oil, are addressed in 4-6-5/5,
4-6-6/7 and 4-6-7/3.
1.3
1.3.1
Gears 4-3-1/1.3.1
The term Gears as used in this section covers external and internal involute spur and helical
cylindrical gears having parallel axis as well as bevel gears used for either main propulsion or
auxiliary services.
1.3.2

The Rated Power of a gear is the maximum transmitted power at which the gear is designed
to operate continuously at its rated speed.
107
Part
Chapter
Section
1.5
4
3
1

Propulsion & Maneuvering Machinery
Gears
4-3-1
1.3.3
Rated Torque 4-3-1/1.3.3

The Rated Torque is defined by the rated power and speed and is the torque used in the gear
rating calculations.
1.3.4
Gear Rating 4-3-1/1.3.4

The Gear Rating is the rating for which the gear is designed in order to carry its rated torque.

1.5.1
Gear Construction 4-3-1/1.5.1

General arrangement
Sectional assembly
Details of gear casings
Bearing load diagram
Quill shafts, gear shafts and hubs
Shrink fit calculations and fitting instructions
Pinions
Wheels and rims
Details of welded construction of gears
1.5.2
Gear Systems and Appurtenances 4-3-1/1.5.2

Couplings
Coupling bolts
Lubricating oil system and oil spray arrangements
1.5.3
Data 4-3-1/1.5.3
Transmitted rated power for each gear
Revolutions per minute for each gear at rated transmitted power
Bearing lengths and diameters
Length of gap between helices, if any
Distance between inner ends of bearings
Tooth form layout (see 4-3-1A1/Figure 1) or calculated data
Facewidths, net and total
Width of tooth at highest stressed section
Helix angle at reference and at pitch diameter
Helix deviation
Normal pressure angle
Transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder
Transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder
Reference cone angle for gears
Tip angle for gears
108
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
Cone distance for gears

Middle cone distance for gears
Normal module
Transverse module
Bending moment arm for tooth root bending stress for application of load at the point of
single tooth pair contact
Working pitch diameter of gears
Tip diameter of gears
Root diameter of gears
Reference diameters
Addendum
Addendum modification coefficient of gears
Dedendum
Transverse diametral pitch
Normal base pitch
Number of gear teeth
Virtual number of spur teeth for gears
Center distance between mating gears
Length of contact in plane of rotation
Root fillet radius of gears in the critical section
Axial lead modification or lead mismatch, if any, for reference
Method of cutting and finishing gear teeth
Tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface)
Sketch of basic rack tooth form
Root radius, addendum, dedendum of basic rack
Degree of finish of tooth flank
Grade of accuracy
Tooth hardness range, including core hardness and total depth of hardness, surface to core
Mean peak-to-valley roughness of tooth root fillets
Mass of rotating parts
Balancing data
Spline data
Shrink allowance for rims and hubs
Type of coupling between prime mover and reduction gears
Type and viscosity of lubricating oil recommended by manufacturer
For a comprehensive listing of data, see Appendix 4-3-1A3.
109
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
1.5.4

Gears
4-3-1
The following typical properties of gear materials are to be submitted:
range of chemical composition,
physical properties at room temperature,
endurance limits for pitting resistance, contact stress and tooth root bending stress,
heat treatment of gears, coupling elements, shafts, quill shafts, and gear cases.
1.5.5
Hardening Procedure 4-3-1/1.5.5

The hardening procedure for surface hardened gears is to be submitted for review. The
submittal is to include materials, details for the procedure itself, quality assurance procedures
and testing procedures. The testing procedures are to include surface hardness, surface
hardness depth (e.g., case depth) and core hardness. Surface hardness depth and core hardness
(and their shape) are to be determined from sectioned test samples. These test samples are to
be of sufficient size to provide for determination of core hardness and are to be of the same
material and heat treated as the gears that they represent. Forgings are to be tested in
accordance with Part 2, Chapter 3.
1.5.6

Bearing life calculations
Tooth coupling and spline connection calculations
Materials
3.1
Material Specifications and Test Requirements 4-3-1/3.1
4-3-1/3
3.1.1
Material Certificates 4-3-1/3.1.1

Material for gears and gear units is to conform to specifications approved in connection with
the design in each case. Copies of material specifications and purchase orders are to be
submitted to the Surveyor for information.
3.1.2
Material Tests 4-3-1/3.1.2

Except as noted in 4-3-1/3.3, the following materials are to be tested in the presence of and
inspected by the Surveyor. The materials are to meet the specifications in Part 2, Chapter 3 or
that approved in connection with the design.
Forgings for gears, shafting, couplings, coupling bolts.
Castings approved for use in place of any of the above forgings.
3.3
Alternative Material Test Requirements 4-3-1/3.3

3.3.1
110

The Surveyor will inspect and test material manufactured to other specifications than those
given in Part 2, Chapter 3, provided that such specifications are approved in connection with
the designs and that they are clearly indicated on purchase orders which are provided for the
Surveyor's information.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
3.3.2
Gears Certified Under Quality Assurance Assessment 4-3-1/3.3.2

For gear units certified under quality assurance assessment provided for in 4-3-1/9.7
hereunder, material tests and inspections required in 4-3-1/3.1 need not be witnessed by the
Surveyor; such tests and inspections are to be conducted by the gear manufacturer whose
certified material test reports will be accepted instead.
3.3.3

Hot-rolled steel bars up to 305 mm (12 in) in diameter may be used when approved for use in
place of any of the forgings as per 4-3-1/3.3.1 above, under the conditions outlined in Section
2-3-8.
3.3.4
Gear Units of 375 kW (500 hp) or Less 4-3-1/3.3.4

Material for gear units of 375 kW (500 hp) or less, including shafting, gears, couplings, and
coupling bolts will be accepted on the basis of the manufacturers certified material test
reports and a satisfactory surface inspection and hardness check witnessed by the Surveyor.
Coupling bolts manufactured to a recognized bolt standard do not require material testing.
3.3.5
Power Takeoff Gears and Couplings 4-3-1/3.3.5

Materials for power takeoff gears and couplings that are
for transmission of power to drive auxiliaries that are for use in port only (e.g., cargo
oil pump), and
declutchable from propulsion shafting
may be treated in the same manner as 4-3-1/3.3.4 above, regardless of power rating.
Design
5.1
Gear Tooth Finish 4-3-1/5.1
4-3-1/5
In general the gear teeth surface finish is not to be rougher than 1.05 m (41 in.) arithmetic or
centerline average. However, gears having a rated power below 3728 kW (5000 hp) and with a
surface finish rougher than 1.05 m (41 in.) arithmetic or centerline average will be specially
considered, taking into account the lubricant recommended by the manufacturer.
5.3
Bearings 4-3-1/5.3
Bearings of gear units are to be so designed and arranged that their design lubrication rate is assured
in service under working conditions.
5.3.1
Journal Bearings (2003)

For journal bearings, the maximum bearing pressures, minimum oil film thickness, maximum
predicted internal bearing temperature and the maximum static unit load are to be in
accordance with an applicable standard such as ISO 12130-1:2001 (plain tilting plain thrust
bearings), ISO 12131-1:2001 (plain thrust pad bearings), ISO 12167-1:2001 (plain journal
bearings with drainage grooves), ISO 12168-1:2001 (plain journal bearings without drainage
grooves), ANSI/AGMA 6032-A94, Table 8, etc.
5.3.2
Roller Bearings (2003)

The minimum L10 bearing life is not to be less than 20,000 hours for ahead drives and 5,000
hours for astern. Shorter life may be considered in conjunction with an approved bearing
inspection and replacement program reflecting the actual calculated bearing life. See
4-3-5/5.9 for application to thrusters. Calculations are to be in accordance with an applicable
standard such as ISO 76:1987, ISO 281:1990 (rolling bearings, for static and dynamic ratings,
respectively).
111
Part
Chapter
Section
5.5
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
5.3.3
Alternative Designs (2003)

Consideration will be given to bearing pressures exceeding the limits in the standards listed in
4-3-1/5.3.1 and 4-3-1/5.3.2 provided the manufacturer can demonstrate a reliable operating
history with similar designs.
5.3.4
Shaft Alignment Analysis (2004)

For gear-shafts which are directly connected to the propulsion shafting, the load on the gear
shaft bearings is to be evaluated by taking into consideration the loads resulting from the
shafting alignment condition.
Gear Cases (2003)4-3-1/5.5

Gear cases are to be of substantial construction in order to minimize elastic deflections and maintain
accurate mounting of the gears. They are to be designed to withstand without deleterious deflection:
the tooth forces generated by the gear elements, thrust bearing arrangement, line shaft alignment,
prime mover(s), clutches, couplings and accessories, under all modes of operation. Additionally, the
inertial effects of the gears within the case, due to 1 g horizontal and 2 g vertical dynamic forces of
the ship in a seaway, are to be considered. Calculations, in accordance with the manufacturer's code of
practice, substantiating these Rule requirements are to be submitted. For gear case designs for which
the manufacturer can provide a satisfactory service history, submission of calculations may be
waived.
5.7
Access for Inspection 4-3-1/5.7

The construction of gear cases is to be such that a sufficient number of access points are provided for
adequate inspection of gears, checking of gear teeth contacts and measurement of thrust bearing
clearance. Alternative methods such as use of special viewing devices may be considered.
5.9
Calculation of Shafts for Gears 4-3-1/5.9

5.9.1
General 4-3-1/5.9.1
The diameter of shafts for gears is to be determined by the following equations:
d = k 6 (bT ) 2 + (mM ) 2
b = 0.073 +
m=
n
Y
c1
c2 + Y
where (in SI (MKS and US units), respectively):
112
shaft diameter at section under consideration; mm (mm, in.)
torsional moment at rated speed; N-m (kgf-cm, lbf-in.)
bending moment at section under consideration; N-m (kgf-cm, lbf-in.)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
k, n, c1 and c2 are constants given in the following table:

k
n
c1
SI units
5.25
191.7
1186
MKS units
2.42
19.5
121
US units
0.10
27800
172000
c2
413.7
42.2
60000
5.9.2
Shaft Diameter in way of Gear Wheel 4-3-1/5.9.2

Where gear wheels are fitted by keying, the diameter of the shaft in way of the fitted member
is to be increased not less than 10%.
5.9.3
Astern Power 4-3-1/5.9.3

In determining the required size of gear, coupling and shafting transmitting astern power, the
astern torque is to be considered when it exceeds the transmitted ahead torque. See also
4-1-1/7.5.
5.9.4
Quill Shafts 4-3-1/5.9.4

In the specific case of quill shafts subjected to small stress raisers and no bending moments,
the least diameter may be determined by the following equation:
SI units
MKS units
US units
d = 5.25 3 bT
d = 2.42 3 bT
d = 0.1 3 bT
b = 0.053 +
187.8
Y
b = 0.053 +
19.1
Y
b = 0.053 +
27200
Y
5.9.5
Shaft Couplings 4-3-1/5.9.5

For shaft couplings, coupling bolts, flexible coupling and clutches, see 4-3-2/5.19. For keys,
see 4-3-2/5.7.
5.9.6
Torsional Vibration 4-3-1/5.9.6

Gears forming a part of a propulsion shafting system are to be evaluated for harmful torsional
vibratory stresses in accordance with the criteria provided in 4-3-2/7.5.
5.9.7
Shrink Fitted Pinions and Wheels 4-3-1/5.9.7

For pinions and wheels shrink-fitted on shafts, preloading and stress calculations and fitting
instructions are to be submitted for review. In general, the torsional holding capacity is to be
at least 2.8 times the transmitted mean torque plus vibratory torque due to torsional vibration.
For calculation purpose, to take account of torsional vibratory torque, the following factors
may be applied to the transmitted torque, unless the actual measured vibratory torque is
higher, in which case the actual vibratory torque is to be used.
for direct diesel engine drives: 1.2;

for all other drives, including diesel engine drives with elastic couplings: 1.0.
The preload stress based on the maximum available interference fit or maximum pull-up
length is not to exceed 90% of the minimum specified yield strength.
The following friction coefficients are to be used:
oil injection method of fit: 0.13;
dry method of fit: 0.18.
113
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
5.9.8
5.11

Gears
4-3-1
Shrink Fitted Wheel Rim 4-3-1/5.9.8

For shrink-fitted wheel rims, preloading and stress calculations and fitting instructions are to
be submitted for consideration. In general, the preloading stress based on the maximum
interference fit or maximum pull-up length is not to exceed 90% of the minimum specified
yield strength.
Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears 4-3-1/5.11

The calculation procedures for the rating of external and internal involute spur and helical cylindrical
gears having parallel axes and of bevel gears, with regard to surface durability (pitting) and tooth root
bending strength, may be as given in Appendix 4-3-1A1. These procedures are in substantial
agreement with ISO 6336 and ISO-DIS 10300 for cylinder and bevel gears, respectively.
5.13
Alternative Gear Rating Standards 4-3-1/5.13

Consideration will be given to gears that are rated based on any of the following alternative standards.
In which case, gear rating calculations and justification of the applied gear design coefficients in
accordance with the applicable design standard are to be submitted to the Bureau for review.
Cylindrical gears
AGMA 6032-A94
ISO 6336
DIN 3990, Part 31
5.15
Bevel gears
AGMA 2003-A86
ISO-DIS 10300
DIN 3991
Gears with Multiple Prime Mover Inputs (2003)

For single helical gears with arrangements utilizing multiple prime mover inputs, and single or
multiple outputs, the following analyses for all operating modes are to be conducted:
All bearing reactions
Tooth modifications
Load distributions on the gear teeth
Contact and tooth root bending stresses
A summary of the results of these analyses for each operating mode is to be submitted for review.
Piping Systems for Gears
4-3-1/7
The requirements of piping systems essential for operation of gears for propulsion, maneuvering,
electric power generation and vessels safety are in Section 4-6-5 for diesel engine and gas turbine
installations and in Section 4-6-6 for steam turbine installations. Additionally, requirements for
hydraulic and pneumatic systems are provided in Section 4-6-7. Specifically, the following references
are applicable:
114
lubricating oil system:
4-6-5/5 and 4-6-6/9;
cooling system:
4-6-5/7 and 4-6-6/11;
hydraulic system:
4-6-7/3;
pneumatic system:
4-6-7/5;
piping system general requirements:
Section 4-6-1 and Section 4-6-2.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
Testing, Inspection and Certification of Gears
9.1
Material Tests 4-3-1/9.1
4-3-1/9
For testing of materials intended for gear construction, see 4-3-1/3.1 and 4-3-1/3.3.
9.3
Dynamic Balancing 4-3-1/9.3

Finished pinions and wheels are to be dynamically balanced in two planes where their pitch line
velocity exceeds 25 m/s (4920 ft/min).
Where their pitch line velocity does not exceed 25 m/s (4920 ft/min) or where dynamic balance is
impracticable due to size, weight, speed or construction of units, the parts may be statically balanced
in a single plane.
The residual unbalance in each plane is not to exceed the value determined by the following
equations:
SI units
B = 24W/N
MKS units
B = 24000W/N
US units
B = 15.1W/N
where
9.5
maximum allowable residual unbalance; N-mm (gf-mm, oz-in)
weight of rotating part; N (kgf, lbf)
rpm at rated speed
Shop Inspection 4-3-1/9.5

Each gear unit that requires to be certified by 4-3-1/1.1 is to be inspected during manufacture by a
Surveyor for conformance with the approved design. This is to include but not limited to checks on
gear teeth hardness, and surface finish and dimension checks of main load bearing components The
accuracy of meshing is to be verified for all meshes and the initial tooth contact pattern is to be
checked by the Surveyor.
Reports on pinions and wheels balancing as per 4-3-1/9.3 are to be made available to the Surveyor for
verification.
9.7
Certification of Gears 4-3-1/9.7

9.7.1
General 4-3-1/9.7.1
Each gear required to be certified by 4-3-1/1.1 is:
i)
required by 4-3-1/1.5 are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval;
ii)
to be surveyed during its construction, which is to include, but not limited to, material
tests as indicated in 4-3-1/9.1, meshing accuracy and tooth contact pattern checks as
indicated in 4-3-1/9.5, and verification of dynamic balancing as indicated in
4-3-1/9.3.
115
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
9.7.2

Gears
4-3-1
Approval Under the Type Approval Program (2003)4-3-1/9.7.2

9.7.2(a) Product design assessment. Upon application by the manufacturer, each rating of a
type of gear may be design assessed as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. For this purpose, each rating
of a gear type is to be approved in accordance with 4-3-1/9.7.1i). The type test, however, is to
be conducted in accordance with an approved test schedule and is to be witnessed by a
Surveyor. Gear so approved may be applied to the Bureau for listing on the ABS website as
Products Design Assessed. Once listed, and subject to renewal and updating of certificate as
required by 1-1-A3/5.7, gear particulars will not be required to be submitted to the Bureau
each time the engine is proposed for use onboard a vessel.
9.7.2(b) Mass produced gears. A manufacturer of mass-produced gears, who operates a

quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the Bureau for quality
Upon satisfactory assessment under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA), gears produced in those facilities will
not require a Surveyors attendance at the tests and inspections indicated in 4-3-1/9.7.1ii).
Such tests and inspections are to be carried out by the manufacturer whose quality control
documents will be accepted. Certification of each gear will be based on verification of
approval of the design and on continued effectiveness of the quality assurance system. See
1-1-A3/5.7.1(a).
9.7.2(c) Non-mass Produced Gears. A manufacturer of non-mass produced gears, who
operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the Bureau
for quality assurance assessment described in 1-1-A3/5.3.1(a) (AQS) or 1-1-A3/5.3.1(b)
4-1-1/Table 2.
9.7.2(d) Type Approval Program. Gear types which have their ratings approved in
9.9

After installation on board a vessel, the gear unit is to be operated in the presence of the Surveyor to
demonstrate its ability to function satisfactorily under operating conditions and its freedom from
harmful vibration at speeds within the operating range. When the propeller is driven through reduction
gears, the Surveyor is to ascertain that no gear-tooth chatter occurs throughout the operating range;
otherwise, a barred speed range, as specified in 4-3-2/7.5.5, is to be provided.
For conventional propulsion gear units above 1120 kW (1500 hp), a record of gear-tooth contact is to
be made at the trials. To facilitate the survey of extent and uniformity of gear-tooth contact, selected
bands of pinion or gear teeth on each meshing are to be coated beforehand with copper or layout dye.
See also 7-6-2/1.1.2 for the first annual survey after the vessel enters service.
Post trial examination of spur and helical type gears is to indicate essentially uniform contact across
90% of the effective face width of the gear teeth, excluding end relief.
The gear-tooth examination for spur and helical type gear units of 1120 kW (1500 hp) and below, all
epicyclical gear units and bevel type gears will be subject to special consideration. The gear
manufacturers recommendations will be considered.
116
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Appendix 1 Rating of Cylindrical

and Bevel Gears
4-3-1A1
Application
4-3-1A1/1
The following calculation procedures cover the rating of external and internal involute spur and
helical cylindrical gears having parallel axis, and of bevel gears with regard to surface durability
(pitting) and tooth root bending strength.
For normal working pressure angles in excess of 25 or helix angles in excess of 30, the results
obtained from these calculation procedures are to be confirmed by experience data which are to be
submitted by the manufacturer.
The influence factors are defined regarding their physical interpretation. Some of the influence factors
are determined by the gear geometry or have been established by conventions. These factors are to be
calculated in accordance with the equations provided.
Other influence factors, which are approximations, and are indicated as such, may also be calculated
according to appropriate alternative methods for which engineering justification is to be provided for
verification.
Symbols and Units
4-3-1A1/3
The main symbols used are listed below. Symbols specifically introduced in connection with the
definition of influence factors are described in the appropriate sections.
Units of calculations are given in the sequence of SI units (MKS units, and US units.)
a
b
b1, b2
beH
bs
bB
d1, d2
da1, da2
db1, db2
df1, df2
center distance
common facewidth
facewidth of pinion, wheel
effective facewidth
web thickness
facewidth of one helix on a double helical gear
reference diameter of pinion, wheel
tip diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)
base diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)
root diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
117
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Appendix 1 Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears
di1, di2
dsh
dshi
dw1, dw2
ffa1, ffa2
fpb1, fpb2
h1, h2
ha1, ha2
ha01, ha02
hf1, hf2
hfp1, hfp2
hF1, hF2
l
lb
mn
mna
mt
n1, n2
pr01, pr02
q1, q2
sFn1, sFn2
s
u
v
x1, x2
xsm
z1, z2
zn1, zn2
B
Fbt
Ft
P
Q
R
Rm
Rzf1, Rzf2
Rzr1, Rzr2
T1, T2
U
en1, en2
Fen1, Fen2
n
t
tw
b
1, 2
a1, a2
118
rim inside diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)

external diameter of shaft
internal diameter of hollow shaft
working pitch diameter of pinion, wheel
profile form deviation of pinion, wheel
transverse base pitch deviation of pinion, wheel
tooth depth of pinion, wheel
addendum of pinion, wheel
addendum of tool of pinion, wheel
dedendum of pinion, wheel
dedendum of basic rack of pinion, wheel
bending moment arm for tooth root bending stress for application of load
at the outer point of single tooth pair contact for pinion , wheel
bearing span
length of contact
normal module
outer normal module
transverse module
rotational speed of pinion, wheel
protuberance of tool for pinion, wheel
machining allowance of pinion, wheel
tooth root chord in the critical section of pinion, wheel
distance between mid-plane of pinion and the middle of the bearing span
gear ratio
tangential speed at reference diameter
addendum modification coefficient of pinion, wheel
tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface)
number of teeth of pinion, wheel
virtual number of teeth of pinion, wheel
total facewidth, of double helical gear including gap width
nominal tangential load on base cylinder in the transverse section
nominal transverse tangential load at reference cylinder
transmitted rated power
ISO grade of accuracy
cone distance
middle cone distance
flank roughness of pinion, wheel
fillet roughness of pinion. wheel
nominal torque of pinion, wheel
minimum ultimate tensile strength of core (applicable to through
hardened, nomalized and cast gears only)
form-factor pressure angle: pressure angle at the outer point of single
pair tooth contact for pinion, wheel
load direction angle: relevant to direction of application of load at the
outer point of single pair tooth contact of pinion, wheel
normal pressure angle at reference cylinder
transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder
transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder
helix angle at reference cylinder
helix angle at base cylinder
reference cone angle of pinion, wheel
tip angle of pinion, wheel
transverse contact ratio
overlap ratio
total contact ratio
4-3-1A1
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
rpm
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
m/s (m/s, ft/min)
mm (mm, in.)
N (kgf, lbf)
N (kgf, lbf)
kW (mhp, hp)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
m (m, in.)
m (m, in.)
N-m (kgf-m, lbf-ft)
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
-
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

a01, a02
c
fp
F1, F2
tip radius of tool of pinion, wheel

radius of curvature at pitch surface
root radius of basic rack
root fillet radius at the critical section of pinion, wheel
Subscripts
1 = pinion; 2 = wheel; 0 = tool
Geometrical Definitions
4-3-1A1
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
4-3-1A1/5
For internal gearing z2, a, d2 , da2 , db2 , dw2 and u are negative.
The pinion is defined as the gear with the smaller number of teeth. Therefore the absolute value of the
gear ratio, defined as follows, is always greater or equal to the unity:
u = z2/z1 = dw2/dw1 = d2/d1
In the equation of surface durability, b is the common facewidth on the pitch diameter.
In the equation of tooth root bending stress, b1 or b2 are the facewidths at the respective tooth roots. In
any case, b1 and b2 are not to be taken as greater than b by more than one normal module mn on either
side.
The common facewidth b may be used also in the equation of teeth root bending stress if significant
crowning or end relief have been applied.
Additional geometrical definitions are given in the following expressions.
tant = tann/cos
tanb = tan cost
d1,2 = z1,2 mn/cos
db1,2 = d1,2 cost = dw1,2 costw
a = 0.5(dw1 + dw2)
zn1,2 = z1,2/(cos2b cos)
mt = mn/cos
inv = tan /180, in degrees
invtw = invt + 2 tann
(x1 + x2 )
(z1 + z2 )
db1 + db 2
, tw in degrees
2a
tw = arccos
x1 + x2 =
x1 =
(z1 + z2 ) (invtw invt )

2 tan n
d2 d f 2
h
ha 0 d1 d f 1
, x 2 = a0
2 mn
mn
mn
2 mn
119
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
0.5 d a21 db21 0.5 d a22 db22 a sin tw

cost
mn
cos
(The positive sign is to be used for external gears; the negative sign for internal gears.)
b sin
mn
(For double helix, b is to be taken as the width of one helix.)
= +
c =
a sin tw u
mn
v = d1,2 n1,2/19099
[SI and MKS units]
v = d1,2 n1,2/3.82
[US units]
Bevel Gear Conversion and Specific Formulas
4-3-1A1/7
Conversion of bevel gears to virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gears is based on the bevel gear
midsection.
Index v refers to the virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear.
Index m refers to the midsection of bevel gear.
1, 2 =
a1, a2 =
reference cone angle pinion, wheel

tip angle pinion, wheel
shaft angle
helix angle at reference cylinder
cone distance pinion, wheel
Rm
middle cone distance
Number of teeth of virtual cylindrical gear:

z v1 =
z1
cos 1
zv 2 =
z2
cos 2
Gear ratio of virtual cylindrical gear:

uv =
z v2
z v1
Geometrical definitions:
1 + 2 = (= 90)
120
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

tan vt =
4-3-1A1
tan n
cos m
tanbm = tanm cosvt

R=
d 1, 2
2 sin 1, 2
Rm = R
R
b
, b
3
2
Reference diameter of pinion, wheel refers to the midsection of the bevel gear:
dm1 = d1 b sin1
dm2 = d2 b sin2
Modules:
Outer normal module:
mna = mt cosm
Normal module at mid-facewidth:
mmn = mt
Rm
cosm
R
mmn =
d m1
cosm
z1
mmn =
d m2
cosm
z2
Base pitch:
pbtm =
mmn cos vt
cos m
Reference diameter of pinion, wheel refers to the virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear:
d v1 =
d m1
cos 1
dv 2 =
d m2
cos 2
Base diameter of pinion, wheel:

dvb1 = dv1 cosvt
dvb2 = dv2 cosvt
Center distance:
av = 0.5 (dv1 + dv2)
121
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Transverse working pressure angle:

dvb1 + dvb 2
, tw in degrees
2 av
tw = arccos
Addendum:
For gears with constant addendum Zyklo-Palloid (Klingelnberg):

ham1 = mmn (1 + xm1)
ham2 = mmn (1 + xm2)
For gears with variable addendum (Gleason):

ham1 = ha1
b
tan(a1 1)
2
ham2 = ha2
b
tan(a2 2)
2
Addendum modification coefficients:

x m1 =
ham1 ham 2
2 m mn
x m2 =
ham 2 ham1
2 m mn
Dedendum:
For gears with constant dedendum Zyklo-Palloid (Klingelnberg):

hfp = (1.251.30) mmn
fp = (0.20.3) mmn
For gears with variable dedendum (Gleason):
hfm1 = hf1
b
tan(a1 1)
2
hfm2 = hf2
b
tan(a2 2)
2
hf1 = hfm1 + xm1 mmn

hf2 = hfm2 + xm2 mmn
Tip diameter of pinion, wheel:

dva1 = dv1 + 2 ham1
dva2 = dv2 + 2 ham2
Transverse contact ratio:
122
0.5 d va12 d vb12 + 0.5 d va 2 2 dvb 2 2 av sin avt

cos avt
mmn
cos m
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Overlap ratio:
b sin m
mmn
Total contact ratio:
= 2 + 2
Tangential speed at midsection:
v mt =
d m1, 2 n1, 2
m/s
19099
d m1, 2 n1, 2
vmt =
[SI and MKS units]
ft/min [US units]
3.82
Radius of curvature (normal section):
vc =
av sin vt
uv
cos bm (1 + uv )2
Length of contact:
lb =
2 [(2 ) (1 )]2
b
cos bm
2
for < 1
lb =
b
cos bm
for 1
Nominal Tangential Load, Ft, Fmt 4-3-1A1/9

The nominal tangential load, Ft or Fmt, tangential to the reference cylinder and perpendicular to the
relevant axial plane, is calculated directly from the rated power transmitted by the gear by means of
the following equations:
SI units
T1,2 = 9549P/n1,2
MKS units
T1,2 = 716.2P/n1,2
N-m
Cylindrical
gears
Ft =
kgf-m
2000T1, 2
d1, 2
19.1P 10
n1, 2 d1, 2
Fmt =
Ft =
lbf-ft
2000T1, 2
d1, 2
1.4325 P 10
n1, 2 d1, 2
kgf
N
Bevel
gears
US units
T1,2 = 5252P/n1,2
2000T1, 2
d m1, 2
19.1P 106
n1, 2 d m1, 2
Fmt =
Ft =
24T1, 2
d1, 2
126.05 P 103
n1, 2 d1, 2
lbf
2000T1, 2
kgf
d m1, 2
1.4325P 106
n1, 2 d m1, 2
Fmt =
24T1, 2
d m1, 2
126.05 P 103
n1, 2 d m1, 2
lbf
Where the vessel, on which the gear unit is being used, is receiving an Ice Class notation, the ice
corrected torque values Ti as determined from 6-1-1/57 or 6-1-2/33 for the relevant Ice Class are to be
used in the above equation in place of T1,2.
123
Part
Chapter
Section
11
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Application Factor, KA 4-3-1A1/11

The application factor, KA, accounts for dynamic overloads from sources external to the gearing.
The application factor, KA, for gears designed for infinite life, is defined as the ratio between the
maximum repetitive cyclic torque applied to the gear set and the nominal rated torque.
The factor mainly depends on:
characteristics of driving and driven machines;
ratio of masses;
type of couplings;
operating conditions as e.g., overspeeds, changes in propeller load conditions.
When operating near a critical speed of the drive system, a careful analysis of these conditions must
be made.
The application factor, KA, should be determined by measurements or by appropriate system analysis.
Where a value determined in such a way cannot be provided, the following values are to be used:
a)
b)
13
Main propulsion gears:

turbine and electric drive:
1.00
diesel engine with hydraulic or electromagnetic slip coupling:
1.00
diesel engine with high elasticity coupling:
1.30
diesel engine with other couplings:
1.50
Auxiliary gears:
electric motor, diesel engine with hydraulic or electromagnetic slip coupling:
1.00
diesel engine with high elasticity coupling:
1.20
diesel engine with other couplings:
1.40
Load Sharing Factor, K
4-3-1A1/13
The load sharing factor K accounts for the maldistribution of load in multiple path transmissions as
e.g., dual tandem, epicyclical, double helix.
The load sharing factor K is defined as the ratio between the maximum load through an actual path
and the evenly shared load. The factor mainly depends on accuracy and flexibility of the branches.
The load sharing factor K should be determined by measurements or by appropriate system analysis.
Where a value determined in such a way cannot be provided, the following values are to be used:
a)
b)
124
Epicyclical gears:
up to 3 planetary gears:
1.00
1.20
1.30
6 planetary gears and over:
1.40
Other gear arrangements:
1.00
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

c)
15
4-3-1A1
Bevel gears:
for 2 :
1.00
for 2 < < 3.5 :
1 + 0.2 ( 2) (5 )
for 3.5 :
1.30
Dynamic Factor, Kv
4-3-1A1/15
The dynamic factor, Kv, accounts for internally generated dynamic loads due to vibrations of pinion
and wheel against each other.
The dynamic factor, Kv, is defined as the ratio between the maximum load which dynamically acts on
the tooth flanks and the maximum externally applied load (Ft KA K ).
transmission errors (depending on pitch and profile errors);
masses of pinion and wheel;
gear mesh stiffness variation as the gear teeth pass through the meshing cycle;
transmitted load including application factor;
pitch line velocity;
dynamic unbalance of gears and shaft;
shaft and bearing stiffnesses;
damping characteristics of the gear system.
The dynamic factor, Kv, is to be advised by the manufacturer as supported by his measurements,
analysis or experience data or is to be determined as per 4-3-1A1/15.1, except that where vz1/100 is
3 m/s (590 ft/min.) or above, Kv may be obtained from Appendix 4-3-1A1/15.3.
15.1
Determination of Kv Simplified Method 4-3-1A1/15.1

Where all of the following four conditions are satisfied, Kv may be determined in accordance with
Appendix 4-3-1A1/15.1.
a)
Steel gears of heavy rims sections.
b)
Values of Ft /b are in accordance with the following table:
c)
SI units
> 150 N/mm
z1 < 50
d)
Running speeds in the subcritical range are in accordance with the following table:
MKS units
> 15 kgf/mm
US units
> 856 lbf/in
(vz1) / 100
Helical gears
Spur gears
All types of gears
SI & MKS units

< 14 m/s
< 10 m/s
< 3 m/s
US units
< 2756 ft/min
< 1968 ft/min
< 590 ft/min
125
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
For gears other than specified above, the single resonance method, as per 4-3-1A1/15.3 below, may be
applied.
The methods of calculation are as follows:
SI and MKS units
For helical gears of
overlap ratio unity
Kv = Kvh = 1 + K1 v z1/100
Kv = Kvh = 1 + K1 v z1/19685
Kv is obtained by means of linear interpolation:
For helical gears of

overlap ratio < unity
Kv = Kvs (Kvs Kvh)

Kv = Kvs = 1 + K1 v z1/100
For spur gears
US units
Kv = Kvs = 1 + K1 v z1/19685
In the above conditions (b, c and d) and in the above formulas:

the real z1 is to be used instead of the virtual (equivalent) zv1;
v is to be substituted by vmt; (tangential speed at midsection); and
Ft is to be substituted by Fmt.
For bevel gears
For all gears
K1 values are specified in table below.
K1 for different values of Q (ISO Grades of accuracy)

3
4
5
6
7
8
Spur gears
0.0220
0.0300
0.0430
0.0620
0.0920
0.1250
Helical gears
0.0125
0.0165
0.0230
0.0330
0.0480
0.0700
Q is to be according to ISO 1328. In case of mating gears with different grades of accuracy, the
grade corresponding to the lower accuracy should be used.
15.3
Determination of Kv Single Resonance Method 4-3-1A1/15.3

For single stage gears, the dynamic factor Kv may be determined from 4-3-1A1/15.3.3 through
4-3-1A1/15.3.6 for the ratio N in 4-3-1A1/15.3.1 and using the factors given in 4-3-1A1/15.3.2.
15.3.1 Resonance Ratio, N 4-3-1A1/15.3.1
n
N= 1
nE1
nE 1 =
C
30 103
z1
mred
rpm
[SI units]
nE1 =
C
93.947 103
z1
mred
rpm
[MKS units]
nE1 =
C
589.474 103
z1
mred
rpm
[US units]
where:
126
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

mred =
mred =
relative reduced mass of the gear pair, per unit facewidth referred to the
line of action:
d m1
mred =
4-3-1A1
d m2 1
4
4
2
8 d b1 1 (1 q1 ) 1 + 1 (1 q2 ) 2 u
) (
J1 J 2
2
d
d
p J1 b 2 + J 2 b1
2
2
kg/mm (kg/mm, lb/in.)
kg/mm (kg/mm, lb/in.)
for planetary gears, p = number of planets

d a1,a 2 d f 1, f 2
dm1, m2 =
d i1
d
; q2 = i 2
d m1
d m2
q1 =
J1
J1 =
J2 =
32
=
for reference, see 4-3-1A1/Figure 5
moment of inertia per unit facewidth for pinion:
1 d b41
J2
mm, (mm, in.)
kg-mm2/mm, (kg-mm2/mm, lb-in2/in.)
moment of inertia per unit facewidth for wheel:
2 d b42
32
kg-mm2/mm, (kg-mm2/mm, lb-in2/in.)
1, 2 =
density of pinion, wheel materials
density of steel material:
7.83 10-6
kg/mm3
[SI and MKS units]
2.83 10-1
lb/in3
[US units]
Bevel gears:
For bevel gears, the real z1 (not the equivalent) and the equivalent base diameter for pinion
and wheel dvb1, dvb2 should be inserted in the above formulas.
Mesh stiffness per unit facewidth, C :
C =
20
Bb
0.85
N/mm-m
[SI units]
C =
2.039
Bb
0.85
kgf/mm-m
[MKS units]
C =
2.901
Bb
0.85
lbf/in.-in.
[US units]
127
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Tooth stiffness of one pair of teeth per unit facewidth (single stiffness), c:
c =
14
Bb
0.85
N/mm-m
[SI units]
c =
1.428
Bb
0.85
kgf/mm-m
[MKS units]
c =
2.031
Bb
0.85
lbf/in.-in.
[US units]
For a combination of different materials for pinion and wheel, c' is to be multiplied by ,
where
E
Est
E=
2 E1E2
E1 + E2
Est
where values of E1 and E2 are to be obtained from 4-3-1A1/Table 1
Youngs modulus of steel; see 4-3-1A1/Table 1
Overall facewidth, Bb:

Bb =
beH
b
where: beH = effective facewidth, mm (mm, in.)

Note: Higher values than Bb = 0.85 are not to be used.
Cylindrical gears:
Mesh stiffness per unit facewidth, C :
C = c (0.75 + 0.25)
N/mm-m (kgf/mm-m, lbf/in.-in.)
Tooth stiffness of one pair of teeth per unit facewidth (single stiffness), c:
c = 0.8
cos
CBS CR
q
c = 8.158 10 2
cos
CBS CR
q
c = 11.603 10 2
cos
CBS CR
q
N/mm-m
[SI units]
kgf/mm-m
[MKS units]
lbf/in.-in.
[US units]
For a combination of different materials for pinion and wheel, c is to be multiplied by ,

where
E
Est
E=
2 E1 E2
where values of E1 and E2 are to be obtained from 4-3-1A1/Table 1
E1 + E2
Est
128
Youngs modulus of steel; see 4-3-1A1/Table 1

Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

q = 0.04723+
4-3-1A1
0.11654 x
0.24188 x
0.15551 0.25791
1 0.00193 x
2 + 0.00529 x 2 + 0.00182 x 2
+
0.00635 x
1
2
1
2
z
z
z
z
n1
n2
zn1 =
zn 2 =
n1
n2
z1
cos 2 b cos
z2
2
cos b cos
Note: For internal gears, use zn2 ( = ) equal infinite and x2 = 0.
h fp
[1 0.02 (20 n )]
CBS = 1 + 0.5 1.2
mn
When the pinion basic rack dedendum is different from that of the wheel, the arithmetic mean
of CBS1 for a gear pair conjugate to the pinion basic rack and CBS2 for a gear pair conjugate to
the basic rack of the wheel:
CBS = 0.5 (CBS1 + CBS2)
Gear blank factor, CR :
CR = 1 +
ln(bs / b)
5 e( s R / 5mn )
when: 1)
bs/b < 0.2 ,
use 0.2 for bs/b
2)
bs/b > 1.2 ,
use 1.2 for bs/b
3)
sR/mn < 1 ,
use 1.0 for sR/mn
For bs and sR see 4-3-1A1/Figure 3

15.3.2 Factors Bp, Bj, and Bk 4-3-1A1/15.3.2
a)
Values for fpt and ya according to ISO grades of accuracy Q :
fpt
ya
(2)
Q (1)
4 (3)
10
11 (4)
12
12
25
45
70
100
150
201
282
in
118
236
472
984
1772
2756
0.5
1.5
15
25
in
19.7 59.1
157
276
591
984
ISO grades of accuracy according to ISO 1328. In case of mating gears with different
grades of accuracy, the grade corresponding to the lower accuracy should be used.
For specific determination of ya , see b) through d) below.
Hardened nitrided.
Tempered normalized.
3937 5906 7913 11102

40
55
75
1575 2165 2953
Notes
2
3
4
129
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

b)
Determination of ya for structural steels, through hardened steels and nodular cast iron
(perlite, bainite):
SI units
ya =
160
Hlim
MKS units
f pb
ya =
16.315
Hlim
US units
f pb
ya =
2.331 104
Hlim
f pb
For v 5 m/s:
For v 5 m/s:
For v 984 ft/min:
no restriction
no restriction
no restriction
For 5 m/s < v 10 m/s:
For 5 m/s < v 10 m/s:
For 984 ft/min < v 1968 ft/min:
yamax =
12800
Hlim
and
yamax =
1.305 103
Hlim
and
yamax =
7.341 107
and
Hlim
fpbmax = 80 m
fpbmax = 80 m
fpbmax = 3150 in
For v > 10 m/s:
For v > 10 m/s:
For v > 1968 ft/min:
yamax =
6400
Hlim
yamax =
and
fpbmax = 40 m
c)
652.618
Hlim
fpbmax = 40 m
and
yamax =
3.67 107
Hlim
fpbmax = 1575 in
US units
ya = 0.275 fpb m
ya = 0.275 fpb in
For v 5 m/s: no restriction
For v 984 ft/min: no restriction
For 5 m/s < v 10 m/s:
yamax = 22 and fpbmax = 80 m
yamax = 866 and fpbmax = 3150 in
For v > 10 m/s :
For v > 1968 ft/min
yamax = 11 and fpbmax = 40 m
yamax = 433 and fpbmax = 1575 in
d)
and
Determination of ya for gray cast iron and nodular cast iron (ferritic):
SI and MKS units
Determination of ya for case hardened, nitrided or nitrocarburized steels:

SI and MKS units
130
4-3-1A1
US units
ya = 0.075 fpb m
ya = 0.075 fpb in
For all velocities but with the

restriction:
For all velocities but with the

restriction:
Yamax = 3 and
yamax = 118 and
fpbmax = 40 m
fpbmax = 1575 in
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
When the material of pinion differs from that of the wheel, ya1 for pinion and ya2 for wheel
are to be determined separately. The mean value:
ya = 0.5(ya1 + ya2)
is to be used for the calculation.
e)
Determination of factors Bp, Bf , Bk

Bp =
Bf =
c f pbeff b
Ft K A K
c f feff b
Ft K A K
where
fpbeff = fpb ya
m (m, in)
ffeff = ffa yf
m (m, in)
fpb = fpt cost
m (m, in)
yf can be determined in the same way as ya when the profile deviation ffa is used instead of the
base pitch deviation fpb.
Bk = 1
Ca
Ceff
where:
SI units [m]
MKS units [m]

2
Ca =
1 Hlim
18.45 + 1.5
18 97
US units [in]
2
Ca =
1 Hlim
18.45 + 1.5
18 9.891
Ca =
1 Hlim
18.45 + 59
0.457 1.407 104
When the materials differ, Ca1 should be determined for the pinion material and Ca2 for the wheel material
C + C a2
is used for the calculation.
using the following equations. The average value C a = a1
2
2
Ca1 =
1 Hlim1
18.45 + 1.5
18 97
1 Hlim1
18.45 + 1.5
18 9.891
Ca 2
Ca1 =
Ca1 =
1 Hlim1
18.45 + 59
4
0.457 1.407 10
1 Hlim 2
1
1
18.45 + 59
= Hlim 2 18.45 + 1.5 Ca 2 = Hlim 2 18.45 + 1.5 Ca 2 =
4
0.457 1.407 10
18 9.891
18 97
and
C eff =
Ft K A
b c
m (m, in)
131
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
15.3.3 Dynamic Factor, Kv, in the Subcritical Range (N 0.85) 4-3-1A1/15.3.3
Cv1
0.32
Cv2
0.34
Cv 2 =
for 2
0.57
for > 2
0 .3
Cv3
Cv3 =
0.096
1.56
for 2
0.23
for > 2
(Cv1 Bp) + (Cv2 Bf) + (Cv3 Bk)
Kv = (N K) + 1
15.3.4 Dynamic Factor, Kv, in the Main Resonance Range (0.85 < N 1.15) 4-3-1A1/15.3.4
Cv4
Cv 4 =
Kv
for 2
0.90
0.57 0.05
for > 2
1.44
=
(Cv1 Bp) + (Cv2 Bf) + (Cv4 Bk) + 1
For Cv1 and Cv2, see 4-3-1A1/15.3.3 above.

15.3.5 Dynamic Factor, Kv, in the Supercritical Range (N 1.5) 4-3-1A1/15.3.5
Cv5
0.47
Cv6
0.47
for 2
Cv6
0.12
1.74
for > 2
Cv7
0.75
for 1.0 < 1.5
Cv7
0.125sin[( 2)] + 0.875
for 1.5 < 2.5
Cv7
1.0
for > 2.5
Kv
(Cv5 Bp) + (Cv6 Bf) + Cv7
15.3.6 Dynamic Factor, Kv, in the Intermediate Range (1.15 < N < 1.5) 4-3-1A1/15.3.6
In this range, the dynamic factor is determined by linear interpolation between Kv at N = 1.15
as specified in 4-3-1A1/15.3.4 and Kv at N = 1.5 as specified in 4-3-1A1/15.3.5.
K v = K v ( N =1.5) +
K v ( N =1.15) K v ( N =1.5)
0.35
(1.5 N )
For bevel gears, the Fmt and vt (equivalent) is to be substituted for Ft and t in the above
formulas.
132
Part
Chapter
Section
17
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Face Load Distribution Factors, KH and KF 4-3-1A1/17

The face load distribution factors, KH for contact stress and KF for tooth root bending stress, account
for the effects of non-uniform distribution of load across the facewidth.
KH is defined as follows:
KH =
maximum load per unit facewidth

mean load per unit facewidth
KF is defined as follows:
KF =
maximum bending stress at tooth root per unit facewidth

mean bending stress at tooth root per unit facewidth
Note: The mean bending stress at tooth root relates to the considered facewidth b1 or b2
KF can be expressed as a function of the factor KH.
The factors KH and KF mainly depend on:
gear tooth manufacturing accuracy;
errors in mounting due to bore errors;
bearing clearances;
wheel and pinion shaft alignment errors;
elastic deflections of gear elements, shafts, bearings, housing and foundations which support
the gear elements;
thermal expansion and distortion due to operating temperature;
compensating design elements (tooth crowning, end relief, etc.).
These factors can be obtained from 4-3-1A1/17.3 and 4-3-1A1/17.5, using the factors in
4-3-1A1/17.1.
17.1
Factors Used for the Determination of KH

17.1.1 Helix Deviation F (2003)
4-3-1A1/17.1
4-3-1A1/17.1.1
The helix deviation, F, is to be determined by the designer or by the following equations and
tables:
SI and MKS units, m
F = 0.1 d geom + 0.63 bgeom + 4.2
US units, in.
F = 19.8 d geom + 125.0 bgeom + 165.4
for ISO Grade of accuracy Q = 5
for ISO Grade of accuracy Q = 5
For other accuracy grades, multiply F by the following formula:

20.5(Q 5) where 0 Q 12
133
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

SI and MKS units
4-3-1A1
US units
Reference diameter d mm
Corresponding geometric
mean diameter dgeom mm
Reference diameter d in
mean diameter dgeom in
5 d 20
10.00
0.2 d 0.79
0.3937
20 < d 50
31.62
0.79 d 2.0
1.245
50 < d 125
79.06
2.0 d 4.92
3.112
125 < d 280
187.1
4.92 d 11.0
7.365
280 < d 560
396.0
11.0 d 22.0
15.59
560 < d 1000
748.3
22.0 d 39.37
29.46
1000 < d 1600
1265
39.37 d 62.99
49.80
1600 < d 2500
2000
62.99 d 98.43
78.74
2500 < d 4000
3162
98.43 d 157.5
124.5
4000 < d 6000
4899
157.5 d 236.2
192.9
6000 < d 8000
6928
236.2 d 315.0
272.8
8000 < d 10000
8944
315.0 d 393.70
352.1
Facewidth b mm
mean facewidth bgeom mm
Facewidth b in
mean facewidth bgeom in
4 < b 10
6.325
0.16 < b 0.39
0.2490
10 < b 20
14.14
0.39 < b 0.79
0.5568
20 < b 40
28.28
0.79 < b 1.6
1.114
40 < b 80
56.57
1.6 < b 3.15
2.227
80 < b 160
113.1
3.15 < b 6.30
4.454
160 < b 250
200.0
6.30 < b 9.84
7.874
250 < b 400
316.2
9.84 < b 15.7
12.45
400 < b 650
509.9
15.7 < b 25.6
20.07
650 < b 1000
806.2
25.6 < b 39.37
31.74
5 m F 10 m
F > 10 m (in)
SI and MKS units
US units
Rounding Rules
For resulting F
F < 5 m
Round to the nearest 0.1 m
value or integer number
134
Round to the nearest 0.5

m value or integer number
Round to the nearest integer

number
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
17.1.2 Mesh Alignment fma [m (m, in.)] 4-3-1A1/17.1.2
Generally: fma = 1.0F.

For gear pairs with well designed end relief: fma = 0.7F..
For gear pairs with provision for adjustment (lapping or running-in under light load,
adjustment bearings or appropriate helix modification) and gear pairs suitably crowned:
fma = 0.5F.
For helix deviation due to manufacturing inaccuracies: fma = 0.5F.
17.1.3 Initial Equivalent Misalignment F [m (m, in.)] 4-3-1A1/17.1.3
F is the absolute value of the sum of manufacturing deviations and pinion and shaft
deflections, measured in the plane of action.
F = 1.33 fsh + fma
fsh = fsh0
Ft K A K K v
b
fsh0min = 0.005
m-mm/N
[SI units]
fsh0min = 0.049
m-mm/kgf
[MKS units]
fsh0min = 0.03445
in.-in./lbf
[US units]
SI units
MKS units
US units
[m-mm/N]
[m-mm/kgf]
[in-in./lbf]
For spur and helical gears without crowning or

end relief
f sh0 = 0.023
f sh 0 = 0.22555
f sh 0 = 0.15858
For spur and helical gears without crowning but

with end relief
f sh 0 = 0.016
f sh 0 = 0.15691
f sh 0 = 0.11032
For spur and helical gears with crowning
f sh 0 = 0.012
f sh 0 = 0.11768
f sh 0 = 0.08274
For spur and helical gears with crowning and end

relief
f sh 0 = 0.010
f sh 0 = 0.09807
f sh 0 = 0.06895
2
d1
s
b
l
0.3 + 0.3
= 1 + K 2
d1
d1 d sh
for spur and single helical gears
2
b
l s d1
0.3 + 0.3 B
= 2 1.5 + K 2
d1
d1 d sh
for double helical gears
where bB = b/2 is the width of one helix.

The constant K makes allowances for the position of the pinion in relation to the torqued end.
It can be taken from 4-3-1A1/Table 6.
135
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
17.1.4 Determination of y and for Structural Steels, Through Hardened Steels and
Nodular Cast Iron (Perlite, Bainite) 4-3-1A1/17.1.4
SI units
MKS units
US units
320
32.63
4.662 10 4
y =
F m
y =
F m
y =
F in.
H lim
= 1
H lim
320
= 1
H lim
32.63
= 1
4.662 10 4
H lim
with y F ; 0
H lim
with y F ; 0
H lim
with y F ; 0
For v 5 m/s
no restriction
For v 5 m/s
no restriction
For v 984 ft/min

no restriction
For 5 m/s < v 10 m/s:

25600
y max =
For 5 m/s < v 10 m/s:

2.61 10 3
y max =

14.682 10 7
y max =
corresponding to F = 80 m
corresponding to F = 3150 in.
For v > 10 m/s:

12800
y max =
For v > 10 m/s:

1.305 10 3
y max =

7.341 10 7
y max =
H lim
H lim
H lim
H lim
H lim
H lim
For H lim, see 4-3-1A1/Table 3.

17.1.5 Determination of y and for Gray Cast Iron and Nodular Cast Iron (Ferritic): 4-3-1/17.1.5
SI & MKS units, m

y = 0.55 F
= 0.45
US units, in
y = 0.55 F
= 0.45
For v 5 m/s, no restriction

For 5 m/s < v 10 m/s:
ymax = 45
For v 984 ft/min, no restriction

ymax = 1771
For v > 10 m/s:

ymax = 22

ymax = 866
17.1.6 Determination of y and for Case Hardened, Nitrided or Nitrocarburized Steels: 4-31A1/17.1.6
SI & MKS units

y = 0.15 F m
= 0.85
For all velocities but with the restriction:
ymax = 6 corresponding to F = 40 m
US units
y = 0.15 F in.
= 0.85
For all velocities but with the restriction:
ymax = 236 corresponding to F = 1575 in.
When the material of the pinion differs from that of the wheel, y1 and 1 for pinion, and y2
and 2 for wheel are to be determined separately. The mean of either value:
136
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
y = 0.5 (y1 + y2)
= 0.5 (1 + 2)
is to be used for the calculation.
17.3
Face Load Distribution Factor for Contact Stress KH 4-3-1A1/17.3

17.3.1 KH for Helical and Spur Gears 4-3-1A1/17.3.1
b Fy C
K H = 1 +
K H =
2 Ft K A K K v
2 b Fy C
Ft K A K K v
< 2, for
2 for
b Fy C
2 Ft K A K K v
b Fy C
2 Ft K A K K v
<1
where:
Fy = Fx y
Fy = Fx
or
Calculated values of KH 2 are to be reduced by improvement accuracy and helix deviation.

17.3.2 KH for Bevel Gears 4-3-1A1/17.3.2
KH = 1.5
0.85
KHbe
Bb
The bearing factor, KHbe, representing the influence of the bearing arrangement on the
faceload distribution, is given in the following table:
Mounting conditions of pinion and wheel
Both members straddle
One member straddle
Neither member straddle
mounted
mounted
mounted
1.10
1.25
1.50
Based on optimum tooth contact pattern under maximum operating load as
evidenced by results of a deflection test on the gears in their mountings.
17.5
Face Load Distribution Factor for Tooth Root Bending Stress KF 4-3-1A1/17.5
17.5.1 In Case the Hardest Contact is at the End of the Face-width KF is Given by the
Following Equations 4-3-1A1/17.5.1
KF = (KH )N
N=
(b / h) 2
1 + (b / h) + (b / h)
1
1 + ( h / b ) + ( h / b) 2
(b/h) = (facewidth/tooth depth), the lesser of b1/h1 or b2/h2. For double helical gears, the
facewidth of only one helix is to be used, i.e., bB = b/2 is to be substituted for b in the
equation for N.
137
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
17.5.2 In Case of Gears Where the Ends of the Facewidth are Lightly Loaded or Unloaded
(End Relief or Crowning) 4-3-1A1/17.5.2
KF = KH
17.5.3 Bevel Gears: 4-3-1A1/17.5.3
K H
K F =
K FO
q
r
K FO = 0.211 eo + 0.789 for spiral bevel gears.
Rm
q=
0.279
log(sin m )
where
KFO = 1
for straight or zero bevel gears.
reo
cutter radius, mm (mm, in.)
Rm
mean cone distance, mm (mm, in.)
Limitations of KFO :
If KFO < unity, use KFO = unity
If KFO > 1.15, use KFO = 1.15
19
Transverse Load Distribution Factors, KH and KF 4311/19

The transverse load distribution factors, KH for contact stress and KF for tooth root bending stress,
account for the effects of pitch and profile errors on the transversal load distribution between two or
more pairs of teeth in mesh.
The factors KH and KF mainly depend on:
total mesh stiffness;
total tangential load Ft, KA, K, Kv, KH
base pitch error;
tip relief;
running-in allowances.
The load distribution factors, KH and KF are to be advised by the manufacturer as supported by his
measurements, analysis or experience data or are to be determined as follows.
138
Part
Chapter
Section
19.1
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Determination of KH for Contact Stress KF for Tooth Root Bending Stress 4-31A1/19.1
KH = KF = 0.9 + 0.4
KH = KF
2 ( 1) C ( f pbe ya ) b
for > 2
FtH
0.9 + 0.4
2
C ( f pbe ya ) b
for 2
FtH
FtH = Ft KA KKv Kh (kgf, lbf)

fpbe = fpbcos t
For bevel gears, Fmt and vt (equivalent) are to be substituted for Ft and t in the above formulas.
19.3
Limitations of KH and KF 4311/19.3

19.3.1 KH 4311/19.3.1
When KH < 1, use 1.0 for KH

When KH >
Z =
Z =
Z =
, use
Z2
for KH;
4
(1 ) +
, contact ratio factor (pitting) for helical gears for < 1
3
contact ratio factor (pitting) for helical gears for 1
4
,
3
contact ratio factor (pitting) for spur gears
19.3.2 KF 4311/19.3.2
When KF < 1, use 1.0 for KF .

When KF >
Y = 0.25 +
Y = 0.25 +
, use
0.75
for KF ;
contact ratio factor for = 0
0.75 0.75

0.375 , contact ratio factor for 0 < < 1

contact ratio factor for 1
Y = 0.625,
or:
Y = 0.25 +
0.75 cos2 b
139
Part
Chapter
Section
21
4
3
1

Surface Durability
4-3-1A1
4-3-1A1/21
The criterion for surface durability is based on the Hertzian pressure on the operating pitch point or at
the inner point of single pair contact. The contact stress H is not to exceed the permissible contact
stress HP.
21.1
Contact Stress 4-3-1A1/21.1

H1 = HO1 K A K K v K H K H HP1
H2 = HO2 K A K K v K H K H HP2
Cylindrical gears:
HO1,2 = basic value of contact stress for pinion and wheel

HO1 = ZBZHZEZZ
Ft u + 1
d1 b u
for pinion
HO2 = ZDZHZEZZ
Ft u + 1
d1 b u
for wheel
where
ZB
single pair mesh factor for pinion, see 4-3-1A1/21.5 below
ZD
single pair mesh factor for wheel, see 4-3-1A1/21.5 below
ZH
zone factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.7 below
ZE
elasticity factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.9 below
contact ratio factor (pitting), see 4-3-1A1/21.11 below
helix angle factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.17 below
Ft
nominal transverse tangential load, see 4-3-1A1/9 of this Appendix.
Gear ratio u for external gears is positive, for internal gears, u is negative
Regarding factors KA, K, Kv, KH and KH , see 4-3-1A1/11, 4-3-1A1/13, 4-3-1A1/15, 4-3-1A1/19
and 4-3-1A1/17 of this appendix.
Bevel gears:
HO1 =
basic value of contact stress for pinion
HO1 =
ZM-BZHZEZLSZZK
Fmt uv + 1
d v1 l b uv
For the shaft angle = 1 + 2 = 90 the following applies:
HO1 =
140
ZM-BZHZEZLSZZK
Fmt
u2 + 1
dv1 l b
u
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
where
21.3
ZM-B =
mid-zone factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.5 below
ZH
zone factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.7 below
ZE
elasticity factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.9 below
ZLS
load sharing factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.13 below
ZK
bevel gear factor (flank), see 4-3-1A1/21.15 below
Fmt
nominal transverse tangential load, see 4-3-1A1/9 of this appendix.
dv1
reference diameter of pinion of virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear
lb
length of contact
uv
gear ratio of virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear
gear ratio of bevel gear
Permissible Contact Stress 4-3-1A1/21.3

The permissible contact stress, HP, is to be evaluated separately for pinion and wheel.
HP =
H lim
SH
N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
Z N Z L ZV Z R ZW Z X
where:
Hlim =
endurance limit for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.19 below
ZN
life factor for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.21 below
ZL
lubrication factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.23 below
ZV
speed factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.23 below
ZR
roughness factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.23 below
ZW
hardness ratio factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.25 below
ZX
size factor for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.27 below
SH
safety factor for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.29 below
For shrink-fitted wheel rims, HP is to be at least KS times the mean contact stress H, where
KS
safety factor available for induced contact stresses, and is to be calculated as

follows:
1+
max 2.2 10 5
1+
max 2.243 10 4
d ri
d w2
0.25m n
d ri
d w2 2
F2
0.25m n
F2
[SI units]
[MKS units]
141
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

KS
max 3.194 10 7
1+
d ri
d w2
0.25m n
F2
4-3-1A1
[US units]
where
max =
maximum available interference fit or maximum pull-up length; mm (mm, in.)
dri
inner diameter of wheel rim; mm (mm, in.)
dw2
working pitch diameter of wheel; mm (mm, in.)
mn
normal module; mm (mm, in.)
yield strength of wheel rim material is to be as follows:

minimum specified yield strength for through hardened (quenched and tempered)
steels
500 N/mm2 (51 kgf/mm2, 72520 psi) for case hardened, nitrided steels
21.5
Single Pair Mesh Factors, ZB, ZD and Mid-zone Factor ZM-B 4-3-1A1/21.5
The single pair mesh factors, ZB for pinion and ZD for wheel, account for the influence on contact
stresses of the tooth flank curvature at the inner point of single pair contact in relation to ZH.
The factors transform the contact stresses determined at the pitch point to contact stresses considering
the flank curvature at the inner point of single pair contact.
21.5.1 For Cylindrical and Bevel Gears when = 0 4-3-1A1/21.5.1
ZB = ZM-B = M1 or 1, whichever is the larger value

ZD = ZM-B = M2 or 1, whichever is the larger value
M1 =
M2 =
tan tw
(d d )2 1 (2 z ) (d d )2 1 ( 1) (2 z )
a1
b1
1
a2
b2
tan tw
(d d )2 1 (2 z ) (d d )2 1 ( 1) (2 z )
a2
b2
2
a1
b1
for cylindrical gears
For bevel gears, tw, da, db and z are to be substituted by vt, dva, dvb and zv, respectively, in
the above formulas.
21.5.2 For Cylindrical and Bevel Gears when 1 4-3-1A1/21.5.2
ZB
ZM-B =
M=
142
ZD = 1 for cylindrical gears

M or 1, whichever is the larger value, for bevel gears
tan vt
2
2
(d

va1 d vb1 ) 1 ( z v1 ) (d va 2 d vb 2 ) 1 ( z v 2 )
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
21.5.3 For Cylindrical and Bevel Gears when 0 < < 1 4-3-1A1/21.5.3
Cylindrical gears:
The values of ZB, ZA are determined by linear interpolation between ZB, ZA for spur gears and
ZB, ZA for helical gears having < 1
Thus:
ZB
M1 (M1 1) and ZB 1
ZD
M2 (M2 1) and ZD 1
Bevel gears:
ZM-B =
M or 1, whichever is the larger value
where:
M=
21.7
tan vt
2
2
(d

va1 d vb1 ) 1 2 + ( 2 ) ( z v1 ) (d va 2 d vb 2 ) 1 2( 1) + (2 ) ( z v 2 )
Zone Factor, ZH 4-3-1A1/21.7

Cylindrical gears:
The zone factor, ZH, accounts for the influence on the Hertzian pressure of tooth flank curvature at
pitch point and relates the tangential force at the reference cylinder to the normal force at the pitch
cylinder.
2 cos b cos tw
cos t sin tw
ZH =
Bevel gears:
ZH = 2
21.9
cos bm
sin (2 vt )
Elasticity Factor, ZE 4-3-1A1/21.9

The elasticity factor, ZE, accounts for the influence of the material properties E (modulus of elasticity)
and (Poissons ratio) on the Hertzian pressure.
ZE =
1
1 12
E1
1 22
E2
With Poissons ratio of 0.3 and same E and for pinion and wheel, ZE may be obtained from the
following:
Z E = 0.175 E
with E = Youngs modulus of elasticity.
The elasticity factor, ZE, for steel gears [Est = 206000 N/mm2 (2.101104 kgf/mm2, 2.988107 psi) is:
143
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Elasticity factor ZE
SI units
189.8
N1/2/mm
MKS units
60.61
kgf1/2/mm
US units
2.286 103
lbf1/2/in
For other material combinations, refer to 4-3-1A1/Table 1.
21.11 Contact Ratio Factor (Pitting), Z 4-3-1A1/21.11

The contact ratio factor, Z, accounts for the influence of the transverse contact ratio and the overlap
ratio on the specific surface load of gears.
Spur gears:
Z =
4
3
Helical gears:
For < 1: Z =
For 1: Z =
4
(1 ) +
3
1
21.13 Bevel Gear Load Sharing Factor, ZLS 4-3-1A1/21.13

The load sharing factor, ZLS, accounts the load sharing between two or more pair of teeth in contact.
For 2 or < 1:
ZLS = 1
For > 2 and > 1:
ZLS = 1 + 2 1 ( 2 / )1.5 1 (4 / 2 )
0.5
0.83666
21.15 Bevel Gear Factor (Flank), ZK 4-3-1A1/21.15

The bevel gear factor (flank), ZK, accounts the difference between bevel and cylindrical loading and
adjusts the contact stresses so that the same permissible stresses may apply.
ZK = 0.8
21.17 Helix Angle Factor, Z 4-3-1A1/21.17

The helix angle factor, Z , accounts for the influence of helix angle on surface durability, allowing for
such variables as the distribution of load along the lines of contact. Z is dependent only on the helix
angle.
144
Cylindrical gears:
Z =
cos
Bevel gears:
Z =
cos m
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
21.19 Allowable Stress Number (Contact), Hlim 4-3-1A1/21.19

For a given material, Hlim is the limit of repeated contact stress that can be sustained without
progressive pitting. For most materials, their load cycles may be taken at 50 106, unless otherwise
specified.
For this purpose, pitting is defined as follows:
Not surface hardened gears: pitted area > 2% of total active flank area.
Surface hardened gears: pitted area > 0.5% of total active flank area, or > 4% of one particular
tooth flank area.
The endurance limit depends mainly on:
material composition, cleanliness and defects;
mechanical properties;
residual stresses;
hardening process, depth of hardened zone, hardness gradient;
material structure (forged, rolled bar, cast).
The Hlim values correspond to a failure probability of 1% or less. The values of Hlim are to be
determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 3 or to be advised by the manufacturer together with technical
justification for the proposed values.
21.21 Life Factor, ZN 4-3-1A1/21.21

The life factor, ZN, accounts for the higher permissible contact stress, including static stress in case a
limited life (number of load cycles) is specified.
The factor depends mainly on:
material and hardening;
number of cycles;
influence factors ( ZR, ZV, ZL, ZW, ZX).
The life factor, ZN, can be determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 4.
21.23 Influence Factors on Lubrication Film, ZL, ZV and ZR 4-3-1A1/21.23

The lubricant factor, ZL, accounts for the influence of the type of lubricant and its viscosity.
The speed factor, ZV, accounts for the influence of the pitch line velocity.
The roughness factor, ZR, accounts for the influence of the surface roughness on the surface endurance
capacity.
The factors mainly depend on:
viscosity of lubricant in the contact zone;
the sum of the instantaneous velocities of the tooth surfaces;
load;
relative radius of curvature at the pitch point;
surface roughness of teeth flanks;
145
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
hardness of pinion and gear.

Where gear pairs are of different hardness, the factors may be based on the less hardened material.
21.23.1 Lubricant Factor, ZL
ZL = CZL +
ZL = CZL +
4 (1.0 CZL )
[SI and MKS units]
[1.2 + (134 40 )]2

4 (1.0 CZL )
[1.2 + (0.208 40 )]2
[US units]
or
ZL = CZL +
ZL = CZL +
4 (1.0 CZL )
[SI and MKS units]
[1.2 + (80 50 )]2

4 (1.0 CZL )
[1.2 + (0.127 50 )]2
[US units]
where Hlim is the allowable stress number (contact) of the softer material.
a)
with Hlim in the range of:

850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23 105 psi) < Hlim < 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2,
1.74 105 psi)
850
CZL = 0.08 H lim

+ 0.83
350
[SI units]
87
CZL = 0.08 H lim

+ 0.83
35.7
[MKS units]
1.23 105
CZL = 0.08 H lim

+ 0.83 [US units]
5.076 104
b)
with Hlim in the range of Hlim < 850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23 105 psi),
CZL = 0.83;
c)
with Hlim in the range of Hlim > 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2, 1.74 105 psi),
CZL = 0.91.
and
146
40
nominal kinematic viscosity of the oil at 40C (104F), mm2/s; see table
below.
50
nominal kinematic viscosity of the oil at 50C (122F), mm2/s; see table
below.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
ISO lubricant viscosity grade

VG 32 (1) VG 46 (1) VG 68 (1) VG 100 VG 150 VG 220 VG 320
2
SI/MKS average viscosity 40 mm /s
32
46
68
100
150
220
320
2
units average viscosity 50 mm /s
21
30
43
61
89
125
180
2
US
average viscosity 40 in /s
0.0496
0.0713
0.1054
0.1550 0.2325 0.3410 0.4960
units average viscosity 50 in2/s
0.0326
0.0465
0.0667
0.0945 0.1380 0.1938 0.2790
1) Only for high speed ( > 1400 rpm) transmission.
21.23.2 Speed Factor, ZV 4-3-1A1/21.23.2
ZV = C Zv +
ZV = C Zv +
2(1.0 C Zv )
0.8 + (32 v)
2(1.0 C Zv )
0.8 + (6.4 103 v)
[SI and MKS units]
[US units]
where Hlim is the allowable stress number (contact) of the softer material.
a)
with Hlim in the range of:

850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23 105 psi) < Hlim < 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2,
1.74 105 psi)
850
CZv = 0.08 H lim

+ 0.85
350
[SI units]
87
CZv = 0.08 H lim

+ 0.85
35.7
[MKS units]
1.23 105
CZv = 0.08 H lim

+ 0.85 [US units]
4
5
.
076
10
b)
with Hlim < 850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23 105 psi), CZv = 0.85.
c)
with Hlim > 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2, 1.74 105 psi), CZv = 0.93.
21.23.3 Roughness Factor, ZR 4-3-1A1/21.23.3
3
ZR =
R Z 10
C ZR
The peak-to-valley roughness, RZ, is to be advised by the manufacturer or to be determined as

a mean value of RZ, measured on several tooth flanks of the pinion and the gear, as given by
the following expression:
RZ =
RZf 1 + RZf 2
Where roughness values are not available, roughness of the pinion RZf1 = 6.3 m (248 in.)
and of the wheel RZf2 = 6.3 m (248 in.) may be used.
147
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
RZ10 is to be given by:

RZ10 = RZ
RZ10 = RZ
10
[SI and MKS units]
red
6.4516 10 6
[US units]
red
and the relative radius of curvature is to be given by:
red =
1 2
1 + 2
red =
v1 v 2
v1 + v 2
for bevel gears
0.5db1tantw
v1
0.5dvb1tantw
0.5db2tantw
v2
0.5dvb2tantw
If the stated roughness is an Ra value, also known as arithmetic average (AA) and centerline
average (CLA), the following approximate relationship may be applied:
Ra
CLA = AA = RZf / 6
Where RZf is either RZf1 for pinion or RZf2 for gear and Hlim is the allowable stress number
(contact) of the softer material.
In the range of 850 N/mm2 Hlim 1200 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2 Hlim 122 kgf/mm2;
1.23 105 psi Hlim 1.74 105 psi) , CZR can be calculated as follows:
CZR =
0.32 2.00 10-4Hlim
[SI units]
CZR =
0.32 1.96 10-3Hlim
[MKS units]
CZR =
0.32 1.38 10-6Hlim
[US units]
If Hlim < 850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23 105 psi), take CZR = 0.150
If Hlim > 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2, 1.74 105 psi), take CZR = 0.080
21.25 Hardness Ratio Factor; ZW 4-3-1A1/21.25

The hardness ratio factor, ZW, accounts for the increase of surface durability of a soft steel gear when
meshing with a surface hardened gear with a smooth surface.
The hardness ratio factor, ZW, applies to the soft gear only and depends mainly on:
hardness of the soft gear;
alloying elements of the soft gear;
tooth flank roughness of the harder gear.
148
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Z W = 1.2
4-3-1A1
HB 130
1700
where:
HB
HV10 =
Brinell hardness of the softer material

Vickers hardness with F = 98.1N
For unalloyed steels

HB HV10 U / 3.6
[SI units]
HB HV10 U / 0.367
[MKS units]
HB HV10 U / 522
[US units]
For alloyed steels

HB HV10 U / 3.4
[SI units]
HB HV10 U / 0.347
[MKS units]
HB HV10 U / 493
[US units]
For HB < 130, ZW = 1.2 is to be used.
For HB > 470, ZW = 1.0 is to be used.
21.27 Size Factor, ZX 4-3-1A1/21.27

The size factor, ZX , accounts for the influence of tooth dimensions on permissible contact stress and
reflects the non-uniformity of material properties.
material and heat treatment;
tooth and gear dimensions;
ratio of case depth to tooth size;
ratio of case depth to equivalent radius of curvature.
For through-hardened gears and for surface-hardened gears with minimum required effective case
depth including root of 1.14 mm (0.045 in.) relative to tooth size and radius curvature ZX = 1. When
the case depth is relatively shallow, then a smaller value of ZX should be chosen.
The size factors, ZX, are to be obtained from 4-3-1A1/Table 2.
21.29 Safety Factor for Contact Stress, SH 4-3-1A1/21.29

Based on the application, the following safety factors for contact stress, SH , are to be applied:
Main propulsion gears (including PTO):
1.40
Duplicated (or more) independent main propulsion gears

(including azimuthing thrusters):
1.25
Main propulsion gears for yachts, single screw:
1.25
Main propulsion gears for yachts, multiple screw:
1.20
Auxiliary gears:
1.15
Note: For the above purposes, yachts are considered pleasure craft not engaged in trade or carrying
passengers, and not intended for charter-service.
149
Part
Chapter
Section
23
4
3
1

Tooth Root Bending Strength
4-3-1A1
4-3-1A1/23
The criterion for tooth root bending strength is the permissible limit of local tensile strength in the
root fillet. The tooth root stress, F, and the permissible tooth root stress, FP, are to be calculated
separately for the pinion and the wheel, whereby F is not to exceed the permissible tooth root stress
FP.
The following formulas apply to gears having a rim thickness greater than 3.5 m and further for all
involute basic rack profiles, with or without protuberance, however, with the following restrictions:
the 30 tangents contact the tooth-root curve generated by the basic rack of the tool
the basic rack of the tool has a root radius fp > 0
the gear teeth are generated using a rack type tool.
23.1
Tooth Root Bending Stress for Pinion and Wheel 4-3-1A1/23.1

Cylindrical gears:
F1,2 =
Ft
YFYSYKAKKvKFaKF FP1,2 N/mm2, kgf/mm2, psi
b mn
Bevel gears:
F1,2 =
Fmt
YFaYSaYYKYLSKAKKvKFaKF FP1,2 N/mm2, kgf/mm2, psi
b mmn
where
YF , YFa =
tooth form factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.5 below
YS , YSa =
stress correction factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.7 below
contact ratio factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.11 below
YK
bevel gear factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.13 below
YLS
load sharing factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.15 below
Ft, Fmt, KA, K, Kv, KFa, KF, b, mn, mmn, see 4-3-1A1/9, 4-3-1A1/11, 4-3-1A1/13, 4-3-1A1/15,
4-3-1A1/19, 4-3-1A1/17, 4-3-1A1/5, and 4-3-1A1/7 of this appendix, respectively.
23.3
Permissible Tooth Root Bending Stress 4-3-1A1/23.3

FP1,2 = FE Yd YN YrelT YRrelT YX
SF
N/mm2, kgf/mm2, psi
where
FE =
150
bending endurance limit, see 4-3-1A1/23.17 below
Yd
design factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.19 below
YN
life factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.21 below
YrelT
relative notch sensitivity factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.23 below
YRrelT
relative surface factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.25 below

Part
Chapter
Section
23.5
4
3
1

YX
size factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.27 below
SF
safety factor for tooth root bending stress, see 4-3-1A1/23.29 below
4-3-1A1
Tooth Form Factor, YF , YFa 4-3-1A1/23.5

The tooth form factors, YF and YFa, represent the influence on nominal bending stress of the tooth
form with load applied at the outer point of single pair tooth contact.
The tooth form factors, YF and YFa, are to be determined separately for the pinion and the wheel. In
the case of helical gears, the form factors for gearing are to be determined in the normal section, i.e.,
for the virtual spur gear with virtual number of teeth, z.
Cylindrical gears:
YF =
6 (hF mn ) cos Fen
(s Fn
mn )2 cos n
Bevel gears:
YFa =
6 (hFa mmn ) cos Fan
(s Fn
mmn )2 cos n
where
hF , hFa
bending moment arm for tooth root bending stress for application of load at the
outer point of single tooth pair contact; mm (mm, in.)
sFn
width of tooth at highest stressed section; mm (mm, in.)
normal load pressure angle at tip of tooth; degrees
Fen, Fan
For determination of hF, hFa, sFn and Fen, Fan, see 4-3-1A1/23.5.1, 4-3-1A1/23.5.2,
4-3-1A1/23.5.3 below and 4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
23.5.1 External Gears 4-3-1A1/23.5.1
Width of tooth, sFn, at tooth-root normal chord:
G

sFn
a 0
= zn sin + 3
mn
3
cos mn
= 2
G=
G
tan H degrees; to be solved iteratively
zn
a0
mn
ha 0
+x
mn
H=
2
zn
2 mn 3
[SI and MKS units]
H=
2
zn
2 25.4 mn 3
[US units]
151
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

zn =
z
2
cos b cos
b = arccos 1 (sin cos n )2

E=
4-3-1A1
mn ha 0 tan n +
S pr
cos n
degrees
(1 sin n )
a0
cos n
S pr

(1 sin n ) a 0
E = 25.4 mn ha 0 tan n +
cos n
cos n
4
[SI and MKS units]
[US units]
Spr = pr0 q
Spr = 0
when gears are not undercut (non-protuberance hob)
where:
E , ha0 , n , Spr , pr0, q and a0 are shown in 4-3-1A1/Figure 2.
h a0
addendum of tool; mm (mm, in.)
Spr
residual undercut left by protuberance; mm (mm, in.)
p r0
protuberance of tool; mm (mm, in.)
material allowances for finish machining; mm (mm, in.)
a0
tip radius of tool; mm (mm, in.)
zn
virtual number of teeth
addendum modification coefficient
Fen =
angle for application of load at the highest point of single tooth contact
en
pressure angle at the highest point of single tooth contact
Bending moment arm hF:

G
hF 1
d
+ a0
= (cos e sin e tan Fen ) en zn cos
mn 2
mn
cos mn
3
F
mn
a0
mn
2 G2
cos ( zn cos2 2G )
where
root fillet radius in the critical section at 30 tangent; mm (mm, in.); see
4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
Normal load pressure angle at tip of tooth, Fen , Fan:
Fen = en e
d bn
d
en
en = arccos
degrees
degrees
180
0.5 + 2 x tan n
degrees
+ inv n inv en
zn

e =
152
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

dan1 = dn1 + da1 d1
mm (mm, in.)
dan2 = dn2 + da2 d2
mm (mm, in.)
dn1,2 = zn1,2 mn
mm (mm, in.)
dbn1,2 = dn1,2 cosn
mm (mm, in.)
4-3-1A1
2
2
2
d1 cos cos n
2 z1 d an1 d bn1
d
( n 1) + bn1
d en1 =

2 2
2
z1
z1
mm (mm, in.)
den 2
2
2
2
2 z2 d an 2 dbn 2 d 2 cos cos n

d
(n 1) + bn 2
=
2
2 2
z2
z2
an =
mm (mm, in.)
degrees
cos 2 b
Note: z1, z2 are positive for external gears and negative for internal gears.
23.5.2 Internal Gears (2002)4-3-1A1/23.5.2
The tooth form factor of a special rack can be substituted as an approximate value of the form
of an internal gear. The profile of such a rack should be a version of the basic rack profile, so
modified that it would generate the normal profile, including tip and root circles, of an exact
counterpart of the internal gear. The tip load angle is Fen = n.
Width of tooth, sFn2, at tooth-root normal chord:
h fp 2 fp 2 fp 2 S pr 2 fp 2
sFn 2
+
= 2 + tan n
cos
m cos
mn
mn
mn
6
4
n
n
Bending moment arm hF2:
hF 2 den 2 d fn 2 h fp 2 den 2 d fn 2
tan n tan n fp 2 1 sin

+
mn
2 mn
2 mn
mn
6
4 mn
dfn2 = dn2 + df2 d2

h fp 2 =
mm (mm, in.)
d n 2 d fn 2
mm (mm, in.)
fp 2 = F 2 =
a 02
mm (mm, in.)
Note: In the case of a full root fillet F2 = a02 is to be used, or as an approximation:
a02 = 0.30 mn
mm (mm, in.)
fp2 = F2 = 0.15 mn
mm (mm, in.)
hf2 = (1.251.30) mn
mm (mm, in.)
fp 2 =
cp
1 sin n
h f 2 hNf 2
1 sin n
d Nf 2 d f 2
2 (1 sin n )
mm (mm, in.)
153
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
where
df2
root diameter of wheel; mm (mm, in.); see 4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
dNf2 , hNf2
is the diameter, dedendum of basic rack at which the usable flank and
root fillet of the annulus gear meet; mm (mm, in.)
cp
is the bottom clearance between basic rack and mating profile; mm (mm,
in.)
Note: The diameters dn2 and den2 are to be calculated with the same formulas as for external
gears.
23.5.3 Bevel Gears 4-3-1A1/23.5.3
Width of tooth, sFn, at tooth-root normal chord:
G

sFn
a 0
= zvn sin + 3
mmn
3
cos mmn
= 2
G=
G
tan H
zvn
a0
mmn
degrees; to be solved iteratively
ha 0
+ xmn
mmn
H=
2
zvn
2 mmn 3
[SI and MKS units]
H=
2
zvn
2 25.4 mmn 3
[US units]
E=
mmn xsm mmn ha 0 tan n +
S pr
cos n
(1 sin n )
a0
[SI and MKS units]
cos n
S pr

E = 25.4 mmn xsm mmn ha 0 tan n +
(1 sin n ) a 0 [US units]
cos n
cos n
4
Spr = pr0 q
Spr = 0
when gears are not undercut (non-protuberance hob)
where:
E, ha0, n, Spr, pr0, q and a0 are shown in 4-3-1A1/Figure 2.
154
h a0
addendum of tool; mm (mm, in.)
Spr
residual undercut left by protuberance; mm (mm, in.)
p r0
protuberance of tool; mm (mm, in.)
machining allowances; mm (mm, in.)
a0
tip radius of tool; mm (mm, in.)
zvn
virtual number of teeth
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
xmn
addendum modification coefficient refers to the midsection of bevel gear
xsm
tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface)
Fan =
angle for application of load at the highest point of single tooth contact
an
pressure angle at the highest point of single tooth contact
Bending moment arm hFa :

G
hFa 1
d
+ a0
= (cos a sin a tan Fan ) van zvn cos
mmn 2
mmn
cos mmn
3
F
mmn
a0
mmn
2 G2
cos zvn cos2 2 G
where
root fillet radius in the critical section at 30 tangent; mm (mm, in.); see
4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
Normal load pressure angle at tip of tooth Fan, an
Fan = an a
degrees
d vbn
d van
an = arccos
degrees
0.5 + 2 xmn tan n

180
+ inv n inv an
zvn
a =
bm = arccos 1 (sin m cos n )2
degrees
degrees
(See also 4-3-1A1/7 of this Appendix.)
23.7
dvan1 = dvn1 + dva1 dv1
mm (mm, in.)
dvan2 = dvn2 + dva2 dv2
mm (mm, in.)
dvn1 = zvn1 mmn
mm (mm, in.)
dvn2 = zvn2 mmn
mm (mm, in.)
dvbn1 = dvn1 cosn
mm (mm, in.)
dvbn2 = dvn2 cosn
mm (mm, in.)
Stress Correction Factor, YS, YSa 4-3-1A1/23.7

The stress correction factors, YS and YSa, are used to convert the nominal bending stress to the local
tooth root stress.
YS applies to the load application at the outer point of single tooth pair contact. YS is to be determined
for pinion and wheel, separately.
For notch parameter qs within a range of (1 qs < 8):

155
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

qs =
4-3-1A1
sFn
2 F
Cylindrical gears:
YS = (1.2 + 0.13 L )
1.21+ (2.3 L )
qs
Bevel gears:
1.21+ (2.3 La )
1.2 + 0.13 La qs
YSa = (
where:
root fillet radius in the critical section at 30 tangent mm (mm, in.)
sFn/hF for cylindrical gears
La
sFn/hFa for bevel gears
hF , hFa, sFn, F see 4-3-1A1/Figure 3.
23.9
Helix Angle Factor, Y 4-3-1A1/23.9

The helix angle factor, Y, converts the stress calculated for a point loaded cantilever beam
representing the substitute gear tooth to the stress induced by a load along an oblique load line into a
cantilever plate which represents a helical gear tooth.
Y = 1
120
where:
reference helix angle in degrees for cylindrical gears.
> 1.0 a value of 1.0 is to be substituted for

> 30 an angle of 30 is to be substituted for
23.11 Contact Ratio Factor, Y 4-3-1A1/23.11

The contact factor, Y, covers the conversion from load application at the tooth tip to the load
application for bevel gears.
Y = 0.25 +
Y = 0.25 +
0.75
; for = 0
0.75 0.75

0.375 ; for 0 < < 1

Y = 0.625; for 1
156
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
23.13 Bevel Gear Factor, YK 4-3-1A1/23.13

The bevel gear factor, YK, accounts for the differences between bevel and cylindrical gears.
YK =
l
1
b
+
+ b
2 4 lb 4 b
l b = lb cosbm
23.15 Load Sharing Factor, YLS 4-3-1A1/23.15

The load sharing factor, YLS, accounts for the differences between two or more pair of teeth for > 2.
YLS = ZLS2 0.7
for ZLS, see 4-3-1A1/21.13 of this appendix.
23.17 Allowable Stress Number (Bending), FE
4-3-1A1/23.17
For a given material, FE is the limit of repeated tooth root stress that can be sustained. For most
materials, their stress cycles may be taken at 3 106 as the beginning of the endurance limit, unless
otherwise specified.
The endurance limit, FE, is defined as the unidirectional pulsating stress with a minimum stress of
zero (disregarding residual stresses due to heat treatment). Other conditions such as e.g., alternating
stress or prestressing are covered by the design factor Yd.
The endurance limit mainly depends on:
material composition, cleanliness and defects;
mechanical properties;
residual stress;
hardening process, depth of hardened zone, hardness gradient;
material structure (forged, rolled bar, cast).
The FE values are to correspond to a failure probability of 1% or less. The values of FE are to be
determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 3 or to be advised by the manufacturer, together with technical
justification for the proposed values. For gears treated with controlled shot peening process, the value,
FE, may be increased by 20%.
23.19 Design Factor, Yd 4-3-1A1/23.19

The design factor, Yd, takes into account the influence of load reversing and shrink fit prestressing on
the tooth root strength, relative to the tooth root strength with unidirectional load as defined for FE.
Yd
1.0 in general;
Yd
0.9 for gears with part load in reversed direction, such as main wheel in reversing
gearboxes;
Yd
0.7 for idler gears.
157
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
23.21 Life Factor, YN 4-3-1A1/23.21

The life factor, YN, accounts for the higher permissible tooth root bending stress in case a limited life
(number of load cycles) is specified.
material and hardening;
number of cycles;
influence factors (YrelT, YRrelT, YX).
The life factor, YN, can be determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 5.
23.23 Relative Notch Sensitivity Factor, YrelT (2002)4-3-1A1/23.23

The relative notch sensitivity factor, YrelT, indicates the extent to which the theoretically concentrated
stress lies above the fatigue endurance limit.
The factor mainly depends on the material and relative stress gradient.
For notch parameter values within the range of 1.5 qs < 4, YrelT = 1.0
For qs < 1.5, YrelT = 0.95
For notch parameter qs 4, YrelT can be determined by the methods outlined in ISO 6336-3, Section
11 Sensitivity factors, Y, YT, Yk and relative notch sensitivity factors, YrelT, Yrelk.
23.25 Relative Surface Factor, YRrelT 4-3-1A1/23.25

The relative surface factor, YRrelT, as given in the following table, takes into account the dependence
of the tooth root bending strength on the surface condition in the tooth root fillet, but mainly the
dependence on the peak to valley surface roughness.
Rzr < 1 m
SI & MKS units
US units
Rzr< 39 in.
1 m Rzr 40m
39 in. Rzr 1575 in.
1.120
1.675 0.53(Rzr + 1)0.1
1.675 0.53(0.0254Rzr + 1)0.1
1.070
5.3 4.2(Rzr + 1)0.01
5.3 4.2 (0.0254 Rzr + 1)0.01
1.025
4.3 3.26(Rzr + 1)0.005
4.3 3.26(0.0254Rzr + 1)0.005
Case hardened steels, through

- hardened steels
U 800 N/mm2 (82 kgf/mm2,

1.16 105 psi)
Normalized steels
U < 800 N/mm2 (82 kgf/mm2,
1.16 105 psi)
Nitrided steels
Rzr = mean peak to-valley roughness of tooth root fillets; m (m, in.)
This method is only applicable where scratches or similar defects deeper than 2Rzr are not present.
If the stated roughness is an Ra value, also known as arithmetic average (AA) and centerline average
(CLA), the following approximate relationship may be applied:
Ra = CLA = AA = Rzr / 6
158
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
23.27 Size Factor (Root), YX 4-3-1A1/23.27

The size factor (root), YX , takes into account the decrease of the strength with increasing size.
material and heat treatment;
tooth and gear dimensions;
ratio of case depth to tooth size.
SI and MKS units

YX = 1.00
for mn 5
Generally
YX = 1.03 0.006 mn
for 5 < mn < 30
Normalized and through
YX = 0.85
for mn 30
tempered- hardened steels
YX = 1.05 0.010 mn
for 5 < mn < 25
YX = 0.80
for mn 25
Surface hardened steels
US units
YX = 1.00
for mn 0.1968
Generally
YX = 1.03 0.1524mn
for 0.1968 < mn < 1.181
Normalized and through
YX = 0.85
for mn 1.181
tempered- hardened steels
YX = 1.05 0.254mn
for 0.1968 < mn < 0.9842
YX = 0.80
for mn 0.9842
Surface hardened steels
Note: For Bevel gears, the mn (normal module) is to be substituted by mmn (normal module at midfacewidth).
23.29 Safety Factor for Tooth Root Bending Stress, SF 4-3-1A1/23.29

Based on the application, the following safety factors for tooth root bending stress, SF, are to be
applied:
Main propulsion gears (including PTO):
1.80
Duplicated (or more) independent main propulsion gears

(including azimuthing thrusters):
1.60
Main propulsion gears for yachts, single screw:
1.50
Main propulsion gears for yachts, multiple screw:
1.45
Auxiliary gears:
1.40
Note: For the above purposes, yachts are considered pleasure craft not engaged in trade or carrying
passenger, and not intended for charter-service.
159
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 1
Values of the Elasticity Factor ZE and Youngs Modulus of Elasticity E
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/21.9)
The value of E for combination of different materials for pinion and wheel is to be calculated by:
E=
2 E1 E 2
E1 + E 2
SI units
Pinion
Material
Wheel
Youngs Modulus
of elasticity
Poissons
ratio
E1 N/mm
Steel
206000
0.3
Cast steel
202000
Material
Youngs Modulus
of elasticity
Poissons
ratio
Elasticity
E2 N/mm
N1/2/mm
Factor ZE
Steel
206000
189.8
Cast steel
202000
188.9
Nodular cast iron
173000
181.4
Cast tin bronze
103000
155.0
Tin bronze
113000
159.8
Lamellar graphite cast iron
126000
165.4
(gray cast iron)
to
0.3
to
118000
162.0
Cast steel
202000
188.0
Nodular cast iron
173000
180.5
118000
161.4
Nodular cast iron
173000
173.9
118000
156.6
(gray cast iron)

Nodular
cast iron
Lamellar
graphite
cast iron
(gray cast
iron)
Steel
173000
(gray cast iron)

126000
0.3
118000
0.3
(gray cast iron)
to
to
143.7
118000
206000
146.0
0.3
Nylon
7850
(mean value)
0.5
56.4
continued....
160
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 1 (continued)
MKS units
Pinion
Material
Wheel
Youngs Modulus
of elasticity
Poissons
ratio
E1 kgf/mm
Material
E2 kgf/mm
Steel
Cast steel
Nodular cast iron
Steel
2.101 104
0.3
2.060 104
Poissons
ratio
Elasticity
kgf1/2/mm
Factor ZE
2.101 104
60.609
60.321
57.926
2.060 10
1.764 10
Cast tin bronze
1.050 10
49.496
Tin bronze
1.152 104
51.029
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.285 10
52.817
0.3
to
to
(gray cast iron)
1.203 10
51.731
Cast steel
2.060 104
60.034
57.639
1.203 10
51.540
Nodular cast iron
1.764 104
55.531
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
50.007
Nodular cast iron

Cast steel
Youngs
Modulus of
elasticity
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.764 10
(gray cast iron)

Nodular cast
iron
Lamellar
graphite cast
iron
(gray cast iron)
Steel
1.764 104
0.3
1.285 10
1.203 104
0.3
46.622
to
(gray cast iron)
1.203 10
2.101 104
(gray cast iron)

Lamellar graphite
cast iron
to
1.203 10
0.3
Nylon
45.888
800.477
0.5
18.010
(mean value)
continued......
161
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 1 (continued)
US units
Pinion
Material
Wheel
Youngs
Modulus of
elasticity
E1 psi
Steel
Poissons
ratio
2.988 107
0.3
Cast steel
Material
2.930 10
Youngs
Modulus of
elasticity
E2 psi
Poissons
ratio
Elasticity
factor
ZE
lbf1/2/in.
Steel
2.988 107
2.286 103
Cast steel
2.930 107
2.275 103
Nodular cast iron
2.509 107
2.185 103
Cast tin bronze
1.494 107
1.867 103
Tin bronze
1.639 107
1.924 103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.827 107
1.992 103
0.3
to
to
(gray cast iron)
1.711 10
1.951 103
Cast steel
2.930 107
2.264 103
Nodular cast iron
2.509 107
2.174 103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.711 107
1.944 103
Nodular cast iron
2.509 107
2.094 103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.711 107
1.886 103
(gray cast iron)
Nodular cast iron
2.509 107
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
0.3
162
1.827 10
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
to
(gray cast iron)
1.711 10
Steel
2.988 107
(gray cast iron)
0.3
7
1.758 103
1.711 10
to
(gray cast iron)
0.3
Nylon
1.731 103
1.139 106
(mean value)
0.5
679.234
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 2
Size Factor ZX for Contact Stress
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/21.27)
SI and MKS units
ZX , size factor for contact stress
Material
For through-hardened pinion treatment
All modules (mn)
1.0
For carburized and induction-hardened pinion heat treatment

1.0
mn 10
1.05 0.005 mn
mn < 30
0.9
mn 30
For nitrided pinion treatment
1.0
mn < 7.5
1.08 0.011 mn
mn < 30
0.75
mn 30
For Bevel gears, the mn (normal module) is to be substituted by mmn (normal module at mid-facewidth).
US units
ZX , size factor for contact stress
Material
For through-hardened pinion treatment
All modules (mn)
1.0
For carburized and induction-hardened pinion heat treatment

1.0
mn 0.394
1.05 0.127 mn
mn < 1.181
0.9
mn 1.181
For nitrided pinion treatment
1.0
mn < 0.295
1.08 0.279 mn
mn < 1.181
0.75
mn 1.181
For Bevel gears, the mn (normal module) is to be substituted by mmn (normal module at mid-facewidth).
163
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 3
Allowable Stress Number (bending) FE (2002)
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/21.19, 4-3-1A1/23.17)
SI units
Hlim N/mm
FE N/mm
1500
920
1650
1050
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (1)
Fig. 9, ME
Fig. 11, ME (2)
840
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (3)
920
Fig. 13a, MQ
Fig. 14a, MQ
740
Fig. 13b, MQ
Fig. 14b, MQ
780
Fig. 13c, ME-MQ

Fig. 14c, ME-MQ
0.25HV10 + 580
Fig. 10, MQ
Fig. 12, MQ
0.78 HV10 + 400
Fig. 5, MQ
Fig. 7, MQ
0.50HV10 + 320
Fig. 5, Carbon steel, MQ

0.68 HV10 + 325
Fig. 6, MQ-ML
Fig. 8, MQ-ML
0.50HV10 + 225
Fig. 6, Carbon steel, MQ-ML

Case hardened (carburized) CrNiMo steels:
of ordinary grade;
of specially approved high quality grade
(to be based on review and verification of
established testing procedure).
Other case hardened (carburized) steels
1500
Gas nitrided steels: hardened, tempered and gas

nitrided, Surface hardness: 700-850 HV10
1250
Through hardened steels: hardened, tempered and

gas nitrided, Surface hardness: 500-650 HV10
1000
Through hardened steels: hardened, tempered or

normalized and nitro-carburized, Surface
hardness: 450-650 HV10
950
Flame or induction hardened steels, Surface

0.65HV10 + 830
Alloyed through hardening steels, Surface

1.32HV10 + 372
Through hardened carbon steels, Surface

1.05HV10 + 335
Alloyed cast steels, Surface hardness: 198-358

HV10
1.30 HV10 + 295
Cast carbon steels, Surface hardness: 135-210

HV10
0.87HV10 + 290
164
Reference Standard
ISO 6336-5:1996(E)
ISO Figure and Material Quality
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 3 (continued)
MKS units

of ordinary grade;
Hlim kgf/mm
FE kgf/mm
153.0
93.8
168.3
107.1
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (1)
Fig. 9, ME
Fig. 11, ME (2)
85.7
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (3)
93.8
Fig. 13a, MQ
Fig. 14a, MQ
75.5
Fig. 13b, MQ
Fig. 14b, MQ
79.5
Fig. 13c, ME-MQ

Fig. 14c, ME-MQ
0.0255HV10 + 59.1
Fig. 10, MQ
Fig. 12, MQ
0.0795 HV10 + 40.8
Fig. 5, MQ
Fig. 7, MQ
0.0510HV10 + 32.6

0.0693 HV10 + 33.1
Fig. 6, MQ-ML
Fig. 8, MQ-ML
0.0510HV10 + 22.9

153.0

127.5

102.0

96.9

0.0663HV10 + 84.6

0.1346HV10 + 37.9

0.1071HV10 + 34.2

HV10
0.1326 HV10 + 30.1

HV10
0.0887HV10 + 29.6
Reference Standard
ISO 6336-5:1996(E)
165
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 3 (continued)
US units

of ordinary grade;
Hlim psi
FE psi
217557
133435
239312
152290
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (1)
Fig. 9, ME
Fig. 11, ME (2)
121832
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (3)
133435
Fig. 13a, MQ
Fig. 14a, MQ
107328
Fig. 13b, MQ
Fig. 14b, MQ
113129
Fig. 13c, ME-MQ

Fig. 14c, ME-MQ
36.3HV10 + 84122
Fig. 10, MQ
Fig. 12, MQ
113.1 HV10 + 58015
Fig. 5, MQ
Fig. 7, MQ
72.5HV10 + 46412

98.6 HV10 + 47137
Fig. 6, MQ-ML
Fig. 8, MQ-ML
72.5HV10 + 32633

217557

181297

145038

137786

94.3HV10 + 120381

191.5HV10 + 53954

152.3HV10 + 48588

HV10
188.6 HV10 + 42786

HV10
126.2HV10 + 42061
Reference Standard
ISO 6336-5:1996(E)
Notes
166
HV10:
Vickers hardness at load F = 98.10 N, see ISO 6336-5
Core hardness 25 HRC, Jominy hardenability at J = 12 mm HRC 28 and Surface hardness: 640-780 HV10
Core hardness 30 HRC, Surface hardness: 660-780 HV10
Core hardness 25 HRC, Jominy hardenability at J = 12 mm < HRC 28 and Surface hardness: 640-780 HV10
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 4
Determination of Life Factor for Contact Stress, ZN
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/21.21)
Material
Number of load cycles
Life factor ZN
St, V,
GGG (perl., bain.),
GTS (perl.), Eh, IF;
Only when a certain degree
of pitting is permissible
St, V,
GGG (perl., bain.),
GTS (perl.),
Eh, IF
GG, GGG (ferr.),
NT (nitr.),
NV (nitr.)
NL 6 105, static
NL = 107
NL = 109
NL = 1010
Optimum lubrication, material, manufacturing, and experience
NL 105, static
NL = 2 106
NL = 1010
1.6
1.3
1.0
0.85
1.0
1.6
1.0
0.85
1.0
1.3
1.0
0.85
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.85
1.0
NL 105, static
NL = 5 107
NL = 1010
NL 105, static
NL = 2 106
NL = 1010
NV (nitrocar.)
St:
V:
GG:
GGG (perl., bain., ferr.):
GTS (perl.):
Eh:
IF:
NT (nitr.):
NV (nitr.):
NV (nitrocar.):
steel (U < 800 N/mm , 82 kgf/mm , 1.16 10 psi)

through-hardening steel, through-hardened (U 800 N/mm2)
gray cast iron
nodular cast iron (perlitic, bainitic, ferritic structure)
black malleable cast iron (perlitic structure)
case-hardening steel, case hardening
steel and GGG, flame or induction hardened
nitriding steel, nitrided
through-hardening and case-hardening steel, nitrided
through-hardening and case-hardening steel, nitrocarburized
167
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 5
Determination of Life Factor for Tooth Root Bending Stress, YN
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/23.21)
Material
V,
GGG (perl., bain.),
GTS (perl.)
Eh, IF (root)
St,
NT, NV (nitr.),
GG, GGG (ferr.)
NV (nitrocar.)
Number of load cycles

NL 104, static
NL = 3 106
NL = 1010
NL 103, static
NL = 3 106
NL = 1010
NL 103, static
NL = 3 106
NL = 1010
NL 103, static
NL = 3 106
NL = 1010
Life factor YN
2.5
1.0
0.85
1.0
2.5
1.0
0.85
1.0
1.6
1.0
0.85
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.85
1.0
Notes:
1) Abbreviations of materials are as explained in 4-3-1A1/Table 4 and 4-3-1A1/21.21 of this Appendix.
2) N L = n 60 HPD DPY YRS
n
= rotational speed, rpm.
HPD = operation hours per day
DPY = days per year
YRS = years (normal life of vessel = 25 years
168
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 6
Constant K for the Calculation of the Pinion Offset Factor
Factor K
with
stiffening (1)
without
stffening (1)
Figure
Arrangement
s
T*
0.48
0.8
a)
with s/l < 0.3

1/2
1/2
s
T*
-0.48
-0.8
b)
with s/l < 0.3

1/2
1/2
T*
1.33
1.33
c)
with s/l < 0.3

1
-0.36
-0.6
d)
with s/l < 0.3

1/2
s
-0.6
-1.0
e)
with s/l < 0.3

1/2
1.
When dt/dsh 1.15, stiffening is assumed; when dt/dsh < 1.15, there is no stiffening. Furthermore, scarcely any or
no stiffening at all is to be expected when a pinion slides on a shaft and feather key or a similar fitting, nor when
normally shrink fitted.
T*
is the input or output torqued end, not dependent on direction of rotation.
Dashed line indicates the less deformed helix of a double helical gear.
Determine tsh from the diameter in the gaps of double helical gearing mounted centrally between bearings.
169
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 1
Tooth in Normal Section
Fbn
Fbt
b/cos b = b
Fen
ha
hF
h
hf
da
db
df
30
30
e
SFn
Base
circle
External cylindrical gears

fp2
Cp
SFn2
30
30
hfp2
hFe2
h2
Fbn
F
= bt
b/cos b
b
dfn2
Fen = n
dn2
dan2
den2
Internal cylindrical gears

Fbn
Fbt
b/cos b = b
Fen
hFe
30
30
e
Base
circle
SFn
Bevel gears
170
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 2
Dimensions and Basic Rack Profile of the Tooth (Finished Profile)
mn
4
n
hfp
fp
Without undercut
mn
4
n
hfp
q
E
Spr
pro
fp
With undercut
171
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 3
Wheel Blank Factor CR, Mean Values for Mating Gears
of Similar or Stiffer Wheel Blank Design.
1.05
0.95
0.9
SR
=5
m
0.85
CR
3
0.8
2
1.5
0.75
1
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
bs
b
172
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 4
Bevel Gear Conversion to Equivalent Cylindrical Gear
b
R
Rm
ha2
ham2
b
2
a2
dm2
de2
av
dv2
dva2
b
ham2
173
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 5
Definitions of the Various Diameters
da
df
di
Base diameter db
174
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION

Parts
4-3-1A2
General
4-3-1A2/1
While spare parts are not required for purposes of classification, the spare parts listed below are
provided as a guidance for vessels intended for unrestricted service. The maintenance of spare parts
aboard each vessel is the responsibility of the owner.
Spare Parts for Gears
4-3-1A2/3
a)
Sufficient packing rings with springs to repack one gland of each kind and size.
b)
One (1) set of thrust pads or rings, also springs where fitted, for each size.
c)
Bearing bushings sufficient to replace all of the bushings on every pinion, and gear for main
propulsion; spare bearing bushings sufficient to replace all of the bushings on each nonidentical pinion and gear having sleeve-type bearings or complete assemblies consisting of
outer and inner races and cages complete with rollers or balls where these types of bearings
are used.
d)
One (1) set of bearing shoes for one face, for one single-collar type main thrust bearing where
fitted. Where the ahead and astern pads differ, pads for both faces are to be provided.
e)
One (1) set of strainer baskets or inserts for oil filters of special design of each type and size.
f)
Necessary special tools.
175
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Appendix 3 Gear Parameters
For purposes of submitting gear design for review, the following data and parameters may be used as a guide.
Gear manufacturer................................................ Year of build..............................................................
Shipyard ............................................................... Hull number ...............................................................
Ships name.......................................................... Shipowner..................................................................
GENERAL DATA (1)
Gearing type..............................................................................................................................................
................................................................. (non reversible, single reduction, double reduction, epicyclic, etc.)
Total gear ratio..................................................... ....................................................................................
Manufacturer and type of the main propulsion plant (or of the auxiliary machinery)..............................
..................................................................................................................................................................
Power (2) ...................................................... kW, (PS, hp) Rotational speed (2) ............................. RPM
Maximum input torque for continuous service ................................................................ N-m, (kgf-m, lbf-ft)
Maximum input rotational speed for continuous service................................................................. RPM
Type of coupling: (stiff coupling, hydraulic or equivalent coupling, high-elasticity coupling, other couplings,
quill shafts, etc.)................................................... ....................................................................................
Specified grade of lubricating oil......................... ............................ .......................................................
Expected oil temperature when operating at the classification power (mean values of temperature at inlet and
outlet of reverse and/or reduction gearing) .......... ....................................................................................
Value of nominal kinematic viscosity, , at 40C or 50C of oil temperature ............................. (mm2/s)
177
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF PINIONS AND

WHEELS
4-3-1A3
First gear
Second gear
Third gear
Fourth gear
Drive
drive
drive
drive
Gear drive designation
178
Transmitted rated power, input in the gear drive

kW (mhp, hp) (3)
Rotational speed, input in the gear drive (RPM) (2)

Nominal transverse tangential load at reference
cylinder N, (kgf, lbf) (4)
Number of teeth of pinion
Number of teeth of wheel
Gear ratio
Center distance mm (mm, in.)
Facewidth of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Facewidth of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Common facewidth mm (mm, in.)
Overall facewidth, including the gap for double
helical gears mm (mm, in.)
n
Ft
z1
z2
u
a
b1
b2
b
B
The manufacturer can supply values, if available, supported by documents for stress numbers Hlim and FE
involved in the formulas for gear strength with respect to the contact stress and with respect to the tooth root
bending stress. See 4-3-1A1/21 and 4-3-1A1/23.
Maximum continuous performance of the machinery for which classification is requested.
It is intended the power mentioned under note (2) or fraction of it in case of divided power.
The nominal transverse tangential load is calculated on the basis of the above mentioned maximum continuous
performance or on the basis of astern power when it gives a higher torque. In the case of navigation in ice, the
nominal transverse tangential load is to be increased as required by 4-3-1A1/9.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1


WHEELS
4-3-1A3
First gear
Second gear
Third gear
Fourth gear
drive
Drive
drive
drive

Is the wheel an external or an internal teeth gear?
Number of pinions
Number of wheels
Is the wheel an external or an internal teeth gear
Is the pinion an intermediate gear?
Is the wheel an intermediate gear?
Is the carrier stationary or revolving (star or planetcarrier)? (5)
Reference diameter of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Reference diameter of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Working pitch diameter of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Working pitch diameter of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Tip diameter of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Tip diameter of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Base diameter of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Base diameter of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Tooth depth of pinion mm (mm, in.) (6)
Tooth depth of wheel mm (mm, in.) (6)
Addendum of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Addendum of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Addendum of tool referred to normal module for
pinion
Addendum of tool referred to normal module for
wheel
Dedendum of pinion mm (mm, in.)
Dedendum of wheel mm (mm, in.)
Dedendum of basic rack [referred to mn (=ha01)] for
pinion
Dedendum of basic rack [referred to mn (=ha02)] for
wheel
d1
d2
dw1
dw2
da1
da2
db1
db2
h1
h2
ha1
ha2
ha01
ha02
hf 1
hf 2
hfp1
hfp2
Bending moment arm of tooth mm (mm, in.) (7)
hF
hF2

Width of tooth at tooth-root normal chord mm
(mm, in.) (7, 9)
Width of tooth at tooth-root normal chord mm
(mm, in.) (8)
Angle of application of load at the highest point of
single tooth contact (degrees)
Pressure angle at the highest point of single tooth
contact (degrees)
hFa
SFn
SFn2
Fen
en
Only for epicyclic gears.
Measured from the tip circle (or circle passing through the point of beginning of the fillet at the tooth tip) to the
beginning of the root fillet.
Only for external gears.
Only for internal gears.
Only for bevel gears.
179
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1


WHEELS
4-3-1A3
First gear
Second gear
Third gear
Fourth gear
drive
drive
Drive
drive

Normal module mm (mm, in.)
Outer normal module mm (mm, in.)
Transverse module
Addendum modification coefficient of pinion
Addendum modification coefficient of wheel
Addendum modification coefficient refers to the
midsection (9)
mn
mna
mt
x1
x2
xmn
Tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface) (9)

Addendum of tool mm (mm, in.)
Protuberance of tool mm (mm, in.)
Machining allowances mm (mm, in.)
Tip radius of tool mm (mm, in.)
Profile form deviation mm (mm, in.)
Transverse base pitch deviation mm (mm, in.)
Root fillet radius at the critical section mm (mm,
in.)
xsm
Root radius of basic rack [referred to mn (= a0)]

mm (mm, in.)
Radius of curvature at pitch surface mm (mm, in.)
Normal pressure angle at reference cylinder (degrees)
Transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder
(degrees)
Transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder
(degrees)
Helix angle at reference cylinder (degrees)
Helix angle at base cylinder (degrees)
Transverse contact ratio
Overlap ratio
Total contact ratio
Angle of application of load at the highest point of
single tooth contact (degrees) (9)
Reference cone angle of pinion (degrees) (9)
Reference cone angle of wheel (degrees)
(9)
Shaft angle (degrees) (9)

Tip angle of pinion (degrees) (9)
Tip angle of wheel (degrees) (9)
Helix angle at reference cylinder (degrees) (9)
Cone distance pinion. wheel mm (mm, in.) (9)
Middle cone distance mm (mm, in.)
9
180
(9)
ha0
Pr0
q
a0
ffa
fpb
F
fp
c
n
t
tw
Fan
1
2
1
2
m
R
Rm
Only for bevel gears.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
MATERIALS
First gear drive
Pinion: Material grade or specification ....................................................................................................
Complete chemical analysis......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10) .......................................................... N/mm, (kgf/mm, lbf/in)
Minimum yield strength (10) ........................................................................... N/mm, (kgf/mm, lbf/in)
Elongation (A5) ........................................... % Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC).......................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
Description of teeth surface-hardening .....................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Specified surface hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC)......................................................................................
Depth of hardened layer versus hardness values (if possible in diagram) ................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Finishing method of tooth flanks (hobbed, shaved, lapped, ground or shot-peened teeth) ......................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Specified surface roughness RZ or Ra relevant to tooth flank and root fillet ............................................
Amount of tooth flank corrections (tip-relief, end-relief, crowning and helix correction) if any.............
Specified grade of accuracy (according to ISO 1328)
.............................................................................................................................................................
Amount of shrinkage with tolerances specifying the procedure foreseen for shrinking and measures
proposed to ensure the securing of rims. (11) .............................................................................................
Wheel: Material grade or specification ....................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Minimum yield strength (10) .......................................................................... N/mm, (kgf/mm, lbf/in)
Elongation (A5) ........................................... % Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC).......................................
Heat treatment ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Specified grade of accuracy (according to ISO 1328) ..............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
10
Relevant to core of material
11
In case of shrink-fitted pinions, wheel rims or hubs
181
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
Second gear drive

.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Minimum yield strength (10) .......................................................................... N/mm, (kgf/mm, lbf/in)
Elongation (A5) ...........................................% Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC) ......................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Elongation (A5) ...........................................%; Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC) ......................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
182
10
11
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
Third gear drive

Complete chemical analysis.....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Elongation (A5) ........................................... %; Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC) ......................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Elongation (A5) ........................................... %; Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC) ......................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
10
11
183
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
Fourth gear drive

.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Heat treatment ...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
184
10
11

Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
VARIOUS ITEMS (indicate other elements, if any, in case of particular types of gears)
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
Date, ...........................................................................
185
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Propulsion Shafting
General
1.1
4-3-2
4-3-2/1
This section applies to shafts, couplings, clutches and other power transmitting components for
propulsion purposes.
Shafts and associated components used for transmission of power, essential for the propulsion of the
vessel, are to be so designed and constructed to withstand the maximum working stresses to which
they may be subjected in all service conditions. Consideration may be given to designs based on
engineering analyses, including fatigue considerations, as an alternative to the provisions of this
section.
Additional requirements for shafting intended for vessels strengthened for navigation in ice are
provided in Part 6.
1.3
For the purposes of using shaft diameter formulas in this section, the following definitions apply.
1.3.1
Tail Shaft 4-3-2/1.3.1

Tail Shaft is the part of the propulsion shaft aft of the forward end of the propeller end
bearing.
1.3.2
Stern Tube Shaft 4-3-2/1.3.2

Stern Tube Shaft or Tube Shaft is the part of the propulsion shaft passing through the stern
tube from the forward end of the propeller end bearing to the in-board shaft seal.
1.3.3
Line Shaft 4-3-2/1.3.3

Line Shaft is the part of the propulsion shaft in-board of the vessel.
1.3.4
Thrust Shaft 4-3-2/1.3.4

Thrust Shaft is that part of the propulsion shaft which transmits thrust to the thrust bearing.
187
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2
1.3.5
1.5

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
Oil Distribution Shaft 4-3-2/1.3.5

Oil Distribution Shaft is a hollow propulsion shaft where the bore and radial holes are used
for distribution of hydraulic oil in controllable pitch propeller installations.

The following plans and particulars are to be submitted for review:
1.5.1
For Propulsion Shafting 4-3-2/1.5.1

Shafting arrangement
Rated power of main engine and shaft rpm

Thrust, line, tube and tail shafts, as applicable
Couplings integral, demountable, keyed, or shrink-fit, coupling bolts and keys
Engineering analyses and fitting instructions for shrink-fit couplings
Shaft bearings
Stern tube
Shaft seals
Shaft lubricating system
Power take-off to shaft generators, propulsion boosters, or similar equipment, rated 100 kW
(135 hp) and over, as applicable
Materials
1.5.2
For Clutches 4-3-2/1.5.2

Construction details of torque transmitting components, housing along with their materials
and dimensions.
Rated power and rpm

Engineering analyses
Clutch operating data
1.5.3
For Flexible Couplings 4-3-2/1.5.3

Construction details of torque transmitting components, housing, along with their dimensions
and materials
Static and dynamic torsional stiffness and damping characteristics

Rated power, torque, and rpm.
Allowable vibratory torque for continuous and transient operation.
Allowable power loss (overheating)
Allowable misalignment for continuous operation
188
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2
1.5.4

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
For Cardan Shafts 4-3-2/1.5.4

Dimensions of all torque transmitting components and their materials
Rated power of main engine and shaft rpm

Clutch operating data
1.5.5
Calculations 4-3-2/1.5.5
Propulsion shaft alignment calculations where propulsion shaft is sensitive to alignment (see
4-3-2/7.3).
Torsional vibration analyses

Axial and lateral (whirling) vibration calculations where there are barred speed ranges within
engine operating speed range
Materials
3.1
General 4-3-2/3.1
4-3-2/3
Materials for propulsion shafts, couplings and coupling bolts, keys and clutches are to be of forged
steel or rolled bars, as appropriate, in accordance with Section 2-3-7 and Section 2-3-8 or other
specifications as may be specially approved with a specific design. Where materials other than those
specified in the Rules are proposed, full details of chemical composition, heat treatment and
mechanical properties, as appropriate, are to be submitted for approval.
3.3
3.1.1
Ultimate Tensile Strength 4-3-2/3.1.1

In general, the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of steel used for propulsion
shafting is to be between 400 N/mm2 (40.7 kgf/mm2, 58,000 psi) and 800 N/mm2 (81.5
kgf/mm2, 116,000 psi).
3.1.2
Elongation 4-3-2/3.1.2
Material with elongation (Lo/d = 4) of less than 16% is not to be used for any shafting
component, with the exception that material for non-fitted alloy steel coupling bolts
manufactured to a recognized standard may have elongation of not less than 10%.
Weldability 4-3-2/3.3
Where repair by welding or where cladding by welding is contemplated, steel used for propulsion
shafts is to contain 0.35% or less carbon content, unless specially approved, see 2-3-7/1.1.2. For
approval of welding of the shaft, refer to Appendix, Section 11 Guide for Repair and Cladding of
Shafts of Part 7.
3.5
Shaft Liners 4-3-2/3.5

Liners may be of bronze, stainless steel or other approved alloys and are to be free from porosity and
other defects. Continuous liners are to be in one piece or, if made of two or more lengths, the joining
of the separate pieces is to be done by an approved method of welding through not less than twothirds the thickness of the liner or by an approved rubber seal arrangement.
189
Part
Chapter
Section
3.7
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2

3.7.1
General 4-3-2/3.7.1
Materials for all torque-transmitting parts, including shafts, clutches, couplings, coupling
bolts and keys are to be tested in the presence of the Surveyor. The materials are to meet the
specifications of 2-3-7/5. 2-3-7/7 and 2-3-8/1 or other specifications approved in connection
with the design.
3.7.2
Alternative Test Requirements 4-3-2/3.7.2

3.7.2(a) 375 kW (500 hp) or less. Materials for parts transmitting 375 kW (500 hp) or less
may be accepted by the Surveyor based on verification of manufacturers certification and
witnessed hardness check.
3.7.2(b) Coupling bolts. Coupling bolts manufactured and marked to a recognized standard
will not require material testing.
3.7.3
Inspections and Nondestructive Tests 4-3-2/3.7.3

Shafting and couplings are to be surface examined by the Surveyor.
Forgings for tail shafts 455 mm (18 in.) and over in finished diameter are to be ultrasonically
examined in accordance with 2-3-7/1.13.2. Tail shafts in the finished machine condition are to
be subjected to magnetic particle, dye penetrant or other nondestructive examinations. They
are to be free of linear discontinuities greater than 3.2 mm (1/8 in.), except that in the
following locations the shafts are to be free of all linear discontinuities:
3.7.3(a) Tapered tail shafts: the forward one-third length of the taper, including the forward
end of any keyway and an equal length of the parallel part of the shaft immediately forward of
the taper.
3.7.3(b) Flanged tail shafts: the flange fillet area.
Design and Construction
5.1
Shaft Diameters 4-3-2/5.1
4-3-2/5
The minimum diameter of propulsion shafting is to be determined by the following equation:

D = 100 K 3
H c1
R U + c2
where
190
required solid shaft diameter, except hollow shaft; mm (mm, in)
power at rated speed; kW (PS, hp) (1 PS = 735 W; 1 hp = 746 W)
shaft design factor, see 4-3-2/Table 1 or 4-3-2/Table 2
rated speed rpm
minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of shaft material (regardless of

the actual minimum specified tensile strength of the material, the value of U
used in these calculations is not to exceed that indicated in 4-3-2/Table 3;
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
c1 and c2 are given below:
5.3
c1
SI units
560
MKS units
41.95
US units
3.695
c2
160
16.3
23180
Hollow Shafts 4-3-2/5.3

For hollow shafts where the bore exceeds 40% of the outside diameter, the minimum outside shaft
diameter is not to be less than that determined through successive approximation utilizing the
following equation:
Do = D 3
1
[1 ( Di / Do ) 4 ]
where
5.5
Do
required outer diameter of shaft; mm (mm, in).
solid shaft diameter required by 4-3-2/5.1; mm (mm, in).
Di
actual inner diameter of shaft; mm (mm, in).
Alternative Criteria 4-3-2/5.5

As an alternative to the design equations shown in 4-3-2/5.1 and 4-3-2/5.3, shafting design may be
considered for approval on the basis of axial and torsional loads to be transmitted, bending moment
and resistance against fatigue. A detailed stress analysis showing a factor of safety of at least 2.0 for
fatigue failure is to be submitted for approval with all supporting data.
TABLE 1
Shaft Design Factor K for Line Shafts and Thrust Shafts
Design features (1)
Propulsion
drives
Integral
flange
Shrink fit
coupling
Keyways (2)
Radial
holes,
transverse
holes (3)
Longitudinal
slots (4)
On both
sides of
thrust
collars
In way of
axial
bearings
used as
thrust
bearings
Straight
sections
Type A
0.95
0.95
1.045
1.045
1.14
1.045
1.045
0.95
Type B
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
Type A: Turbine drives; electric drives; diesel drive through slip couplings (electric or hydraulic).
Type B: All other diesel drives.
Notes
1
Geometric features other than those listed will be specially considered.
After a length of not less than 0.2D from the end of the keyway, the shaft diameter may be reduced to
the diameter calculated for straight sections.
Fillet radii in the transverse section of the keyway are not to be less than 0.0125D.
Diameter of bore not more than 0.3D.
Length of the slot not more than 1.4D, width of slot not more than 0.2D, whereby D is calculated
with K = 1.0.
191
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
TABLE 2
Shaft Design Factor K for Tail Shafts and Stern Tube Shafts (See Note 1)
Tail shafts: propeller attachment method (2)
Propulsion
drive
Stern tube
Configuration
All
Oil lubricated bearings
1.26
1.22
1.22
1.15
All
Water lubricated bearings:

continuous shaft liners or
equivalent (see 4-3-2/5.17.6)
1.26
1.22
1.22
1.15
All
Water lubricated bearings: noncontinuous shaft liners (6)
1.29
1.25
1.25
1.18
Keyed
(3)
Keyless attachment
by shrink fit (4)
Flanged
(5)
Stern tube
shafts (7), (8)
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Tail shaft may be reduced to stern tube shaft diameter forward of the bearing supporting the
propeller, and the stern tube shaft reduced to line shaft diameter inboard of the forward stern tube
seal.
Other attachments are subject to special consideration.
Fillet radii in the transverse section at the bottom of the keyway are not to be less than 0.0125D.
See also 4-3-2/5.11 and 4-3-3/5.15.2.
For flange fillet radii and flange thickness, see 4-3-2/5.19.3.
For Great Lakes Service, K factor corresponding to continuous liner configuration may be used.
K factor applies to shafting between the forward edge of the propeller-end bearing and the inboard
stern tube seal.
Where keyed couplings are fitted on stern tube shaft, the shaft diameters are to be increased by 10%
in way of the coupling. See Note 2 of 4-3-2/Table 1.
TABLE 3
Maximum Values of U to be Used in Shaft Calculations
5.7
SI units
N/mm2
MKS units
kgf/mm2
US units
psi
1.
For all shafts except tail shafts and tube shafts stated in 2
and 3 below.
800
81.5
116,000
2.
For tail shafts and tube shafts in oil lubricated bearings or in

saltwater lubricated bearings but fitted with continuous liner
or equivalent (see 4-3-2/5.17.6).
600
61.2
87,000
3.
For tail shafts and tube shafts in saltwater lubricated

bearings fitted with non-continuous liners.
415
42.2
60,000
Key (2001)4-3-2/5.7
In general, the key material is to be of equal or higher strength than the shaft material. The effective
area of the key in shear is to be not less than A, given below. The effective area is to be the gross area
subtracted by materials removed by saw cuts, set screw holes, chamfer, etc., and is to exclude the
portion of the key in way of spooning of the key way.
A=
192
D 3 YS
5.1rm Y K
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Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
where
5.9
shear area of key; mm2 (mm2, in2)
line shaft diameter; mm (mm, in); as determined by 4-3-2/5.1
rm
shaft radius at mid-length of the key; mm (mm, in).
YS
specified yield strength of shaft material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
YK
specified yield strength of key material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
Strengthening for Navigation in Ice 4-3-2/5.9

For vessels to be assigned with Ice Class notations, shafting is to be designed in accordance with
6-1-1/55 or 6-1-2/33.
5.11
Tail Shaft Propeller-end Design 4-3-2/5.11

Tail shafts are to be provided with an accurate taper fit in the propeller hub, particular attention being
given to the fit at the large end of the taper. In general, the actual contact area is to be at least 70% of
the theoretical contact area. The key is to fit tightly in the keyway and be of sufficient size (see
4-3-2/5.7) to transmit the full torque of the shaft, but it is not to extend into the propeller hub
counterbore (to accommodate the liner) on the forward side of the propeller hub. The forward end of
the keyway is to be so cut in the shaft as to give a gradual rise from the bottom of the keyway to the
surface of the shaft (see 4-3-2/Figure 1). Ample fillets (see Note 2 of 4-3-2/Table 1) are to be
provided in the corners of the keyway and, in general, stress concentrations are to be reduced as far as
practicable.
5.13
Propeller-end Seal 4-3-2/5.13

Effective means are to be provided to prevent water having access to the shaft at the part between the
after end of the liner and the propeller hub and between the shaft and the propeller. See typical sealing
arrangements in 4-3-2/Figure 1. See also 4-3-3/9.5.
5.15
Tail Shaft Bearings 4-3-2/5.15

5.15.1 Water-lubricated Bearings 4-3-2/5.15.1
The length of the bearing, next to and supporting the propeller, is to be not less than four
times the required tail-shaft diameter. However, for bearings of rubber, reinforced resins, or
plastic materials, the length of the bearing, next to and supporting the propeller, may be less
than four times, but not less than two times the required tail shaft diameter, provided the
bearing design is being substantiated by experimental tests to the satisfaction of the Bureau.
5.15.2 Oil-lubricated Bearings 4-3-2/5.15.2
5.15.2(a) White metal. The length of white-metal-lined, oil-lubricated propeller-end bearings
fitted with an approved oil-seal gland is to be not less than two times the required tail shaft
diameter. The length of the bearing may be reduced, provided the nominal bearing pressure is
not more than 0.80 N/mm2 (0.0815 kgf/mm2, 116 psi), as determined by static bearing
reaction calculation taking into account shaft and propeller weight which is deemed to be
exerted solely on the aft bearing, divided by the projected area of the bearing surface. The
minimum length, however, is not to be less than 1.5 times the actual diameter.
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4-3-2
FIGURE 1
Typical Arrangements and Details of Fitting of Tail Shaft and Propeller
Propeller
Rope Guard
Filled with Suitable Rust
Inhibiting Compound
Stern Seal
Liner
Tail Shaft
Hub Cap
Propeller Nut
Typical Arrangements of Keyless

Propeller and Tail Shaft
Typical Propeller Forward End Sealing

Arrangment for Shaft Fitted with Liner
Fill and Vent Hole
Propeller
Stern Seal Sleeve
Liner
"O" Ring
Propeller
Backing Ring
Stress Relief Groove
Tail Shaft
"O" Ring
Typical Spooning of Keyway in Propeller Shaft
Section E-E
D
B
A
E
E
b
A
C
D
r3
r2
r5
r5
A-A
194
r1
r4
r5
B-B
r5
C-C
D-D
Sections
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Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
5.15.2(b) Synthetic material. The length of synthetic rubber, reinforced resin or plastic oillubricated propeller end bearings fitted with an approved oil-seal gland is to be not less than two
times the required tail shaft diameter. The length of bearing may be reduced, provided the nominal
bearing pressure is not more than 0.60 N/mm2 (0.0611 kgf/mm2, 87 psi), as determined by static
bearing reaction calculation taking into account shaft and propeller weight which is deemed to be
exerted solely on the aft bearing, divided by the projected area of the bearing surface. The
minimum length, however, is not to be less than 1.5 times the actual diameter. Where the material
has demonstrated satisfactory testing and operating experience, consideration may be given to
increased bearing pressure.
5.15.2(c) Cast iron or bronze. The length of oil-lubricated cast iron or bronze bearings which
are fitted with an approved oil-seal gland is to be not less than four times the required tail shaft
diameter.
5.15.2(d) Stern tube bearing oil lubricating system sampling arrangement. (2001) An
arrangement for readily obtaining accurate oil samples is to be provided. The sampling point
is to be taken from the lowest point in the oil lubricating system, as far as practicable. Also,
the arrangements are to be such as to permit the effective removal of contaminants from the
oil lubricating system.
5.15.3 Grease-lubricated Bearings 4-3-2/5.15.3
The length of grease-lubricated bearings is to be not less than four times the diameter of the
required tail shaft diameter.
5.17
Tail Shaft Liners 4-3-2/5.17

5.17.1 Thickness at Bearings 4-3-2/5.17.1
5.17.1(a) Bronze liner. The thickness of bronze liners to be fitted to tail shafts or tube shafts
is not to be less than that given by the following equation.
t=
T
+ 5.1 mm
25
or
t=
T
+ 0.2 in
25
where
t
thickness of liner; mm (mm, in).
required diameter of tail shaft; mm (mm, in).
5.17.1(b) Stainless steel liner. The thickness of stainless steel liners to be fitted to tail shafts
or tube shafts is not to be less than one-half that required for bronze liners or 6.5 mm
(0.25 in), whichever is greater.
5.17.2 Thickness Between Bearings 4-3-2/5.17.2
The thickness of a continuous bronze liner between bearings is to be not less than threefourths of the thickness required in way of bearings.
5.17.3 Liner Fitting 4-3-2/5.17.3
All liners are to be carefully shrunk or forced upon the shaft by pressure and they are not to be
secured by pins. If the liner does not fit the shaft tightly between the bearing portions, the
space between the shaft and liner is to be filled by pressure with an insoluble non-corrosive
compound.
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4-3-2
5.17.4 Glass Reinforced Plastic Coating 4-3-2/5.17.4

Glass reinforced plastic coatings may be fitted on propulsion shafting when applied by an
approved procedure to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. Such coatings are to consist of at least
four plies of cross-woven glass tape impregnated with resin, or an equivalent process. Prior to
coating, the shaft is to be cleaned with a suitable solvent and grit-blasted. The shaft is to be
examined prior to coating and the first layer is to be applied in the presence of the Surveyor.
Subsequent to coating, the finished shaft is to be subjected to a spark test or equivalent to
verify freedom from porosity to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. In all cases where reinforced
plastic coatings are employed, effective means are to be provided to prevent water from
gaining access to the metal of the shaft. Provisions are to be made for overlapping and
adequately bonding the coating to fitted or clad liners. The end of the liner is to be stepped
and tapered as required to protect the end of the wrapping.
5.17.5 Stainless Steel Cladding 4-3-2/5.17.5
Stainless steel cladding of shafts is to be carried out in accordance with the Appendix, Section
11 Guide for Repair and Cladding of Shafts of Part 7.
5.17.6 Continuous Liner or Equivalent 4-3-2/5.17.6
Stainless steel cladding in 4-3-2/5.17.5 and metallic liners in 4-3-2/5.17.1, if of noncontinuous construction but if the exposed shaft is protected with fiber glass reinforced plastic
coating in accordance with 4-3-2/5.17.4, may be credited as continuous liners for purposes
of
determining required tail shaft and tube shaft diameters (see 4-3-2/5.1 and 4-3-2/5.3),
and
periodical tail shaft survey [see 7-2-1/13.1.2(c)].
5.19
Couplings and Coupling Bolts 4-3-2/5.19

5.19.1 Fitted Bolts 4-3-2/5.19.1
The minimum diameter of accurately fitted shaft coupling bolts is to be determined by the
following equation. The accuracy of fit is to be zero or negative clearance.
db = 0.65
D 3 (U + c )
NBU b
where
B
bolt circle diameter; mm (mm, in).
constant, as given below

SI unit
160
196
MKS unit
16.3
US unit
23,180
db
diameter of bolt at joints; mm (mm, in)
required diameter of line shaft (see 4-3-2/5.1); mm (mm, in)
number of bolts fitted in one coupling
minimum specified tensile strength of shaft material, as defined in

4-3-2/5.1; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
Part
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Ub
4-3-2
minimum specified tensile strength of bolt material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

psi), subject to the following conditions:
Selected bolt material is to have minimum specified tensile strength Ub at least equal to U.
Regardless of the actual minimum tensile strength, the value of Ub used in these calculations
is not to exceed 1.7U nor 1000 N/mm2 (102 kgf/mm2, 145,000 psi).
5.19.2 Non-fitted Bolts 4-3-2/5.19.2
The diameter of pre-stressed non-fitted coupling bolts will be considered upon the submittal
of detailed preloading and stress calculations and fitting instructions. The tensile stress of the
bolt due to prestressing and astern pull is not to exceed 90% of the minimum specified yield
strength of the bolt material. In addition, the bearing stress on any member such as the flange,
bolt head, threads or nut is not to exceed 90% of the minimum specified yield strength of the
material of that member.
For calculation purpose, to take account of torsional vibratory torque, the following factors
may be applied to the transmitted main torque, unless the actual measured vibratory torque is
higher, in which case, the actual vibratory torque is to be used:
for direct diesel engine drives: 1.2;
for all other drives and for diesel engine drives with elastic coupling: 1.0.
5.19.2(a) Torque transmission by friction. Where torque is to be transmitted by friction
provided by prestressed non-fitted bolts only and the bolts are under pure tension, the factor
of safety against slip under the worst operating conditions, including mean transmitted torque
plus torque due to torsional vibration, is to be at least as follows:
inaccessible couplings (external to the hull or not readily accessible): 2.8;

accessible couplings (internal to the hull): 2.0.
5.19.2(b) Torque transmission by combined friction and shear. Where torque is to be
transmitted by combination of fitted bolts and prestressed non-fitted bolts, the components are
to meet the following criteria:
fitted bolts: the shear stress under the maximum torque corresponding to the worst
loaded condition is to be not more than 50% of the minimum specified tensile yield
strength of the bolt material;
non-fitted bolts: the factor of safety against slip, under the maximum torque
corresponding to the worst loaded condition and the specified bolt tension, is to be at
least 1.6 for inaccessible couplings and 1.1 for accessible couplings.
5.19.2(c) Torque transmission by dowels. Dowels connecting the tail shaft flange to the
controllable pitch propeller hub, utilized with prestressed non-fitted bolts to transmit torque,
are considered equivalent to fitted bolts and are to comply with 4-3-2/5.19.1 and, if
applicable, 4-3-2/5.19.2(b). The dowels are to be accurately fitted and effectively secured
against axial movement.
5.19.3 Flanges 4-3-2/5.19.3
5.19.3(a) Flange thickness. The thickness of coupling flanges integral to the shaft is not to
be less than the minimum required diameter of the coupling bolts or 0.2D, where D is as
defined in 4-3-2/5.1, whichever is greater.
The fillet radius at the base of a coupling flange is not to be less than 0.08 times the actual
shaft diameter. Consideration will be given to fillets of multiple radii design; such fillet is
normally to have a cross-sectional area not less than that of a required single-radius fillet. In
general, the surface finish for fillet radii is not to be rougher than 1.6 m (63 in.) RMS.
Alternatively, 1.6 m CLA (center line average) may be accepted.
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4-3-2
5.19.3(b) Flange thickness - connection to controllable pitch propeller. The thickness of

the coupling flange integral to the tail shaft for connection to the forward face of the
controllable pitch propeller hub is to be not less than 0.25D, where D is as defined in
4-3-2/5.1.
For the tail shaft flange supporting the propeller, the fillet radius at the base of the flange is to
be at least 0.125D. Special consideration will be given to fillets of multiple-radius design; see
4-3-2/5.19.3(a). The fillet radius is to be accessible for nondestructive examination during tail
shaft surveys. See 7-5-1/3.5.
5.19.4 Demountable Couplings 4-3-2/5.19.4
The strength of demountable couplings and keys is to be equivalent to that of the shaft.
Couplings are to be accurately fitted to the shaft. Where necessary, provisions for resisting
thrust loading are to be provided.
Hydraulic and other shrink fit couplings will be specially considered upon submittal of
detailed preload and stress calculations and fitting instructions. In general, the torsional
holding capacity under nominal working conditions and based on the minimum available
interference fit (or minimum pull-up length) is to be at least 2.8 times the transmitted mean
torque plus torque due to torsional vibration (see 4-3-2/5.19.2) for inaccessible couplings
(external to the hull or not readily accessible). This factor may be reduced to 2.0 times for
accessible couplings (internal to the hull). The preload stress under nominal working
conditions and based on the maximum available interference fit (or maximum pull-up length)
is not to exceed 70% of the minimum specified yield strength.
The following friction coefficients are to be used:
oil injection method of fit: 0.13;
dry method of fit:
0.18.
5.19.5 Flexible Couplings 4-3-2/5.19.5

5.19.5(a) Design. Flexible couplings intended for use in propulsion shafting are to be of
approved designs. Couplings are to be designed for the rated torque, fatigue and avoidance of
overheating. Where elastomeric material is used as a torque-transmitting component, it is to
withstand environmental and service conditions over the design life of the coupling, taking
into consideration the full range of maximum to minimum vibratory torque. Flexible coupling
design will be evaluated, based on submitted engineering analyses.
5.19.5(b) Torsional displacement limiter. Flexible couplings with elastomer or spring type
flexible members, whose failure will lead to total loss of propulsion capability of the vessel,
such as that used in the line shaft of a single propeller vessel, are to be provided with a
torsional displacement limiter. The device is to lock the coupling or prevent excessive
torsional displacement when a pre-determined torsional displacement limit is exceeded.
Operation of the vessel under such circumstances may be at reduced power. Warning notices
for such reduced power are to be posted at all propulsion control stations.
5.19.5(c) Barred range. Conditions where the allowable vibratory torque or the allowable
dissipated power may be exceeded under the normal operating range of the engine are to be
identified and are to be marked as a barred range in order to avoid continuous operation
within this range.
5.19.5(d) Diesel generators. Flexible couplings for diesel generator sets are to be capable of
absorbing short time impact torque due to electrical short-circuit conditions up to 6 (six) times the
nominal torque.
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4-3-2
5.19.6 Clutches (2002)4-3-2/5.19.6

5.19.6(a) Design. Clutches intended for use in propulsion shafting are to be of approved
design. They are to be designed to transmit the maximum power at rated speed. The minimum
service factor, determined by the ratio of the clutch static holding capacity to the rated torque,
is to be as follows:
Clutch design type
Minimum service factor
Drum-type clutch or Disc type, air-actuated, air cooled clutches

Shafting system fitted with fixed pitch propeller
1.7
Shafting system fitted with fixed pitch propeller and shaft brake
1.5
Shafting system fitted with controllable pitch propeller
1.5
Hydraulically-actuated, oil cooled multiple-plate clutches
1.7
The minimum service factor will be required to be increased if the shafting vibratory torque is
excessive, clutch thermal capacity is exceeded because of frequent clutch engagements during
vessel operations, the clutch shoe material used has limited service experience or the clutch
will be allowed to slip during vessel operations. Calculations are to be submitted for review.
5.19.6(b) System arrangements. Arrangements are to be made such that, in the event of
failure of the clutch actuating system, each clutch remains capable of being engaged and
transmitting an adequate power considered necessary for propulsion and maneuvering of the
vessel.
5.19.6(c) Coupling bolts. Coupling bolts are to comply with 4-3-2/5.19.1 and 4-3-2/5.19.2
and are to be of sufficient strength to support the weight of the elements, as well as to transmit
all necessary forces.
5.19.7 Locking Arrangement 4-3-2/5.19.7
After assembly, all coupling bolts and associated nuts are to be fitted with locking
arrangement.
5.21
Cardan Shaft 4-3-2/5.21

Cardan shafts are to be designed in accordance with the equation for propulsion shaft in 4-3-2/5.1, and
flanges and bolts are to be in accordance with 4-3-2/5.19.1, 4-3-2/5.19.2 and 4-3-2/5.19.3. The design
of splines, yokes and cross-members are to be evaluated based on engineering analyses which are to
be submitted for review. Where applicable, the cardan shaft assembly is to contain provisions for
bearing thrust or pull from the propeller.
Propulsion Shaft Alignment and Vibrations
7.1
General 4-3-2/7.1
4-3-2/7
In addition to the design requirements addressed above, considerations are to be given to additional
stresses in the shafting system given rise to by shaft alignment in relation to location and spacing of
the shaft bearings, and by axial, lateral and torsional vibrations.
7.3
Shaft Alignment Calculations (2004) 4-3-2/7.3

In general, shaft alignment calculations, as well as a shaft alignment procedure, are to be submitted
for reference. However, calculations for the following alignment-sensitive types of installations are to
be submitted for review:
i)
Propulsion shafting of diameter greater than 400 mm (15.75 in).
ii)
Propulsion shafting with reduction gears where the bull gear is driven by two or more ahead
pinions.
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iii)
Propulsion shafting with power take-off or with booster power arrangements.
iv)
Propulsion shafting for which the tail shaft bearings are to be slope-bored.
4-3-2
The alignment calculations are to include bearing reactions, shear forces and bending moments along
the shafting, slope boring details (if applicable) and detailed description of alignment procedure.
The alignment calculations are to be performed for theoretically aligned cold and hot conditions of the
shaft with specified alignment tolerances.
Calculations are to be performed for the maximum allowable alignment tolerances and are to show
that:
Bearing loads under all operating conditions are within the acceptable limits specified by the
bearing manufacturer.
Bearing reactions are always positive (i.e., supporting the shaft).
Shear forces and bending moments on the shaft are within acceptable limits in association
with other stresses in the shaft.
Forces and moments on propulsion equipment are within the limits specified by the
machinery manufacturers.
In general, if the calculated relative misalignment slope between the shaft and the tail shaft
bearing is greater than 0.3*10-3 [rad], then consideration is to be given to reducing the relative
misalignment slope by means of slope-boring or bearing inclination.
7.5
Torsional Vibrations 4-3-2/7.5

7.5.1
Allowable Stress for Single Harmonic 4-3-2/7.5.1

The torsional vibration stress in the propulsion shafting system, including couplings, gears,
power take-off for driving auxiliaries, clutches, dampers, etc., due to a single harmonic
excitation factor at the resonant peak, is not to exceed the allowable vibratory stress, S, given
in
4-3-2/Table 4.
TABLE 4
Allowable Vibratory Stress for Single Harmonic
SI units
MKS units
US units
U + 160
U
+
16
.
3
U
+
23180
C K C D C r N/mm2
C K C DCr kgf/mm2
CK CDCr psi
18
18
18
To be taken as not more than
U = minimum tensile
61.2 kgf/mm2 (see Note)
87,000 psi (see Note)
strength of shaft material
600 N/mm2 (see Note)
CK = shaft design factor
1.0 for line shaft with integral coupling flanges or shrink fit couplings.
0.85 for thrust shafts external to engines, on both sides of the thrust collar or in way of
the roller thrust bearings.
0.60 for line shafts with keyways.
0.55 for tail shafts, tube shafts and crank shafts.

Other shafts will be subject to special consideration.
CD = size factor
0.93
0.93
0.487
0.35 + 5
0.35 + 5
0.35 + 5
d
d
d
d = actual shaft diameter
mm
mm
in.
Cr = speed ratio factor
3 22 for < 0.9 1.38 for 0.9 1.05
Critical speed (RPM) at which vibratory stress is calculated
rated speed (RPM)

Note: Regardless of the actual minimum specified tensile strength of the shaft (tail shaft, tube shaft and line shaft, as applicable)
material, the value of U used in these calculations is not to exceed the values indicated. Higher value of U, but not exceeding 800
N/mm2 (81.5 kgf/mm2, 116,000 psi) may be specially considered for the line shaft.
S = allowable vibratory
stress
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4-3-2
7.5.2
Limit for Total Vibratory Stress 4-3-2/7.5.2

Total vibratory stress in the interval from 90% to 105% of rated speed due to resonant
harmonics and the dynamically magnified parts of significant non-resonant harmonics is not
to exceed 150% of the allowable stress for a single harmonic excitation factor.
7.5.3
Operation Below Rated Speed 4-3-2/7.5.3

Where the service is such that the vessel will operate for a significant portion of life at speeds
below 90% of rated speed, the stress limits in the interval = 0.9 to = 1.05, as shown in
4-3-2/7.5.2, are to be used in such speed ranges.
7.5.4
Specific Installations 4-3-2/7.5.4

7.5.4(a) Diesel engine installations. For diesel engine installations, vibratory stresses are to
be calculated with any one cylinder not firing and the calculations are to be submitted for
information.
7.5.4(b) Similar installations.

If torsional critical-speed arrangements are similar to
previously approved installations, which have been proven by service experience,
consideration will be given to higher stresses upon submittal of full details.
7.5.5
Barred Speed Ranges 4-3-2/7.5.5

When torsional vibratory stresses exceed the foregoing limits at an rpm within the operating
range but less than 80% of rated speed, a barred range is to be provided. The allowable
vibratory stress in a barred range due to the alternating torsional vibrations is not to exceed
the values given by the following:
S2 =
1 .7 S
for 0.8
Ck
S2
where
allowable vibratory stress within a barred range, N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi.)
, S, Ck are as defined in 4-3-2/7.5.1.
Barred ranges are not acceptable in the speed range between 0.8 and 1.05 of the rated speed.
The existence of a barred range at speeds less than 0.8 of the rated speed is to be considered in
establishing standard operating speeds for the vessel. The width of the barred range is to take
into consideration the breadth and severity of the critical speed but is not to be less than the
following limits:
16nc
nl
18
and
(18 )nc
nu
16
where nc = critical speed; nl = lower limit; nu = upper limit; and is as defined in

4-3-2/Table 4.
7.5.6
Marking of Tachometer and Alarms 4-3-2/7.5.6

Where a barred speed range is identified as in 4-3-2/7.5.5, the tachometer is to be marked and
a warning notice is to be displayed at all propulsion control stations (local and remote) to
caution that operation in the barred range is to be avoided except for passing through. Where
remote propulsion control is fitted on the navigation bridge or where a centralized control
station is fitted, means are to be provided at these remote propulsion control stations to alert
the operator of any operation of the propulsion drive within the barred range. This may be
achieved by a visual display or alarm.
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4-3-2
7.5.7
Other Effects 4-3-2/7.5.7

Because critical torsional vibration has deleterious effects other than shafting fatigue, the
limits in 4-3-2/7.5.2 are not intended for direct application as design factors, and it is desirable
that the service range above 90% of rated speed be kept clear of torsional critical speeds
insofar as practicable.
7.5.8
Torsiograph Tests 4-3-2/7.5.8

When the calculation indicates that criticals occur within the operating range, whose severity
approaches or exceeds the limits in 4-3-2/7.5.2, torsiograph tests may be required to verify the
calculations and to assist in determining ranges of restricted operation.
7.5.9
Vibration Dampers 4-3-2/7.5.9

When torsional vibratory stresses exceed the limits in 4-3-2/7.5.2 and a barred range is not
acceptable, the propulsion system is to be redesigned or vibration dampers are to be fitted to
reduce the stresses.
7.5.10 Gears 4-3-2/7.5.10

When the propeller is driven through reduction gear, or when geared booster power or power
take-off is provided, a barred range is to be provided at the acceptable critical speed if gear
tooth chatter occurs during continuous operation at this speed.
7.7
Axial Vibrations 4-3-2/7.7

The designer or the builder is to evaluate the shafting system to ensure that axial vibration
characteristics in association with diesel engine or propeller blade-rate frequency forces will not result
in deleterious effects throughout the engine operating speed range, with consideration also given to
the possibility of the coupling of torsional and axial vibration, unless experience with similar shafting
system installations makes it unnecessary. The axial vibrations may be controlled by axial vibration
detuners to change the natural frequency of the system or by axial vibration dampers to limit the
amplitude of axial vibrations to an acceptable level.
When on the basis of axial vibration calculations the designer or builder proposed to provide barred
speed ranges within the engine operating speed range, the calculations are to be submitted for
information. The barred speed ranges due to axial vibrations are to be verified and established by
measurement.
7.9
Lateral (Whirling) Vibrations 4-3-2/7.9

The designer or the builder is to evaluate the shafting system to ensure that the amplitudes of lateral
(whirling) vibration are of acceptable magnitude throughout the engine operating speed range, unless
experience with similar shafting system installations makes it unnecessary.
When on the basis of lateral vibration calculations, the designer or builder proposed to provide barred
speed ranges within the engine operating speed range, the calculations are to be submitted for
information. The barred speed ranges due to lateral vibration are to be verified and established by
measurement.
202
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
Inspection, Testing and Certification
9.1
General 4-3-2/9.1
4-3-2
4-3-2/9
Shafting components are to be inspected, tested and certified by a Surveyor at the plant of the
manufacturer in accordance with the following requirements.
9.3
Material Testing 4-3-2/9.3

For testing of shafting component materials, see 4-3-2/3.7.
9.5
Propulsion Shafts and Associated Parts 4-3-2/9.5

9.5.1
Power Transmitting Parts 4-3-2/9.5.1

All propulsion shafts and associated parts, such as coupling bolts, are to be visually examined
for surface flaws, out of roundness, straightness, and dimensional tolerances. The Surveyor, in
case of doubts, may require additional nondestructive testing. See 4-3-2/3.7.3 for tailshaft
requirements.
9.5.2
Liners 4-3-2/9.5.2
Shaft liners are to prove tight under hydrostatic test of 1.0 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi). After
assembly, the fit of the liner to the shaft is to be checked for freedom from voids. Any void in
way of bearings is to be dealt with as in 4-3-2/5.17.3.
9.7
Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Cardan Shafts, etc. 4-3-2/9.7

Manufactured torque transmitting parts, such as flexible couplings, clutches (independent of the gear
assembly), cardan shafts, etc. are to be inspected, tested, and certified by a Surveyor at the plant of
manufacture. Alternatively, these parts may be certified under Type Approval Program (see
1-1-4/3.7).
11
Installation and Trials
11.1
Shaft Alignment 4-3-2/11.1
4-3-2/11
11.1.1 Alignment (2004) 4-3-2/11.1.1

Shaft alignment is to be carried out in the presence of a Surveyor. Final alignment is to be
verified in the afloat condition with superstructure in place and major welding work
completed. When alignment calculations are required to be submitted in accordance with
4-3-2/7.3, the alignment calculated data are to be verified and recorded by appropriate
measurement procedures in the presence and to the satisfaction of a Surveyor.
11.1.2 Cast Resin Chocks 4-3-2/11.1.2
Resin chocks, intended for chocking of the shaft bearing foundation or stern tube, are to be of
an approved type (see 1-1-A3/5 for type approval). Resin chocks are not to be relied upon to
maintain watertight integrity of the hull or the oiltight integrity of the lubricating oil system.
Accordingly, direct contact of resin chocks with water or oil is to be avoided. Where used, the
arrangements and installation procedures are to be in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations. Arrangements of the proposed installation, along with installation
parameters such as deadweight, holding-down bolt tightening torque, etc., and calculations
showing that the manufacturers specified allowable pressure is not exceeded, are to be
submitted for review in each case.
203
Part
Chapter
Section
11.3
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
Vibration Measurement 4-3-2/11.3

11.3.1 Torsional Vibration 4-3-2/11.3.1
Where torsiograph measurement is required as per 4-3-2/7.5.8, the measurement is to be taken
in the presence of a Surveyor.
When a barred speed range is provided in accordance with 4-3-2/7.5.5, tachometer marking,
warning notice, and alarms at remote control stations (where fitted), as described in
4-3-2/7.5.6, are to be fitted.
Electronic speed regulating devices may be preset to step-pass the barred range in addition to
the warning notice.
When the propeller is driven through reduction gears, the Surveyor is to ascertain that no
gear-tooth chatter occurs throughout the operating range. Otherwise, a barred speed range as
per 4-3-2/7.5.5 is to be provided; see 4-3-2/7.5.10.
11.3.2 Axial and Lateral Vibrations 4-3-2/11.3.2
When calculations indicate that barred speed ranges are present as per 4-3-2/7.7 and
4-3-2/7.9, these barred speed ranges are to be verified and recorded by appropriate
measurement procedures in the presence and to the satisfaction of a Surveyor.
11.5
Circulating Currents 4-3-2/11.5

Where means are provided to prevent circulating currents from passing between the propeller, shaft
and the hull, a warning notice plate is to be provided in a visible place cautioning against the removal
of such protection.
11.7
Sea Trial 4-3-2/11.7

The shafting installation is to be tested during sea trials under various maneuvering conditions. It is to
be free from dangerous vibration and to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
204
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Propellers
General
1.1
4-3-3
4-3-3/1
This section applies to propellers intended for propulsion. It covers fixed pitch and controllable pitch
propellers. Propellers for thrusters used for maneuvering and dynamic positioning are covered in
Section 4-3-5. Performance of propellers, in respect to developing the designed output, is to be
demonstrated during sea trials.
Additional requirements for propellers intended for vessels strengthened for navigation in ice are
provided in Part 6.
1.3
For purpose of this section, the following definitions apply.
1.3.1
Skew Angle 4-3-3/1.3.1

Skew Angle () of a propeller is the angle measured from ray A passing through the tip of
blade at mid-chord line to ray B tangent to the mid-chord line on the projected blade outline.
See 4-3-3/Figure 1.
1.3.2
Highly Skewed Propeller 4-3-3/1.3.2

A Highly Skewed Propeller is one whose skew angle is more than 25.
1.3.3
Propeller Rake 4-3-3/1.3.3

1.3.3(a) Rake. Rake is the distance at the blade tip between the generating line and the line
perpendicular to the propeller axis that meets the generating line at the propeller axis. See
4-3-3/Figure 2.
1.3.3(b) Rake angle (). Rake Angle of a propeller is the angle measured from the plane
perpendicular to shaft centerline to the tangent to the generating line at a specified radius
(0.6radius for the purpose of this section). See 4-3-3/Figure 2.
205
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
FIGURE 1
Maximum Skew Angle
4-3-3
FIGURE 2
Rake and Rake Angle
C
skew
angle
Rake
mid-chord
line
0.6
radius
leading
edge
1.5

1.5.1
Fixed Pitch Propeller of Conventional Design 4-3-3/1.5.1
Material
Design characteristics of propeller
Dimensions and tolerances
Propeller plan
Blade thickness calculations
1.5.2
Controllable Pitch Propeller of Conventional Design 4-3-3/1.5.2
As per 4-3-3/1.5.1
Hub and hub to tail shaft flange attachment bolts
Propeller blade flange and bolts
Internal mechanism
Hydraulic piping control system
Instrumentation and alarm system
Strength calculations for internal mechanism
1.5.3
Highly Skewed Propeller and Other Unconventional Designs 4-3-3/1.5.3

In addition to the foregoing, where propeller blade designs are of the types for which the
Rules do not provide simplified blade thickness calculations, such as
highly skewed propellers with > 50;

high skewed propellers made of other than Type 4 materials with 50 > 25;
controllable pitch propellers with > 25;
cycloidal propellers;
propeller load and stress analyses demonstrating adequacy of blade strength are to be
submitted.
1.5.4
206
Keyless Propeller 4-3-3/1.5.4

Where propellers are to be fitted to the shaft without keys, stress calculations for hub stresses
and holding capacity, along with fitting instructions, are to be submitted.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
Materials
3.1
Normally Used Propeller Materials 4-3-3/3.1
4-3-3
4-3-3/3
4-3-3/Table 1 shows the properties of materials normally used for propellers. See 2-3-14/3 and
Section 2-3-15 for full details of the materials.
Where an alternative material specification is proposed, detailed chemical composition and
mechanical properties are to be submitted for approval (for example, see Section 2-3-14 and Section
2-3-15). The f and w values of such materials to be used in the equations hereunder will be specially
considered upon submittal of complete material specifications including corrosion fatigue data to 108
cycles.
TABLE 1
Propeller Materials
Tensile strength
3.3
Yield strength
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
Type
Material
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
lb/in2
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
lb/in2
Manganese bronze
450
46
65,000
175
18
25,000
20
Nickel-manganese
bronze
515
53
75,000
220
22.5
32,000
18
Nickel-aluminum
bronze
590
60
86,000
245
25
36,000
16
Manganese-nickelaluminum bronze
630
64
91,000
275
28
40,000
20
CF-3
Stainless steel
485
49
70,000
205
21
30,000
35
Stud Materials 4-3-3/3.3

The material of the studs securing detachable blades to the hub is to be of at least Grade 2 forged steel
or equally satisfactory material; see 2-3-7/7 for specifications of Grade 2 forged steel.
3.5

Materials of propellers cast in one piece and materials of blades, hub, studs and other load-bearing
parts of controllable pitch propellers are to be tested in the presence of a Surveyor. For requirements
of material testing, see 2-3-14/3 and Section 2-3-15 and 2-3-7/7.
Design
5.1
Blade Thickness Fixed Pitch Propeller 4-3-3/5.1
4-3-3/5
Propeller blades of thrusters (as defined in 4-3-5/1.5) and wide-tip blades of ducted propellers are to
be in accordance with the provisions of Section 4-3-5. The thickness of the propeller blades of
conventional design ( 25) is not to be less than that determined by the following equations:
C BK
AH
t0.25 = S K1
s
CnCRN Cn 4C
A = 1 .0 +
6 .0
+ 4.3P0.25
P0.70
207
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
2
4300wa R D
B=

N 100 20
4-3-3
C = (1 + 1.5 P0.25 )(Wf B )
where (units of measures are given in SI (MKS, and US) units respectively):
a
expanded blade area divided by disc area
as
area of expanded cylindrical section at 0.25 radius; mm2 (mm2, in2)
Cn
section modulus coefficient at the 0.25 radius. Cn is to be determined by the

following equation:
I0
Cn =
U f WT 2
If the calculated Cn value exceeds 0.10, the required thickness is to be computed

with Cn = 0.10.
Cs
section area coefficient at 0.25 radius and is to be determined by the following

equation:
Cs =
as
WT
The values of Cs and Cn, computed as stipulated above, are to be indicated on the propeller drawing.
D
propeller diameter; m (m, ft)
f, w
material constants from the following table:

Material type
(see 4-3-3/3.1)
2
3
4
5
CF-3
SI and MKS units

f
w
2.10
8.3
2.13
8.0
2.62
7.5
2.37
7.5
2.10
7.75
US units
f
68
69
85
77
68
w
0.30
0.29
0.27
0.27
0.28
Note:
The f and w values of materials not covered will be specially
considered upon submittal of complete material specifications
including corrosion fatigue data to 108 cycles.
power at rated speed; kW (PS, hp)
I0
moment of inertia of expanded cylindrical section at 0.25 radius about a straight line
through the center of gravity parallel to the pitch line or to the nose-tail line; mm4
(mm4, in4)
rake of propeller blade; mm/m (mm/m, in/ft); multiplied by D/2; positive for aft
rake; negative for forward rake
K1
coefficient as given below
K1
208
SI
337
MKS
289
US
13
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
number of blades
P0.25 =
pitch at one-quarter radius divided by propeller diameter, corresponding to the

design ahead condition
P0.70 =
pitch at seven-tenths radius divided by propeller diameter, corresponding to the

rpm at rated speed
factor, as given below. If greater than 1.025, equate to 1.025.
t0.25 =
5.3
4-3-3
SI & MKS units
US units
1.0 for D 6.1m

( D + 24)
for D > 6.1m
30.1
1.0 for D 20 ft
( D + 79)
for D >20 ft.
99
minimum required thickness at the thickest part of the blade section at one quarter
radius; mm (mm, in)
maximum designed thickness of blade section at 0.25 radius from propeller

drawing; mm (mm, in)
Uf
maximum nominal distance from the moment of inertia axis to points of the face
boundary (tension side) of the section; mm (mm, in)
expanded width of a cylindrical section at 0.25 radius; mm (mm, in)
Blade Thickness Controllable-pitch Propellers 4-3-3/5.3

The thickness of the controllable pitch propeller blade of conventional design ( 25) is not to be
less than determined by the following equation:
t0.35 = K 2
A = 1 .0 +
C BK
AH
s
CnCRN Cn 6.3C
6.0
+ 3P0.35
P0.70
2
4900wa R D
B=

N 100 20
C = (1 + 0.6 P0.35 )(Wf B )
where the symbols used in these formulas are the same as those in 4-3-3/5.1, except as modified
below:
as
area of expanded cylindrical section at 0.35 radius; mm2 (mm2, in2)
Cn
section modulus coefficient at the 0.35 radius and is to be determined by the

following equation:
Cn =
I0
U f WT 2
If the calculated Cn value exceeds 0.10, the required thickness is to be computed

with Cn = 0.10.
209
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
Cs
4-3-3
section area coefficient at 0.35 radius and is to be determined by the following

equation:
Cs =
as
WT
The values of Cs and Cn, computed as stipulated above, are to be indicated on the propeller drawing.
I0
moment of inertia of expanded cylindrical section at 0.35 radius about a straight

line through the center of gravity parallel to the pitch line or to the nose-tail line;
mm4 (mm4, in4)
K2
coefficient as given below
K2
P0.35 =
MKS
232
US
10.4
pitch at 0.35 radius divided by D
maximum designed thickness of blade section at 0.35 radius from propeller

drawing; mm (mm, in).
t0.35 =
required minimum thickness of the thickest part of the blade section at 0.35
radius; mm (mm, in)
5.5
SI
271
expanded width of a cylindrical section at 0.35 radius; mm (mm, in)
Blade Thickness Highly Skewed Fixed-pitch Propellers 4-3-3/5.5

5.5.1
Propeller Blades with Skew Angle ; where 25< 50 4-3-3/5.5.1

The provisions of 4-3-3/5.5.1 are applicable to fixed pitch propellers having a skew angle
over 25 but not exceeding 50, and made of Type 4 material only. For propellers of other
materials, or where skew angle is greater than 50, see 4-3-3/5.5.2.
5.5.1(a) Blade thickness at 0.25 radius. The maximum thickness at 0.25 radius is to be not less
than the thickness required in 4-3-3/5.1 for fixed pitch-propellers multiplied by the factor m as
given below:
m = 1 + 0.0065( 25)
5.5.1(b) Blade thickness at 0.6 radius. The maximum thickness of the blade section at 0.6
radius is to be not less than that obtained from the following equations:
t0.6
2C HD
= K 3 (1 + C0.9 )1 + 0.9
C
RP
Y
0
.
6
0
.
6
= 1 +
25 2
+ 0.16 P0.9 + 100

0.5
where
210
C0.6 =
expanded chord length at the 0.6 radius divided by propeller diameter
C0.9 =
expanded chord length at the 0.9 radius divided by propeller diameter
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
K3
4-3-3
coefficient as given below:
K3
SI
12.6
MKS
6.58
US
1.19
P0.6 =
pitch at the 0.6 radius divided by propeller diameter
P0.9 =
pitch at the 0.9 radius divided by propeller diameter
t0.6
required thickness of the blade section at 0.6 radius; mm (mm, in)
minimum specified yield strength of type 4 propeller material; N/mm2

(kgf/mm2, psi). See 4-3-3/Table 1.
skew angle in degrees (see 4-3-3/1.3.1)
rake angle in degrees [see 4-3-3/1.3.3(b)] at 0.6 radius, positive for aft
rake
H, D, and R are as defined in 4-3-3/5.1.

5.5.1(c) Blade thickness between 0.6 and 0.9 radii. The maximum thickness at any radius
between 0.6 and 0.9 radii is to be not less than that obtained from the following equation:
tx = 3.3D + 2.5(1 x)(t0.6 3.3D)
mm; or
tx = 0.04D + 2.5(1 x)(t0.6 0.04D) in.

where:
tx
required minimum thickness of the thickest part of the blade section at

radius ratio x.
t0.6
thickness of blade section at the 0.6 radius, as required by 4-3-3/5.5.1(b)
ratio of the radius under consideration to D/2; 0.6 < x 0.9
5.5.1(d) Trailing edge thickness at 0.9 radius. The edge thickness at 0.9 radius measured at
5% of chord length from the trailing edge is to be not less than 30% of the maximum blade
thickness required by 4-3-3/5.5.1(c) above at that radius.
5.5.2
Propeller of Other Than Type 4 Materials with Skew Angle ; where 25< 50 4-33/5.5.2
Propellers made of materials other than Type 4 and with skew angle 25< 50 are subject
to special consideration. Design analyses, as indicated in 4-3-3/5.7, are to be submitted.
5.5.3
Propeller Blades with Skew Angle > 50 4-3-3/5.5.3

Propellers with the maximum skew angle exceeding 50 will be subject to special
consideration. Design analyses, as indicated in 4-3-3/5.7, are to be submitted.
211
Part
Chapter
Section
5.7
4
3
3

Propellers
4-3-3
Blades of Unusual Design 4-3-3/5.7

Propellers of unusual design, such as those indicated in 4-3-3/5.5.2 and 4-3-3/5.5.3, controllable pitch
propeller of skewed design ( > 25), skewed propeller ( > 25) with wide-tip blades, cycloidal
propellers, etc., are subject to special consideration based on submittal of propeller load and stress
analyses. The analyses are to include, but be not limited to the following:
description of method to determine blade loading;
description of method selected for stress analysis;
ahead condition is to be based on propulsion machinerys maximum rating and full ahead
speed;
astern condition is to be based on the maximum available astern power of the propulsion
machinery (the astern power of the main propelling machinery is to be capable of 70% of the
ahead rpm corresponding to the maximum continuous ahead power, as required in 4-1-1/7.5);
and is to include crash astern operation;
fatigue assessment; and
allowable stress and fatigue criteria.
5.9
Blade-root Fillets 4-3-3/5.9

Fillets at the root of the blades are not to be considered in the determination of blade thickness.
5.11
Strengthening for Navigation in Ice 4-3-3/5.11

For vessels to be assigned with Ice Class notations, propellers are to be designed in accordance with
6-1-1/53 and 6-1-2/31.
5.13
Controllable Pitch Propellers Pitch Actuation System 4-3-3/5.13

5.13.1 Blade Flange and Mechanisms 4-3-3/5.13.1
The strength of the propeller blade flange and pitch changing mechanism of controllable-pitch
propellers subjected to the forces from propulsion torque is to be at least 1.5 times that of the
blade at design pitch conditions.
5.13.2 Stud Bolt Area 4-3-3/5.13.2
The sectional area of the stud bolts at the bottom of the thread, s, is to be determined by the
following equations:
SI units
MKS units
2
0.056Wkft
mm2
rn
621
63.3
U + 207
U + 21.1
US units
0.0018Wkft 2 2
in
rn
90,000
U + 30,000
where
212
area of one stud at bottom of thread
number of studs on driving side of blade
radius of pitch circle of the studs; mm (mm, in)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
4-3-3
material correction factor for stud materials better than ABS Gr. 2 forged
steel
ultimate tensile strength of the stud material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
Other symbols are as in 4-3-3/5.1.

5.13.3 Blade Pitch Control (2002)4-3-3/5.13.3
5.13.3(a) Bridge control. Where the navigation bridge is provided with direct control of
propulsion machinery, it is to be fitted with means to control the pitch of the propeller.
5.13.3(b) Duplication of power unit. At least two hydraulic power pump units for the pitch
actuating system are to be provided and arranged so that the transfer between pump units can
be readily effected. For propulsion machinery spaces intended for unattended operation
(ACCU notation), automatic start of the standby pump unit is to be provided.
The emergency pitch actuating system [as required by 4-3-3/5.13.3(c)iii)] may be accepted as
one of the required hydraulic power pump units, provided it is no less effective.
5.13.3(c) Emergency provisions. To safeguard the propulsion and maneuvering capability of
the vessel in the event of any single failure in either the remote pitch control system or the pitch
actuating system external to the propeller shaft and oil transfer device (also known as oil
distribution box), the following are to be provided:
i)
Manual control of pitch at or near the pitch-actuating control valve (usually the
directional valve or similar).
ii)
the pitch is to remain in the last ordered position until the emergency pitch actuating
system is brought into operation.
iii)
An emergency pitch actuating system. This system is to be independent of the normal

system up to the oil transfer device, provided with its own oil reservoir and able to
change the pitch from full ahead to full astern.
5.13.3(d) Integral oil systems. Where the pitch actuating hydraulic system is integral with the
reduction gear lubricating oil system and/or clutch hydraulic system, the piping is to be
arranged such that any failure in the pitch actuating system will not leave the other system(s)
non-operational.
5.13.3(e) Provisions for testing. Means are to be provided in the pitch actuating system to
simulate system behavior in the event of loss of system pressure. Hydraulic pump units driven
by main propulsion machinery are to be fitted with a suitable by-pass for this purpose.
5.13.3(f) Multiple propellers. For vessels fitted with more than one controllable pitch
propeller, each of which is independent of the other, only one emergency pitch actuating
system [as required by 4-3-3/5.13.3(c)iii)] need be fitted, provided it is arranged such that it
can be used to provide emergency pitch-changing for all propellers.
5.13.3(g) Hydraulic piping. Hydraulic piping is to meet the requirements of 4-6-7/3.
5.13.4 Instrumentation 4-3-3/5.13.4
All controllable pitch propeller systems are to be provided with instrumentation as provided
below:
5.13.4(a) Pitch indicators. A pitch indicator is to be fitted on the navigation bridge. In

addition, each station capable of controlling the propeller pitch is to be fitted with a pitch
indicator.
213
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
4-3-3
5.13.4(b) Monitoring. Individual visual and audible alarms are to be provided at the engine
room control station to indicate hydraulic oil low pressure and high temperature and hydraulic
tank low level. A high hydraulic oil pressure alarm is to be fitted, if required by the proposed
system design and, if fitted, is to be set below the relief valve setting.
For vessels assigned with ACC or ACCU notations, see 4-9-2/Table 1 and 4-9-3/Table 2 for
monitoring on the navigation bridge and in the centralized control station, respectively.
5.15
Propeller Fitting 4-3-3/5.15

5.15.1 Keyed Fitting 4-3-3/5.15.1
For shape of the keyway in the shaft and size of the key, see 4-3-2/5.7, 4-3-2/Figure 1 and
4-3-2/5.11.
5.15.2 Keyless Fitting 4-3-3/5.15.2
5.15.2(a) Design criteria. The factor of safety against slip of the propeller hub on the tail
shaft taper at 35C (95F) is to be at least 2.8 under the action of maximum continuous ahead
rated torque plus torque due to torsional vibrations. See 6-1-1/53.7 for propellers requiring ice
strengthening. For oil injection method of fit, the coefficient of friction is to be taken no
greater than 0.13 for bronze/steel propeller hubs on steel shafts. The maximum equivalent
uniaxial stress (von Mises-Hencky criteria) in the hub at 0C (32F) is not to exceed 70% of
the minimum specified yield stress or 0.2% proof stress of the propeller material.
Stress calculations and fitting instructions are to be submitted (see 4-3-3/1.5.4) and are to
include at least the following:
theoretical contact surface area;
the maximum permissible pull-up length at 0C (32F) as limited by the maximum
permissible uniaxial stress specified above;
the minimum pull-up length and contact pressure at 35C (95F) to attain a safety factor
against slip of 2.8;
the proposed pull-up length and contact pressure at fitting temperature; and
the rated propeller ahead thrust.
5.15.2(b) Nomenclature. The symbols used are defined as follows.
214
100% of contact surface area between propeller hub and shaft taper; mm2
(mm2, in2). Oil grooves may be ignored. The propeller hub forward and
aft counterbore lengths (l1 and l 2 in 4-3-3/Figure 3) and the forward and
aft inner edge radii (r1 and r2 in 4-3-3/Figure 3), if any, are to be
excluded.
dimensionless constant based on , and S
coefficient, dependent on the type of propulsion drive: 1.0 for drives such
as turbine, geared diesel, electric, and direct diesel with elastic coupling;
and 1.2 for direct diesel drive. This value may have to be increased for
cases where extremely high pulsating torque is expected in service.
Db
mean outer diameter of propeller hub corresponding to Ds; mm (mm, in.)

Db is to be calculated as the mean of Dbm, Dbf and Dba, outer diameters of
hub corresponding to Ds, the forward point of contact and the aft point of
contact, respectively, see 4-3-3/Figure 3.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
Db
4-3-3
Dba + Dbm + Dbf

3
Dbm =
mean outer diameter of propeller boss, in mm (mm, in.), at the axial

position corresponding to Ds, see 4-3-3/Figure 3.
Ds
diameter of shaft at mid-point of the taper in axial direction; mm (mm,

in.), taking into account the exclusion of forward and aft counterbore
length and the forward and aft edge radii, see 4-3-3/Figure 3.
FIGURE 3
Theoretical Contact Surface Between Hub and Shaft
r2
r1
Dba
Ds
Dbm
EQ
Dbf
EQ
Eb
modulus of elasticity of hub material, see 4-3-3/Table 2
Es
modulus of elasticity of shaft material, see 4-3-3/Table 2
Fv
shear force at propeller/shaft interface; N (kgf, lbf)
ratio of Db to Ds, see 4-3-3/Figure 3.
mean propeller pitch; mm, (mm, in)
P35
minimum required mating surface pressure at 35C (95F); N/mm2

(kgf/mm2, psi)
Pt
minimum required mating surface pressure at temperature t; N/mm2

(kgf/mm2, psi)
Pmax =
maximum permissible mating surface pressure at 0C; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

psi)
rated torque corresponding to H and R; N-mm (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
rpm at rated speed
factor of safety against slippage at 35C (95F)
rated propeller thrust; N (kgf, lbf)
215
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
4-3-3
vessel speed at rated power; knots (knots, knots)
coefficient of linear expansion of propeller hub material; mm/mmC

(mm/mmC, in/inF); see 4-3-3/Table 2
coefficient of linear expansion of shaft material; mm/mmC (mm/mmC,

in/inF); see 4-3-3/Table 2
35
minimum pull-up length at 35C (95F); mm (mm, in)
minimum pull-up length at temperature t; mm (mm, in)
max =
maximum permissible pull-up length at 0C (32F); mm (mm, in)
half taper of shaft; e.g. if taper =1/15, = 1/30
yield stress or 0.2% proof stress of propeller material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

psi)
coefficient of friction between mating surfaces; to be taken as 0.13 for

fitting methods using oil injection and hubs of bronze of steel
Poissons ration of hub material, see 4-3-3/Table 2
Poissons ratio of shaft material, see 4-3-3/Table 2
TABLE 2
Material Constants
Modulus of elasticity
N/mm2
Material
kgf/mm2
Poissons
psi
Ratio
Coefficient of expansion
mm/mmC
in/inF
Cast and forged steel
20.6 104
2.1 104
29.8 106
0.29
12.0 106
6.67 106
Bronzes, Types 1 &2
10.8 104
1.1 104
15.6 106
0.33
17.5 106
9.72 106
Bronzes, Types 3 & 4
11.8 104
1.2 104
17.1 106
0.33
17.5 106
9.72 106
5.15.2(c) Equations. The taper on the tail shaft cone is not to exceed 1/15. Although the
equations given below are for ahead operation, they may be considered to provide an
adequate safety margin for astern operation also.
The minimum mating surface pressure at 35C (95F), P35, is to be:
F
ST
2
S + + B v
P35 =
AB
T
The rated propeller thrust, T, submitted by the designer is to be used in these calculations. In
the event that this is not submitted, one of the equations in 4-3-3/Table 3 may be used, subject
to whichever yields the larger value of P35.
216
Part
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Section
4
3
3

Propellers
4-3-3
TABLE 3
Estimated Propeller Thrust, T
SI units (N)
H
1762
or
v
57.4 10 6
MKS units (kgf)

H
132
or
v
H
PR
4.3 10 6
H
PR
US units (lbf)
H
295
or
v
0.38 10 6
H
PR
The shear force at interface, Fv, is given by
Fv =
2cQ
N (kgf, lbf);
Ds
Constant B is given by:
B = 2 S22
The corresponding [i.e., at 35C (95F)] minimum pull-up length, 35, is:
35 = P35
K=
Ds
2
1 K2 + 1
1
2 +b + (1 s ) mm (mm, in);
Eb K 1
Es
Db
Ds
The minimum pull-up length, t, at temperature, t, where t < 35C (95F), is:
t = 35 +
Ds
(b s)(35 f) mm
2
[SI and MKS units]
Ds
[US units]
(b s)(95 f) in
2
The corresponding minimum surface pressure, Pt, is:
t = 35 +
Pt = P35
t
35
The maximum permissible mating surface pressure, Pmax, at 0C (32F) is:

Pmax =
0.7 y ( K 2 1)
4
3K + 1
N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi);
and the corresponding maximum permissible pull-up length, max, is:
max =
Pmax
35
P35
mm (mm, in.)
217
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
3

Propellers
Certification
7.1
4-3-3
4-3-3/7
Propeller materials are to be tested in the presence of a Surveyor. See 4-3-3/3.5.
7.3
Inspection and Certification 4-3-3/7.3

Finished propellers are to be inspected and certified at the manufacturers plant by a Surveyor. The
blade forms, pitch, blade thickness, diameters, etc. are to be checked for conformance with approved
plans. The entire surface of the finished propeller is to be examined visually and by liquid penetrant
method. See 2-2-14/3.2. All finished propellers are to be statically balanced in the presence of the
Surveyor. As far as practicable, reference is to be made to the provisions of ISO 484 for these
purposes.
The surfaces of stainless steel propellers are to be suitably protected from the corrosive effect of the
industrial environment until fitted on the vessel. See 2-3-15/3.
Installation, Tests and Trial
9.1
Keyed Propellers 4-3-3/9.1
4-3-3/9
The sides of the key are to have a true fit in the keyways of the propeller hub and the shaft. See also
4-3-2/5.11 for tail shaft propeller-end design.
9.3
Controllable Pitch Propellers Fit of Studs and Nuts 4-3-3/9.3

Studs, nuts and bolts are to have tight-fitting threads and are to be provided with effective means of
locking. Effective sealing arrangements are to be provided in way of the bolt or stud holes against sea
water ingress or oil leakage. Bolts, nuts and studs are to be of corrosion resistant materials or
adequately protected from corrosion.
9.5
Protection Against Corrosion 4-3-3/9.5

The exposed steel of the shaft is to be protected from the action of the water by filling all spaces
between cap, hub and shaft with a suitable material. The propeller assembly is to be sealed at the
forward end with a well-fitted soft-rubber packing ring. When the rubber ring is fitted in an external
gland, the hub counterbore is to be filled with suitable material, and clearances between shaft liner and
hub counterbore are to be kept to a minimum. When the rubber ring is fitted internally, ample
clearance is to be provided between liner and hub. The rubber ring is to be sufficiently oversized to
squeeze into the clearance space provided; and, where necessary, a filler piece is to be fitted in way of
the propeller-hub keyway to provide a flat, unbroken seating for the rubber ring. The recess formed at
the small end of the taper by the overhanging propeller hub is also to be packed with rust-preventive
compound. See 4-3-2/5.13 for sealing requirements and 4-3-2/Figure 1 for typical arrangements.
9.7
Circulating Currents 4-3-3/9.7

Where means are provided to prevent circulating currents from passing between the propeller, shaft
and the hull, a warning notice plate is to be provided in a visible place cautioning against the removal
of such protection.
218
Part
Chapter
Section
9.9
4
3
3

Propellers
4-3-3
Keyed and Keyless propellers Contact Area Check and Securing 4-3-3/9.9
The propeller hub to tail shaft taper contact area is to be checked in the presence of a Surveyor. In
general, the actual contact area is to be not less than 70% of the theoretical contact area. Non-contact
bands extending circumferentially around the propeller hub or over the full length of the hub are not
acceptable. Installation is to be in accordance with the procedure referred to in 4-3-3/5.15.2(a) and
final pull-up travel is to be recorded. After final pull-up, propellers are to be secured by a nut on the
after end of the tail shaft. The nut is to be secured to the tail shaft against loosening. See also
4-3-2/5.11.
9.11
Controllable Pitch Propellers Hydrostatic Tests 4-3-3/9.11

The completed piping system of the controllable pitch propeller hydraulic system is to be
hydrostatically tested at a pressure equal to 1.5 times the design pressure in the presence of a
Surveyor. Relief-valve operation is to be verified.
9.13
Sea Trial 4-3-3/9.13

The designed performance of the propeller at rated speed is to be demonstrated during sea trial. For
controllable pitch propellers, the blade pitch control functions, from full ahead through full astern, are
to be demonstrated. The emergency provisions in 4-3-3/5.13.3(c) are also to be demonstrated.
219
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Steering Gears
General
1.1
4-3-4
4-3-4/1
This section is applicable to vessels 90 meters in length or over for which steering is effected by
means of a rudder or rudders and an electric, hydraulic or electro-hydraulic steering gear.
This section is not applicable to vessels having azimuthing or similar type propulsion systems in
which the steering is effected by changing the direction of the propulsion thrust. The requirements for
such propulsion systems are given in Section 4-3-5.
Steering gears intended for vessels strengthened for navigation in ice are to comply also with
additional requirements in Part 6.
For convenience, requirements specific to passenger vessels and to vessels intended to carry oil,
chemical or liquefied gases in bulk are provided in 4-3-4/23 and 4-3-4/25 hereunder.
1.3
Basic Principles (2002)4-3-4/1.3

All vessels are to be provided with power-operated means of steering. Such means, as a minimum, are
to be supported by duplication of power units, and by redundancy in piping, electrical power supply,
and control circuitry. Steering is to be capable of being readily regained in the event of the failure of a
power unit, a piping component, a power supply circuit or a control circuit. In addition, duplication of
rudder actuators is to be provided for oil and fuel oil carriers, chemical carriers and gas carriers in
accordance with the requirements in 4-3-4/5.3 and 4-3-4/25, as applicable.
1.5
For the purpose of this section the following definitions apply:
1.5.1
Steering Gear 4-3-4/1.5.1

Steering Gear is the machinery, rudder actuators, steering gear power units and ancillary
equipment and the means of applying torque to the rudder stock (e.g., tiller or quadrant)
necessary for effecting movement of the rudder for the purpose of steering the vessel under
normal service conditions.
221
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
4
1.5.2
1.7

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Steering Gear Power Unit 4-3-4/1.5.2

Steering Gear Power Unit is:
i)
in the case of electrohydraulic steering gear, an electric motor and its associated
electrical equipment and connected pump;
ii)
in the case of other hydraulic steering gear, a driving engine and connected pump;
iii)
in the case of electric steering gear, an electric motor and its associated electrical
equipment.
1.5.3
Power Actuating System 4-3-4/1.5.3

Power Actuating System of hydraulic and electrohydraulic steering gears is the hydraulic
equipment provided for supplying power to turn the rudder stock, comprising a steering gear
power unit or units, together with the associated pipes and fittings and a rudder actuator.
Where duplicated power actuating systems are required by the Rules, they may share common
mechanical components, i.e., tiller, quadrant and rudder stock, or components serving the
same purpose.
1.5.4
Rudder Actuator 4-3-4/1.5.4

Rudder Actuator is the component which directly converts hydraulic pressure into mechanical
action to move the rudder. This may be a hydraulic cylinder or a hydraulic motor.
1.5.5
Maximum Working Pressure 4-3-4/1.5.5

Maximum Working Pressure is the pressure needed to satisfy the operational conditions
specified in 4-3-4/1.9.
1.5.6
Steering Gear Control System 4-3-4/1.5.6

Steering Gear Control System is the equipment by which orders are transmitted from the
navigation bridge to the steering gear power units. Steering gear control systems comprise
transmitters, receivers, hydraulic control pumps and their associated motors, motor
controllers, piping and cables. For the purpose of the Rules, steering wheels, steering levers,
and rudder angle feedback linkages are not considered to be part of the control system
1.5.7
Maximum Ahead Service Speed 4-3-4/1.5.7

Maximum Ahead Service Speed is the greatest speed which the vessel is designed to maintain
in service at sea at the deepest seagoing draft.
1.5.8
Rule Required Upper Rudder Stock Diameter 4-3-4/1.5.8

The Rule Required Upper Rudder Stock Diameter is the rudder stock diameter in way of the
tiller, calculated as given in 3-2-14/7.1. This required diameter excludes strengthening for
navigation in ice.
Steering Gear Compartment 4-3-4/1.7

The steering gear is to be protected from the weather. Steering gear compartments are to be readily
accessible and, as far as practicable, separated from the machinery spaces. Working access is to be
provided to the steering gear machinery and controls with handrails, gratings or other non-slip
surfaces to ensure suitable working conditions in the event of hydraulic fluid leakage.
The steering gear compartment is to be provided with visual compass readings.
222
Part
Chapter
Section
1.9
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Performance 4-3-4/1.9
The steering gear is to be capable of:
i)
putting the rudder from 35 on one side to 35 on the other side with the vessel running ahead
at the maximum continuous rated shaft rpm and at the summer load waterline and, under the
same conditions, from 35 on either side to 30 on the other side in not more than 28 seconds;
and
ii)
with one of the power units inoperative, putting the rudder from 15 on one side to 15 on the
other side in no more than 60 seconds with the vessel running ahead at the summer load
waterline at one half of the maximum ahead service speed or 7 knots, whichever is the
greater.
For passenger vessels, see 4-3-4/23.
1.11

The following plans and particulars are to be submitted for review:
arrangement of steering gear machinery
hydraulic piping system diagram
power supply system diagrams
motor control system diagrams
steering control system diagrams
instrumentation and alarm system diagrams
drawings and details for rudder actuators
drawings and details for torque transmitting parts and parts subjected to internal hydraulic
pressure
weld details and welding procedure specifications
rated torque
Materials
3.1
General 4-3-4/3.1
4-3-4/3
All parts of the steering gear transmitting forces to the rudder and pressure retaining components of
hydraulic rudder actuators are to be of steel, brass or other approved ductile material. In general
materials are not to have a tensile strength in excess of 650 N/mm2 (66 kgf/mm2, 94,300 psi).
Gray cast iron or other material having an elongation (L0 /d = 4) less than 12% in 50 mm (2 in) is not
to be used for these parts.
3.3

Except as modified below, materials for the parts and components mentioned in 4-3-4/3.1 are to be
tested in the presence of the Surveyor in accordance with the requirements of Part 2, Chapter 3 or
such other appropriate material specifications as may be approved in connection with a particular
design.
223
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
3.3.1
Coupling Bolts and Keys 4-3-4/3.3.1

Material tests for steering gear coupling bolts and torque transmitting keys need not be
witnessed by the Surveyor, but manufacturer's test certificates traceable to these components
are to be presented upon request.
3.3.2
Small Parts of Rudder Actuators 4-3-4/3.3.2

Material tests for forged, welded or seamless steel parts (including the internal components)
of rudder actuators that are not more than 150 mm (6 in) in internal diameter need not be
carried out in the presence of the Surveyor. Such parts may be accepted on the basis of a
review of mill certificates by the Surveyor.
3.3.3
Tie Rod Nuts 4-3-4/3.3.3

Material tests for commercially supplied tie-rod nuts need not be witnessed by the Surveyor
provided the nuts are in compliance with the approved steering gear drawings and are
appropriately marked and identified in accordance with a recognized industry standard. Mill
test reports for the tie-rod nuts are to be made available to the Surveyor upon request. For all
non-standard tie-rod nuts, material testing is required to be performed in the presence of the
Surveyor.
3.3.4
Piping Material 4-3-4/3.3.4

Piping materials need not be tested in the presence of the Surveyor. Pipes may be accepted
based on certification by the mill, and on physical inspection and review of mill certificate by
the Surveyor.
System Arrangements
5.1
Power Units 4-3-4/5.1
4-3-4/5
The steering gear is to be composed of two or more identical power units and is to be capable of
operating the rudder as required by 4-3-4/1.9i) and 4-3-4/1.9ii). The power units are to be served by at
least two power circuits (see 4-3-4/11). Power units are required to be type tested, see 4-3-4/19.5.
5.3
Rudder Actuators 4-3-4/5.3

Steering gears may be composed of a single rudder actuator for all vessels except the following:
For oil carriers, fuel oil carriers, chemical carriers and gas carriers of 100,000 tonnes
deadweight and above, the steering gear is to be comprised of two or more identical rudder
actuators.
For oil carriers, fuel oil carriers, chemical carriers and gas carriers of 10,000 gross tonnage
and above but less than 100,000 tonnes deadweight, the steering gear may be comprised of a
single, non-duplicated rudder actuator, provided it complies with 4-3-4/25.5.
5.5
Single Failure Criterion 4-3-4/5.5

The hydraulic system is to be designed so that after a single failure in the piping system or one of the
power units, the defect can be isolated so that the integrity of the remaining part of the system will not
be impaired and the steering capability can be maintained or speedily regained. See also 4-3-4/9.
5.7
Independent Control Systems 4-3-4/5.7

Two independent steering gear control systems are to be provided, each of which can be operated
from the navigation bridge. These control systems are to allow rapid transfer of steering power units
and of control between the units. See 4-3-4/13.
224
Part
Chapter
Section
5.9
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Non-duplicated Components 4-3-4/5.9

Essential components which are not required to be duplicated are to utilize, where appropriate, antifriction bearings, such as ball bearings, roller bearings or sleeve bearings which are to be permanently
lubricated or provided with lubrication fittings.
5.11
Power Gear Stops (2002)4-3-4/5.11

The steering gear is to be fitted with positive arrangements, such as limit switches, for stopping the
gear before the structural rudder stops (see 3-2-14/1.7) or mechanical stops within the steering gear
are reached. These arrangements are to be synchronized with the rudder stock or the position of the
gear itself and may be an integral part of the rudder actuator. Arrangements to satisfy this requirement
through the steering gear control system are not permitted.
5.13
Steering Gear Torques (2003)

5.13.1 Minimum Required Rated Torque
The rated torque of the steering gear is not to be less than the expected torque, as defined in
3-2-14/1.5.
5.13.2 Maximum Allowable Torque
The transmitted torque, Tmax, of the steering gear is not to be greater than the maximum
allowable torque, Tar, based on the actual rudder stock diameter.
5.13.2(a) Transmitted torque. The transmitted torque, Tmax, is to be based on the relief valve
setting and to be determined in accordance with the following equations:
For ram type actuator:
Tmax = PNAL2/(Ccos2)
kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)
For rotary vane type actuator:

Tmax = PNAL2/C
kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)
For linked cylinder type actuator:

Tmax = PNAL2 cos /C
kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)
where
P
steering gear relief valve setting pressure, bar (kgf/cm2, psi)
number of active pistons or vanes
area of piston or vane, mm2 (cm2, in2)
L2
torque arm, equal the distance from the point of application of the force
on the arm to the center of the rudder stock at zero (0) degrees of rudder
angle, m (m, ft)
factor, 10000 (1000, 2240)
maximum permissible rudder angle (normally 35 degrees)
5.13.2(b) Maximum allowable torque for rudder stock. The maximum allowable torque, Tar,
for the actual rudder stock diameter is to be determined in accordance with the following
equation:
225
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
4

Steering Gears
Tar = 2.0(Dr/Nu)3/Ks
4-3-4
kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)
where
Ks
material factor for rudder stock (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Dr
actual rudder stock diameter at minimum point below the tiller or the
rotor, mm (mm, in)
Nu
factor, 42.0 (89.9, 2.39)
Mechanical Component Design
7.1
Mechanical Strength 4-3-4/7.1
4-3-4/7
All mechanical components which transmit force to or from the rudder are to have strength equivalent
to that of the Rule required upper rudder stock (see 4-3-4/1.5.8).
7.3
Rudder Actuators 4-3-4/7.3

7.3.1
Design 4-3-4/7.3.1
Rudder actuators are to be designed in accordance with the requirements of pressure vessels
in Section 4-4-1, except that the maximum allowable stress S is not to exceed the lower of the
following:
U
Y
or
A
B
where
U
minimum specified tensile strength of material at room temperature
minimum specified yield point or yield strength
A and B are factors given below:
A
B
Rolled or
forged steel
3.5
1.7
Cast steel
4
2
Nodular cast
iron
5
3
For requirements relative to vessels intended to carry oil, chemicals, or liquefied gases in bulk
of 10,000 gross tonnage and over, but less than 100,000 tonnes deadweight, fitted with nonduplicated rudder actuators, see 4-3-4/25.5.
7.3.2
226
Oil Seals 4-3-4/7.3.2

Oil seals between non-moving parts forming part of the exterior pressure boundary are to be
of the metal upon metal type or of an equivalent type. Oil seals between moving parts forming
part of the external pressure boundary are to be fitted in duplicate so that the failure of one
seal does not render the actuator inoperative. Alternative seal arrangements may be acceptable
provided equivalent protection against leakage can be assured.
Part
Chapter
Section
7.5
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Tillers, Quadrants and Other Mechanical Parts 4-3-4/7.5

7.5.1
General 4-3-4/7.5.1
All steering gear parts, such as tillers, quadrants, rams, pins, tie rods and keys, which transmit
force to or from the rudder, are to be proportioned so as to have strength equivalent to that of
the Rule required upper rudder stock, taking into consideration the difference in materials
between the rudder stock and the component.
7.5.2
Tillers and Quadrants 4-3-4/7.5.2

7.5.2(a) Tiller or quadrant hub. Dimensions of the hub are to be as follows (use consistent
system of units):
i)
Depth of the hub is not to be less than S.
ii)
Mean thickness of the hub is not to be less than S/3.
iii)
Notwithstanding 4-3-4/7.5.2(a)ii) above, the polar section modulus of the hub is not
to be less than that given below:
0.196 S 3
Kh
Ks
where
S
Rule required upper rudder stock diameter
Ks
material factor of rudder stock (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Kh
material factor of hub (see 3-2-14/1.3)
7.5.2(b) Tiller or quadrant arm. The section modulus of the tiller or quadrant arm anywhere
along its length is not to be less than that given below (use consistent system of units):
0.167 S 3 (L2 L1 ) K t
L2
Ks
where
L2
distance from the point of application of the force on the arm to the
center of the rudder stock
L1
distance between the section of the arm under consideration and the
center of the rudder stock
Kt
material factor of tiller or quadrant arm (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Other symbols are as defined above.

7.5.2(c) Bolted hub. Split or semi-circular tiller or quadrant hubs assembled by bolting are
to have bolts on any side having a total cross-sectional area not less than that given below
(use a consistent system of units):
0.196 S 3 K b
L3
Ks
where
L3
distance between the center of the bolts and the center of the rudder stock
Kb
material factor of bolt (see 3-2-14/1.3)
227
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Other symbols are as defined above.

The thickness of the bolting flange is not to be less than the minimum required diameter of
the bolt.
7.5.2(d) Tiller pin. The total effective shear area of the tiller pin is not to be less than that
given below. (Use consistent system of units):
0.196S 3 K p
L2
Ks
where
Kp
material factor of the pin (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Other symbols are defined above.

7.5.3
Tie Rod 4-3-4/7.5.3

For multiple rudder installations or similar, where tie rod (or jockey bar) is fitted between
tillers to synchronize them, the buckling strength of the tie rod is not to be less than that given
below (use a consistent system of units):
0.113S 3 K tr
L2
Ks
where
Ktr
material factor of the tie rod (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Other symbols are defined above.
7.7
Rudder Stock to Tiller/Quadrant Connection 4-3-4/7.7

7.7.1
Key 4-3-4/7.7.1
The effective area of the key in shear is not to be less than that given below (use a consistent
system of units):
0.196S 3 K k
r
Ks
where
7.7.2
7.9
Rule required upper rudder stock diameter
r
Ks
=
=
actual rudder stock radius at mid length of key

material factor of rudder stock (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Kk
material factor of key (see 3-2-14/1.3)
Keyless Coupling 4-3-4/7.7.2

Hydraulic or shrink fitted keyless coupling is to be based on preload stress calculations and
fitting procedures. The calculated torsional holding capacity is to be at least 2.0 times the
transmitted torque based on the steering gear relief valve setting. The coefficient of friction
for the oil injection method of fit is to be taken as no greater than 0.13 and that for dry method
is to be taken as no greater than 0.18. Preload stress is not to exceed 70% of the minimum
yield strength.
Welding 4-3-4/7.9
All welded joints within the pressure boundary of a rudder actuator or connecting parts transmitting
mechanical loads are to be full penetration type or to be of other approved design.
228
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4

Steering Gears
Hydraulic System
9.1
System Design 4-3-4/9.1
4-3-4
4-3-4/9
9.1.1
General 4-3-4/9.1.1
The hydraulic system is to be fitted with two or more power units, see 4-3-4/5.1. It may be
fitted with a single hydraulic rudder actuator unless required otherwise by 4-3-4/5.3.
9.1.2
Piping Arrangements 4-3-4/9.1.2

Piping is to be arranged such that:
single failure criteria in 4-3-4/5.5 is met;

transfer between power units can be readily effected; and
air may be bled from the system.
9.1.3
Hydraulic Lock 4-3-4/9.1.3

Hydraulic lock may occur where a piping system is arranged such that malfunctions (for
example, in directional valves or in the valve control) can cause power units to work in closed
circuit with each other rather than in parallel delivering fluid to the rudder actuator, thus
resulting in loss of steering. Where a single failure can lead to hydraulic lock and loss of
steering, an audible and visual alarm, which identifies the failed system, is to be provided on
the navigation bridge. See also Note 4 of 4-3-4/Table 1.
9.1.4
Isolation Valves 4-3-4/9.1.4

Isolating valves are to be fitted on the pipe connections to the rudder actuators. For vessels
with non-duplicated rudder actuators, the isolating valves are to be directly mounted on the
actuator.
9.1.5
Filtration 4-3-4/9.1.5
A means is to be provided to maintain cleanliness of the hydraulic fluid.
9.1.6
System Overpressure Protection 4-3-4/9.1.6

Relief valves are to be provided for the protection of the hydraulic system at any part which
can be isolated and in which pressure can be generated from the power source or from
external forces. Each relief valve is to be capable of relieving not less than 110% of the full
flow of the pump(s) which can discharge through it. With this flow condition, the maximum
pressure rise is not to exceed 10% of the relief valve setting, taking into consideration
increase in oil viscosity for extreme ambient conditions.
The relief valve setting is to be at least 1.25 times the maximum working pressure (see
4-3-4/1.5.5), but is not to exceed the maximum design pressure (see 4-3-4/9.5.1).
9.1.7
9.3
Fire Precautions 4-3-4/9.1.7

Where applicable, the provisions of 4-6-7/3.7.1 are to be met.
Hydraulic Oil Reservoir and Storage Tank 4-3-4/9.3

In addition to the power unit reservoir, a fixed hydraulic oil storage tank independent of the reservoir
is to be provided. The storage tank is to have sufficient capacity to recharge at least one power
actuating system, including the power unit reservoir. The tank is to be permanently connected by
piping in such a manner that the system can be readily recharged from a position within the steering
gear compartment. The storage tank is to be provided with an approved level indicating system.
229
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4

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4-3-4
See also 4-6-7/3.3 for arrangements of the power unit reservoir and the storage tank.
9.5
9.7
Piping Design 4-3-4/9.5

9.5.1
System Pressure 4-3-4/9.5.1

Hydraulic system piping is to be designed to at least 1.25 times the maximum working
pressure (4-3-4/1.5.5), taking into account any pressure which may exist in the low-pressure
side of the system.
9.5.2
Pipes and Pipe Fittings 4-3-4/9.5.2

Pipes and pipe branches are to meet the design requirements of 4-6-2/5.1 and 4-6-2/5.3. Pipe
joints are to be in accordance with 4-6-2/5.5 in general, and 4-6-7/3.5.1 in particular.
Particular attention is to be paid to footnotes 2 and 3 in 4-6-7/Table 1 where additional
limitations on pipe joints are specified for steering gear hydraulic piping. See also
4-3-4/9.7.2.
Piping Components 4-3-4/9.7

9.7.1
Power Units 4-3-4/9.7.1

Power units are to be certified by the Bureau. See 4-3-4/5.1 and 4-3-4/19.3.
9.7.2
Rudder Actuators 4-3-4/9.7.2

Rudder actuators are to be design approved and are to be certified by the Bureau. See
4-3-4/5.3, 4-3-4/7.3 and 4-3-4/19.7.
9.7.3
Pipes and Pipe Fittings 4-3-4/9.7.3

For pipes and pipe fittings, refer to 4-3-4/9.5.2. Piping materials for hydraulic service are to
be traceable to manufacturers' certificates, but need not be certified by the Bureau. See also
4-6-1/7 for certification of piping system components.
9.7.4
Other Piping Components 4-3-4/9.7.4

For valves, hoses and accumulators, refer to 4-6-7/3.5. For relief valve, see also 4-3-4/9.1.6.
9.7.5
Relief Valves 4-3-4/9.7.5

In addition to 4-3-4/9.7.4, discharge capacity test reports verifying the capacity required in
4-3-4/9.1.6 for all relief valves are to be submitted for review.
11
Electrical Systems
11.1
Power Supply Feeders 4-3-4/11.1
4-3-4/11
Each electric or electrohydraulic steering gear is to be served by at least two exclusive circuits, fed
directly from the main switchboard; however, one of the circuits may be supplied through the
emergency switchboard. Each of duplicated power units required by 4-3-4/5.1 is to be served by one
of these circuits. The circuits supplying an electric or electrohydraulic steering gear are to have
adequate rating for supplying all motors, control systems and instrumentation which are normally
connected to them and operated simultaneously. The circuits are to be separated throughout their
length as widely as is practicable. See also 4-8-2/7.11 for the steering gear power supply.
230
Part
Chapter
Section
11.3
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Electrical Protection 4-3-4/11.3

11.3.1 General 4-3-4/11.3.1
Each steering gear feeder is to be provided with short-circuit protection which is to be located
at the main or the emergency switchboard, as applicable. Power unit motor overload
protection is normally not to be provided, except as indicated in 4-3-4/11.3.3. Other means of
protection, namely, motor overload alarm and motor phase failure alarm, as applicable, are to
be provided as indicated in 4-3-4/Table 1 item d. See also 4-8-2/9.17.5 for protection of the
steering gear feeder circuit.
11.3.2 Direct Current Motors 4-3-4/11.3.2
The feeder circuit breaker is to be set to trip instantaneously at not less than 300% and not
more than 375% of the rated full-load current of the steering gear motor, except that the
feeder circuit breaker on the emergency switchboard may be set to trip at not less than 200%.
11.3.3 Alternating Current Motors 4-3-4/11.3.3
In addition to short circuit protection, overload protection may be permitted if it is set at a
value not less than 200% of the full load current of the motor (or of all the loads on the
feeder), and is to be arranged to permit the passage of the starting current.
11.3.4 Fuses 4-3-4/11.3.4
The use of fuses instead of circuit breakers for steering gear motor feeder short circuit
protection is not permitted.
11.5
Undervoltage Release 4-3-4/11.5

Power unit motor controllers and other automatic motor controllers are to be fitted with undervoltage
release (capable of restarting automatically when power is restored after a power failure).
11.7
Motor Rating 4-3-4/11.7

11.7.1 Steering Gears with Intermittent Working Duty 4-3-4/11.7.1
Electric motors of and converters associated with electro-hydraulic steering gears with
intermittent working duty are to be at least of 25% non-periodic duty rating (corresponding to
S6 of IEC Publication 60034-1), as per 4-8-3/3.3.3 and 4-8-3/Table 4. Electric motors of
electro-mechanical steering gears are, however, to be at least of 40% non-periodic duty rating
(corresponding to S3 of IEC Publication 60034-1).
11.7.2 Steering Gears with Continuous Working Duty 4-3-4/11.7.2
Electric motors of and converters associated with steering gears with continuous working duty
are to be of continuous rating (corresponding to S1 of IEC Publication 60034-1), as per
4-8-3/3.3.4 and 4-8-3/Table 4.
11.9
Emergency Power Supply 4-3-4/11.9

Where the required rudder stock diameter (see 4-3-4/1.5.8) is over 230 mm (9 inches), an alternative
power supply, sufficient at least to supply one steering gear power unit and its associated control
system and the rudder angle indicator, is to be provided automatically within 45 seconds either from
the emergency source of electrical power or from an independent source of power located in the
steering gear compartment. This independent source of power is to be used only for this purpose.
231
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4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
The steering gear power unit under alternative power supply is to be capable of moving the rudder
from 15 on one side to 15 on the other side in not more than 60 seconds with the vessel at the
summer draft while running at one half the maximum ahead service speed or 7 knots, whichever is the
greater [see 4-3-4/1.9ii)].
In every vessel of 10,000 gross tonnage and upwards, the alternative power supply is to have a
capacity for at least 30 minutes of continuous operation and in any other vessel for at least 10 minutes.
13
Control Systems
13.1
Redundancy 4-3-4/13.1
4-3-4/13
There are to be two independent control systems (see definition in 4-3-4/1.5.6) provided, each of
which can be operated from the navigation bridge. These control systems are to be independent in all
respects and are to provide on the navigation bridge all necessary apparatus and arrangements for the
starting and stopping of steering gear motors and the rapid transfer of steering power and control
between units.
Control cables and piping for the independent control systems are to be separated throughout their
length. This does not require duplication of a steering wheel or steering lever.
In addition, local steering gear control is to be provided in the steering gear compartment.
13.3
Power Supply 4-3-4/13.3

If the control systems operable from the navigation bridge are electric, then each system is to be
served by its own separate circuits supplied from a steering gear power circuit in the steering gear
compartment, or directly from the switchboard bus bars supplying that steering gear power circuit at a
point on the switchboard adjacent to the supply to the steering gear power circuit.
Circuits supplying power to steering gear controls are to be provided with short-circuit protection
only.
13.5
Control System Override 4-3-4/13.5

13.5.1 Steering Gear Compartment 4-3-4/13.5.1
Means are to be provided in the steering gear compartment to disconnect the steering gear
control system from the power circuit when local control is to be used. Additionally, if more
than one steering station is provided, a selector switch is to disconnect completely all stations,
except the one in use.
13.5.2 Autopilot (2003) 4-3-4/13.5.2
13.5.2(a) Steering gear systems provided with an autopilot system are to have a device at the
primary steering station to completely disconnect the autopilot control to permit change over
to manual operation of the steering gear control system. A display is to be provided at the
steering station to ensure that the helmsman can readily and clearly recognize which mode of
steering control (autopilot or manual) is in operation.
13.5.2(b) In addition to the changeover device as in 4-3-4/13.5.2(a), for primary steering

stations, where fitted with an automatic autopilot override to change over from autopilot
control to manual operation, the following are to be provided.
i)
232
the automatic override of the autopilot is to occur when the manual helm order is 5
degrees of rudder angle or greater.
Part
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13.7
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
ii)
an audible and visual alarm is to be provided at the primary steering station in the
event that the automatic autopilot override fails to respond when the manual helm
order is 5 degrees of rudder angle or greater. The alarm is to be separate and distinct
from other bridge alarms, and is to continue to sound until it is acknowledged.
iii)
an audible and visual alarm that is immediately activated upon automatic autopilot
override actuation is to be provided at the primary steering station. The alarm is to be
distinct from other bridge alarms, and is to continue to sound until it is acknowledged.
Hydraulic Telemotor 4-3-4/13.7

Where the control system consists of a hydraulic telemotor, a second independent system need not be
fitted, except in oil or fuel oil carriers, chemical carriers, or gas carriers of 10,000 gross tonnage and
above (see also 4-3-4/25).
15
Instrumentation
4-3-4/15
Instruments for monitoring the steering gear system are to be provided, as indicated in 4-3-4/Table 1.
All alarms are to be audible and visual and are to be of the self-monitoring type so that a circuit
failure will cause an alarm condition. There are to be provisions for testing alarms.
TABLE 1
Steering Gear Instrumentation (2003)
a)
Monitored parameters
Rudder angle indicator (1)
b)
Power unit motor running
Display
c)
Power unit power supply failure
Alarm
d)
Power unit motor overload (2)
Alarm
e)
Power unit motor phase failure (2), (3)
Alarm
f)
Control power failure
Alarm
g)
Hydraulic oil reservoir low level
Alarm
h)
Hydraulic lock (4)
i)
Auto-pilot running
Display / alarm
Display
(5)
(5)
Alarm
Location
Navigation bridge
Steering gear compartment
Navigation bridge
Engine room control station
Navigation bridge
Navigation bridge
Navigation bridge
Navigation bridge
Navigation bridge
Navigation bridge
Display
Navigation bridge
Alarm
Navigation bridge
j)
Auto-pilot failure
k)
Steering mode (autopilot/manual) indication
Display
Navigation bridge
l)
Automatic autopilot
(5)
override failure
Alarm
Navigation bridge
m) Automatic autopilot
(5)
override activated
Alarm
Navigation bridge
Notes
1
2
3
4
The rudder angle indication is to be independent of the steering gear control system, and readily
visible from the control position.
The operation of this alarm is not to interrupt the circuit.
For three phase AC supply only.
The alarm is to be activated when the position of the variable displacement pump control system
does not correspond to the given order; or when the incorrect position of the 3-way full flow valve or
similar in the constant delivery pump system is detected.
If provided.
233
Part
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Section
17
4
3
4

Steering Gears
Communications
4-3-4
4-3-4/17
A means of communication is to be provided between the navigation bridge and the steering gear
compartment. Additionally, communication is to be provided between these spaces and the main
propulsion control station, in accordance with 4-8-2/11.5.
19
Certification
19.1
General 4-3-4/19.1
4-3-4/19
Steering gear components are to be inspected, tested and certified by a Surveyor at the plant of
manufacture in accordance with the following requirements. Hydraulic oil pumps are to be certified,
see 4-6-1/7.3.1i).
19.3

For testing of steering gear component materials, see 4-3-4/3.3.
19.5
Prototype Tests of Power Units 4-3-4/19.5

A prototype of each new design power unit pump is to be shop tested for a duration of not less than
100 hours. The testing is to be carried out in accordance with an approved program and is to include
the following as a minimum:
19.7
i)
The pump and stroke control (or directional control valve) is to be operated continuously from
full flow and relief valve pressure in one direction through idle to full flow and relief valve
pressure in the opposite direction.
ii)
Pump suction conditions are to simulate lowest anticipated suction head. The power unit is to
be checked for abnormal heating, excessive vibration or other irregularities. Following the
test, the power unit pump is to be disassembled and inspected in the presence of a Surveyor.
Components Shop Tests 4-3-4/19.7

Each component of the steering gear piping system, including the power units, rudder actuators and
piping, is to be inspected by a Surveyor during fabrication, and hydrostatically tested to 1.5 times the
relief valve setting (or system design pressure) in the presence of a Surveyor. For nodular iron
components, the test pressure is to be 2 times the relief valve setting (or system design pressure).
21
Installation, Tests and Trials
21.1
Steering Gear Seating 4-3-4/21.1
4-3-4/21
Steering gears are to be bolted to a substantial foundation effectively attached to the hull structure.
Suitable chocking arrangements are to be provided to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
21.3
Operating Instructions 4-3-4/21.3

Appropriate operating instructions with a block diagram showing changeover procedures for steering
gear control systems and steering gear power units are to be permanently displayed on the navigation
bridge and in the steering gear compartment. Where failure alarms are provided to indicate hydraulic
locking, instructions are to be permanently posted on the navigation bridge and in the steering gear
compartment for the operator to shut down the failed system.
234
Part
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21.5
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Installation Tests 4-3-4/21.5

After installation on board the vessel, the complete piping system, including power units, rudder
actuators and piping, is to be subjected to a hydrostatic test equal to 110% of the relief valve setting,
including a check of the relief valve operation in the presence of the Surveyor.
21.7
Sea Trials 4-3-4/21.7

The steering gear is to be tried out on the trial trip in order to demonstrate to the Surveyors
satisfaction that the requirements of this section have been met. The trials are to be performed with
the rudder fully submerged. Where full rudder submergence cannot be obtained in ballast conditions,
alternative procedures for trials with less than full rudder submergence are to be submitted for
consideration.
21.7.1 Full Speed Trial 4-3-4/21.7.1
Satisfactory performance is to be demonstrated under the following conditions:
i)
Changing the rudder position from 35 on either side to 30on the other side in not
more than 28 seconds with the vessel running ahead at the maximum continuous rated
shaft rpm. For controllable pitch propellers, the propeller pitch is to be at the
maximum design pitch approved for the above maximum continuous ahead rated
rpm.
ii)
Unless 4-3-4/21.7.2iii), 4-3-4/23.3 or 4-3-4/25.7 is applicable, this test is to be carried

out with all power units intended for simultaneous operation for this condition under
actual operating conditions.
21.7.2 Half Speed Trial 4-3-4/21.7.2

Satisfactory performance is to be demonstrated under the following conditions.
i)
Changing the rudder position from 15 on either side to 15 on the other side in not
more than 60 seconds while running at one-half of the maximum ahead speed or 7
knots whichever is the greater.
ii)
This test is to be conducted with either one of the power units used in 4-3-4/21.7.1ii)
in reserve.
iii)
This test may be waived where the steering gear consists of two identical power units
with each capable of meeting the requirements in 4-3-4/21.7.1i).
21.7.3 Steering Gears with More than Two Power Units 4-3-4/21.7.3
Where three or more power units are provided, the test procedures are to be specially
considered on the basis of the specifically approved operating arrangements of the steering
gear system.
21.7.4 Additional Items 4-3-4/21.7.4
The trial is also to include the operation and verification of the following:
i)
The power units, including transfer between power units.
ii)
The emergency power supply, if applicable.
iii)
The steering gear controls, including transfer of control and local control.
iv)
The means of communication between the navigation bridge, engine room and the
steering gear compartment.
v)
The alarms and indicators required by 4-3-4/15 above (test may be done at dockside).
235
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Steering Gears
4-3-4
vi)
The storage and recharging system in 4-3-4/9.3 above (test may be done at dockside).
vii)
The isolation of one power actuating system and time for regaining steering capability
(test may be done at dockside).
viii)
Where steering gear is designed to avoid hydraulic locking (4-3-4/9.1.3 above), this
feature is to be demonstrated.
ix)
Where practicable, simulation of a single failure in the hydraulic system, and

demonstration of the means provided to isolate it and the regaining of steering
capability, as in 4-3-4/5.5 and 4-3-4/9.1.3 above.
x)
The stopping of the steering gear before the rudder stop is reached, as in 4-3-4/5.11
above.
23
Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessels
23.1
Performance 4-3-4/23.1
4-3-4/23
The steering gear is to be designed to be capable of operating the rudder, as required by 4-3-4/1.9i),
with any one of the power units inoperative.
23.3

The performance test criteria in 4-3-4/21.7.1i) is to be demonstrated during sea trial with any one of
the power units in reserve.
25
Additional Requirements for Oil or Fuel Oil Carriers,

Chemical Carriers and Gas Carriers 4-3-4/25
25.1
Vessels of 10,000 Gross Tonnage and Upwards 4-3-4/25.1

25.1.1 Single Failure Criterion 4-3-4/25.1.1
The steering gear is to be so arranged that in the event of the loss of steering capability due to
a single failure in any part of one of the power actuating systems (see 4-3-4/1.5.3), excluding
the tiller, quadrant or components serving the same purpose, or seizure of the rudder
actuators, steering capability is to be regained in not more than 45 seconds.
25.1.2 Power Actuating System 4-3-4/25.1.2
The steering gear is to comprise either:
i)
two independent and separate power actuating systems, each capable of meeting the
requirements of 4-3-4/1.9i); or
ii)
at least two identical power actuating systems which, acting simultaneously in normal
operation, is to be capable of meeting the requirements of 4-3-4/1.9i). Where
necessary to comply with this requirement, interconnection of hydraulic power
actuating systems may be provided. Loss of hydraulic fluid from one system is to be
capable of being detected and the defective system automatically isolated so that the
other actuating system or systems is to remain fully operational.
25.1.3 Non-hydraulic Steering Gears 4-3-4/25.1.3

Steering gears other than of the hydraulic type are to achieve equivalent standards.
236
Part
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25.3
4
3
4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
Alternative for Vessels 10,000 Gross Tonnage and Upwards but Less than
100,000 Tonnes Deadweight 4-3-4/25.3
Vessels within this size range, in lieu of completely meeting the requirements in 4-3-4/25.1, may, as
an alternative, exclude the application of single failure criterion to rudder actuator, provided that an
equivalent safety standard is achieved and that:
25.5
i)
following the loss of steering capability due to a single failure of any part of the piping system
or in any one of the power units, steering capability is to be regained within 45 seconds; and
ii)
the single rudder actuator meets the requirements of 4-3-4/25.5.
Non-duplicated Rudder Actuators for Vessels of 10,000 Gross Tonnage and

Upwards but Less than 100,000 Tonnes Deadweight 4-3-4/25.5
For oil or fuel oil carriers, chemical carriers or gas carriers of 10,000 gross tonnage and upwards but
of less than 100,000 tonnes deadweight, a single rudder actuator may be accepted, provided the
following additional requirements are complied with.
25.5.1 Analysis 4-3-4/25.5.1
Detailed calculations are to be submitted for the rudder actuator to show the suitability of the
design for the intended service. This is to include a stress analysis of the pressure retaining
parts of the actuator to determine the stresses at the design pressure.
Where considered necessary due to the design complexity or manufacturing procedures, a

fatigue analysis and fracture mechanic analysis may be required. In connection with these
analyses, all foreseen dynamic loads are to be taken into account. Experimental stress analysis
may be required in addition to, or in lieu of, theoretical calculations depending on the
complexity of the design.
25.5.2 Allowable Stresses 4-3-4/25.5.2
For the purpose of determining the general scantlings of parts of rudder actuators subject to
internal hydraulic pressure, the allowable stresses are not to exceed:
m f
l 1.5f
b 1.5f
l + b 1.5f
m + b 1.5f
where
equivalent primary general membrane stress
equivalent primary local membrane stress
equivalent primary bending stress
specified minimum tensile strength of material at ambient temperature
specified minimum yield stress or 0.2 percent proof stress of material at

ambient temperature
the lesser of B /A or Y /B, where A and B are as follows:
A
B
Steel
4
2
Cast steel
4.6
2.3
Nodular cast iron

5.8
3.5
237
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4

Steering Gears
4-3-4
25.5.3 Burst Test 4-3-4/25.5.3

Pressure retaining parts not requiring fatigue analysis and fracture mechanic analysis may be
accepted on the basis of a certified burst test and the detailed stress analysis required by
4-3-4/25.5.1 need not be submitted.
The minimum bursting pressure is to be calculated as follows:

Pb = PA
Ba
B
where
Pb
minimum bursting pressure
design pressure as defined in 4-3-4/9.5.1
from table in 4-3-4/25.5.2
Ba
actual tensile strength
tensile strength as defined in 4-3-4/25.5.2
25.5.4 Nondestructive Testing 4-3-4/25.5.4

The rudder actuator is to be subjected to complete nondestructive testing to detect both
surface flaws and volumetric flaws. The procedure and acceptance criteria are to be in
accordance with the requirements of recognized standards or as may be determined by
approved fracture mechanic analysis.
25.7

For vessels having two independent and separate power actuating systems as per 4-3-4/25.1.2i), the
performance test criteria in 4-3-4/21.7.1i) are to be demonstrated during sea trial with any one of the
power units in reserve. The capabilities of the steering gear to function as required in 4-3-4/25.1.1 and
4-3-4/25.3, as applicable, are also to be demonstrated; this may be conducted at dockside.
238
PART
4
CHAPTER

Machinery
SECTION
Thrusters and Dynamic

Positioning Systems
4-3-5
General
1.1
4-3-5/1
Provisions of this section apply to maneuvering thrusters not intended to assist in propulsion, and to
azimuthal and non-azimuthal thrusters intended for propulsion, maneuvering or dynamic positioning,
or a combination of these duties.
Maneuvering thrusters intended to assist maneuvering and dynamic positioning thrusters, where fitted,
may, at the request of the owners, be certified in accordance with the provisions of this section. In
such cases, appropriate class notations, as indicated in 4-3-5/1.3, will be assigned upon verification of
compliance with corresponding provisions of this section.
Thrusters intended for propulsion with or without combined duties for assisting in maneuvering or
dynamic positioning are to comply with appropriate provisions of this section in association with
other relevant provisions of Part 4, Chapter 3.
Thruster types not provided for in this section, such as cycloidal propellers, pump or water-jet type
thrusters, will be considered, based on the manufacturers submittal on design and engineering
analyses.
1.3
Class Notations 4-3-5/1.3

1.3.1
APS Notation 4-3-5/1.3.1

Self-propelled vessels, where fitted with thrusters capable of producing thrusts primarily in
the athwartship direction and intended to assist in maneuvering the vessel, at the discretion of
the owners, may comply with the provisions of 4-3-5/1 through 4-3-5/13 of this section. And
upon verification of compliance, the class notation APS (athwartship thruster) may be
assigned.
1.3.2
PAS Notation 4-3-5/1.3.2

Non-self-propelled vessels, where fitted with thrusters to assist in the maneuvering or
propelling while under tow, at the discretion of the owners, may comply with the provisions
of 4-3-5/1 through 4-3-5/13 of this section; and upon verification of compliance, the class
notation PAS (propulsion assist) may be assigned.
239
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
5
1.3.3
1.5

Thrusters and Dynamic Positioning Systems
4-3-5
DPS-0, -1, -2 & -3 Notations 4-3-5/1.3.3

Self-propelled or non-self-propelled vessels, where fitted with a system of thrusters,
positioning instruments and control systems to enable the vessel to maintain position at sea
without external aid, at the discretion of the owners, may comply with 4-3-5/1 through
4-3-5/15 of this section. Upon request by the owner and upon verification of compliance with
the applicable requirements, the class notation DPS (dynamic positioning system) followed
by a numeral of 0, 1, 2 or 3, to indicate the degree of redundancy of the system, will be
assigned.
1.5.1
Thruster 4-3-5/1.5.1
1.5.1(a) General. Thrusters are devices capable of delivering side thrust or thrusts through
360 to improve the vessels maneuverability, particularly in confined waters. There are three
generic types of thrust-producing devices: the lateral or tunnel thruster, commonly known as
bow-thruster, which consists of a propeller installed in a athwartship tunnel; jet type
thruster, which consists of a pump taking suction from the keel and discharge to either side;
and azimuthal thruster, which can be rotated through 360 so that thrust can be developed in
any direction. Cycloidal propellers can be considered a type of azimuthal thruster.
1.5.1(b) Propeller-type thruster. Regardless of whether they are normally used for
propulsion, propellers intended to be operated for an extended period of time during service in
a condition where the vessel is not free running approximately along the direction of the
thrust are to be considered thrusters for the purposes of this section.
1.7
1.5.2
Continuous Duty Thruster 4-3-5/1.5.3

A continuous duty thruster is a thruster designed for continuous operation, such as dynamic
positioning thrusters, propulsion assist, or main propulsion units.
1.5.3
Intermittent Duty Thruster 4-3-5/1.5.4

An intermittent duty thruster is a thruster which is designed for operation at peak power or
rpm levels, or both, for periods not exceeding one (1) hour followed by periods at the
continuous rating or less, with total running time not exceeding eight (8) hours in twenty (20)
hours. Generally, such thrusters are not meant to operate more than 1000 hours per year.

The general arrangements of the thruster installation, its location of installation, along with its
supporting auxiliary machinery and systems, fuel oil tanks, foundations, watertight boundary fittings,
etc., are to be submitted. The rated power/rpm and the rated thrust are to be indicated. For azimuthal
thrusters, the mechanical and control systems for rotating the thruster assembly or for positioning the
direction of thrust are to be submitted. In addition, plans of each component and of the systems
associated with the thruster are to be submitted as detailed in the applicable sections of these Rules.
Typically, the following are applicable:
240
Supporting structures:
Diesel engine prime mover:
Electric motor and controller:
Gearing:
Shafting:
Propellers:
Piping system:
Section 3-1-2
4-2-1/1.9.
4-8-1/5.5.1 and 4-8-1/5.5.4.
4-3-1/1.5
4-3-2/1.5
4-3-3/1.5
4-6-1/9
Control and instrumentation:
4-9-1/7.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
5

Materials
3.1
General 4-3-5/3.1
4-3-5
4-3-5/3
Materials entered into the construction of the torque-transmitting components of the thruster is to be
in accordance with the applicable requirements of Part 4 of the Rules. For instance, material
requirements for propellers are to be in accordance with 4-3-3/3; materials for gears, 4-3-1/3;
materials for shafting, 4-3-2/3, etc. All material specifications are contained in Part 2, Chapter 3.
Where alternative material specifications are proposed, complete chemical composition and
mechanical properties similar to the material required by these Rules are to be submitted for approval.
3.3

3.3.1
Testing by a Surveyor 4-3-5/3.3.1

The materials of the following components are to be tested in the presence of a Surveyor for
verification of their compliance with the applicable requirements of Part 2, Chapter 3, or such
other appropriate material specifications as may be approved in connection with a particular
design.
Shafts, shaft flanges, keys

Gears (propulsion and steering)
Propellers
Impellers
Couplings
Coupling bolts
Bolts manufactured to a recognized standard and used as coupling bolts need not to be tested
in the presence of a Surveyor.
3.3.2
Thruster Rated 375 kW (500 hp) or Less 4-3-5/3.3.2

Materials for thrusters of 375 kW (500 hp) or less, including shafting, gears, pinions,
couplings and coupling bolts may be accepted on the basis of the manufacturers certified mill
test reports and a satisfactory surface inspection and hardness check witnessed by a Surveyor.
Design
5.1
Prime Movers 4-3-5/5.1
4-3-5/5
5.1.1
Internal Combustion Engines 4-3-5/5.1.1

Internal combustion engines used for driving thrusters are to comply with the design,
construction, testing and certification requirements of Part 4, Chapter 2. Engine support
systems are to be in accordance with Section 4-6-5; except that standby pumps and similar
redundancy specified for propulsion engines are not required for thruster engines.
5.1.2
Electric Motors 4-3-5/5.1.2

Electric motors driving thrusters are to comply with the design, construction, testing and
certification requirements of Section 4-8-3. Power for thruster motors may be derived from
ship service generators; except that precautions, such as interlock arrangements, are to be
fitted to prevent starting except when there are enough generators on-line to support the
starting and running of the thruster motor. All ship service generators may be put on line for
this purpose, see 4-8-2/3.1.2.
241
Part
Chapter
Section
5.3
4
3
5

4-3-5
Propellers 4-3-5/5.3
5.3.1
General 4-3-5/5.3.1
In general, the thruster propellers are to comply with the requirements of Section 4-3-3,
except as modified below.
5.3.2
Propeller Blades of Conventional Design 4-3-5/5.3.2

Where the propeller blades are of conventional design with skew angle not exceeding 25, the
thickness of the propeller blade is not to be less than determined by the following equations.
Fillets at the root of the blades are not to be considered in the determination of the blade
thickness.
5.3.2(a) Fixed pitch propellers. The minimum required blade thickness at 0.25 radius, t0.25,
is to be determined by the following equations:
t0.25 = K1
C BK
AH
s
mm (in);
CnCRN Cn 4C
A = 1 .0 +
6 .0
+ 4.3P0.25
P0.70
for free running propellers;
A = 7.2 +
2 .0
+ 4.3P0.25
P0.70
For propellers performing bollard pull, athwartship

thrusting, dynamic positioning and similar duties;
B=
4300wa R D

N 100 20
C = (1.0 + 1.5 P0.25 )(Wf B )

Other symbols are defined in 4-3-5/5.3.2(d).
5.3.2(b) Controllable pitch propellers. The minimum required blade thickness at 0.35
radius, t0.35, is to be determined by the following equations:
t0.35 = K 2
C BK
AH
s
mm (in);
CnCRN Cn 6.3C
A = 1 .0 +
6.0
+ 3P0.35 for free running propellers;
P0.70
A = 7 .2 +
2.0
+ 3P0.35 for non-free running propellers [see 4-3-5/5.3.2(a)];
P0.70
2
B=
4900wa R D

N 100 20
C = (1.0 + 0.6 P0.35 )(Wf B )

242
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
5

4-3-5
5.3.2(c) Nozzle propellers (wide-tip blades). The minimum required blade thickness at 0.35
radius, t0.35, is to be determined by the following equations:
C BK
AH
s
mm (in);
CnCRN Cn 5.6C
t0.35 = K3
A = 1 .0 +
6 .0
+ 2.8P0.35 for free running propellers;
P0.70
A = 7 .2 +
2.0
+ 2.8 P0.35 for non-free running propellers [see 4-3-5/5.3.2(a)];
P0.70
B=
4625wa R 2 D

N 100 20
C = (1.0 + 0.6 P0.35 ) (Wf B )

5.3.2(d) Symbols. The symbols used in the above formulas are defined, in alphabetical order,
as follows (the units of measure are in SI (MKS and US) systems, respectively):
a
expanded blade area divided by the disc area
as
area of expanded cylindrical section at 0.25 or 0.35 radius, as applicable; mm2

(mm2, in2)
Cn
section modulus coefficient at 0.25 or 0.35 radius, as applicable; to be

determined by the following equation:
Cn =
I0
U f WT 2
If the value of Cn exceeds 0.1, the required thickness is to be computed

with Cn = 0.1.
Cs
section area coefficient at 0.25 or 0.35 radius, as applicable, to be

determined by the following equation:
Cs =
as
WT
The values of Cs and Cn computed as stipulated above are to be indicated on the propeller
drawing.
D
propeller diameter; m (m, ft)
f, w
material constants, see table below:
Material
type
2
3
4
5
CF-3
SI & MKS units

f
w
2.10
8.3
2.13
8.0
2.62
7.5
2.37
7.5
2.10
7.75
US units
f
w
68
0.30
69
0.29
85
0.27
77
0.27
68
0.28
243
Part
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Section
4
3
5

4-3-5
I0
moment of inertia of the expanded cylindrical section at 0.25 or 0.35

radius about a straight line through the center of gravity parallel to the
pitch line or to the nose-tail line; mm4 (mm4, in4)
rake of propeller blade; mm/m (mm/m, in./ft); multiplied by D/2

(negative for forward rake and positive for aft rake)
K1, K2, and K3 are constants and are to be of values as specified below:
5.3.3
K1
SI unit
337
MKS unit
289
US unit
13
K2
271
232
10.4
K3
288
247
11.1
number of blades
P0.25 =
pitch at 0.25 radius divided by propeller diameter
P0.35 =
pitch at 0.35 radius divided by propeller diameter, corresponding to the

P0.7 =
pitch at 0.7 radius divided by propeller diameter, corresponding to the

rpm at rated speed
maximum design thickness at 0.25 or 0.35 radius from propeller drawing

mm (mm, in)
t0.25 =
required thickness of blade section at 0.25 of propeller radius; mm (mm,

in)
t0.35 =
required thickness of blade section at 0.35 of propeller radius; mm (mm,

in)
Uf
maximum normal distance from the moment of inertia axis to points in

the face boundary (tension side) of the section; mm (mm, in)
expanded width of a cylindrical section at the 0.25 or 0.35 radius
Blades of Unusual Design 4-3-5/5.3.3

Propellers of unusual design for thruster duties, such as:
propellers with the skew angle > 25,

controllable pitch propellers with skew angle > 25,
propellers with wide-tip blades and skew angle > 25,
cycloidal propellers, etc.,
are subject to special consideration based on submittal of propeller load and stress analyses.
See 4-3-3/5.7.
244
Part
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Section
4
3
5
5.3.4

4-3-5
Propeller Blade Studs and Bolts 4-3-5/5.3.4

5.3.4(a) Area. Studs used to secure propeller blades are to have a cross-sectional area at the
minor diameter of the thread of not less than that determined by the equations in 4-3-3/5.13.2.
5.3.4(b) Fit of studs and nuts. Studs are to be fitted tightly into the hub and provided with an
effective means for locking. The nuts are also to have a tight-fitting thread and be secured by
stop screws or other effective locking devices.
5.3.5
Blade Flange and Mechanism 4-3-5/5.3.5

The strength of the propeller blade flange and internal mechanisms of controllable-pitch
propellers subjected to the forces from propulsion torque is to be determined as follows:
For intermittent duty thrusters, be at least equal to that of the blade design pitch
condition.
For continuous duty thrusters, be at least 1.5 times that of the blade at design pitch
condition.
5.5
5.7
5.9
Gears 4-3-5/5.5
5.5.1
Continuous Duty Gears 4-3-5/5.5.1

Gears for continuous duty thrusters are to meet the provisions of Section 4-3-1.
5.5.2
Intermittent Duty Gears 4-3-5/5.5.2

Gears for intermittent duty thrusters, as defined in 4-3-5/1.5.3, are to be in accordance with a
recognized standard and are to be submitted for consideration. See e.g., Appendix 4-3-1A1.
Shafts 4-3-5/5.7
5.7.1
Gear Shafts 4-3-5/5.7.1

Gear and pinion shaft diameters are to be determined by the equations in 4-3-1/5.9.
5.7.2
Propeller and Line Shafts 4-3-5/5.7.2

Shafting is to be in accordance with the provisions of 4-3-2/5.1 through 4-3-2/5.17, and
cardan shafts, 4-3-2/5.21.
5.7.3
Couplings and Clutches 4-3-5/5.7.3

Shaft couplings, clutches, etc. are to be in accordance with the provisions of 4-3-2/5.19.
Anti-friction Bearings 4-3-5/5.9

Full bearing identification and life calculations are to be submitted. Calculations are to include all
gear forces, thrust vibratory loads at maximum continuous rating, etc. The minimum L10 life is not to
be less than the following:
i)
Continuous duty thrusters (propulsion and DPS-0, 1, 2, and 3): 20,000 hours
ii)
Intermittent duty thrusters: 5,000 hours
Shorter life may be considered in conjunction with an approved bearing inspection/replacement

program reflecting calculated life.
245
Part
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4
3
5

Controls and Instrumentation
7.1
Control System 4-3-5/7.1
4-3-5
4-3-5/7
An effective means of controlling the thruster from the navigation bridge is to be provided. Control
power is to be from the thruster motor controller or directly from the main switchboard. Propulsion
thrusters are also to be fitted with local means of control.
For specific requirements related to class notation DPS-0, 1, 2 or 3, see 4-3-5/15.9.
7.3
Instrumentation 4-3-5/7.3
Alarms and instrumentation are to be provided in accordance with 4-3-5/Table 1.
TABLE 1
Instrumentation for Thrusters
Navigation
bridge
Main control
station (1), (2)
Engine low lubricating oil pressure alarm
x (1)
Engine coolant high temperature alarm
x (1)
Motor overload alarm
x (1)
Thruster RPM
Thrust direction (azimuthing type)
Monitored parameter
Thruster power supply failure alarm
Controllable pitch propellers hydraulic oil low pressure alarm
x (1)
Controllable pitch propellers hydraulic oil high pressure alarm
x (1)
Controllable pitch propellers hydraulic oil high temperature alarm
x (1)
Fire detection
1
2
Either an individual indication or a common trouble alarm may be fitted at this location, provided individual
indication is installed at the equipment (or main control station)
For vessels not fitted with a main control station, the indication is to be installed at the equipment or other suitable
location
Communications
4-3-5/9
A means of voice communication is to be provided between the navigation bridge, main propulsion
control station and the thruster room.
For specific requirements related to class notation DPS-0, 1, 2 or 3, see 4-3-5/15.11.
11
Miscellaneous Requirements for Thruster Rooms
11.1
Ventilation 4-3-5/11.1
4-3-5/11
Thruster rooms are to be provided with suitable ventilation so as to allow simultaneously for crew
attendance and for thruster machinery to operate at rated power in all weather conditions.
246
Part
Chapter
Section
11.3
4
3
5

4-3-5
Bilge System for Thruster Compartments 4-3-5/11.3

Thrusters installed in normally unattended spaces are to be arranged such that bilge pumping can be
effected from outside the space. Alternatively, where bilge pumping can only be effected from within
the space, a bilge alarm to warn of high bilge water level is to be fitted in a centralized control station,
the navigation bridge or other normally manned control station. For bilge systems in general, see
4-6-4/5.5.11.
Thrusters in enclosed modules (capsules) are to be provided with a high water level alarm. At least
one pump capable of bilging the module is to be operable from outside the module.
11.5
Fire Fighting Systems 4-3-5/11.5

In general, spaces where thrusters are located, including enclosed modules, are to be protected with
fire fighting system in accordance with 4-7-2/1.
13
Certification and Trial
4-3-5/13
Thrusters and associated equipment are to be inspected, tested and certified by the Bureau in
accordance with the following requirements, as applicable:
diesel engines:
Section 4-2-1;
gas turbines:
Section 4-2-3;
electric motors:
Section 4-8-3;
gears:
Section 4-3-1;
shafting:
Section 4-3-2;
propellers:
Section 4-3-3
Upon completion of the installation, performance tests are to be carried out in the presence of a
Surveyor in a sea trial. This is to include but not limited to running tests at intermittent or continuous
rating, variation through design range of the magnitude and/or direction of thrust, vessel turning tests
and vessel maneuvering tests.
15
Dynamic Positioning Systems
15.1
General 4-3-5/15.1
4-3-5/15
15.1.1 Class Notations and Degree of Redundancy 4-3-5/15.1.1

Dynamic positioning systems may be assigned with different class notations depending on the
degree of redundancy built into the system, as defined below. These notations are not a
requirement for class and are to be assigned only at specific request.
DPS-0 For vessels which are fitted with a dynamic positioning system with centralized
manual position control and automatic heading control to maintain the position and heading
under the specified maximum environmental conditions.
DPS-1 For vessels which are fitted with a dynamic positioning system which is capable of
automatically maintaining the position and heading of the vessel under specified maximum
environmental conditions having an independent centralized manual position control with
automatic heading control.
247
Part
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3
5

4-3-5
automatically maintaining the position and heading of the vessel within a specified operating
envelope under specified maximum environmental conditions during and following any
single fault, excluding a loss of compartment or compartments.
automatically maintaining the position and heading of the vessel within a specified operating
envelope under specified maximum environmental conditions during and following any
single fault, including complete loss of a compartment due to fire or flood.
15.1.2 Definitions 4-3-5/15.1.2
15.1.2(a) Dynamic positioning (DP) system. The dynamic positioning system is a hydrodynamic system which controls or maintains the position and heading of the vessel by
centralized manual control or by automatic response to the variations of the environmental
conditions within the specified limits.
15.1.2(b) Specified maximum environmental conditions. The specified maximum

environmental conditions are the specified wind speed, current and wave height under which
the vessel is designed to carry out intended operations.
15.1.2(c) Specified operating envelope. The specified operating envelope is the area within
which the vessel is required to stay in order to satisfactorily perform the intended operations
15.1.2(d) Single fault. The single fault is an occurrence of the termination of the ability to
perform a required function of a component or a subsystem in any part of the DP system. For
vessels with DPS-3 notation, the loss of any single compartment is also to be considered a
single fault.
15.1.3 Plans and Data to be Submitted 4-3-5/15.1.3
Where one of the class notations described in 4-3-5/15.1.1 is requested, the following plans
and data are to be submitted for review as applicable.
System description including a block diagram showing how the various components
are functionally related
Details of the position reference system and environmental monitoring systems
Location of thrusters and control system components
Details of the DP alarm system and any interconnection with the main alarm system
Electrical power generation and distribution system and its interconnections with the
control system
Details of the consequence analyzer (see 4-3-5/15.9.5)
Thruster remote control system
Automatic DP control and monitoring system
Certification of suitability of control equipment for the marine atmosphere
Environmental force calculations and design safe operating envelope
Thruster design
Thruster force calculations and predicted polar plots
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)
DP operations manual
Test schedule
248
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
5

4-3-5
15.1.4 Failure Modes and Effect Analysis 4-3-5/15.1.4

A failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) is to be carried out for the entire DP system. The
FMEA is to be sufficiently detailed to cover all the systems' major components and is to
include but not be limited to the following information:
A description of all the systems major components and a functional block diagram
showing their interaction with each other
All significant failure modes
The most predictable cause associated with each failure mode
The transient effect of each failure on the vessels position
The method of detecting that the failure has occurred
The effect of the failure upon the rest of the systems ability to maintain station
An analysis of possible common failure mode
Where parts of the system are identified as non-redundant and where redundancy is not
possible, these parts are to be further studied with consideration given to their reliability and
mechanical protection. The results of this further study are to be submitted for review.
15.3
Thruster System 4-3-5/15.3

15.3.1 General 4-3-5/15.3.1
In general, the thrusters are to comply with the requirements of 4-3-5/3 through 4-3-5/13, as
applicable.
15.3.2 Thruster Capacity 4-3-5/15.3.2
15.3.2(a) Vessels with DPS-0 or DPS-1 notation. These vessels are to have thrusters in
number and of capacity sufficient to maintain position and heading under the specified
maximum environmental conditions.
15.3.2(b) Vessels with DPS-2 or DPS-3 notation. These vessels are to have thrusters in
number and of capacity sufficient to maintain position and heading, in the event of any single
fault, under the specified maximum environmental conditions. This includes the failure of any one
thruster.
15.3.3 Thruster Configuration 4-3-5/15.3.3
When determining the location of thrusters, the effects due to the interference with other
thrusters, hull or other surfaces are to be considered.
15.5
Power Generation and Distribution System 4-3-5/15.5

15.5.1 General 4-3-5/5.5.1
The following requirements are in addition to the applicable requirements in Part 4,
Chapter 8.
15.5.2 Power Generation System 4-3-5/15.5.2
15.5.2(a) Vessels with DPS-2 notation. Generators and their distribution systems are to be
sized and arranged such that, in the event of any section of bus bar being lost for any reason,
sufficient power is to remain available to supply the essential ship service loads, the critical
operational loads and to maintain the vessel position within the specified operating envelope
249
Part
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3
5

4-3-5
Essential services for generators and their prime movers, such as cooling water and fuel oil
systems, are to be arranged such that, with any single fault, sufficient power remains available
to supply the essential loads and to maintain position within the specified operating envelope
15.5.2(b) Vessels with DPS-3 notation. Generators and their distribution systems are to be
sized and arranged in at least two compartments so that, if any compartment is lost due to fire
or flood, sufficient power is available to maintain position within the specified operating
envelope, and to start any non running load without the associated voltage dip causing any
running motor to stall or control equipment to drop out.
Essential services for generators and their prime movers, such as cooling water and fuel oil
systems, are to be arranged so that, with any single fault in the systems or the loss of any
single compartment, sufficient power remains available to supply the essential loads, the
critical operational loads and to maintain position within the specified operating envelope
15.5.3 Power Management System 4-3-5/15.5.3
For DPS-2 and DPS-3 notations, a power management system is to be provided to ensure
that sufficient power is available for essential operations, and to prevent loads from starting
while there is insufficient generator capacity. Consideration will be given to techniques such
as shedding of non essential loads or interfacing with control system to provide temporary
thrust reduction to ensure availability of power.
15.5.4 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) 4-3-5/15.5.4
For DPS-1, DPS-2 and DPS-3 notations, an uninterruptable power supply system is to be
provided for the control and its associated monitoring and reference system.
For DPS-3 notation, the back-up control system required by 4-3-5/15.9.3(c) and its
associated reference system is to be provided with a dedicated independent UPS.
15.7
Environment Sensor and Position Reference System 4-3-5/15.7

15.7.1 Vessels with DPS-0 or DPS-1 Notation 4-3-5/15.7.1
For DPS-0 notation, a position reference system, a wind sensor and a gyro-compass are to be
fitted. For DPS-1 notation, they are to be provided in duplicate.
15.7.2 Vessels with DPS-2 Notation 4-3-5/15.7.2
In addition to the systems in 4-3-5/15.7.1 for DPS-1 notation, a third independent position
reference system is to be provided. Two of the position reference systems may operate on the
same principle. A single failure is not to affect simultaneously more than one position
reference system, i.e., no common mode failures.
15.7.3 Vessels with DPS-3 Notation 4-3-5/15.7.3
In addition to the requirements in 4-3-5/15.7.2 for DPS-2 notation, a third gyro-compass is to
be fitted. The third gyro-compass and the third independent position reference system are to
be located in the back-up control station with their signals repeated in the main control
station.
15.7.4 Signal Processing 4-3-5/15.7.4
Where three position reference systems are required, the control computers are to use signal
processing techniques to validate the data received. When out of range data occurs, an alarm
is to be given.
250
Part
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Section
15.9
4
3
5

4-3-5
Control System 4-3-5/15.9

15.9.1 Control System Components 4-3-5/15.9.1
In general, control system components are to comply with the provisions of Section 4-9-7 for
control systems of vessels intended to be assigned with ACC or ACCU notation.
15.9.2 Control Stations 4-3-5/15.9.2
15.9.2(a) Control station arrangement. The main dynamic positioning control station is to
be so arranged that the operator is aware of the external environmental conditions and any
activities relevant to the DP operation.
15.9.2(b) Emergency shut-down. An independent emergency shut-down facility for each

thruster is to be provided at each control station.
15.9.2(c) Vessels with DPS-3 notation. For DPS-3 notation, an emergency back-up control
station is to be provided in a separate compartment located and arranged such that no single
fault, including a fire or flood in one compartment, will render both the main and back-up
control system inoperable.
15.9.3 Position Keeping Control System Redundancy 4-3-5/15.9.3
15.9.3(a) Vessels with DPS-1 notation. An automatic control system and an independent
back-up centralized manual position control system with automatic heading control are to be
fitted. Transfer of control between the two systems is to be initiated manually.
15.9.3(b) Vessels with DPS-2 notation. Two independent self-monitoring automatic control
systems and a centralized manual position control system with automatic heading control are
to be fitted. On failure of one automatic control system, control is to be automatically
transferred to the other. Manual centralized control is to be possible if the automatic control
systems fail. The cabling between the control systems and the thrusters is to be arranged such
that under single fault conditions it remains possible to control sufficient thrusters to stay
within the specified operating envelope.
15.9.3(c) Vessels with DPS-3 notation. Three independent self-monitoring automatic
control systems and a centralized manual position control system with automatic heading
control are to be fitted. Two of the automatic control systems are arranged such that, should
one fail, control is automatically transferred to the other. The third automatic control system is
to be located in the emergency back-up control station and transfer of control to it is to be
initiated manually. Manual centralized control is to be possible if the two main automatic
control systems fail. The cabling for the control systems is to be arranged such that under
single fault conditions, including loss of a compartment due to fire or flood, it will remain
possible to control sufficient thrusters to stay within the specified operating envelope.
See 4-3-5/Table 2, Instrumentation at DPS Control Station.
15.9.4 Alarms and Instrumentation 4-3-5/15.9.4
The displays, alarms and indicators as specified in 4-3-5/Table 2 are to be provided at each
control stations, as applicable.
251
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3
5

4-3-5
TABLE 2
Instrumentation at DPS Control Station
System
Thruster
Power system
Power
Distribution
System
System
Performance
Specific
Requirements for
DPS-2 &
DPS-3
Engine lubricating oil pressure - low
Engine coolant temperature - high
CPP hydraulic oil pressure - low and high
CPP hydraulic oil temperature - high
CPP pitch
Thruster RPM
Thrust direction
Thruster motor/SCR coolant leakage
Thruster motor SCR temperature
Thruster motor short circuit
Thruster motor exciter power available
Thruster motor supply power available
Thruster motor overload
Thruster motor high temperature
Status of automatically controlled circuit breakers
Bus bar voltage
Bus frequency
Power factors
Bus bar current and power levels
High power consumers current levels
Back-up power availability
Excursion outside operating envelope
Control system fault
Position sensor fault
Vessels target and present position and heading
Wind speed and direction
Selected reference system
Thruster location (pictorial)
Percentage thrust
Available thrusters on stand-by DP alert through
consequence analyzer
Position information of individual position
reference systems connected
Alarm
x
x
x
x
Display
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
15.9.5 Consequence Analysis and DP Alert System Vessels with DPS-2 or DPS-3 Only 4-35/15.9.5
For vessels with DPS-2 or DPS-3 notation, the DP control system is to incorporate a
consequence analyzer that monitors the vectorial thrust necessary to maintain position under
the prevailing environmental conditions and perform calculations to verify that in the event of
a single failure there will be sufficient thrust available to maintain position in steady state and
during transients.
15.11 Communications 4-3-5/15.11

In addition to the requirements of 4-3-5/9, a means of voice communication is to be provided
between each DP control position and the navigation bridge, the engine control position and
any other operation control centers associated with DP.
252
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3
5

4-3-5

In addition to the requirements of 4-3-5/9, two independent means of voice communication
are to be provided between each DP control position and the navigation bridge, the engine
control unit and other relevant operation control centers.
15.13 Operation Manual 4-3-5/15.13

For each vessel, a dynamic positioning system operations manual is to be prepared and submitted
solely for verification that the information in the manual, relative to the dynamic positioning system,
is consistent with the design and information considered in the review of the system. One copy of the
operations manual is to be kept onboard.
15.15 Certification and Trials 4-3-5/15.15

15.15.1 Control Equipment 4-3-5/15.15.1
Control equipment used in a dynamic positioning system to be assigned with a DPS notation
are to be certified for suitability for marine atmospheres.
Hydraulic and pneumatic piping systems associated with the dynamic positioning system are
to be subjected to pressure tests at 1.5 times the relief-device setting using the service fluid in
the hydraulic system and dry air or dry inert gas for pneumatic systems as testing media. The
tests are to be carried out in the presence of a Surveyor.
15.15.2 Trials 4-3-5/15.15.2
Upon completion and installation of the dynamic positioning system, complete performance
tests are to be carried out to the Surveyors satisfaction at the sea trials. The schedule of these
tests is to be designed to demonstrate the level of redundancy established in the FMEA.
Where practicable, the test environment is to reflect the limiting design operating conditions.
Otherwise, external forces designed to simulate the design environmental forces are to be
applied.
253
PART
4
CHAPTER
Boilers, Pressure Vessels and

Fired Equipment
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
Boilers and Pressure Vessels and Fired Equipment ......259

1
General ..............................................................................259
1.1
Application .................................................................... 259
1.3
Definitions ..................................................................... 260
1.5
Recognized Codes or Standards .................................. 260
1.7
Grouping of Boilers and Pressure Vessels.................... 261
1.9
Certification ................................................................... 261
1.11
Special Cases ............................................................... 263
1.13
Plans and Data to be Submitted.................................... 263
Materials ............................................................................265
3.1
Permissible Materials .................................................... 265
3.3
Permissible Welding Consumables............................... 265
3.5
Material Certification and Tests..................................... 265
Design................................................................................266
Fabrication, Testing and Certification ................................266

7.1
Material Tests................................................................ 266
7.3
Welded Fabrication ....................................................... 266
7.5
Dimensional Tolerances................................................ 266
7.7
Nondestructive Examination ......................................... 266
7.9
Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment ......................... 266
7.11
Hydrostatic Tests .......................................................... 267
7.13
Manufacturers Documentation ..................................... 267
Boiler Appurtenances.........................................................267
9.1
Safety Valves ................................................................ 267
9.3
Permissible Valve Connections on Boilers .................... 269
9.5
Main Steam and Feed Valve Connections .................... 270
9.7
Instrument Connections for Boilers ............................... 271
9.9
Miscellaneous Connections .......................................... 271
9.11
Inspection Openings ..................................................... 272
9.13
Dampers ....................................................................... 272
9.15
Guidance for Spare Parts.............................................. 272
255
11
13
15
17
Boiler Control .....................................................................273

11.1
Local Control and Monitoring.........................................273
11.3
Manual Emergency Shutdown.......................................273
11.5
Control of Fired Boilers..................................................273
11.7
Control for Waste Heat Boilers ......................................275
11.9
Control for Fired Water Heaters ....................................275
Thermal Oil Heaters...........................................................276

13.1
Appurtenances ..............................................................276
13.3
Thermal Oil Heater Control............................................276
13.5
Exhaust-gas Thermal Oil Heaters .................................277
Incinerators ........................................................................278
15.1
Local Control and Monitoring.........................................278
15.3
Emergency Shutdown ...................................................278
15.5
Automatic Shutdowns....................................................278
Pressure Vessel and Heat Exchanger Appurtenances .....278

17.1
19
SECTION 1
17.3
Inspection Openings......................................................279
17.5
Drain..............................................................................279
Installation and Shipboard Trials .......................................279

19.1
Seating Arrangements...................................................279
19.3
Boiler Installation ...........................................................280
19.5
Installation of Thermal Oil Heaters and Incinerators......280
19.7
Shipboard Trials ............................................................281
TABLE 1
Pressure Vessels Covered in Part 4, Chapter 4 ......260
TABLE 2
Grouping of Boilers and Pressure Vessels ..............262
TABLE 3
Certification Details ..................................................262
TABLE 4
List of alarms and shutdowns Fired Boilers ..........274
TABLE 5
List of alarms Waste Heat Boilers.........................275
TABLE 6
List of alarms and shutdowns Fired Water

Heaters.....................................................................276
TABLE 7
List of alarms and shutdowns Fired thermal oil

heaters .....................................................................277
TABLE 8
List of alarms and shutdowns Exhaust-gas

thermal oil heaters ...................................................278
Appendix 1 Rules for Design ......................................... 283

1
256
Pressure Relief Valve ....................................................278
General ..............................................................................283
1.1
Application.....................................................................283
1.3
Loads Other than Pressure ...........................................283
1.5
Deformation Testing ......................................................283
1.7
Plate and Pipe Thickness Tolerance .............................283
Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure ..........................284

3.1
General Equations.........................................................284
3.3
Boiler Shells ..................................................................285
3.5
Pressure Vessel Shells..................................................289

Unstayed Heads ................................................................289

5.1
Torispherically and Hemispherically Dished Heads ...... 289
5.3
Ellipsoidal Heads........................................................... 291
5.5
Heads with Access Openings ....................................... 291
5.7
Unstayed Flat Heads..................................................... 292
5.9
Stayed Flat Heads......................................................... 298
Openings and Reinforcements ..........................................300

7.1
General ......................................................................... 300
7.3
Reinforcement Requirements ....................................... 303
7.5
Reinforcement Limits .................................................... 305
7.7
Metal Having Reinforcement Value............................... 305
7.9
Strength of Reinforcement ............................................ 307
7.11
Reinforcement of Multiple Openings ............................. 308
Boiler Tubes.......................................................................309
9.1
Materials ....................................................................... 309
9.3
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure......................... 309
9.5
Tube-end Thickness...................................................... 310
9.7
Tube-end Projection...................................................... 310
11
Joint Designs .....................................................................311
13
Joint and Dimensional Tolerances.....................................311
15
Weld Tests .........................................................................311
17
Radiography and Other Nondestructive Examination .......311
19
Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment..............................311
21
Hydrostatic Tests ...............................................................311

21.1
Boilers ........................................................................... 311
21.3
Pressure Vessels .......................................................... 311
TABLE 1
Joint Efficiencies for Welded Joints .........................312
TABLE 2
(SI units) Maximum Allowable Stress Values for

Ferrous Materials .....................................................313
TABLE 2
(MKS units) Maximum Allowable Stress Values for

TABLE 2
(US units) Maximum Allowable Stress Values for

TABLE 3
(SI units) Maximum Allowable Working Pressures

for Boiler Tubes........................................................316
TABLE 3
(MKS units) Maximum Allowable Working

Pressures for Boiler Tubes ......................................317
TABLE 3
(US units) Maximum Allowable Working Pressures

for Boiler Tubes........................................................318
FIGURE 1
Example of Tube Spacing With Pitch of Holes

Equal in Every Row..................................................286
FIGURE 2
Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of Holes

Unequal in Every Second Row ................................286
FIGURE 3
Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of Holes

Varying in Every Second Row .................................286
257
258
FIGURE 4
Example of Tube Spacing with Tube Holes on

Diagonal Lines .........................................................286
FIGURE 5
Diagram for Determination of Diagonal Efficiency ...287
FIGURE 6
Diagram for Determining Efficiency of Diagonal

Ligaments in Order to Obtain Equivalent
Longitudinal Efficiency .............................................288
FIGURE 7
Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Heads and

Covers......................................................................293
FIGURE 8
Example of Reinforced Opening ..............................301
FIGURE 9
Chart for Determining Value of F .............................304
FIGURE 10
Load-carrying Paths in Welded Nozzle

Attachments .............................................................308
FIGURE 11
Illustration of Rules Given in 4-4-1A1/7.11.3 ...........309
PART
4
CHAPTER

Fired Equipment
SECTION
Boilers and Pressure Vessels and

Fired Equipment
4-4-1
General
1.1
Application
Regardless of the system in which they formed a part, boilers, fired and unfired heaters, pressure
vessels and heat exchangers of the following categories are to be subjected to the provisions of this
section:
Boilers and steam generators with design pressure over 3.5 bar (3.6 kgf/cm2, 50 psi).
Fired heaters for oil with design pressure over 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi).
Independent pressure vessel tanks for the carriage of liquefied gases, defined in Section 5-8-4.
Other pressure vessels and heat exchangers of 150 mm (6 in.) diameter and over, having
design pressure, temperature and volume, as defined in 4-4-1/Table 1.
Boilers and fired heaters not included above, fired inert gas generators and incinerators
259
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

Boilers, Pressure Vessels and Fired Equipment
Boilers and Pressure Vessels and Fired Equipment
4-4-1
TABLE 1
Pressure Vessels Covered in Part 4, Chapter 4
Pressure
a)
b)
c)
1.5
Temperature
bar
kgf/cm
psi
Pressure vessels and heat

exchangers for toxic and
corrosive substances
(see 4-1-1/1.9.5)
>1.0
>1.0
>15
Pressure vessels, heat

exchangers and heaters
other than a)
>6.9
>7
>100
Pressure vessels, heat

exchangers and heaters
other than a) and b)
Notes
1
1.3
>1.0
>1.0
>15
Volume
3
ft3
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
>149 (1)
>300 (1)
>66 (2)
>150 (2)
and
>0.14
>5
(3)
(3)
and
>90
>200
Applicable to steam, gas or vapor; and to liquids other than fuel oil, lubricating oil, hydraulic oil and thermal oil.
Applicable to fuel oil.
Applicable to lubricating oil, hydraulic oil and thermal oil.
Definitions
1.3.1
Design Pressure
Design Pressure is the gauge pressure to be used in the design of the boiler or pressure vessel.
It is to be at least the most severe condition of coincidental pressure and temperature to be
expected in normal operation. For pressure vessels having more than one chamber, the design
pressure of the inner chamber is to be the maximum difference between the inner and outer
chambers.
1.3.2
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure

The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) of a boiler or pressure vessel is the
maximum pressure permissible at the top of the boiler or pressure vessel in its normal
operating condition and at the designated coincidental temperature specified for that pressure.
It is the least of the values found for MAWP for any pressure-bearing parts, adjusted for the
difference in static head that may exist between the part considered and the top of the boiler
or pressure vessel. MAWP is not to exceed the design pressure.
1.3.3
Design Temperature
The maximum temperature used in design is not to be less than the mean metal temperature
(through the thickness) expected under operating conditions. The minimum metal temperature
used in design is to be the lowest expected in service, except when lower temperatures are
permitted by the Rules of the recognized code or standard.
Recognized Codes or Standards

All boilers and pressure vessels required to be certified by 4-4-1/1.1 are to be designed, constructed
and tested in accordance with Appendix 4-4-1A1 of this section. Alternatively, they may comply with
a recognized code or standard. The following are some of the national standards that are considered
recognized for the purpose of this section:
260
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1
Boilers:
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section I
British Standard BS 1113 Design and manufacture of water tube steam generating
plant (including superheaters, reheaters and steel tube economizers)
British Standard BS 2790 Specifications for the design and manufacture of shell
boilers of welded construction
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers:
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Div. 1; or Section VIII Div. 2
Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
British Standard BS 5500 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels
Japanese Industrial Standard JIS B8270 et al for Pressure vessels
Other national standards or codes will be considered, provided that they are no less effective.
1.7
Grouping of Boilers and Pressure Vessels

For purpose of specifying the degree of inspection and testing during the certification process, boilers
and pressure vessels are categorized as in 4-4-1/Table 2.
1.9
Certification 4-4-1/1.9
All boilers and pressure vessels within the scope of 4-4-1/1.1 are to be certified by the Bureau. Massproduced pressure vessels, including seamless extruded cylinders and fluid power cylinders, may be
certified by alternative means as described in 4-4-1/1.11. 4-4-1/Table 3 provides important elements
of the certification process for each group of boilers and pressure vessels. Columns 1, 2 and 3 in the
table are to be complied with for all boilers and pressure vessels regardless of the chosen standard or
code of compliance. Fabrication and inspection details in column 4 (see Section 2-4-3) are to be
complied with also, except that considerations will be given to alternative provisions in the chosen
standard or code of compliance.
261
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Section
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4
1

4-4-1
TABLE 2
Grouping of Boilers and Pressure Vessels
Grp
Type
Pressure
kgf/cm2
psi
a) Boilers and steam

generators
>3.5
>3.6
>50
b) Pressure vessels and

heat exchangers, other
than d) and e) (6).
>41.4
>42.2
>600
or
c) Fired heaters for oil
>41.4
>42.2
>600
d) Liquefied gas
pressure vessel cargo
tanks (6)
2.1
2.1
e) Pressure vessels and

heat exchangers for
toxic or corrosive
substances (6)
>1.0
Volume
m3
ft3
all
all
and
all
all
all
all
all
in
all
all
all
or
>38
>1.5
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
371 (1)
700 (1)
204 (2)
400 (2)
and
all
all
and
38
1.5
>149 (3)
>300 (3)
and
>0.14
>5
and
38
1.5
all
all
>371 (1)
>700 (1)
>204 (2)
>400 (2)
all
30
>1.0
>15
41.4
and
>1.0
42.2
and
>1.0
600
and
>15
b) Pressure vessels and

than Group I b (6)
41.4
42.2
600
and
>6.9
and
>7
and
>100
c) Pressure vessels and

than Group II b (6)
6.9
and
>1.0
7
and
>1.0
100
and
>15
and
and
Thickness
mm
a) Fired heater for oil
II
Temperature
bar
>66
(4)
>150 (4)
>90
(5)
(5)
>200
Notes
1
Steam, gas or vapor, other than toxic or corrosive substances.
Liquids, other than toxic and corrosive substances.
Steam, gas or vapor, and liquids excluding fuel oil, lubricating oil and thermal oil; other than toxic or corrosive
substances.
Fuel oil.
Lubricating oil and thermal oil.
Internal diameter 150 mm (6 in.). Vessels with smaller diameter are outside the scope of this section.
TABLE 3
Certification Details
1
Design
approval
2
Survey
during
fabrication
3
Material test
witnessed by
Surveyor
4
Full
radiography
Post-weld
heat
treatment
Production
test plate
Charpy Vnotch test
Group I
as required
Group II
as required
262
Part
Chapter
Section
1.11
4
4
1

4-4-1
Special Cases 4-4-1/1.11

1.11.1 Independent Cargo Pressure Vessels 4-4-1/1.11.1
Pressure vessels independent of the vessels hull and intended for the carriage of liquefied
gases as cargo are, in addition to the provisions of this section, to comply with Section 5-8-4.
Pressure vessels intended for carriage of other cargoes, such as bulk cement, which require
compressed air for loading and discharging, are subject to the provisions of this section if the
operating pressure and volume of the vessels exceed that indicated in 4-4-1/Table 1 item c.
1.11.2 Mass-produced Boilers and Pressure Vessels (2003) 4-4-1/1.11.2
Mass-produced boilers, pressure vessels and heat exchangers may be certified on the basis of
the ABS Type Approval Program (see 1-1-4/3.7, 4-1-1/Table 5 and 1-1-A3/5), subject to their
designs being approved by the Bureau in each case.
Consideration will be given to accepting Group II pressure vessels and heat exchangers based
on certification by an independent agency in accordance with the intent of this section, and
the certificate of compliance being submitted to the Surveyor for verification. Each of such
units is to have a permanently affixed nameplate traceable to the certificate. Further design
evaluation and testing may be required if doubt arises as to the integrity of the unit.
1.11.3 Pressure Vessels Included in Self-contained Equipment 4-4-1/1.11.3
Small pressure vessels included in self-contained domestic equipment, such as airconditioners, refrigerators, etc., are not subject to the requirements of this section.
1.11.4 Seamless Pressure Vessels for Gases 4-4-1/1.11.4
Mass-produced pressurized cylinders for storage of industrial gases such as carbon dioxide,
oxygen, acetylene, etc., which are of extruded seamless construction, are to be designed,
manufactured and tested in accordance with a recognized standard for this type of pressure
vessel. Their acceptance will be based on their compliance with the standard as verified by
either the Bureau or an agency recognized by a national authority (in the country of
manufacture) having jurisdiction over the safety of such pressure vessels. The certificate of
compliance, traceable to the cylinder's serial number, is to be presented to the Surveyor for
verification in each case.
1.11.5 Fluid Power Cylinders 4-4-1/1.11.5
Hydraulic cylinders for steering gears, regardless of diameter, are to meet 4-3-4/7 and
4-3-4/19. For other hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, regardless of diameter, see
4-6-7/3.5.5.
1.13
Plans and Data to be Submitted 4-4-1/1.13

1.13.1 Boilers 4-4-1/1.13.1
General arrangement
Design data: heating surface, evaporative capacity, design and working pressure and
temperature, superheater header and tube mean wall temperatures, estimated pressure drop
through the superheaters, safety relief valve settings and capacities, draft requirements at
design conditions, number and capacity of forced draft fans.
Materials of all pressurized parts and their welded attachments
Sectional assembly
Seating arrangements
263
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4
1

4-4-1
Steam and water drums, and header details

Waterwall details
Steam and superheater tubing including the maximum expected mean wall temperature of the
tube wall, and the tube support arrangements
Economizer arrangement, header details, and element details
Casing arrangement
Typical weld joint designs
Post-weld heat treatment and nondestructive examination
Boiler mountings including safety valves and relieving capacities, blow-off arrangements watergauges and try cocks, etc.
Integral piping
Reheat section (when fitted)
Fuel oil burning arrangements including burners and registers
Forced draft system
Boiler instrumentation, monitoring and control systems
1.13.2 Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchangers 4-4-1/1.13.2
General arrangements
Design data: design pressures and temperatures, fluid name, degree of radiographic
examination, corrosion allowance, heat treatment (or lack of it), hydrostatic test pressure,
setting of safety relief valve
Material specifications including heat treatment and mechanical properties
Shell and head details, and shell to head joint details
Nozzles, openings, manways, etc., and their attachment details; flanges and covers, as
applicable
Tubes, tube sheets, heads, shell flanges, covers, baffles, tube to tubesheet joint details,
packings, as applicable
Support structures, seating, etc.
1.13.3 Thermal Oil Heaters 4-4-1/1.13.3
In addition to the arrangements and details and construction details of pressure parts as
required for steam boilers and heat exchangers, as appropriate, the following are to be
submitted:
Thermal oil characteristics, including flash point; thermal oil deterioration testing
routines and facilities
Thermal oil plant design parameters: thermal oil circulation rate; circulating pump
head/capacity; designed maximum oil film temperature
Arrangement and details of appurtenances; relief valve capacities
Schematic of thermal oil piping system
Fire extinguishing fixtures for the furnace space
Instrumentation, monitoring and control systems
264
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4
1

4-4-1
1.13.4 Calculations 4-4-1/1.13.4

Calculations in accordance with a recognized standard or code.
1.13.5 Fabrication 4-4-1/1.13.5
Welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records; post-weld heat
treatment procedure; nondestructive examination plan, where applicable. Welder qualification
records are to be submitted to the Surveyor.
Materials
3.1
Permissible Materials 4-4-1/3.1
3.3
4-4-1/3
3.1.1
General 4-4-1/3.1.1
Pressure parts of boilers and pressure vessels are to be constructed of materials conforming to
specifications permitted by the applicable boiler or pressure vessel code. Boiler and pressure
vessel material specifications provided in Section 2-3-1 may be used in connection with the
provisions of Appendix 4-4-1A1. Materials for non-pressure parts are to be of a weldable
grade (to be verified by welding procedure qualification, for example) if such parts are to be
welded to pressure parts.
3.1.2
Materials for High Temperature Service 4-4-1/3.1.2

Materials of pressure parts subjected to service temperatures higher than room temperature
are to have mechanical and metallurgical properties suitable for operating under stress at such
temperatures. Material specifications concerned are to have specified mechanical properties at
elevated temperatures, or alternatively, the application of the materials is to be limited by
allowable stresses at elevated temperatures as specified in the applicable boiler or pressure
vessel standard. The use of materials specified in Section 2-3-1 is to be in accordance with the
allowable stresses specified in Appendix 4-4-1A1.
3.1.3
Materials for Low Temperature Service 4-4-1/3.1.3

Materials of pressure parts subjected to low service temperatures are to have suitable notch
toughness properties. Permissible materials, the allowable operating temperatures, the tests
that need be conducted and the corresponding toughness criteria are to be as specified in the
applicable pressure vessel standard.
Permissible Welding Consumables 4-4-1/3.3

Welding consumables are to conform to recognized standards. Welding consumables tested, certified
and listed by the Bureau in its publication Approved Welding Consumables for meeting a standard
may be used in all cases. See Section 2-4-3.
Welding consumables not so listed but specified by the manufacturer as conforming with a standard
(e.g., AWS) may be used in Group II pressure vessels. Such consumables are to have been proven in
qualifying the welding procedures intended to be used in the fabrication of the boiler or pressure
vessel, or are to be of a make acceptable to the Surveyor. For Group I boilers and pressure vessels,
such consumables are to be further represented by production test pieces taken from representative
butt welds to prove the mechanical properties of the metal.
3.5
Material Certification and Tests 4-4-1/3.5

Materials, including welding consumables, entered into the construction of boilers and pressure
vessels are to be certified by the material manufacturers as meeting the material specifications
concerned. Certified mill test reports, traceable to the material concerned, are to be presented to the
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Surveyor for information and verification in all cases. In addition, where so indicated in 4-4-1/Table
3, materials of the main pressure parts, namely, steam and water drums, shell and heads, headers, shell
flange, tubes, tubesheets, etc. are required to have their materials tested in the presence of a Surveyor
to verify their compliance with the corresponding material specifications. Welding consumables, in
these instances, are to have their mechanical strength verified by the testing of production test pieces.
Design
All boilers, steam generators, fired heaters, pressure vessels and heat exchangers required to be
certified by 4-4-1/1.1 are to be designed in accordance with Appendix 4-4-1A1. Alternatively, a
recognized code or standard (see 4-4-1/1.5) may be used for this purpose. All such designs are to be
submitted for approval before proceeding with the fabrication.
Fabrication, Testing and Certification
7.1
Material Tests
Material tests are to be in accordance with 4-4-1/3.5.
7.3
Welded Fabrication
Welding of pressure parts and of non-pressure parts to pressure parts is to be performed by means of
qualified welding procedures and by qualified welders. The qualification of welding procedures is to
be conducted in accordance with Section 2-4-3 or the applicable boiler or pressure vessel standard or
code. Welding procedure specifications and their qualification records are to be submitted for review
as indicated in 4-4-1/1.13.5. The Surveyor is to have the option of witnessing the conduct of the
qualification test, and may request additional qualification tests if there are reasons to doubt the
soundness of the qualified procedure. Similarly, qualification of welders is to be in accordance with
the applicable code and is to be to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
7.5
Dimensional Tolerances
Parts to be welded are to be aligned within the tolerances specified in Section 2-4-2 or the applicable
standard or code. The fitting of the main seams is to be examined by the Surveyor prior to welding.
The conformance of formed heads to the theoretical shape and the out-of-roundness of the finished
shells are to be within specified tolerances and are to be verified to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
7.7
Nondestructive Examination
Radiographic examinations are to be in accordance with 2-4-2/23 or the applicable standard or code.
All Group I boilers and pressure vessels are to have their butt seams fully radiographed. See 4-4-1/1.9.
Group II pressure vessels are to be radiographed to the extent as required by the designed jointefficiency. The radiography standard and acceptance criteria, along with the degree of other
nondestructive examination, such as ultra-sonic, dye penetrant, or magnetic particle, are to be in
accordance with the chosen standard or code. Radiographic films are to be submitted to the surveyor
for review.
7.9
Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment

Preheat and postweld heat treatment are to be in accordance with 2-4-2/11 through 2-4-2/17 or the
applicable standard or code. All Group I boilers and pressure vessels are to be postweld heat treated.
See 4-4-1/1.9. In addition, postweld heat treatment is to be carried out where required by, and in
accordance with the applicable boiler or pressure vessel code or standard. The postweld heat treatment
procedure is to be submitted to the Surveyor for review prior to the heat treatment.
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Hydrostatic Tests (1 July 2003)

7.11.1 Boilers
The Surveyor is to witness hydrostatic tests on all boilers. The test pressure is not to be less
than 1.5 times the maximum allowable working pressure or at such pressures as specified by
the standard or code of compliance.
7.11.2 Pressure Vessels
The Surveyor is to witness hydrostatic tests on all pressure vessels. The test pressure is not to
be less than 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure or at such pressures as
specified by the standard or code of compliance. Where hydrostatic tests are impracticable,
alternative methods of pressure tests, such as a pneumatic pressure test, may be considered for
pressure vessels, subject to such test procedures being submitted for consideration in each
case.
7.13
Manufacturers Documentation
The manufacturer is to submit documentation of fabrication records, including but not limited to
material certificates, welding procedure qualification records, welder qualification records, heat
treatment reports, nondestructive examination reports and dimensional check reports, as applicable, to
the Surveyor for final review and acceptance.
Boiler Appurtenances
9.1
Safety Valves
9.1.1
General
9.1.1(a) Boiler. (2004) Each boiler (including exhaust gas boiler) and steam generator is to
be fitted with at least one safety valve and where the water-heating surface is more than
46.5 m2 (500 ft2), two or more safety valves are to be provided. The valves are to be of equal
size as far as practicable and their aggregate relieving capacity is not to be less than the
evaporating capacity of the boiler under maximum operating conditions. In no case, however,
is the inlet diameter of any safety valve for propulsion boiler and superheaters used to
generate steam for main propulsion and other machinery to be less than 38 mm (1.5 in) nor
more than 102 mm (4 in.). For auxiliary boilers and exhaust gas economizers, the inlet
diameter of the safety valve must not be less than 19 mm (3/4 in.) nor more than 102 mm
(4 in.).
9.1.1(b) Superheater. Each superheater, regardless of whether it can be isolated from the
boiler or not, is to be fitted with at least one safety valve on the superheater outlet. See also
4-4-1/9.1.2(b).
9.1.1(c) Economizers. Each economizer, where fitted with a bypass, is to be provided with
a sentinel relief valve, unless the bypass arrangement will prevent a buildup of pressure in the
economizer when it is bypassed.
9.1.2
Minimum Relieving Capacity

9.1.2(a) Boiler. In all cases, the safety-valve relieving capacity is to be determined on the
basis of the boiler heating surface and water-wall heating surface along with the fuel-burning
equipment, and is not to be less than that given in the following table. Where certification by
the boiler manufacturer of the evaporative capacity of the boiler under maximum operating
conditions indicates a higher capacity, the higher capacity is to be used.
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Minimum mass of steam per hour per heating surface area

of oil-fired boilers, kg/h/m2 (lb/h/ft2)
Boiler type
Boiler heating
Waterwall surface
surface
Fire-tube
39.1 (8)
68.3 (14)
Water-tube
48.8 (10)
78.1 (16)
9.1.2(b) Boilers with integral superheaters. Where a superheater is fitted as an integral part
of a boiler with no intervening valve between the superheater and the boiler, the relieving
capacity of the superheater safety valve, based on the reduced pressure, may be included in
determining the total relieving capacity of the safety valves for the boiler as a whole. In such a
case, the relieving capacity of the superheater safety valve is not to be credited for more than
25% of the total capacity required. The safety valves are to be so set and proportioned that,
under any relieving condition, sufficient steam will pass through the superheater to prevent
overheating the superheater. Specially designed full-flow superheater valves, pilot-operated
from the steam drum, may be used.
9.1.2(c) Exhaust gas boiler. Minimum required relieving capacity of the safety valve is to
be determined by the manufacturer. If auxiliary firing is intended in combination with exhaust
gas heating, the relieving capacity is to take this into consideration. If auxiliary firing is
intended only as an alternative to exhaust gas heating, the relieving capacity is to be based on
the higher of the two.
9.1.2(d) Pressure rise during relieving. For each boiler, the total capacity of the installed
safety valves is to be such that the valves will discharge all steam that can be generated by the
boiler without allowing the pressure to rise more than 6% above the maximum allowable
working pressure. See 4-4-1/9.1.8.
9.1.3
Pressure Settings 4-4-1/9.1.3

9.1.3(a) Boiler drum. At least one safety valve on the boiler drum is to be set at or below the
maximum allowable working pressure. If more than one safety valve is installed, the highest
setting among the safety valves is not to exceed the maximum allowable working pressure by
more than 3%. The range of pressure settings of all the drum safety valves is not to exceed
10% of the highest pressure to which any safety valve is set.
In no case is the relief pressure to be greater than the design pressure of the steam piping or
that of the machinery connected to the boiler plus the pressure drop in the steam piping.
9.1.3(b) Superheater. Where a superheater is fitted, the superheater safety valve is to be set
to relieve at a pressure no greater than the design pressure of the steam piping or the design
pressure of the machinery connected to the superheater plus pressure drop in the steam piping.
In no case is the superheater safety valve to be set at a pressure greater than the design
pressure of the superheater.
In connection with the superheater, the safety valves on the boiler drum are to be set at a
pressure not less than the superheater-valve setting plus 0.34 bar (0.35 kgf/cm2, 5 psi), plus
approximately the normal-load pressure drop through the superheater. See also 4-4-1/9.1.3(a).
9.1.4
268
Easing Gear 4-4-1/9.1.4

Each boiler and superheater safety valve is to be fitted with an efficient mechanical means by
which the valve disc may be positively lifted from its seat. This mechanism is to be so
arranged that the valves may be safely operated from the boiler room or machinery space
platforms, either by hand or by any approved power arrangement.
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4-4-1
9.1.5
Connection to Boiler 4-4-1/9.1.5

Safety valves are to be connected directly to the boiler, except that they may be mounted on a
common fitting; see 4-4-1/9.3. However, they are not to be mounted on the same fitting as
that for the main or auxiliary steam outlet. This does not apply to superheater safety valves,
which may be mounted on the fitting for the superheater steam outlet.
9.1.6
Escape Pipe 4-4-1/9.1.6

The area of the escape pipe is to be at least equal to the combined outlet area of all of the
safety valves discharging into it. The pipe is to be so routed as to prevent the accumulation of
condensate and is to be so supported that the body of the safety valve is not subjected to
undue load or moment.
9.1.7
Drain Pipe 4-4-1/9.1.7

Safety valve chests are to be fitted with drain pipes leading to the bilges or a suitable tank. No
valve or cock is to be fitted in the drain pipe.
9.1.8
Pressure Accumulation Test 4-4-1/9.1.8

Safety valves are to be set under steam and tested with pressure accumulation tests in the
presence of the Surveyor. The boiler pressure is not to rise more than 6% above the maximum
allowable working pressure when the steam stop valve is closed under full firing condition for
a duration of 15 minutes for firetube boilers and 7 minutes for watertube boilers. During this
test, no more feed water is to be supplied than that necessary to maintain a safe working water
level. The popping point of each safety valve is not to be more than 3% above its set pressure.
Where such accumulation tests are impractical because of superheater design, an application
to omit such tests may be approved, provided the following are complied with:
all safety valves are to be set in the presence of the Surveyor;
capacity tests have been completed in the presence of the Surveyor on each valve
type;
the valve manufacturer supplies a certificate for each safety valve stating its capacity
at the maximum allowable working pressure and temperature of the boiler;
the boiler manufacturer supplies a certificate stating the maximum evaporation of the
boiler;
due consideration is given to back pressure in the safety valve steam escape pipe.
9.1.9
9.3
Changes in Safety Valve Setting 4-4-1/9.1.9

Where, for any reason, the maximum allowable working pressure is lower than that for which
the boiler and safety valves were originally designed, the relieving capacity of the valves
under lower pressure is to be checked against the evaporating capacity of the boiler. For this
purpose, a guarantee from the manufacturer that the valve capacity is sufficient for the new
conditions is to be submitted for approval, or it is to be demonstrated by a pressure
accumulation test, as specified in 4-4-1/9.1.8, conducted in the presence of a Surveyor.
Permissible Valve Connections on Boilers 4-4-1/9.3

9.3.1
Connection Method 4-4-1/9.3.1

All valves of more than 30 mm (1.25 in) nominal diameter are to be connected to the boiler
with welded or flanged joints. Where the thickness of the shell plate is over 12.7 mm (0.5 in),
or where the plate has been reinforced by welded pads, valves 30 mm (1.25 in) nominal
diameter and under may be attached by short, extra-heavy screwed nipples.
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4-4-1
For studded connections, stud holes are not to penetrate the whole thickness of the shell plate
and the depth of the thread is to be at least equal to 1.5 times the diameter of the stud.
9.3.2
Valve Materials 4-4-1/9.3.2

All valves attached to a boiler, either directly or by means of a distance piece, are to be forged
or cast steel, except where the pressure does not exceed 24.1 bar (24.6 kgf/cm2, 350 psi) and
the steam temperature does not exceed 232C (450F), nodular cast iron Grade 60-40-18 (see
2-3-10/1) may be used.
Where temperature does not exceed 208C (406F), valves may be made of Type 1 bronze
complying with 2-3-14/1. Where high temperature bronze is used, the temperature limit may
be 288C (550F).
9.3.3
9.5
Valve Design 4-4-1/9.3.3

Valves are to comply with a recognized national standard, and are to be permanently marked
in accordance with the requirements of the standard. Valves not complying with a recognized
national standard are to be approved in each case. See 4-6-2/5.13.
Main Steam and Feed Valve Connections 4-4-1/9.5

9.5.1
General 4-4-1/9.5.1
All steam and feedwater connections to boilers are to have stop valves connected directly to
the boilers. A distance piece between the boiler and the valve is permissible if the piece is as
short as possible. The stop valves are to be arranged to close against boiler pressure, except
that the stop valves on feedwater connections may close against feed water pressure. Screw
down valves are to close with a clockwise motion of the hand when facing the top of the stem.
9.5.2
Steam Stop Valves 4-4-1/9.5.2

Main and auxiliary steam stop valves are to be fitted to each boiler. Where a superheater is
fitted, main and auxiliary stop valves are to be located at the superheater to insure a flow of
steam through the superheater at all times, except that where the total superheat temperature is
low, alternative arrangement may be considered. Each steam stop valve exceeding 150 mm
(6 in) nominal diameter is to be fitted with a by-pass valve for plant warm-up purposes.
9.5.3
Feed Valves 4-4-1/9.5.3

9.5.3(a) Temperature differential.
For boilers with a design pressure of 27.6 bar
2
(28 kgf/cm , 400 psi) or over, the feed-water connection to the drum is to be fitted with a
sleeve or other suitable device to reduce the effects of metal temperature differentials between
the feed pipe and the shell or head of the drum.
Feed water is not to be discharged into a boiler in such a manner that it impinges directly
against surfaces exposed to hot gases or the radiant heat of the fire.
9.5.3(b) Feed stop valve. A feed stop valve is to be fitted to each feedwater line to the boiler
and is to be attached directly to the boiler. If an economizer forms a part of the boiler, the
feedwater stop valve may be attached directly on the economizer. Consideration will be given
to locating the valve near an operating platform, provided that the pipe between the
economizer and the valve is a seamless steel pipe having all joints welded.
For feed water system requirements, see 4-6-6/5.
9.5.3(c) Feed stop check valve.
In addition and adjacent to the stop valve in
4-4-1/9.5.3(b), a stop check valve is to be fitted, or as close thereto as practicable. A
feedwater regulator may be interposed between the stop valve and the stop check valve if a
by-pass is also fitted.
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9.5.3(d) Feed water line between economizer and boiler. Boilers fitted with economizers are
to be provided with a check valve located in the feed water line between the economizer and
the boiler drum. This check valve is to be located as close to the boiler drum feed water inlet
nozzle as possible. When a by-pass is provided for the economizer, the check valve is to be of
the stop-check type.
9.7
Instrument Connections for Boilers 4-4-1/9.7

9.7.1
Water Gauges 4-4-1/9.7.1

9.7.1(a) Number of gauges. Each boiler is to have at least two approved independent means
of indicating the water level, one of which is to be a direct reading gauge glass. On doubleended fire-tube boilers and on boilers with drums more than 4 m in length and with drum axis
athwartships, these water-level indicators are to be fitted on or near both ends.
9.7.1(b) Gauge details. Water gauges are to be fitted with shutoff valves, top and bottom,
and drain valves. Shutoff valves are to be of through-flow construction and are to have a
means for clearly indicating whether they are open or closed. Shutoff valves for water
columns are to be attached directly to the boilers, and the pipes to the columns are not to lead
through smoke boxes or uptakes unless they are completely enclosed in open-ended tubes of
sufficient size to permit free air circulation around the pipes. Glass water gauges are to be so
located that the lowest visible level in the glass is either not lower than 51 mm (2 in) above
the lowest permissible water level specified in 4-4-1/9.7.1(c) below.
9.7.1(c) Lowest permissible water level. The lowest permissible water level referred to in
4-4-1/9.7.1(b) is to be as follows.
Watertube boilers: the lowest permissible water level is to be just above (usually
25 mm or 1 in above) the top row of tubes when cold; for boilers with tubes not
submerged when cold, the manufacturer is to submit a lowest permissible level for
consideration. In all cases, the lowest permissible level is to be submitted with the
boiler design in each case for approval.
Internally fired fire-tube boilers with combustion chambers integral with the boiler:
51 mm (2 in) above the highest part of the combustion chamber.
Vertical submerged-tube boilers: 25 mm (1 in) above the upper tube sheet.
Vertical fire-tube boilers: one half the length of the tubes above the lower tube sheet.
9.7.1(d) Marking of furnace top. The level of the highest part of the effective heating
surface, e.g., the furnace crown of a vertical boiler and the combustion chamber top of a
horizontal boiler, is to be clearly marked in a position adjacent to the water gauge glass.
9.7.2
9.9
Pressure Gauges 4-4-1/9.7.2

Each boiler is to be provided with a steam pressure gauge, which is to indicate pressure
correctly up to at least 1.5 times the pressure at which the safety valves are set. Double-ended
boilers are to have one such gauge at each end. Gauges are to be located where they can be
easily seen and the highest permissible working pressure is to be specially marked.
Miscellaneous Connections 4-4-1/9.9

9.9.1
Try Cocks 4-4-1/9.9.1

Try cocks, when fitted, are to be attached directly to the head or shell of a boiler, except that
in the case of water-tube boilers, they may be attached to the water column. The lowest try
cock is to be located 51 mm (2 in) higher than the lowest visible part of the gauge glass. Try
cocks may only be considered one of the required means for determining the water level
where the boiler is an auxiliary installation with a maximum allowable working pressure of
not more than 10.3 bar (10.5 kgf/cm2, 150 psi) and where the steam is not used for main
propulsion.
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9.9.2
Test Connections 4-4-1/9.9.2

At least one valve is to be fitted to each boiler for boiler-water testing. They are to be directly
connected to the boiler in a convenient location, but are not to be connected to the water
column or gauge.
9.9.3
Blow-off Arrangements 4-4-1/9.9.3

Each boiler is to have at least one blow-off valve attached to the boiler drum, either at the
lowest part of the boiler or fitted with an internal pipe leading to the lowest part. Where this is
not practicable for watertube boilers, the valve may be suitably located outside the boiler
casing and attached to a pipe led to the lowest part of the boiler. This pipe is to be well
supported, and where it may be exposed to direct heat from fire, it is to be protected by
refractory or other heat resisting material so arranged that the pipe may be inspected and is
not constrained against expansion.
Where a surface blow is fitted, the valve is to be located within the permissible range of the
water level or fitted with a scum pan or pipe at this level.
9.9.4
9.11
Superheater Drain and Vent 4-4-1/9.9.4

Superheaters are to have valves or cocks fitted to permit drainage of headers. Arrangements
are to be made for venting the superheater, and to permit steam circulation through the
superheater when starting the boiler.
Inspection Openings 4-4-1/9.11

All boilers are to be provided with sufficient manholes or handholes for inspection and cleaning. The
clear opening of manholes is to be not less than 300 mm by 400 mm (12 in by 16 in). A handhole
opening in a boiler shell is not to be less than 60 mm by 90 mm (2.25 in by 3.5 in). Where, due to size
or interior arrangement of a boiler, it is impractical to provide a manhole or other suitable opening for
direct access, there are to be two or more handholes or other suitable openings through which the
interior can be inspected. Consideration will be given to alternative provisions in other boiler
standards or codes.
9.13
Dampers 4-4-1/9.13
When dampers are installed in the funnels or uptakes of vessels using oil, they are not to obstruct
more than two-thirds of the flue area when closed, and they are to be capable of being locked in the
open position when the boilers are in operation. In any damper installation, the position of the damper
and the degree of its opening is to be clearly indicated. Where fitted, power-operated dampers for the
regulation of superheater steam temperatures are to be submitted for approval in each case.
9.15
Guidance for Spare Parts 4-4-1/9.15

While spare parts are not required for class, the spare parts listed below are for unrestricted service
and are provided as a guidance to assist in ordering spare parts which may be appropriate for the
intended service. The maintenance of spare parts aboard each vessel is the responsibility of the owner.
1 set of springs and one set of studs and nuts for one safety valve of each size
12 gauge glasses with packings per boiler if of the round gauge glass type
2 gauge glasses with packings per boiler and 1 frame for each of 2 boilers if of the flat-gaugeglass type
1 boiler pressure gauge or gauge-testing apparatus
24 tube stoppers, but need not be more than the number necessary to plug 5% of each size of
generator, waterwall, economizer and superheater tube for one boiler
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4-4-1
Tube material, welding machine, special welding rods and other materials needed to make
weld repairs on welded wall boiler tubes. This equipment would replace tube stoppers needed
for water walls
Necessary special tools
11
Boiler Control
11.1
Local Control and Monitoring 4-4-1/11.1
4-4-1/11
Suitable means to effectively operate, control and monitor the operation of oil fired boilers and their
associated auxiliaries are to be provided locally. Their operational status is to be indicated by
conventional instruments, gauges, lights or other devices to show the functional condition of the fuel
system, feed water and steam systems. For details of these piping systems, see Section 4-6-6.
11.3
Manual Emergency Shutdown 4-4-1/11.3

Boiler forced-draft or induced-draft fans and fuel oil service pumps are to be fitted with remote means
of control situated outside the space in which they are located so that they may be stopped in the event
of fire arising in that space.
11.5
Control of Fired Boilers 4-4-1/11.5

11.5.1 Automatic Shutdown 4-4-1/11.5.1
All boilers, regardless of duties and degree of automation, are to be fitted with the following
automatic shutdowns:
11.5.1(a) Burner Flame Scanner. Each burner is to be fitted with a flame scanner designed
to automatically shut off the fuel supply to the burner in the event of flame failure. The
shutoff is to be achieved within 6 seconds following flame extinguishment. In the case of
failure of the flame scanner, the fuel to the burner is to be shut off automatically.
11.5.1(b) High and low water level sensors. High and low water level sensors are to be
provided. A low water condition is to automatically shut off the fuel supply to the burners.
The low water sensor is to be set to operate when the water level falls to a minimum safe level
but at a level no lower than that visible in the gauge glass. Additionally, the water level sensor
is to be located to minimize the effects of roll and pitch, or is to be provided with a short-time
delay (approximately 5 seconds) to prevent trip-out due to transients or to the vessels motion.
For auxiliary boilers intended for non-automatic operation under local supervision, a high
water level sensor need not be fitted.
11.5.1(c) Forced draft. Forced draft failure is to automatically shut off the fuel supply to the
burners.
11.5.1(d) Boiler control power. Loss of boiler control power is to automatically shut off the
fuel supply to the burners.
11.5.1(e) Burners. Burners are to be arranged so that they cannot be withdrawn unless the
fuel supply to the burners is cut off.
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4-4-1
11.5.2 Alarms (2002)4-4-1/11.5.2

11.5.2(a) Fuel oil shutoff. Actuation of any of the fuel shut-offs specified in 4-4-1/11.5.1 is
to alert the boiler operator at the appropriate control station of such condition by means of
visual and audible alarms.
11.5.2(b) Air supply and flue. Means are to be fitted to detect and alarm at an early stage in
case of fire in the boiler air supply and the exhaust duct. In the absence of an air casing for
small boilers, a heat (temperature) detector fitted in the windbox would meet this requirement.
4-4-1/Table 4 provides a summary of the required alarms and shutdowns.
TABLE 4
List of alarms and shutdowns Fired Boilers (2002)
Monitored parameter
A1
Boiler drum water level low
A2
Boiler drum water level low-low
A3
Boiler drum water level high
B1
Forced draft fan failure
B2
Air Supply Casing fire
C1
Burner flame failure
Alarm
Automatic
Shutdown with
Alarm
4-4-1/11.5.1(b)
x
x
x
Flame scanner failure

Atomizing medium off-limit condition
E1
Uptake gas temperature high
F1
Control power supply loss
4-4-1/11.5.1(c)
4-4-1/11.5.2(b)
C2
4-4-1/11.5.1(b)
4-4-1/11.5.1(b)
D1
Notes
4-4-1/11.5.1(a)
4-4-1/11.5.1(a)
4-4-1/11.5.3(e)
4-4-1/11.5.2(b)
4-4-1/11.5.1(d)
11.5.3 Automatic Boiler Control 4-4-1/11.5.3

Regardless of duties, boilers fitted with automatic control are to comply with 4-4-1/11.5.1 and
4-4-1/11.5.2 and the following.
11.5.3(a) Automatic boiler purge. Where boilers are fitted with an automatic ignition
system, a timed boiler purge with all air registers open is required prior to ignition of the
initial burner. The boiler purge may be initiated manually or automatically. The purge time is
to be based on a minimum of four air changes of the combustion chamber and furnace passes.
It is to be proven that the forced draft fan is operating and the air registers and dampers are
open before the purge time commences.
11.5.3(b) Trial-for-ignition period. Means provided to temporarily by-pass the flamescanner control system during a trial-for-ignition period is to be limited to 15 seconds from
the time the fuel reaches the burners. Except for this trial-for-ignition period, there is to be no
means provided to by-pass one or more of the burner flame scanner systems unless the boiler
is being locally controlled.
11.5.3(c) Automatic burner light-off. Where boilers are fitted with an automatic ignition
system, and where residual fuel oil is used, means are to be provided for lighting off the
burners with igniters lighting properly-heated residual fuel oil. Alternatively, the burners may
be lighted off with a light oil used as a pilot to ignite residual fuel oil. If all burners experience
a flame failure, the initial burner is to be brought back into automatic service only in the lowfiring position. To avoid the possibility of a false indication due to the failure of the flame
scanner in the flame-on mode, the initial light-off burner is to be fitted with dual scanners
or a scanner of the self-checking type.
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4-4-1
11.5.3(d) Post purge. Immediately after normal shutdown of the boiler, an automatic purge
of the boiler equal to the volume and duration of the pre-purge is to occur. Following closing
of the master fuel valve due to safety actions, the post purge is not to automatically occur; it is
to be carried out under manual control.
11.5.3(e) Atomizing medium.
Off-limit condition of burner primary-air pressure or
atomizing-steam pressure is to be alarmed.
11.7
Control for Waste Heat Boilers 4-4-1/11.7

In general, control of waste heat boilers is to be as for fired boilers, as applicable. The following
specific requirements are also applicable.
11.7.1 Boilers not Designed to Operate with Low Water Level (2002)4-4-1/11.7.1
11.7.1(a) Smoke tube type. A l ow water level condition is to be alarmed. Arrangements are
to be provided to divert the exhaust gas in a low water level condition, either manually or
automatically. Automatic diversion of exhaust gas is also to be alarmed.
Note: The above requirements for by-pass/diversion arrangements are not applicable to waste heat boilers designed
for dry condition operations.
11.7.1(b) Water tube type. A condition of low water flow in the tubes is to be alarmed.
Arrangements are to be provided to automatically start a standby feed water pump
4-4-1/Table 5 provides a summary of the required alarms.
TABLE 5
List of alarms Waste Heat Boilers (2002)
(not designed to operate with low water level)
Monitored parameter
Alarm
Notes
4-4-1/11.7.1(a)
Smoke tube type

A1
Boiler drum w ater level low
B1
Exhaust gas automatic diversion
4-4-1/11.7.1(a)
C1
Exhaust gas temperature at outlet high
4-4-1/11.5.2(b)
Water tube type

D1
Water flow in the tubes low
4-4-1/11.7.1(b)
E1
Exhaust gas temperature at outlet high
4-4-1/11.5.2(b)
11.7.2 Soot Cleaning 4-4-1/11.7.2

Waste heat boilers with extended surface tubes are to be provided with soot cleaning
arrangements, which are to be available while the boiler is in operation.
11.9
Control for Fired Water Heaters (2002)4-4-1/11.9

In general, control of fired water heaters is to be as for fired boilers, as applicable.
4-4-1/Table 6 provides a summary of the required alarms and shutdowns.
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4-4-1
TABLE 6
List of alarms and shutdowns Fired Water Heaters (2002)
Monitored parameter
A1
Heater water level low
A2
Heater water level low-low
Alarm
Automatic
Shutdown with
Alarm
Notes
4-4-1/11.5.1(b)
x
A3
Heater water level high
B1
Forced draft fan failure
B2
Air supply casing fire
C1
4-4-1/11.9
[4-4-1/11.5.1(a)]
C2
4-4-1/11.9
[4-4-1/11.5.1(a)]
D1
Atomizing medium off limit condition
E1
Uptake gas temperature high
F1
13
Thermal Oil Heaters
13.1
Appurtenances
4-4-1/11.9
[4-4-1/11.5.1(b)]
4-4-1/11.5.1(b)
x
x
4-4-1/11.9
[4-4-1/11.5.1(c)]
4-4-1/11.5.2(b)
4-4-1/11.9
[4-4-1/11.5.3(e)]
4-4-1/11.5.2(b)
x
4-4-1/11.9
[4-4-1/11.5.1(d)]
4-4-1/13
4-4-1/13.1
13.1.1 Relief Valve 4-4-1/13.1.1

Each fired or exhaust gas heater for thermal oil is to be fitted with a suitable liquid relief
valve. The relief valve is to be arranged to discharge into a suitable collection tank.
13.1.2 Sampling 4-4-1/13.1.2
Means are to be fitted to allow samples of thermal oil to be taken periodically for testing.
Facilities are to be provided onboard for carrying out the necessary tests.
13.1.3 Expansion Tank 4-4-1/13.1.3
Vents from the thermal oil expansion tank and thermal oil storage tank are to be led to the
weather. The pipe connection between the heater and the expansion tank is to be fitted with a
valve at the tank capable of local manual operation and remote shutdown from outside the
space where the tank is located.
13.3
Thermal Oil Heater Control 4-4-1/13.3

13.3.1 Local Control and Monitoring 4-4-1/13.3.1
Suitable means to effectively operate, control and monitor the operation of oil fired thermal
oil heaters and their associated auxiliaries are to be provided locally. Their operational status
is to be indicated by conventional instruments, gauges, lights or other devices to show the
functional condition of fuel system, thermal oil circulation system, forced-draft system and
flue gas system.
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4-4-1
13.3.2 Automatic Control 4-4-1/13.3.2

In general, the thermal oil heating system is to be operated with an automatic burner and flow
regulation control capable of maintaining the thermal oil at the desired temperature for the full
range of operating conditions.
13.3.3 Monitoring and Automatic Shutdown (2002) 4-4-1/13.3.3
The requirements of 4-4-1/11.5.1(a), 4-4-1/11.5.1(c), 4-4-1/11.5.1(d) and 4-4-1/11.5.1(e) for
boilers are also applicable for thermal oil heaters. In addition, automatic fuel shut-off is to be
fitted for the conditions as indicated in 4-4-1/Table 7:
TABLE 7
List of alarms and shutdowns Fired thermal oil heaters (2002)
Monitored parameter
Automatic Shutdown with

Alarm
Notes
A1
4-4-1/13.3.3
[4-4-1/11.5.1(a)]
A2
4-4-1/13.3.3
[4-4-1/11.5.1(a)]
B1
Forced draft system failure
[4-4-1/11.5.1(c)]
C1
[4-4-1/11.5.1(d)]
D1
Thermal oil expansion tank level low
4-4-1/13.3.3
D2
Thermal oil temperature at oil outlet high
4-4-1/13.3.3
D3
Thermal oil pressure or flow in circulation

system low
4-4-1/13.3.3
E1
Flue gas temperature high
4-4-1/13.3.3
13.3.4 Remote Shutdown 4-4-1/13.3.4

Thermal oil circulating pumps, fuel oil service pumps and forced-draft fans are to be fitted
with local means of operation and remote means of stopping from outside the space in which
these equipment are located.
13.3.5 Valve Operation 4-4-1/13.3.5
The thermal oil main inlet and outlet are to be provided with stop valves arranged for local
manual operation and for remote shutdown from outside the space in which the heater is
located. Alternatively, arrangements are to be provided for quick gravity discharge of the
thermal oil to a collection tank.
13.3.6 Fire Extinguishing System 4-4-1/13.3.6
The furnaces of thermal oil heaters are to be fitted with a fixed fire extinguishing system
capable of being actuated locally and remotely from outside the space in which the heater is
located.
13.5
Exhaust-gas Thermal Oil Heaters (2002)4-4-1/13.5

Exhaust-gas thermal oil heaters are to comply with the following additional requirements:
i)
The heater is to be so designed and installed that the tubes may be easily and readily
examined for signs of corrosion and leakage.
ii)
A high temperature alarm is to be provided in the exhaust gas piping for fire detection
purposes.
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1
iii)

4-4-1
A fixed fire extinguishing and cooling system is to be installed within the exhaust gas piping.
This may be a water drenching system, provided arrangements are made below the heater to
collect and drain the water.
4-4-1/Table 8 provides a summary of the required alarms and shutdown.
TABLE 8
List of alarms and shutdowns Exhaust-gas thermal oil heaters (2002)
Monitored parameter
Alarm
Automatic
Shutdown with
Alarm
Notes
A1
Thermal oil expansion tank level low
4-4-1/13.5
(4-4-1/13.3.3)
A2
Thermal oil temperature at oil outlet

high
4-4-1/13.5
(4-4-1/13.3.3)
A3
Thermal oil pressure or flow in circulation

system low
4-4-1/13.5
(4-4-1/13.3.3)
B1
Exhaust gas temperature high
15
Incinerators
15.1
Local Control and Monitoring 4-4-1/15.1
4-4-1/13.5 ii)
4-4-1/15
Suitable means to effectively operate, control and monitor the operation of incinerators and their
associated auxiliaries are to be provided locally. Their operational status is to be indicated by
conventional instruments, gauges, lights or other devices to show the functional condition of the fuel
system, furnace temperature, forced-draft system and flue gas system. The provisions of 4-6-6/7
pertaining to the boiler fuel oil service piping system are also applicable to the incinerator fuel oil
system.
15.3
Emergency Shutdown 4-4-1/15.3

Fuel oil service pumps and forced-draft fans are to be fitted with local means of operation and remote
means of stopping from outside the space in which they are located.
15.5
Automatic Shutdowns 4-4-1/15.5

The requirements of 4-4-1/11.5.1(a), 4-4-1/11.5.1(c), 4-4-1/11.5.1(d) and 4-4-1/11.5.1(e) for boilers
are also applicable for incinerator. In addition, automatic fuel shut-off is to be fitted for the following
conditions:
Flue gas temperature high
Furnace temperature high
17
Pressure Vessel and Heat Exchanger Appurtenances
17.1
Pressure Relief Valve 4-4-1/17.1
4-4-1/17
Every pressure vessel and each chamber of every heat exchanger which can be subjected to a pressure
greater than its design pressure is to be fitted with a pressure relief valve of suitable capacity. The
relief valve is to be set at not more than the maximum allowable working pressure and is to be sized
to prevent the pressure in the vessel from rising more than 10% or 0.21 bar (0.21 kgf/cm2, 3 psi),
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4-4-1
whichever is greater, above the maximum allowable working pressure. Consideration will be given to
the installation of the pressure relief valve in the piping system connected to the pressure vessel,
provided that this relief valve is of the required capacity and that it cannot be isolated from the
pressure vessel by the intervening valve. Attention is also to be directed to the requirements of the
safety relief valve in the code or standard of compliance.
17.3
Inspection Openings 4-4-1/17.3

17.3.1 Diameter Over 915 mm (36 in) 4-4-1/17.3.1
All pressure vessels and heat exchangers over 915 mm (36 in) inside diameter are to be
provided with a manhole or at least two handholes. An elliptical or obround manhole is not to
be less than 279 mm by 381 mm (11 in by 15 in) or 254 mm by 406 mm (10 in by 16 in). A
circular manhole is not be less than 381 mm (15 in) inside diameter and a handhole is not to
be less than 102 mm by 152 mm (4 in by 6 in).
At least two inspection openings, closed by pipe plugs of not less than 50 mm (2 in) nominal,
will be acceptable for vessels with diameters of 915 mm (36 in) or less and over 457 mm
(18 in).
For vessel diameters 457 mm (18 in) or less and over 305 mm (12 in), at least two pipe plugs
of not less than 40 mm (1.5 in) nominal may be used.
17.3.4 Diameter 305 mm (12 in) or Less 4-4-1/17.3.4
For vessel diameters 305 mm (12 in) or less, at least two pipe plugs of not less than 20 mm
(3/4 in) nominal may be used.
17.3.5 Alternative Arrangements 4-4-1/17.3.5
Consideration will be given to alternative arrangements which can be shown to provide for an
equivalent degree of internal inspection. Flanged and/or threaded connections from which
piping instruments or similar attachments can be removed may be an acceptable alternative,
provided that the connections are at least equal to the size of the required openings and the
connections are sized and located to afford at least an equal view of the interior as the
required openings.
17.5
Drain 4-4-1/17.5
Pressure vessels subject to corrosion are to be fitted with a suitable drain opening at the lowest point
practicable; or a pipe may be used extending inward from any location to the lowest point.
19
Installation and Shipboard Trials
19.1
Seating Arrangements 4-4-1/19.1
4-4-1/19
Boilers, pressure vessels and other pressurized or fired equipment are to be properly secured in
position on supports constructed in accordance with approved plans. Structural supports for fired
equipment are not to be of heat sensitive material.
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4
4
1

4-4-1
Boiler Installation 4-4-1/19.3

19.3.1 Bottom Clearance 4-4-1/19.3.1
The distance between the boiler and the floors or inner bottom is not to be less than 200 mm
(8 in) at the lowest part of a cylindrical boiler. This distance is not to be less than 750 mm
(30 in) between the bottom of the furnace (or boiler pan) and tank top (or floor) in the case of
water-tube boilers. See also 3-2-4/1.1 and 3-2-4/9.5.
19.3.2 Side Clearance 4-4-1/19.3.2
The distance between boilers and vertical bulkheads is to be sufficient to provide access for
maintenance of the structure; and, in the case of bulkheads in way of fuel oil and other oil
tanks, the clearance is to be sufficient to prevent the temperature of the bulkhead from
approaching the flash point of the oil. This clearance, generally, is to be at least 750 mm
(30 in).
19.3.3 Top Clearance 4-4-1/19.3.3
Sufficient head room is to be provided at the top of boiler to allow for adequate heat
dissipation. This clearance is, generally, not to be less than 1270 mm (50 in). No fuel oil or
other oil tank is to be installed directly above any boiler.
19.3.4 Tween Deck Installation 4-4-1/19.3.4
Where boilers are located on tween decks in machinery spaces and boiler rooms are not
separated from a machinery space by watertight bulkheads, the tween decks are to be
provided with coamings at least 200 mm (8 in) in height. This area may be drained to the
bilges.
19.3.5 Hot Surfaces 4-4-1/19.3.5
Hot surfaces likely to come into contact with the crew during operation are to be suitably
guarded or insulated. Where the temperature of hot surfaces are likely to exceed 220C
(428F), and where any leakage, under pressure or otherwise, of fuel oil, lubricating oil or
other flammable liquid is likely to come into contact with such surfaces, they are to be
suitably insulated with materials impervious to such liquid. Insulation material not impervious
to oil is to be encased in sheet metal or an equivalent impervious sheath.
19.3.6 Ventilation 4-4-1/19.3.6
The spaces in which the oil fuel burning appliances are fitted are to be well ventilated.
19.3.7 Fire Protection 4-4-1/19.3.7
Boiler space is to be considered a machinery space of category A and is to be provided with
fixed fire extinguishing system and other fire fighting equipment, as specified in 4-7-2/1.1.
19.5
Installation of Thermal Oil Heaters and Incinerators 4-4-1/19.5

In general, the installation of thermal oil heaters, incinerators and other fired equipment is to be in
accordance with 4-4-1/19.3. Consideration should be given to installing thermal oil heaters in a space
separated from the propulsion machinery space. Where fired equipment is installed in a space which
is not continuously manned, it is also to be protected by a fire detection and alarm system.
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4
4
1

4-4-1

19.7.1 Boilers 4-4-1/19.7.1
All boilers are to be functionally tested after installation in the presence of a Surveyor. The
test is to include proof of actuation of all safety devices. Safety valves are to be tested by
boiler pressure accumulation test or its equivalent; see 4-4-1/9.1.8.
19.7.2 Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchangers 4-4-1/19.7.2
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers are to be functionally tested with the systems in which
they form a part.
19.7.3 Thermal Oil Heaters and Incinerators 4-4-1/19.7.3
Thermal oil heaters, incinerators and other fired equipment are to be functionally tested after
installation in the presence of a Surveyor.
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Fired Equipment
SECTION
Appendix 1 Rules for Design
General
1.1
Application 4-4-1A1/1.1
4-4-1A1
4-4-1A1/1
These requirements apply to the design and fabrication of boilers and pressure vessels. They are based
on ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section I and Section VIII Div. 1. As an alternative to
these requirements, codes and standards indicated in 4-4-1/1.5 may be used.
1.3
Loads Other than Pressure 4-4-1A1/1.3

All boilers and pressure vessels designed with the provisions of this appendix are to take into account
the hydrostatic head when determining the minimum thickness. Although not provided in the design
rules of this appendix, additional stresses imposed by effects other than pressure or static head which
increase the average stress by more than 10% of the allowable working stress are also to be taken into
account. These effects include the static and dynamic weight of the unit and its content, external loads
from connecting equipment, piping and support structure, thermal stress, fluctuating temperature or
pressure conditions, as well as loads during hydrostatic testing.
1.5
Deformation Testing 4-4-1A1/1.5

Where the use of these Rules is impracticable due to the shape of a proposed pressure vessel, a
submission may be made for approval of maximum allowable working pressure determined from a
hydrostatic deformation test made on a full-sized sample. Consideration will be given to maximum
allowable working pressure determined means of empirical equations and hydrostatic deformation test
data in accordance with a recognized standard.
1.7
Plate and Pipe Thickness Tolerance 4-4-1A1/1.7

Plate and pipes are to be ordered not thinner than design thickness. Vessels made of plate furnished
with mill under tolerance of not more than the smaller value of 0.25 mm (0.01 in) or 6% of the
ordered thickness may be used at the full design pressure for the thickness ordered.
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4-4-1A1
Cylindrical Shell Under Internal Pressure
3.1
General Equations 4-4-1A1/3.1
4-4-1A1/3
Seamless and fusion-welded shells are to be in accordance with the following equations. The
equations to be used are subject to 4-4-1A1/3.3 for boiler shells and to 4-4-1A1/3.5 for pressure vessel
shells.
W=
W =
W=
WR
fSE (T C )
or T =
+C
fSE (1 y )W
R + (1 y )(T C )
fSE ( Ro C ) 2 R 2
2
( Ro C ) + R
(1)
(2)
WD
2 fSE (T C )
or T =
+ C for W 6.9 bar
D 2 y (T C )
2 fSE + 2 yW
(3)
where
f
factor for units of measure = 10 (100, 1) for SI (MKS, US) units respectively
maximum allowable working pressure; bar (kgf/cm2, psi)

For equation (3), W is not to be taken as less than 6.9 (7, 100) respectively for any
condition of service or steel material
maximum allowable working stress at the design temperature material, to be

obtained from 4-4-1A1/Table 2; in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
efficiency of longitudinal joint or efficiency of ligaments between tube holes or

efficiency of other closely spaced openings, whichever is the least;
dimensionless; see 4-4-1A1/3.3.4, 4-4-1A1/3.3.5 and 4-4-1A1/3.5.4.
minimum thickness of shell, mm (in.)
inside radius of the weakest course of the shell; mm (in.)
Ro
outside radius of the above shell under consideration; mm (in.)
outside diameter of header or drum, mm (in.)
corrosion allowance, see 4-4-1A1/3.3.6 and 4-4-1A1/3.5.2; mm (in.)
coefficient having values as follows (values between temperatures may be

interpolated):
482C
Ferritic
steel
Austenitic
steel
284
538C
1000F
566C
1050F
593C
1100F
621C
900F
510C
950F
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.7
1150F
Part
Chapter
Section
3.3
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
Boiler Shells 4-4-1A1/3.3

3.3.1
Thickness Less than One-half the Inside Radius 4-4-1A1/3.3.1

Where the thickness is less than one-half the inside radius, drums and headers are to be in
accordance with Equation (1) or (3).
3.3.2
Thickness Greater than One-half the Inside Radius 4-4-1A1/3.3.2

The maximum allowable working pressure for parts of boilers of cylindrical cross section
designed for temperatures up to that of saturated steam at critical pressure (374.1C, 705.4F)
is to be determined using Equation (2).
3.3.3
Minimum Thickness 4-4-1A1/3.3.3

The minimum thickness of any boiler plate under pressures is to be 6.4 mm (0.25 in), or when
pipe over 127 mm (5 in) OD is used in lieu of plate for the shell of cylindrical components
under pressure, its minimum wall is to be 6.4 mm (0.25 in).
3.3.4
Weld Seam Efficiency 4-4-1A1/3.3.4

The value of E is to be as follows and is to be used for calculations for the corresponding part
of the shell.
Seamless shells: E = 1.00.

Welded shells: longitudinal and circumferential weld seams of boiler shells are to be
accomplished by double-welded butt type, or equivalent, and are to be examined for
their full length by radiography, E = 1.00.
3.3.5
Ligament Efficiency 4-4-1A1/3.3.5

3.3.5(a) Longitudinal ligament. When tube holes parallel to the longitudinal axis are such
that the pitch of the tube on every row is equal, as in 4-4-1A1/Figure 1, E is to be given by the
equation:
E=
pd
p
When the pitch of the tube holes on any one row is unequal, as in 4-4-1A1/Figure 2 and
4-4-1A1/Figure 3, E is to be given by the equation:
E=
p1 nd
p1
where
p, p1 =
pitch of tubes; mm ( n.)
diameter of tube holes, mm (in.)
number of tube holes in pitch p1
3.3.5(b) Diagonal ligament efficiency.

Where the tube holes are as shown in
4-4-1A1/Figure 4, the efficiency of such ligaments is to be determined from
4-4-1A1/Figure 5. When the diagonal efficiency is less than the efficiency determined
from 4-4-1A1/3.3.5(a), it is to be used in calculating the minimum shell thickness.
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1

FIGURE 1
Example of Tube Spacing With Pitch of
Holes Equal in Every Row
4-4-1A1
FIGURE 2
Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of
Holes Unequal in Every Second Row
p1
Longitudinal line
Longitudinal line
FIGURE 3
Example of Tube Spacing with Pitch of
Holes Varying in Every Second Row
FIGURE 4
Example of Tube Spacing with Tube
Holes on Diagonal Lines
p
p1
Longitudinal line
p'
Longitudinal line
286
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1

4-4-1A1
FIGURE 5
Diagram for Determination of Diagonal Efficiency
3.3.5(c) Unsymmetrical ligament efficiency. When tubes or holes are unsymmetrically

spaced, the average ligament efficiency is to be not less than that given by the following
requirements, which apply to ligaments between tube holes and not to single openings. This
procedure may give lower efficiencies in some cases than those for symmetrical groups which
extend a distance greater than the inside diameter of the shell as covered under
4-4-1A1/3.3.5(a) and 4-4-1A1/3.3.5(b). When this occurs, the efficiencies computed under
4-4-1A1/3.3.5(a) and 4-4-1A1/3.3.5(b) are to be used.
i)
For a length equal to the inside diameter of the drum for the position which gives the
minimum efficiency, the efficiency is to be not less than that on which the maximum
allowable pressure is based. When the diameter of the drum exceeds 1525 mm
(60 in), the length is to be taken as 1525 mm (60 in) in applying this requirement.
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4-4-1A1
ii)
For a length equal to the inside radius of the drum for the position which gives the
minimum efficiency, the efficiency is to be not less than 80% of that on which the
maximum allowable pressure is based. When the radius of the drum exceeds 762 mm
(30 in), the length is to be taken as 762 mm (30 in) in applying this requirement.
iii)
For holes placed longitudinally along a drum but which do not come in a straight line,
the above Rules for calculating efficiency are to hold, except that the equivalent
longitudinal width of a diagonal ligament is to be used. To obtain the equivalent
width, the longitudinal pitch of the two holes having a diagonal ligament is to be
multiplied by the efficiency of the diagonal ligament as given in 4-4-1A1/Figure 6.
3.3.5(d) Circumferential ligament efficiency. The efficiency of circumferential ligaments is

to be determined in a manner similar to that of the longitudinal ligaments in
4-4-1A1/3.3.5(a) and is to be equal to at least one-half the efficiency of the latter.
FIGURE 6
Diagram for Determining Efficiency of Diagonal Ligaments
in Order to Obtain Equivalent Longitudinal Efficiency
288
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1
3.3.6
3.5

4-4-1A1
Corrosion Allowance, C 4-4-1A1/3.3.6

A corrosion allowance is to be added if corrosion or erosion is expected. The value is to be
specified in the submitted plans.
Pressure Vessel Shells 4-4-1A1/3.5

3.5.1
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure 4-4-1A1/3.5.1
The maximum allowable working pressure is to be determined using Equation (1) when W
does not exceed 3.85SE (SI units), 38.5SE (MKS units), or 0.385SE (US units) or when the
thickness does not exceed one half of the inside radius. Where the thickness of the shell
exceeds one-half of the inside radius, or when W exceeds 3.85SE (SI units) pressure vessels
designed for pressures above 207 bar (210 kgf/cm2, 3000 psi), Equation (2) is to be used.
3.5.2
Corrosion Allowance 4-4-1A1/3.5.2
A corrosion allowance, C, of not less than one-sixth of the calculated thickness is to be used
in determining the thickness of pressure vessels intended for air, steam or water or any
combination thereof when they are designed with S values taken from 4-4-1A1/Table 2 and
the minimum required thickness is less than 6.4 mm (0.25 in), except that the sum of the
calculated thickness and corrosion allowance need not exceed 6.4 mm (0.25 in). This
corrosion allowance is to be provided on the surface in contact with the substance. A
corrosion allowance may be omitted for the following cases:
when 0.8 of the S values taken from 4-4-1A1/Table 2 are used in the design or,
when values of E in column (c) of 4-4-1A1/Table 1 are used in the design, or
when seamless vessel parts are designed with E = 0.85.
3.5.3
Plates are not to be less than 2.4 mm (3/32 in) thick after forming and without allowance for
corrosion.
3.5.4
Weld Joint Efficiency 4-4-1A1/3.5.4
Efficiencies for welded, unfired pressure vessels are to be determined from 4-4-1A1/Table 1.
For Group I pressure vessels, longitudinal and circumferential weld seams of shell are to be
accomplished by double-welded butt type, or equivalent, and are to be examined for their full
length by radiography, in which case, E = 1.00.
Unstayed Heads
5.1
Torispherically and Hemispherically Dished Heads 4-4-1A1/5.1

5.1.1
4-4-1A1/5

The minimum thickness for heads without manholes or handholes and having the pressure on
the concave side is to be determined by the following equation. See 4-4-1A1/Figure 7u and
4-4-1A1/Figure 7v. For heads having pressure on the convex side, see 4-4-1A1/5.1.7.
T=
WRM
+C
2 fSE 0.2W
M = 0.25 3 +
R
r
M = 1.00 for hemispherically dished heads

289
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
where
T
minimum thickness of the head; mm (in.)
maximum working pressure; bar (kgf/cm2, psi)
radius to which the head is dished, measured on the concave side, see
4-4-1A1/5.1.2; mm (in.)
knuckle radius of head, see 4-4-1A1/5.1.3; mm (in.)
maximum allowable working stress, see 4-4-1A1/5.1.4;

lowest efficiency of any joint in the head, see 4-4-1A1/5.1.5
corrosion allowance, see 4-4-1A1/5.1.6; mm (in.)
factor = 10 (100, 1) for SI (MKS, US) units, respectively
5.1.2
Dish Radius 4-4-1A1/5.1.2

The radius to which a head is dished is to be not greater than the outside diameter of the
flanged portion of the head.
5.1.3
Knuckle Radius 4-4-1A1/5.1.3

The inside radius of the flange formed on any head for its attachment to the shell plate is to be
not less than three (3) times the thickness of the head, and
in the case of dished heads, not less than 6% of the outside diameter of the flanged
portion of the head.
5.1.4
Maximum Allowable Working Stress 4-4-1A1/5.1.4

The maximum allowable working stress may be taken from 4-4-1A1/Table 2, except that in
the case of pressure vessels where spot radiography is not carried out the maximum allowable
unit working stress is not to exceed 0.85 of the appropriate S value in 4-4-1A1/Table 2.
5.1.5
Joint Efficiency 4-4-1A1/5.1.5

For boilers and Group I pressure vessels, weld seams in the heads are to be of the doublewelded butt type and are to be fully radiographed, thus, E = 1. For seamless heads, use
E = 1.00. For Group II pressure vessels, use E values in 4-4-1A1/Table 1.
Head to shell seams are to be considered circumferential seams of shell and are to be dealt
with as in 4-4-1A1/3.3.4 for boiler and 4-4-1A1/3.5.4 for Group I pressure vessels. However,
for hemispherical heads without a skirt, where the attachment of the head to the shell is at the
equator, the head to shell joint is to be included in evaluating the joint efficiency of the head.
290
5.1.6
Corrosion Allowance 4-4-1A1/5.1.6

The values of the corrosion allowance are to be in accordance with 4-4-1A1/3.3.6 for boilers
and 4-4-1A1/3.5.2 for pressure vessels.
5.1.7
Heads Having Pressure on the Convex Side 4-4-1A1/5.1.7

The minimum thickness of a dished head having pressure on the convex side is not to be less
than the thickness calculated by the equation in 4-4-1A1/5.1.1 using 1.67 W, where W is the
maximum working pressure on the convex side.
Part
Chapter
Section
5.3
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
Ellipsoidal Heads 4-4-1A1/5.3

5.3.1
Heads with Pressure on the Concave Side 4-4-1A1/5.3.1

The minimum thickness of a dished head of an ellipsoidal form having pressure on the
concave side is to be in accordance with the following equation:
T=
WDK
2 fSE 0.2W
1 D
K = 2 +
6 2h
+C
2
where
h
inside depth of the head not including the skirt; mm (in.)

(see 4-4-1A1/Figure 7t)
inside diameter of the head skirt; mm (in.)

(see 4-4-1A1/Figure 7t)
T, W, S, E, C and f are as defined in 4-4-1A1/5.1.

5.3.2
5.5
Heads with Pressure on the Convex Side 4-4-1A1/5.3.2

The minimum thickness of a dished head having pressure on the convex side is not to be less
than the thickness calculated by the equation in 4-4-1A1/5.3.1 using 1.67 W, where W is the
maximum working pressure on the convex side.
Heads with Access Openings 4-4-1A1/5.5

5.5.1
Torispherically- and Hemispherically-dished Heads 4-4-1A1/5.5.1

When a dished head has a manhole or other access opening exceeding 152 mm (6 in) in any
dimension and it is not reinforced in accordance with 4-4-1A1/7, the head thickness
determined by 4-4-1A1/3.1, using M = 1.77, is to be increased by 15%, but in no case by less
than 3.2 mm (0.125 in).
5.5.2
Ellipsoidal Heads 4-4-1A1/5.5.2

If a flanged-in manhole is placed in an ellipsoidal head, the thickness is to be the same as for a
spherically dished head with a dish radius equal to 0.8 of the inside diameter of the shell and
with added thickness for the manhole as called for in 4-4-1A1/5.5.1.
5.5.3
Manhole Flange Depth 4-4-1A1/5.5.3

A flanged-in manhole opening in a dished head is to be flanged to a depth of not less than
three times the required thickness of the head for plate up to 38 mm (1.5 in) in thickness. For
plate exceeding 38 mm (1.5 in), the depth is to be the required thickness of the plate plus
76 mm (3 in). The flange depth is to be measured from the outside of the opening along the
major axis.
5.5.4
Reinforced Access Openings 4-4-1A1/5.5.4

When an access opening is reinforced in accordance with 4-4-1A1/7.3, the head thickness
may be the same as for a blank head.
291
Part
Chapter
Section
5.7
292
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
Unstayed Flat Heads 4-4-1A1/5.7

5.7.1
General 4-4-1A1/5.7.1
The minimum thickness for unstayed flat heads is to conform to the provisions of
4-4-1A1/5.7. These provisions apply to both circular and noncircular heads and covers. Some
acceptable types of flat heads and covers are shown in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7. In this figure, the
dimensions of the component parts and the dimensions of the welds are exclusive of extra
metal required by corrosion allowance.
5.7.2
Definitions of Symbols Used 4-4-1A1/5.7.2

B
=
total bolt load, as further defined hereunder; N (kgf, lbf)
corrosion allowance, see 4-4-1A1/3.3.6 for boilers and 4-4-1A1/3.5.2 for

pressure vessels
long span of noncircular heads or covers measured perpendicular to short

span; m (in.)
diameter, or short span, measured as indicated in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7,

mm (in.)
hg
gasket moment arm, equal to the radial distance from the center line of
the bolts to the line of the gasket reaction, as shown in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7j
and 4-4-1A1/Figure 7k; mm (in.)
factor depending on the method of attachment of the head; on the shell,

pipe or header dimensions; and on other items as listed in
4-4-1A1/5.7.3(d) below, dimensionless
perimeter of noncircular bolted head measured along the centers of the

bolt holes; mm (in.)
length of flange of flanged heads, measured from the tangent line of

knuckle, as indicated in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7a, c-1 and c-2; mm (in.)
tr / ts
inside corner radius on the head formed by flanging or forging; mm (in.)
maximum allowable stress value from 4-4-1A1/Table 2;

minimum required thickness of flat head or cover; mm (in.)
te
minimum distance from beveled end of drum, pipe or header, before

welding, to outer face of head, as indicated in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7i;
mm (in.)
tf
actual thickness of the flange on a forged head, at the large end, as

indicated in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7b-1, mm (in.)
th
actual thickness of flat head or cover; mm (in.)
tl
throat dimension of the closure weld, as indicated in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7r;

mm (in.)
tr
required thickness of seamless shell, pipe or header, for pressure;

mm (in.)
ts
actual thickness of shell, pipe or header; mm (in.)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
tw
thickness through the weld joining the edge of a head to the inside of a
drum, pipe or header, as indicated in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7g; mm (in.)
maximum allowable working pressure; bar (kgf/cm2, psi)
factor for noncircular heads and covers that depends on the ratio of short
span to long span, as given in 4-4-1A1/5.7.3(c).
FIGURE 7
Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Heads and Covers
Center of
weld
Tangent
line
t
tf min = 2ts
tf
Min
r = 3t
ts
Min
r = 3t
ts
ts
Taper
K = 0.17 or K = 0.10
K = 0.17
rmin = 9.5 mm (0.375 in.)

for ts 38.1 mm (1.5 in.)
rmin = 0.25 ts for
ts > 38.1 mm (1.5 in.)
but need not be greater
than 19.1 mm (3/4 in.)
K = 0.33m
Kmin = 0.20
b-2
b-1
Center of lap
Center of
lap
Tangent
line
l
K = 0.20 or K = 0.13
c-1
0.7ts
0.7ts
K = 0.13
d
tw = 2tr min nor less
than 1.25ts, but need
not be greater than t
0.7ts
ts
t
K = 0.30
c-2
0.7ts
ts
Min
r = 3t
Min
r = 1/4t
ts
Min
r = 3t
ts
ts
d
Continuation
of shell
optional
Projection
beyond weld is
optional
Bevel
optional
t
45 max.
e, f, g: circular covers K = 0.33m, Kmin = 0.2; non-circular covers: K = 0.33

f
g
293
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
FIGURE 7 (continued)
Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Heads and Covers
Min ts, but need not be

over 6.4 mm (1/4 in.)
0.7ts
ts = 2t, but not

less than 1.25ts
ts
Retaining ring
hg
K = 0.33m
Kmin = 0.20
i
hg
t
K = 0.3 min
K = 0.3
(Use equations 5 or 7)
j
k
K = 0.3
m
Note: Pipe threads when used will require special consideration
Threaded
ring
d
d
t
K = 0.3
n
t
K = 0.3
o
K = 0.25
p
30 min
45 max
30 min
45 max
d
t
t
K = 0.75
q
Seal weld
tl
ts
Min tl = t or ts which
ever is greater
3/4t
min.
t
or
d
K = 0.33
r
Seal weld
Min 0.8ts
ts
K = 0.33
s
T
h
t Ellipsoidal
294
u Spherically dished
(torispherical)
v Hemispherical
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1
5.7.3

4-4-1A1
Equations for Minimum Thickness 4-4-1A1/5.7.3

The following provisions are to be used to evaluate the minimum required thickness for flat
unstayed heads, covers, and blind flanges. The equations in 4-4-1A1/5.7.3(b) through
4-4-1A1/5.7.3(d) allow for pressure and bolt loading only. Greater thickness may be
necessary if deflection would cause leakage at threaded or gasketed joints.
5.7.3(a) Standard blind flanges. Circular blind flanges of ferrous materials conforming to
ANSI B16.5 will be acceptable for the pressure-temperature ratings specified in the Standard.
These flanges are shown in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7j and 4-4-1A1/Figure 7k. Blind flanges
complying with other compatible recognized national or international standards may be
submitted for approval.
5.7.3(b) Circular heads. The minimum required thickness of flat unstayed circular heads,
covers and blind flanges is to be calculated by the following equation:
t=d
KW
+C
fS
(4)
except when the head, cover or blind flange is attached by bolts causing an edge moment (see
4-4-1A1/Figure 7j and 4-4-1A1/Figure 7k), in which case the thickness is to be calculated by
the following equation:
t=d
KW 1.9 Bhg
+
+C
fS
Sd 3
(5)
When using Equation 5, the thickness t is to be calculated for both initial tightening and
design conditions, and the greater of the two values is to be used. For initial tightening
conditions, the value for S at room temperature is to be used, and B is to be the average of the
required bolt load and the load available from the bolt area actually used. For design
conditions, the value for S at design temperature is to be used, and B is to be the sum of the
bolt loads required to resist the end-pressure load and to maintain tightness of the gasket.
5.7.3(c) Noncircular heads. Flat unstayed heads, covers or blind flanges may be square,
rectangular, elliptical, obround, segmental or otherwise noncircular. Their required thickness
is to be calculated by the following equations:
t=d
ZKW
+C
fS
Z = 3.4 2.4
(6)
d
with Z 2.5
D
except where the noncircular heads, covers, or blind flanges are attached by bolts causing a
bolt edge moment (see 4-4-1A1/Figure 7j and 4-4-1A1/Figure 7k), in which case the required
thickness is to be calculated by the following equation:
t=d
ZKW 6 Bhg
+
+C
fS
SLd 2
(7)
When using Equation 7, the thickness t is to be calculated for both initial tightening and
design conditions, as prescribed for Equation 5.
5.7.3(d) K values. For the types of construction shown in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7, the values of K
to be used in Equations 4, 5, 6, and 7 are to be as follows.
295
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

i)
4-4-1A1
4-4-1A1/Figure 7a: K = 0.17 for flanged circular and noncircular heads, forged
integral with or butt-welded to the shell, pipe or header. The inside corner radius is
not to be less than three times the required head thickness, with no special
requirement with regard to the length of the flange. Welding is to meet all of the
requirements for circumferential joints given in Section 2-4-2.
K = 0.10 for circular heads, when the flange length for heads of the above design is
not less than that given in the following equation and the taper is no greater than 1:3:
0.8t 2
l = 1.1 2 s dth
th
(8)
ii)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7b-1: K = 0.17 for circular and noncircular heads, forged integral
with or butt-welded to the shell, pipe or header. The corner radius on the inside is not
less than three times the thickness of the flange and welding meets all of the
requirements for circumferential joints given in Section 2-4-2.
iii)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7b-2: K = 0.33m but not less than 0.20 for forged circular and
noncircular heads integral with or butt welded to the vessel, where the flange
thickness is not less than the shell thickness and the corner radius on the inside is not
less than the following.
rmin
9.5 mm (0.375 in) for ts 38.1 mm (1.5 in)
rmin
0.25ts for ts > 38.1 mm (1.5 in) but need not be >19.1 mm (0.75 in)
The welding is to comply with the requirements for circumferential joints given in
Section 2-4-2.
iv)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7c-1: K = 0.13 for circular heads lapwelded or brazed to the shell
with the corner radius not less than 3t and l not less than required by Equation 8 and
where the welds meet the requirements of 2-4-2/7.11.
K = 0.20 for circular and noncircular lapwelded or brazed construction as above, but
with no special requirement with regard to l .
v)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7c-2: K = 0.30 for circular flanged plates screwed over the end of the
shell, pipe or header, with the inside corner radius not less than 3t, in which the
design of the threaded joint against failure by shear, tension or compression, resulting
from the end force due to pressure, is based on a factor of safety of at least four (4),
and the threaded parts are at least as strong as the threads for standard piping of the
same diameter. Seal welding may be used, if desired.
vi)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7d: K = 0.13 for integral flat circular heads when the dimension d
does not exceed 610 mm (24 in), the ratio of thickness of the head to the dimension d
is not less than 0.05 nor greater than 0.25, the head thickness th, is not less than the
shell thickness ts, the inside corner radius is not less than 0.25t, and the construction
is obtained by special techniques of upsetting and spinning the end of the shell, pipe
or header, such as employed in closing header ends.
vii)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7e, f and g:

K = 0.33m but not less than 0.2 for circular plates, welded to the inside of a drum,
pipe or header, and otherwise meeting the requirements for the respective types of
fusion-welded boiler drums, including stress relieving when required for the drum,
but omitting radiographic examination. If m is smaller than 1, the shell thickness ts is
to extend to a length of at least 2 dt from the inside face of the head. The throat
thickness of the fillet welds in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7e and f is to be at least 0.7ts. The size
296
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
of the weld tw in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7g is to be not less than two times the required
thickness of a seamless shell nor less than 1.25 times the nominal shell thickness, but
need not be greater than the head thickness. The weld is to be deposited in a welding
groove with the root of the weld at the inner face of the head as shown in the figure.
Radiographic examination is not required for any of the weld joints shown in the
figures.
K = 0.33 for noncircular plates, welded to the inside of a drum, pipe or header, and
otherwise meeting the requirements for the respective types of fusion-welded boiler
drums, including stress-relieving when required for the drum, but omitting
radiographic examination. The throat thickness of the fillet welds in 4-4-1A1/Figure
7e and f is to be at least 0.7ts. The size of the weld tw in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7g is to be
not less than two times the required thickness of a seamless shell nor less than 1.25
times the nominal shell thickness, but need not be greater than the head thickness.
The weld is to be deposited in a welding groove with the root of the weld at the inner
face of the head as shown in the figure. Radiographic examination is not required for
any of the weld joints shown in the figures.
viii)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7i: K = 0.33m but not less than 0.2 for circular plates welded to the
end of the drum, pipe or header, when an inside weld with minimum throat thickness
of 0.7ts is used, and when the beveled end of the drum, pipe or header is located at a
distance not less than 2tr nor less than 1.25ts from the outer face of the head. The
width at the bottom of the welding groove is to be at least equal to ts, but need not be
over 6.4 mm (0.25 in). Radiographic examination is not required for any of the weld
joints shown in the figure.
ix)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7j and k: K = 0.3 for circular and noncircular heads and covers
bolted to the shell, flange or side plate, as indicated in the figures. Note that Equation
5 or 7 is to be used because of the extra moment applied to the cover by the bolting.
When the cover plate is grooved for a peripheral gasket, as shown in 4-4-1A1/Figure
7k, the net cover-plate thickness under the groove or between the groove and the
outer edge of the cover plate is to be not less than:
d
1.9 Bhg
Sd 3
for circular heads and covers,
nor less than

d
6 Bhg
SLd 3
for noncircular heads and covers.
x)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7m, n and o: K = 0.3 for a circular plate inserted into the end of a
shell, pipe or header, and held in place by a positive mechanical locking arrangement,
and when all possible means of failure either by shear, tension, compression or radial
deformation, including flaring, resulting from pressure and differential thermal
expansion, are resisted with a factor of safety of at least four (4). Seal welding may be
used, if desired.
xi)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7p: K = 0.25 for circular and noncircular covers bolted with a fullface gasket to shells, flanges or side plates.
297
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
xii)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7q: K = 0.75 for circular plates screwed into the end of a shell, pipe
or header, having an inside diameter d not exceeding 305 mm (12 in); or for heads
having an integral flange screwed over the end of a shell, pipe or header, having an
inside diameter d not exceeding 305 mm (12 in); and when the design of the threaded
joint against failure by shear, tension, compression or radial deformation, including
flaring, resulting from pressure and differential thermal expansion, is based on a
factor of safety of at least four (4). A tapered pipe thread will require special
consideration. Seal welding may be used, if desired.
xiii)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7r: K = 0.33 for circular plates having a dimension d not exceeding
457 mm (18 in), inserted into the shell, pipe or header, and welded as shown, and
otherwise meeting the requirements for fusion-welded boiler drums, including stressrelieving but omitting radiographic examination. The end of the shell, pipe or header,
is to be crimped over at least 30 but not more than 45. The crimping is to be done
cold only when this operation will not injure the metal. The throat of the weld is to be
not less than the thickness of the flat head or the shell, pipe or header, whichever is
greater. Radiographic examination is not required for any of the weld joints shown in
the figure.
xiv)
4-4-1A1/Figure 7s: K = 0.33 for circular beveled plates having a diameter d not
exceeding 457 mm (18 in), inserted into a shell, pipe or header, the end of which is
crimped over at least 30 but not more than 45, and when the undercutting for
seating leaves at least 80% of the shell thickness. The beveling is to be not less than
75% of the head thickness. The crimping is to be done when the entire circumference
of the cylinder is uniformly heated to the proper forging temperature for the material
used. For this construction, the ratio ts /d is to be not less than the ratio:
W
W
W
,
) for SI (MKS, US) units, respectively, nor less than 0.05.
(
10 S 100 S S
The maximum allowable working pressure, W, for this construction is not to exceed:
50.8S 508S S
) for SI (MKS, US) units respectively.
(
,
d
5d
d
Radiographic examination is not required for any of the weld joints shown in the
figure.
5.9
Stayed Flat Heads 4-4-1A1/5.9

5.9.1
General 4-4-1A1/5.9.1
Surfaces required to be stayed include flat plates such as heads or portions thereof, wrapper
sheets, furnace plates, side sheets, tube plates, combustion chamber plates, etc., also curved
plates with pressure on the convex side which are not self supporting. No plates less than
7.9 mm (5/16 in.) in thickness are to be used in stayed surface construction.
5.9.2
Plates Supported by Stay Bars 4-4-1A1/5.9.2

The minimum required thickness of plates supported by stay bars is to be determined by the
following equation:
T=p
298
KW
fS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
where
i)
ii)
5.9.3
minimum thickness of the plate; mm (in.)
maximum pitch measured between the centers of stays in different rows,

which may be horizontal and vertical, or radial and circumferential; mm
(in.)
maximum allowable working stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
factor depending on the kind of service to which the plate is subjected

and the method of construction, as given below:
For plates exposed to products of combustion:

K
0.23 for plates under 11.1 mm (7/16 in.)
0.22 for plates 11.1 mm (7/16 in.) and over
0.21 for plates under 11.1 mm (7/16 in.) reinforced by doubling strips, the
width of the doubling strip to be not less than 2/3 of the maximum pitch of
the stays and the thickness is to be not less than 2/3 of the thickness of the
plate
0.20 for plates 11.1 mm (7/16 in.) and over reinforced by doubling strips,
the width of the doubling strip to be not less than 2/3 of the maximum
pitch of the stays and the thickness is to be not less than 2/3 of the
thickness of the plate
For plates not exposed to products of combustion:

K
0.20 for plates under 11.1 mm (7/16 in.)
0.19 for plates 11.1 mm (7/16 in.) and over
0.18 for plates under 11.1 mm (7/16 in.) reinforced by doubling strips, the
width of the doubling strip to be not less than 2/3 of the maximum pitch of
the stays and the thickness is to be not less than 2/3 of the thickness of the
plate
0.17 for plates 11.1 mm (7/16 in.) and over reinforced by doubling strips,
the width of the doubling strip to be not less than 2/3 of the maximum
pitch of the stays and the thickness is to be not less than 2/3 of the
thickness of the plate
Plates Supported by Stay Tubes 4-4-1A1/5.9.3

The minimum required thickness of plates supported by stay tubes is to be determined by the
following equation:
T=
KW 2 2
p do
fS
4
do
where
outside diameter of the tube; mm ( in.)
T, p, K, W, f and S are as defined above.

299
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1
5.9.4

4-4-1A1
Tube Plates Subjected to Compressive Stresses 4-4-1A1/5.9.4

For flat tube plates having the ligaments subjected to compressive stresses, such as tube plates
of combustion chambers with the tops supported by girders, the minimum required thickness
of plates is to be determined by the following equation:
T=
LPW
2 fS ( P d )
where
P
least horizontal pitch of tubes, mm (in.)
total length of the combustion chamber over the tube plate and back
sheet, mm (in.)
inside diameter of plain tube, mm (in.)
T, W, S and f are as defined above.

5.9.5
Stays 4-4-1A1/5.9.5
The minimum required cross sectional area of stays is to be determined by the following
equation:
Ar =
1.1AW
fS
Ar
required cross sectional area of stay, mm2 (in2)
area supported by the stay, mm2 (in2)
maximum working pressure, bar (kgf/cm2, psi)
maximum allowable working stress, N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
where
Openings and Reinforcements
7.1
General 4-4-1A1/7.1
7.1.1
4-4-1A1/7
Application 4-4-1A1/7.1.1
The following apply to all openings in shells, headers or heads, except as otherwise provided
in 4-4-1A1/7.1.2. The reinforcement requirements apply to openings not exceeding the
following dimensions.
For shells 1525 mm (60 in) diameter or less, 1/2 the shell diameter but not over
508 mm (20 in).
For shells over 1525 mm (60 in) diameter, 1/3 the shell diameter but not over
1016 mm (40 in).
Reinforcement of larger openings is to be submitted for specific approval.
300
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
FIGURE 8
Example of Reinforced Opening
Tn
DP
Trn
2.5T or 2.5Tn + Te
use smaller value
Rn
Tr
Te
2.5T or 2.5Tn
use smaller value
d
d or Rn + Tn + T
use larger value
d or Rn + Tn + T
use larger value
Without Reinforcing Element

=A
= d Tr F
= A1
= (ET FTr)(d Rn)2 = (ET FTr)d

or
= (ET FTr)(Rn + Tn + T Rn)2 = (ET FTr)(Tn + T)2
= A2
= (Tn Trn)2.5T 2 = (Tn Trn)5T

or
= (Tn Trn)2.5Tn 2 = (Tn Trn)Trn5Tn
= A3
= (Tn)2H
= A4
= Area of welds
If A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 A
If A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 < A
With Reinforcing Element
A1, A2, A3, A4 same as without reinforcing element.
2.5Tn is measured from the top surface of the reinforcing element.
A2 becomes the smaller of (Tn Trn)5T or (Tn Trn)(5Tn 2Te).
Area of reinforcing element = (DP d 2Tn)Te = A5
If A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 A opening is adequately reinforced.
301
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1
7.1.2

4-4-1A1
Openings in Definite Pattern 4-4-1A1/7.1.2

Openings in a definite pattern such as tube holes may be designed in accordance with the
requirements of 4-4-1A1/3.3.5, provided the largest hole in the group does not exceed that
permitted by the following equations.
d = 8.08 3 DT (1 K )
mm
or
d = 2.75 3 DT (1 K )
in.,
subject to the following:

i)
d 203 mm (8 in);
ii)
K=
WD
1.6 fST
when design with 0.8 of S value from 4-4-1A1/Table 2;
iii)
K=
WD
1.82 fST
when design with actual S values from 4-4-1A1/Table 2;
iv)
if DT > 129,000 mm2 (200 in2), use DT = 129,000 mm2 (200 in2);
where
d
maximum allowable diameter of opening; mm (in.)
outside diameter of shell; mm (in.)
thickness of plate; mm (in.)
maximum allowable working stress from 4-4-1A1/Table 2;

See also 4-4-1A1/7.11.3 concerning reinforcement between tube holes.

7.1.3
Calculations 4-4-1A1/7.1.3
Calculations demonstrating compliance with 4-4-1A1/7.3 are to be made for all openings,
except:
i)
where there are single openings in the shell or headers with the diameter of the
opening less than that permitted by the equation in 4-4-1A1/7.1.2, or
ii)
where single openings of not larger than 50 mm (2 in) nominal pipe size are made in
shells or headers having an inside diameter not less than four times the diameter of
the opening.
Tube holes arranged in a definite pattern are also to comply with 4-4-1A1/7.3 when the tube
hole diameter is greater than that permitted by the equation in 4-4-1A1/7.1.2.
7.1.4
302
Openings in or Adjacent to Welds 4-4-1A1/7.1.4

Any opening permitted in these Rules may be located in a welded joint that has been stressrelieved and radiographed.
Part
Chapter
Section
7.3
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
Reinforcement Requirements 4-4-1A1/7.3

7.3.1
Shells and Formed Heads 4-4-1A1/7.3.1

Reinforcement is to be provided in amount and distribution such that the area requirements
for reinforcement are satisfied for all planes through the center of the opening and normal to
the vessel surface. The total cross-sectional area of reinforcement in any given plane is to be
not less than obtained from the following equation:
A = FdTr
where
A
required reinforcement (see 4-4-1A1/Figure 8); mm2 (in2)
a correction factor which compensates for the variation in pressure

stresses on different planes with respect to the axis of a vessel. A value of
1.0 is to be used if the chosen plane containing the opening (or the
nozzle) axis coincides with the vessels longitudinal axis. Otherwise, the
values of F is to be as given in 4-4-1A1/Figure 9.
diameter of the finished opening in the given plane; mm (in.)
Tr
the minimum required thickness, exclusive of the corrosion allowance, C,

of a seamless shell, header, formed head or flat head, as calculated by
formulas in 4-4-1A1/3.1, 4-4-1A1/5.1, 4-4-1A1/5.3, or 4-4-1A1/5.7 as
appropriate, using E = 1; mm (in.), except that:
for dished heads when the opening and its reinforcement are entirely
within the spherical portion, Tr is the thickness exclusive of the
corrosion allowance required by the equation given in 4-4-1A1/5.1
using M = 1; and
for elliptical heads as defined in 4-4-1A1/5.3 when the opening and
its reinforcement are located entirely within a circle, the center of
which coincides with the center of the head and the diameter of
which is 0.8 of the inside shell diameter, Tr is the thickness, exclusive
of the corrosion allowance required by the equation given in
4-4-1A1/5.1 using M = 1 and R = 0.9 of the inside diameter of the
shell
303
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
FIGURE 9
Chart for Determining Value of F
7.3.2
Flat Heads 4-4-1A1/7.3.2

Flat heads that have an opening with a diameter that does not exceed one-half of the head
diameter, or shortest span, are to have a total cross-sectional area of reinforcement not less
than that given by the following:
A = 0.5dT
where
304
required reinforcement; mm2 (in2)
diameter of the finished opening in the given plane; mm (in.)
minimum required thickness of plate, exclusive of corrosion allowance,

as determined from 4-4-1A1/5.7; mm (in.)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
As an alternative, the thickness of flat heads may be increased to provide the necessary
reinforcement by using 2K in Equations 4 and 6 given in 4-4-1A1/5.7.3; however, the value
of 2K to be used in the equations need not exceed 0.75. For the types of construction indicated
in 4-4-1A1/Figure 7j and 4-4-1A1/Figure 7k, the quantity under the square-root of Equations
5 and 7 given in 4-4-1A1/5.7.3 is to be doubled.
Flat heads that have an opening with a diameter that exceeds one-half of the head diameter, or
shortest span, are to be designed as a flange in accordance with bolted flange-connection
practice.
7.5
Reinforcement Limits 4-4-1A1/7.5

Metal in the vessel and nozzle walls, exclusive of corrosion allowance, over and above the thickness
required to resist pressure may be considered as reinforcement within the reinforcement limits as
specified below.
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.7
Limits Along Wall 4-4-1A1/7.5.1

The limits of reinforcement measured along the vessel wall are to be at a distance on each
side of the axis of the opening (or nozzle) equal to the greater of the following requirements:
i)
The diameter of the finished opening.
ii)
The radius of the finished opening plus the thickness of the vessel wall, plus the
thickness of the nozzle wall
Limits Normal to Wall 4-4-1A1/7.5.2

The limits of reinforcement measured normal to the pressure vessel wall are to be parallel to
the contour of the vessel surface and at a distance from each surface equal to the smaller of
the following requirements:
i)
2.5 times the shell thickness
ii)
2.5 times the nozzle wall thickness, plus the thickness of any added reinforcement
exclusive of the weld metal on the side of the shell under consideration
Metal Having Reinforcement Value 4-4-1A1/7.7

7.7.1
Reinforcement Available in Vessel Wall 4-4-1A1/7.7.1

Metal in the vessel wall, exclusive of corrosion allowance, over and above the thickness
required to resist pressure may be considered as reinforcement within the reinforcement limits
given in 4-4-1A1/7.5. The cross-sectional area of the vessel wall available as reinforcement is
the larger of the A1 values given by the following equations.
A1 = (ET FTr)d
A1 = 2(ET FTr)(T + Tn)
where
A1
area in the excess thickness in the vessel wall available for reinforcement;
mm2 (mm2, in2)
weld joint efficiency, to be taken as:

the longitudinal weld joint efficiency when any part of the opening passes
through a longitudinal weld joint; or
1.0 when the opening is made in the seamless plate or when the opening
passes through a circumferential joint in a shell (exclusive of head to
shell joints)
305
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1
7.7.2

4-4-1A1
thickness of the vessel wall, less corrosion allowance; mm (in.)
a factor, as defined in 4-4-1A1/7.3.1
Tr
the minimum required thickness of a seamless shell or head as defined in

4-4-1A1/7.3.1
Tn
thickness of the nozzle wall, exclusive of corrosion allowance; mm (mm,

in.)
diameter of the finished opening (or internal diameter of the nozzle) less
corrosion allowance, in the plane under consideration; mm (mm, in.)
Reinforcement Available in Nozzles 4-4-1A1/7.7.2

7.7.2(a) Nozzles extending outside the vessel. The nozzle wall, exclusive of corrosion
allowance, over and above the thickness required to resist pressure, and in that part of the
nozzle extending outside the pressure vessel wall, may be considered as reinforcement within
the reinforcement limits given in 4-4-1A1/7.5. The maximum area on the nozzle wall
available as reinforcement is the smaller of the values of A2 given by the following equations.
A2 = (Tn Trn)5T
A2 = (Tn Trn)(5Tn + 2Te)
where
A2
area of excess thickness in the nozzle wall available for reinforcement;

mm2 (in2)
Trn
the minimum required thickness of a seamless nozzle wall, excluding

corrosion allowance, found by the equation used for Tr for shell;
mm (in.)
Te
thickness of reinforcing element; mm (in.)
thickness of vessel wall, less corrosion allowance; mm (in.)
Tn
thickness of nozzle wall, exclusive of the corrosion allowance; mm (mm,

in); which is not to be less than the smallest of the following:
the minimum required thickness of the seamless shell or head;
thickness of standard-wall pipe; or
the minimum required thickness of a pipe based on 41.4 bar
(42.2 kgf/cm2, 600 psi) internal pressure.
7.7.2(b) Nozzles extending inside the vessel. All metal exclusive of corrosion allowance in
the nozzle wall extending inside the pressure vessel and within the reinforcement limits
specified in 4-4-1A1/7.5 may be included as reinforcement.
7.7.3
306
Added Reinforcement 4-4-1A1/7.7.3

Metal added as reinforcement and metal in attachment welds, provided they are within the
reinforcement limits, may be included as reinforcement.
Part
Chapter
Section
7.9
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
Strength of Reinforcement 4-4-1A1/7.9

7.9.1
Material Strength 4-4-1A1/7.9.1

In general, material used for reinforcement is to have an allowable stress value equal to or
greater than that of the material in the vessel wall. Where material of lower strength is used,
the area available for reinforcement is to be proportionally reduced by the ratio of the
allowable stresses. No credit, however, is to be taken for the additional strength of any
reinforcement having a higher allowable stress than the vessel wall. Deposited weld metal
used as reinforcement is to be assumed to have an allowable stress value equal to the weaker
of the materials connected by the weld.
7.9.2
Required Strength of Nozzle Attachment Weld 4-4-1A1/7.9.2

In the plane normal to the vessel wall and passing through the center of the opening, the
strength of the weld attaching the nozzle and reinforcement element to the vessel wall is to be
at least equal to the smallest of the following:
V = dTrS
V = [duTr (2d du)(T Tr) + As]S
V = [duTr 2T(T Tr) + As]S
where
V
the required strength (through load-carrying paths; see e.g.,

4-4-1A1/Figure 10) to be provided by weldment or by the combination of
weldment and nozzle wall to resist shear from pressure loading;
N (kgf, lbf)
du
diameter of the unfinished opening prior to nozzle installation; mm (in.)
As
total stud hole cross-section area where stud holes are tapped into the
vessel wall; mm2 (in2 )
allowable stress of the vessel wall material from 4-4-1A1/Table 2;

d, Tr, T are as defined in 4-4-1A1/7.7.1.

7.9.3
Calculating the Strength of Attachment Weld 4-4-1A1/7.9.3

Sufficient welding is to be deposited to develop the strength (through load-carrying paths, see
4-4-1A1/Figure 10) of the reinforcing parts through shear or tension in the weld and nozzle
wall, as applicable. The combined strength of the weld or nozzle wall or both, as applicable, is
to be computed and is not to be less than the value of V specified in 4-4-1A1/7.9.2. The weld
shear areas to be used in the computation are to be in accordance with the following
provisions:
i)
The strength of the groove welds is to be based on half of the area subjected to shear,
as applicable, computed using the minimum weld depth dimension at the line of loadcarrying path in the direction under consideration. The diameter of the weld is to be
taken as the inside diameter of the weld when calculating path number three
(see 4-4-1A1/Figure 10), or the mean diameter of the weld when calculating path
number one or two (see 4-4-1A1/Figure 10).
ii)
The strength of the fillet weld is to be based on half of the area subject to shear,
computed on the inside diameter of the weld when calculating path number 3, or the
mean diameter of the weld when calculating path number one or two, using weld leg
dimension in the direction under consideration.
307
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
The allowable stress values for groove and fillet welds and for shear in nozzle necks, in
percentages of stress value for the vessel material, are as follows:
Nozzle wall shear
70%
Groove weld tension
74%
Groove weld shear
60%
Fillet weld shear
49%
FIGURE 10
Load-carrying Paths in Welded Nozzle Attachments
3
(a)
(b)
2
(c)
3
(d)
7.11
Denotes the load-carrying path acting perpendicular to the nozzle

centerline about the nozzle at the face of the vessel.
Denotes the load-carrying path acting perpendicular to the nozzle

centerline about the nozzle at the face of the external pad.
Denotes the load-carrying path about the nozzle acting

parallel to the nozzle centerline.
Reinforcement of Multiple Openings 4-4-1A1/7.11

7.11.1 Spacing of Openings 4-4-1A1/7.11.1
Two adjacent openings are to have a distance between centers not less than 11/3 times their
average diameter.
7.11.2 Reinforcement Overlapping 4-4-1A1/7.11.2
When adjacent openings are so spaced that their limits of reinforcement overlap, the opening
is to be reinforced in accordance with 4-4-1A1/7.3 with a reinforcement that has an area equal
to the combined area of the reinforcement required for the separate openings. No portion of
the cross section is to be considered as applying to more than one opening or be evaluated
more than once in a combined area.
308
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
7.11.3 Reinforcement of Holes Arranged in a Definite Pattern 4-4-1A1/7.11.3

When a shell has a series of holes in a definite pattern, the net cross-sectional area between
any two finished openings within the limits of the actual shell wall, excluding the portion of
reinforcing part not fused to the shell wall, is to equal at least 0.7F of the cross-sectional area
obtained by multiplying the center-to-center distance of the openings by Tr, the required
thickness of a seamless shell, where the factor F is taken from 4-4-1A1/Figure 9 for the plane
under consideration. See illustration of these requirements in 4-4-1A1/Figure 11.
FIGURE 11
Illustration of Rules Given in 4-4-1A1/7.11.3
T T
r
1
4
2
3
8
T T
r
1
4
2
3
8
5
T T
r
6
2
3
1
4
8
The cross-section area represented by 5, 6, 7, 8, shall be at least

equal to the area of the rectangle represented by 1, 2, 3, 4
multiplied by 0.7F, in which F is a value from 4-4-1A1/Figure 9
and Tr is the required thickness of a seamless shell
Boiler Tubes
9.1
Materials 4-4-1A1/9.1
4-4-1A1/9
Tubes for water-tube boilers, superheaters and other parts of a boiler, where subjected to internal
pressure, are to be of seamless steel or electric-resistance-welded tubing.
9.3
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure 4-4-1A1/9.3

The maximum allowable working pressure and the minimum required thickness are to be in
accordance with the following equations:
309
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
2T 0.01D 2e
W = fS
D (T 0.005 D e)
T=
WD
+ 0.005 D + e
2 fS + W
where
D
outside diameter of tube; mm (in.)
minimum thickness of tube wall; mm (in.)
maximum allowable working stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi); at not less than the
maximum expected mean wall temperature, m, of the tube wall, which in no case
is to be taken as less than 371C (700F) for tubes absorbing heat. For tubes
which do not absorb heat, the wall temperature may be taken as the temperature
of the fluid within the tube, but not less than the saturation temperature.
Appropriate values of S are to be taken from 4-4-1A1/Table 2.
sum of outside and inside surface temperatures divided by 2
1 mm (0.04 in) over a length at least equal to the length of the seat plus
25 mm (1 in) for tubes expanded into tube seats, see 4-4-1A1/9.5.
0 for tubes strength-welded to headers and drums
factor for units of measure, 10 (100, 1) for SI (MKS, US) units, respectively.
9.5
Tube-end Thickness 4-4-1A1/9.5

The thickness of the ends of tubes strength-welded to headers or drums need not be made greater than
the run of tube as determined from 4-4-1A1/9.3. However, the thickness of tubes, where expanded
into headers or drums, is to be no less than the minimum thickness in 4-4-1A1/Table 3 for each
diameter for which a working pressure is tabulated. The minimum thickness of tubes or nipples for
expanding into tube seats may be calculated from 4-4-1A1/9.3 with e equal to zero, provided the
thickness at the end of the tubes to be expanded is made a minimum of:
9.7
i)
2.40 mm (0.095 in) for tubes 32 mm (1.25 in) outside diameter.
ii)
2.67 mm (0.105 in) for tubes more than 32 mm (1.25 in) outside diameter and up to
51 mm (2 in) outside diameter inclusive.
iii)
3.05 mm (0.120 in) for tubes more than 51 mm (2 in) outside diameter and up to
iv)
v)
Tube-end Projection 4-4-1A1/9.7

The ends of all tubes and nipples used in water-tube boilers are to project through the tube plate or
header, not less than 6.4 mm (0.25 in) nor more than 19 mm (0.75 in). They are to be expanded in the
plate and then either bell-mouthed or beaded. Where tubes are to be attached to tube sheets by means
of welding, details are to be submitted for approval.
310
Part
Chapter
Section
11
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
Joint Designs
Welded joints are to be designed in accordance with 2-4-2/7 and 2-4-2/9.
13
Joint and Dimensional Tolerances

Joint and dimensional tolerances are to be in accordance with 2-4-2/5.
15
Weld Tests
Welding procedure and welder/welding operator qualification tests are to be in accordance with
Section 2-4-3.
17
Radiography and Other Nondestructive Examination

Radiography of butt-welded seams are to be in accordance with 2-4-2/23.
19
Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment

Preheat and postweld heat treatments are to be in accordance with 2-4-2/11 through 2-4-2/21.
21
Hydrostatic Tests (1 July 2003)
21.1
Boilers
All completed boilers (after all required nondestructive examination and after postweld heat
treatment) are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test at not less than 1.5 times the design pressure or the
maximum allowable pressure (the pressure to be stamped on the nameplate is to be used) in the
presence of a Surveyor. The pressure gauge used in the test is to have a maximum scale of about twice
the test pressure, but in no case is the maximum scale to be less than 1.5 times the test pressure.
Following the hydrostatic test, the test pressure may be reduced to the design or the maximum
allowable working pressure, and an inspection is to be made by the Surveyor of all joints and
connections.
21.3
Pressure Vessels
All completed pressure vessels (after all required non-destructive examination and after postweld heat
treatment) are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test at not less than 1.3 times the design pressure or the
maximum allowable pressure (the pressure to be stamped on the nameplate is to be used) in the
presence of a Surveyor. The pressure gauge used in the test is to have a maximum scale of about twice
the test pressure, but in no case is the maximum scale to be less than 1.3 times the test pressure.
Following the hydrostatic test, the test pressure may be reduced to the design or the maximum
allowable working pressure, and an inspection is to be made by the Surveyor of all joints and
connections.
311
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 1
Joint Efficiencies for Welded Joints
Degree of radiography
Type of joint
Limitation
(a) Butt joints as attained by double welding

or by other means which will obtain the same
quality of deposited weld metal on the inside
and outside weld surfaces. Welds using metal
backing strips which remain in place are
excluded
(b) Single welded butt joint with backing
strip other than those included above
None
(c) Single-welded butt joint without use of

backing strip
(d) Double full-fillet lap joint
(e) Single full-fillet lap joints with plug

welds
(f) Single full-fillet lap joints without plug

welds
Spot (1), (4)
None (2)
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.90
0.80
0.65
Full
None, except 15.9 mm (0.625 in)

maximum thickness in circumferential
butt welds having one plate offset as
shown in 2-4-2/Figure 1.
Circumferential joints only, not over
15.9 mm (0.625 in) thick and not over
610 mm (24 in) outside diameter.
Longitudinal joints not over 9.5 mm
(0.375 in) thick. Circumferential joints
not over 15.9 mm (0.625 in) thick.
Circumferential joints for attachment
of heads, not over 610 mm (24 in)
outside diameter to shell not over
12.7 mm (0.5 in) thick (3).
i)
For the attachment of heads
convex to pressure to shell not
over 15.9 mm (0.625 in)
required thickness, only with
use of fillet weld on the inside
of shell. Or
ii)
For attachment of heads having
pressure on either side to shells
not over 610 mm (24 in) inside
diameter and not over 6.4 mm
(0.25 in) required thickness
with fillet weld on outside of
head flange only.
(1)
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
Notes
1)
2)
3)
4)
312
Full and spot radiograph requirements covered in 2-4-2/23.

The maximum allowable joint efficiencies shown in this column are the weld-joint efficiencies multiplied
by 0.8 (and rounded off to the nearest 0.05) to effect the basic reduction in allowable stress required by the
Rules for welded vessels that are not spot examined. This value may only be used provided that a maximum
allowable unit working stress not exceeding 0.8 of the appropriate S value in 4-4-1A1/Table 2 is used in all
other design calculations except for stress S for unstayed flat heads and covers in 4-4-1A1/5.7, and stresses
used in flange designs.
Joints attaching hemispherical heads to shells are excluded.
Seamless vessel sections and heads with circumferential butt joints that are spot radiographed are to be
designed for circumferential stress using stress value not to exceed 0.85 of the appropriate S value in
4-4-1A1/Table 2. This stress reduction is not applicable to Tr and Trn in reinforcement calculations, and it is
also not applicable to circumferential joints connecting hemispherical heads to: main shells; transition in
diameters; nozzles; or sumps.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 2 (SI units) (2003)

Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Ferrous Materials N/mm2
Stress values shown in italics are permissible, but use of these materials at these temperatures is not current
practice.
The stress values in this table may be interpolated to determine values for intermediate temperatures.
Stress values for other materials may be the same as given in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
ABS
ASTM
Nominal
Gr.
Gr.
Comp.
Min.
Metal temperature (C) not exceeding
Tensile Note 29
strength
to
149
204
260
316
343
371
399
427
454
482
510
538
566
593
621
649
30.0
19.3
13.1
8.3
Plate steels Section 2-3-2

MA
A285 Gr.A
310
1,4
88.9
88.9
88.9
84.8
82.0
79.3
73.8
57.2
45.5
34.5
MB
A285 Gr.B
345
1,4
98.6
98.6
98.6
95.1
91.7
86.2
75.8
64.8
50.3
34.5
MC
A285 Gr.C
379
1,4
108.2 108.2 108.2 105.5 102.0 98.6
89.6
74.5
60.0
40.7
MD
A516Gr.55
C Si
379
108.2 108.2 108.2 105.5 102.0 98.6
89.6
74.5
60.0
40.7
27.6
17.2
ME
MF
A515 Gr.60
A515 Gr.65
C
C
314
448
1
1
117.9 117.9 117.9 113.1 108.9 105.5 89.6

128.2 128.2 128.2 123.4 119.3 115.1 95.8
74.5
78.6
60.0
60.0
40.7
40.7
27.6
27.6
17.2
17.2
MG
A515 Gr.70
483
137.9 137.9 137.9 133.8 129.6 124.8 102.0 82.7
64.1
46.2
27.6
17.2
A204 Gr.A
C-1/2 Mo
448
128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 126.9 123.4 94.5
56.5
33.1
A204 Gr.B
C-1/2 Mo
483
137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.2 133.1 94.5
56.5
33.1
J
K
A204 Gr. C
A516 Gr.55
C-1/2 Mo
C
517
379
2
1
147.5 147.5 147.5 147.5 147.5 147.5 147.5 147.5 142.7 95.5
108.2 108.2 108.2 105.5 102.0 98.6 89.6 74.5 60.0 40.7
56.5
27.6
33.1
17.2
17.2
A516 Gr. 60
314
117.9 117.9 117.9 113.1 108.9 105.5 89.6
74.5
60.0
40.7
27.6
A516 Gr. 65
448
128.2 128.2 128.2 123.4 119.3 115.1 95.8
78.6
60.0
40.7
27.6
17.2
A516 Gr. 70
483
137.9 137.9 137.9 133.8 129.6 124.8 102.0 82.7
64.1
46.2
27.6
17.2
A
B
A266 Cl-1
A266 Cl-2
1
1
117.9 117.9 112.4 105.5 102.0 98.6 89.6 74.5

137.9 137.9 135.1 126.9 122.7 118.6 102.0 82.7
60.0
64.1
40.7
46.2
27.6
27.6
17.2
17.2
A216.WCA
314
1,7
117.9 117.9 112.4 105.5 102.0 98.6
74.5
60.0
40.7
27.6
17.2
A216 WCB
483
1,7
137.9 137.9 135.1 126.9 122.7 118.6 102.0 82.7
64.1
46.2
27.6
17.2
Nodular iron
314
82.7
324
62.1
49.0
34.5
17.9
9.0
14.5
Forged steel drum Section 2-3-3

314
483
Castings Sections 2-3-9 and 2-3-10
60-40-18 A395
D
Tubes Section 2-3-5

A178 Gr.A
C-Mn
89.6
A178 Gr.C
C-Mn
314
1,3,5 92.4 92.4 92.4 91.7 88.3 85.5 73.8

,6
1,3,5 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 107.6 89.6
74.5
60.0
34.5
23.4
A226
C-Mn
324
1,5,6 92.4
92.4
92.4
91.7
88.3
85.5
73.8
62.1
49.0
34.5
20.7
10.3
A192
C-Mn
324
1,6
92.4
92.4
92.4
91.7
88.3
85.5
73.8
62.1
49.0
34.5
31.0
17.2
A210 Gr.A-1
C-Mn
314
117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 107.6 89.6
74.5
60.0
40.7
27.6
17.2
K
L
A209 Gr.T1
A209 Gr.T1a
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
379
314
2
2
108.2 108.2 108.2 108.2 108.2 108.2 106.2 102.7 100.0 94.5
117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 115.8 113.1 109.6 106.2 94.5
56.5
56.5
33.1
33.1
A209 Gr.T1b
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
365
96.5
93.1
89.6
56.5
33.1
A213 Gr.T11
314
123.4 115.8 111.7 108.2 106.2 104.1 102.0 99.3
96.5
93.8
64.1
43.4
A213 Gr.T12
1-1/4 Cr - 1/2
Mo
1 Cr - 1/2 Mo
104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 103.4 101.4 98.6
314
113.8 113.8 113.8 112.4 110.3 108.9 106.9 105.5 102.7 100.0 77.9
77.2
31.0
19.3
12.4
7.6
A213 Gr.T22
2-1/4 Cr - 1 Mo 314
114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 114.5 93.8
55.2
39.3
26.2
16.5
9.7
74.5
Notes
Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 425C, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite.
Upon exposure to temperatures above about 4705C, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite.
Only killed steel is to be used above 482C.
Flange quality in this specification not permitted above 454C.
Above 371C these stress values include a joint efficiency factor of 0.85. When material to this specification is used for pipe, multiply the stress values up to and
including 371C by a factor of 0.85.
Tensile value is expected minimum.
To these values a quality factor of 0.80 is to be applied unless nondestructive testing (NDT) is carried out beyond that required by material specification. See UG 24
of ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1.
313
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 2 (MKS units) (2003)

Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Ferrous Materials kgf/mm2
practice.
ABS
ASTM
Nominal
Gr.
Gr.
Comp.
Min.
Metal temperature (C) not exceeding
Tensile Note 29
strength
to
149
204
260
316
343
371
399
427
454
482
9.07
9.07
510
538
566
593
621
649
1.34
0.84

MA
A285 Gr.A
31.6
1,4
9.07
8.65
8.37
8.09
7.52
5.84
4.64
3.52
MB
A285 Gr.B
35.2
1,4
10.05 10.05 10.05 9.70
9.35
8.79
7.73
6.61
5.13
3.52
MC
A285 Gr.C
38.7
1,4
11.04 11.04 11.04 10.76 10.41 10.05 9.14
7.59
6.12
4.15
MD
A516Gr.55
C Si
38.7
11.04 11.04 11.04 10.76 10.41 10.05 9.14
7.59
6.12
4.15
2.81
1.76
ME
MF
A515 Gr.60
A515 Gr.65
C
C
42.2
45.7
1
1
12.02 12.02 12.02 11.53 11.11 10.76 9.14

13.08 13.08 13.08 12.58 12.16 11.74 9.77
7.59
8.01
6.12
6.12
4.15
4.15
2.81
2.81
1.76
1.76
MG
A515 Gr.70
49.2
14.06 14.06 14.06 13.64 13.22 12.73 10.41 8.44
6.54
4.71
2.81
1.76
A204 Gr.A
C-1/2 Mo
45.7
13.08 13.08 13.08 13.08 13.08 13.08 13.08 12.94 12.59 9.63
5.77
3.37
A204 Gr.B
C-1/2 Mo
49.2
14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06 13.99 13.57 9.63
5.77
3.37
J
K
A204 Gr. C
A516 Gr.55
C-1/2 Mo
C
52.7
38.7
2
1
15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 14.55 9.36
11.04 11.04 11.04 10.76 10.41 10.05 9.14 7.59 6.12 4.15
5.77
2.81
2.27
1.76
1.76
A516 Gr. 60
42.2
12.02 12.02 12.02 11.53 11.11 10.76 9.14
7.59
6.12
4.15
2.81
A516 Gr. 65
45.7
13.08 13.08 13.08 12.58 12.16 11.74 9.77
8.01
6.12
4.15
2.81
1.76
A516 Gr. 70
49.2
14.06 14.06 14.06 13.64 13.22 12.73 10.41 8.44
6.54
4.71
2.81
1.76
A
B
A266 Cl-1
A266 Cl-2
1
1
12.02 12.02 11.46 10.76 10.41 10.05 9.14 7.59

14.06 14.06 13.78 12.94 12.51 12.09 10.41 8.44
6.12
6.54
4.15
4.71
2.81
2.81
1.76
1.76
A216.WCA
42.2
1,7
12.02 12.02 11.46 10.76 10.41 10.05 9.14
7.59
6.12
4.15
2.81
1.76
A216 WCB
49.2
1,7
14.06 14.06 13.78 12.94 12.51 12.09 10.41 8.44
6.54
4.71
2.81
1.76
Nodular iron
42.2
8.44
33.0
6.34
4.99
3.52
1.83
0.91
1.48

42.2
49.2
60-40-18 A395
D
Tubes Section 2-3-5

A178 Gr.A
C-Mn
A178 Gr.C
C-Mn
42.2
1,3,5 9.42 9.42 9.42 9.35 9.00 8.72 7.52

,6
1,3,5 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 10.96 9.14
7.59
6.12
3.16
2.39
A226
C-Mn
33.0
1,5,6 9.42
9.42
9.42
9.35
9.00
8.72
7.52
6.33
4.99
3.52
2.11
1.05
A192
C-Mn
33.0
1,6
9.42
9.42
9.42
9.35
9.00
8.72
7.52
6.33
4.99
3.52
3.16
1.76
A210 Gr.A-1
C-Mn
42.2
12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 10.97 9.14
7.59
6.12
4.15
2.81
1.76
K
L
A209 Gr.T1
A209 Gr.T1a
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
38.7
42.2
2
2
11.04 11.04 11.04 11.04 11.04 11.04 10.83 10.46 10.19 9.63
12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 12.02 11.81 11.53 11.18 10.83 9.63
5.77
5.77
3.37
3.37
A209 Gr.T1b
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
37.3
9.49
9.14
5.77
3.37
A213 Gr.T11
42.2
12.02 11.81 11.39 11.04 10.83 10.62 10.41 10.12 9.84
9.56
6.54
4.43
2.95
1.97
A213 Gr.T12
1-1/4 Cr - 1/2
Mo
1 Cr - 1/2 Mo
10.62 10.62 10.62 10.62 10.55 10.36 10.05 9.82
42.2
11.60 11.60 11.60 11.46 11.25 11.11 10.90 10.76 10.48 10.19 7.94
5.06
3.16
1.97
1.27
0.77
A213 Gr.T22
2-1/4 Cr - 1 Mo 42.2
11.67 11.67 11.67 11.67 11.67 11.67 11.67 11.67 11.67 9.56
5.62
4.00
2.67
1.69
0.98
7.59
Notes
Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 425C, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite.
Upon exposure to temperatures above about 470C, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite.
Only killed steel is to be used above482C.
Flange quality in this specification not permitted above 454C.
Above 371C these stress values include a joint efficiency factor of 0.85. When material to this specification is used for pipe, multiply the stress values up to and
including 371C by a factor of 0.85.
314
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 2 (US units) (2003)

Maximum Allowable Stress Values for Ferrous Materials ksi
practice.
ABS
ASTM
Nominal
Gr.
Gr.
Comp.
Min.
Metal temperature (F) not exceeding
Tensile Note 20
strength
to
300
400
500
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
45
50
12.9
14.3
12.9
14.3
12.3
13.8
11.9
13.3
11.5
12.5
10.7
11.0
8.3
9.4
6.6
7.3
5.0
5.0
950
1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
2.5

MA
MB
A285 Gr.A
A285 Gr.B
C
C
1,4
1,4
12.9
14.3
MC
A285 Gr.C
55
1,4
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
MD
A516Gr.55
C Si
55
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
ME
A515 Gr.60
60
17.1
17.1
17.1
16.4
15.8
15.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
MF
MG
A515 Gr.65
A515 Gr.70
C
C
65
70
1
1
18.6
20.0
18.6
20.0
18.6
20.0
17.9
19.4
17.3
18.8
16.7
18.1
13.9
14.8
11.4
12.0
8.7
9.3
5.9
6.7
4.0
4.0
2.5
2.5
A204 Gr.A
C-1/2 Mo
65
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.4
17.9
13.7
8.2
4.8
A204 Gr.B
C-1/2 Mo
70
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
19.9
19.3
13.7
8.2
4.8
A204 Gr. C
C-1/2 Mo
75
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
20.7
13.7
8.2
4.8
A516 Gr.55
55
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
L
M
A516 Gr. 60
A516 Gr. 65
C
C
60
65
1
1
17.1
18.6
17.1
18.6
17.1
18.6
16.4
17.9
15.8
17.3
15.3
16.7
13.0
13.9
10.8
11.4
8.7
8.7
5.9
5.9
4.0
4.0
2.5
2.5
A516 Gr. 70
70
20.0
20.0
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.1
14.8
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5

A
A266 Cl-1
17.1
17.1
16.3
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
A266 Cl-2
70
20.0
20.0
19.6
18.4
17.8
17.2
14.8
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5
A216.WCA
60
1,7
17.1
17.1
16.3
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
A216 WCB
70
1,7
20.0
20.0
19.6
18.4
17.8
17.2
14.8
12.0
9.3
6.7
4.0
2.5
Nodular iron
60
12.0
60-40-18 A395
60
Tubes Section 2-3-5

D
A178 Gr.A
C-Mn
47
1,3,5 13.4
,6
13.4
13.4
13.3
12.8
12.4
10.7
9.0
7.1
5.0
2.6
1.3
F
G
A178 Gr.C
A226
C-Mn
C-Mn
60
47
1,3,5 17.1
1,5,6 13.4
17.1
13.4
17.1
13.4
17.1
13.3
17.1
12.8
15.6
12.4
13.0
10.7
10.8
9.0
8.7
7.1
5.0
5.0
3.4
3.0
2.1
1.5
A192
C-Mn
47
1,6
13.4
13.4
13.4
13.3
12.8
12.4
10.7
9.0
7.1
5.0
4.5
2.5
A210 Gr.A-1
C-Mn
60
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
15.6
13.0
10.8
8.7
5.9
4.0
2.5
A209 Gr.T1
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
55
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.4
14.9
14.5
13.7
8.2
4.8
A209 Gr.T1a
C-Mn-1/2 Mo
60
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
16.8
16.4
15.9
15.4
13.7
8.2
4.8
M
N
A209 Gr.T1b
A213 Gr.T11
15.1
17.1
15.1
16.8
15.1
16.2
15.1
15.7
15.0
15.4
14.7
15.1
14.3
14.8
14.0
14.4
13.5
14.0
13.0
13.6
8.2
9.3
4.8
6.3
A213 Gr.T12
C-Mn-1/2 Mo 53
1-1/4 Cr - 1/2 60
Mo
1 Cr - 1/2 Mo 60
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.3
16.0
15.8
15.5
15.3
14.9
14.5
11.3
7.2
A213 Gr.T22
2-1/4 Cr - 1 Mo 60
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
13.6
10.8
8.0
4.2
2.8
1.9
1.2
4.5
2.8
1.8
1.1
5.7
3.8
2.4
1.4
Notes
Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite.
Upon exposure to temperatures above about 875F, the carbide phase of carbon-molybdenum steel may be converted to graphite.
Only killed steel is to be used above 900F.
Flange quality in this specification not permitted above 850F.
Above 700F these stress values include a joint efficiency factor of 0.85. When material to this specification is used for pipe, multiply the stress values up to and
including 700F by a factor of 0.85.
315
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 3 (SI units)

Maximum Allowable Working Pressures for Boiler Tubes bar
Values are for seamless steel and electric-resistance-welded steel tubes or nipples for water-tube
boilers, where expanded into drums or headers, for different diameters and thicknesses of tubes
conforming to the requirements of Grades D and H in Section 2-3-5. (ASTM A178 Gr. A and A192
respectively).
These values have been calculated by the equation in 4-4-1A1/9.3 of this Appendix, using allowable
stress values at a temperature of 371C from 4-4-1A1/Table 2. Values shown bold include an
additional thickness of 1.0 mm to compensate for thinning of tube ends due to the expanding process.
Wall
thickness, mm
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Wall
thickness, mm
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6
7
8
9
316
38
20.6
43.5
119.6
12
47.6
128.4
44.5
14.2
33.2
95.9
118.9
14
36.5
103.8
51
9.5
26.1
79.2
98.3
118.1
Tube outside diameter, mm

18
22
25
30
22.9
15.1 10.3
72.9
53.8 43.5
32.5
62.6

57
63.5
76
89
6.4
20.6
16.7
67.4
57.1
20.6
83.9
72.1
55.5
42.8
101.4 87.2
67.4
53.1
119.6 103.0 80.0
63.4
118.9 92.7
73.6
135.5 105.4 84.8
119.6 95.9
118.9
32
35
29.3
56.3
151.3
24.5
49.1
134.0
102
108
121
34.0
42.8
51.5
60.2
69.7
79.2
98.3
118.1
38.8
47.6
55.5
64.1
72.9
90.3
109.3
32.5
39.6
47.6
53.8
61.8
77.7
93.5
110.1
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 3 (MKS units)

Maximum Allowable Working Pressures for Boiler Tubes kgf/cm2
respectively).
stress values at a temperature of 371C from 4-4-1A1/Table 2. Values shown bold include an
additional thickness of 1.0 mm to compensate for thinning of tube ends due to the expanding process.
Wall
thickness, mm
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Wall
thickness, mm
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6
7
8
9
12
48.5
130.9
38
44.5
21.0 14.5
44.4 33.9
122.0 97.8
121.2
14
37.2
105.8
51
9.7
26.6
80.8
100.2
120.4

18
22
25
30
23.4
15.4
10.5
74.3
54.9
44.4
33.1
63.8

57
63.5
76
89
6.5
21.0 17.0
68.7 58.2 21.0
85.6 73.5 56.6 43.6
103.4 88.9 68.7 54.1
122.0 105.0 81.6 64.6
121.2 94.5 75.1
138.2 107.5 86.5
122.0 97.8
121.2
32
35
29.9
57.4
154.3
25.0
50.1
136.6
102
108
121
34.7
43.6
52.5
61.4
71.1
80.8
100.2
120.4
9.6
48.5
56.6
65.4
74.3
92.1
111.5
33.1
40.4
48.5
54.9
63.0
79.2
95.3
112.3
317
Part
Chapter
Section
4
4
1

4-4-1A1
TABLE 3 (US units)

Maximum Allowable Working Pressures for Boiler Tubes psi
respectively).
stress values at a temperature of 700F from 4-4-1A1/Table 2. Values shown bold include an
additional thickness of 0.04 in to compensate for thinning of tube ends due to the expanding process.
Wall
thickness, in
0.055
0.065
0.075
0.085
0.095
0.105
0.120
0.135
0.150
0.165
0.180
Wall
thickness, in
0.095
0.105
0.120
0.135
0.150
0.165
0.180
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.400
0.420
318
1/2
3/4
590
1090
1600
350
670
1000
1340
21/2
23/4
400
500
1040
1190
1340
1500
1660
1870
350
440
930
1060
1200
1340
1480
1670
1870
1
470
720
960
3
390
840
960
1090
1210
1340
1520
1690
1870
Tube outside diameter, in

11/8
11/4
11/2
13/4
410
620
840
1990
350
550
740
1760
1980
430
590
760
1600
1870
Tube outside diameter, in

31/4
31/2
33/4
460
880
990
1100
1220
1380
1540
1700
1870
2040
420
500
910
1020
1120
1270
1420
1570
1720
1870
2020
390
740
840
940
1040
1170
1310
1450
1590
1730
1870
2010
21/4
490
630
1340
1570
1790
2020
410
530
1150
1340
1540
1740
1940
41/2
670
760
840
950
1060
1170
1290
1400
1520
1630
1750
1870
1990
590
670
740
840
940
1040
1140
1240
1340
1450
1550
1660
1760
1870
1980
680
780
870
960
1090
1210
1340
1470
1600
1740
1870
2000
460
570
1170
1340
1520
1690
1870
PART
4
CHAPTER
Deck and Other Machinery
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
Anchor Windlass................................................................321
1
General ..............................................................................321
1.1
Application .................................................................... 321
1.3
Standards of Compliance.............................................. 321
1.5
Materials and Fabrication ..................................................322

3.1
Materials ....................................................................... 322
3.3
Welded Fabrication ....................................................... 322
Design................................................................................322
5.1
Mechanical Design........................................................ 323
5.3
Hydraulic Systems ........................................................ 324
5.5
Electrical Systems......................................................... 324
Shop Inspection and Certification ......................................324
On-board Tests ..................................................................324
319
PART
4
CHAPTER
SECTION
Anchor Windlass
General
1.1
Application
Provisions of Part 4, Chapter 5, Section 1 (referred to as Section 4-5-1) apply to windlasses used for
handling anchors and chains required by Part 3, Chapter 5.
1.3
Standards of Compliance (2002)

The design, construction and testing of windlasses are to conform to an acceptable standard or code of
practice. To be considered acceptable, the standard or code of practice is to specify criteria for
stresses, performance and testing.
The following are examples of standards presently recognized by the Bureau:
SNAME T & R Bulletin 3-15 - Guide to the Design and Testing of Anchor Windlasses for
Merchant Ships
1.5
ISO 7825
Deck machinery general requirements
ISO 4568
Windlasses and anchor capstans Sea-going Vessels
JIS F6710
Steam Anchor Windlasses
JIS F6712
AC Electrical Anchor Windlasses
JIS F6713
Hydraulic Anchor Windlasses
JIS F6714
Windlasses
BS MA35
Specifications for Ship Deck Machinery Windlass
Plans and Particulars to be Submitted

The following plans showing the design specifications, the standard of compliance, engineering
analyses and details of construction, as applicable, are to be submitted to the Bureau for evaluation:
Windlass design specifications; anchor and chain cable particulars; performance criteria;
standard of compliance.
321
Part
Chapter
Section
4
5
1

Anchor Windlass
4-5-1
Windlass arrangement plan showing all of the components of the anchoring/mooring system
such as the prime mover, shafting, cable lifter, anchors and chain cables; mooring winches,
wires and fairleads, if they form part of the windlass machinery; brakes; controls; etc.
Dimensions, materials, welding details, as applicable, of all torque-transmitting (shafts, gears,
clutches, couplings, coupling bolts, etc.) and all load bearing (shaft bearings, cable lifter,
sheaves, drums, bed-frames, etc.) components of the windlass and of the winch, where
applicable, including brakes, chain stopper (if fitted) and foundation.
Hydraulic piping system diagram along with system design pressure, relief valve setting, bill
of materials, typical pipe joints, as applicable.
Electric one line diagram along with cable specification and size; motor controller; protective
device rating or setting; as applicable.
Control, monitoring and instrumentation arrangements.
Engineering analyses for torque-transmitting and load-bearing components demonstrating
their compliance with recognized standards or codes of practice. Analyses for gears are to be
in accordance with a recognized standard.
Windlass foundation structure, including under deck supporting structures, and holding down
arrangements.
(2003) Plans and data for windlass electric motors including associated gears rated 100 kW
(135 hp) and over.
Materials and Fabrication
3.1
Materials
Materials entered into the construction of torque-transmitting and load-bearing parts of windlasses are
to comply with material specifications in Part 2, Chapter 3 or of a national or international material
standard. The proposed materials are to be indicated in the construction plans and are to be approved
in connection with the design. All such materials are to be certified by the material manufacturers and
are to be traceable to the manufacturers certificates.
3.3
Welded Fabrication
Weld joint designs are to be shown in the construction plans and are to be approved in association
with the approval of the windlass design. Welding procedures and welders are to be qualified in
accordance with Part 2, Chapter 4. Welding consumables are to be type-approved by the Bureau or
are to be of a type acceptable to the Surveyor. The degree of nondestructive examination of welds and
post-weld heat treatment, if any, are to be specified and submitted for consideration.
Design
Along with and not withstanding the requirements of the chosen standard of compliance, the
following requirements are also to be complied with. In lieu of conducting engineering analyses and
submitting them for review, approval of the windlass mechanical design may be based on a type test,
in which case the testing procedure is to be submitted for consideration. At the option of the
manufacturers, windlass designs may be approved based on the Type Approval Program (see
1-1-A3/5).
322
Part
Chapter
Section
5.1
4
5
1

Anchor Windlass
4-5-1
Mechanical Design
5.1.1
Design Loads (2002)

5.1.1(a) Holding Loads. Calculations are to be made to show that, in the holding condition
(single anchor, brake fully applied and chain cable lifter declutched), and under a load equal
to 80% of the specified minimum breaking strength of the chain cable (see 3-5-1/Table 1 and
3-5-1/Table 2), the maximum stress in each load bearing component will not exceed yield
strength (or 0.2% proof stress) of the material. For installations fitted with a chain cable
stopper, 45% of the specified minimum breaking strength of the chain cable may instead be
used for the calculation.
5.1.1(b) Inertia Loads. The design of the drive train, including prime mover, reduction
gears, bearings, clutches, shafts, wildcat and bolting is to consider the dynamic effects of
sudden stopping and starting of the prime mover or chain cable so as to limit inertial load.
5.1.2
Continuous Duty Pull

The windlass prime mover is to be able to exert for at least 30 minutes a continuous duty pull
(e.g., 30-minute short time rating as per 4-8-3/3.3.2 and 4-8-3/Table 4; or corresponding to
S2-30 min. of IEC 60034-1), Zcont, corresponding to the grade (see 3-5-1/Table 1) and
diameter, d, of the chain cables as follows:
Zcont
Grade of
chain
1
2
3
Unit of d
N
37.5d 2
42.5d 2
47.5d 2
mm
kgf
3.82d 2
4.33d 2
4.84d 2
mm
lbf
5425.7d 2
6149.1d 2
6872.5d 2
in
The value of Zcont is based on the hoisting of one anchor at a time, and that the effects of
buoyancy and hawse pipe efficiency (assumed to be 70%) having been account for. In
general, stresses in each torque-transmitting component are not to exceed 40% of yield
strength (or 0.2% proof stress) of the material under these loading conditions.
5.1.3
Overload Capability
The windlass prime mover is to be able to provide the necessary temporary overload capacity
for breaking out the anchor. This temporary overload capacity or short term pull is to be at
least 1.5 times the continuous duty pull applied for at least 2 minutes.
5.1.4
Hoisting Speed
The mean speed of the chain cable during hoisting of the anchor and cable is to be at least
9 m/min. For testing purposes, the speed is to be measured over two shots of chain cable and
initially with at least three shots of chain (82.5 m or 45 fathoms in length) and the anchor
submerged and hanging free.
5.1.5
Brake Capacity
The capacity of the windlass brake is to be sufficient to stop the anchor and chain cable when
paying out the chain cable. Where chain cable stopper is not fitted, the brake is to produce a
torque capable of withstanding a pull equal to 80% of the specified minimum breaking
strength of the chain cable without any permanent deformation of strength members and
without brake slip. Where a chain cable stopper is fitted, 45% of the breaking strength may
instead be applied.
323
Part
Chapter
Section
5.3
4
5
1

Anchor Windlass
4-5-1
5.1.6
Chain Cable Stopper

Chain cable stopper, if fitted, along with its attachments is to be designed to withstand,
without any permanent deformation, 80% of the specified minimum breaking strength of the
chain cable.
5.1.7
Support Structure (2002)

See 3-5-1/11.3.
Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic systems where employed for driving windlasses are to comply with the provisions of
4-6-7/3.
5.5
Electrical Systems
5.5.1
Electric Motors (2003)

Electric motors are to meet the requirements of 4-8-3/3 and those rated 100 kW and over are
to be certified by the Bureau. Motors installed in the weather are to have enclosures suitable
for their location as provided for in 4-8-3/1.11. Where gears are fitted, they are to meet the
requirements of Section 4-3-1 and those rated 100 kW (135 hp) and over are to be certified by
the Bureau. The Surveyors presence for material tests referred to in 4-3-1/3.1.2 and 4-3-1/3.3
is not required, subject to compliance with 4-5-1/3.1.
5.5.2
Electrical Circuits
Motor branch circuits are to be protected in accordance with the provisions of 4-8-2/9.17 and
cable sizing is to be in accordance with 4-8-2/7.7.6. Electrical cables installed in locations
subjected to the sea are to be provided with effective mechanical protection as provided for in
4-8-4/21.15.
Shop Inspection and Certification

Windlasses are to be inspected during fabrication and tested and certified at the manufacturers
facilities by a Surveyor for conformance with the approved plans and with the specified standard of
compliance. At the option of the manufacturers, windlass designs and the manufacturing facilities
may be approved under the Type Approval Program (see Appendix 1-1-A3).
On-board Tests (2002)

See 3-7-2/1.
324
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
General Provisions ............................................................333

1
General ..............................................................................333
1.1
Application .................................................................... 333
1.3
Organization of Piping Systems Requirements ............. 333
Definitions ..........................................................................334
3.1
Piping ............................................................................ 334
3.3
Piping System ............................................................... 334
3.5
Piping Components....................................................... 334
3.7
Pipes ............................................................................. 334
3.9
Pipe Schedule ............................................................... 334
3.11
Tubes ............................................................................ 334
3.13
Pipe Fittings .................................................................. 335
3.15
Valves ........................................................................... 335
3.17
Design Pressure............................................................ 335
3.19
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure......................... 335
3.21
Design Temperature ..................................................... 335
3.23
Flammable Fluids.......................................................... 335
3.25
Toxic Fluids ................................................................... 335
3.27
Corrosive Fluids ............................................................ 335
Classes of Piping Systems ................................................336
Certification of Piping System Components ......................337
7.1
Piping Components....................................................... 337
7.3
Pumps........................................................................... 338
7.5
Certification Based on the Type Approval Program ...... 339
Plans and Data to be Submitted ........................................340

9.1
System Plans ................................................................ 340
9.3
Contents of System Plans ............................................. 341
9.5
Booklet of Standard Details........................................... 341
TABLE 1
Classes of Piping Systems ......................................336
TABLE 2
Piping Classes and Certification ..............................338
FIGURE 1
Organization of the Provisions for Piping

Systems ...................................................................334
325
SECTION 2
Metallic Piping.................................................................... 343

1
Application .........................................................................343
Materials.............................................................................343
3.1
Ferrous ..........................................................................343
3.3
Copper and Copper Alloys ............................................344
Design ................................................................................345
5.1
326
Pipes .............................................................................345
5.3
Pipe Branches ...............................................................347
5.5
Pipe Joints.....................................................................348
5.7
Flexible and Expansion Joints .......................................350
5.9
Valves............................................................................351
5.11
Safety Relief Valves ......................................................352
5.13
Non-standard Components ...........................................352
5.15
Type Approval Program.................................................352
Fabrication and Tests ........................................................353

7.1
Welded Fabrication .......................................................353
7.3
Hydrostatic Tests...........................................................353
7.5
Resistance Testing........................................................354
Installation Details..............................................................354
9.1
Protection from Mechanical Damage ............................354
9.3
Protection of Electrical Equipment.................................354
9.5
Provisions for Expansion and Contraction of Piping......354
9.7
Piping Penetrations Through Bulkheads, Decks and

Tank tops.......................................................................355
9.9
Protection from Overpressure .......................................355
9.11
Temperature and Pressure Sensing Devices ................356
9.13
Shell Connections .........................................................356
9.15
Control of Static Electricity.............................................358
9.17
Accessibility of Valves ...................................................358
9.19
Common Overboard Discharge.....................................358
TABLE 1
Allowable Stress Values S for Steel Pipes ...............359
TABLE 2
Allowable Stress S for Copper and Copper Alloy

Pipes ........................................................................360
TABLE 3
Corrosion Allowance c for Steel Pipes.....................360
TABLE 4
Minimum Wall Thickness for Steel Pipes.................361
TABLE 5A
Minimum Wall Thickness for Copper and Copper

Alloy Pipes ...............................................................362
TABLE 5B
Minimum Wall Thickness for Austenitic Stainless

Steel Pipes ...............................................................362
TABLE 6
Typical Flange Types...............................................363
TABLE 7
Limitation of Use for Typical Flange Types..............364
TABLE 8
Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses........365
FIGURE 1
Socket Welded and Slip-on Welded Sleeve

Joints........................................................................348
FIGURE 2
Typical Bite-type, Compression Type and Flared

Type Fittings.............................................................350
SECTION 3
Plastic Piping......................................................................367
1
General ..............................................................................367
Specification.......................................................................367
Design................................................................................367
5.1
Internal Pressure........................................................... 367
5.3
External Pressure.......................................................... 368
5.5
Axial Strength................................................................ 368
5.7
Temperature ................................................................. 368
5.9
Impact Resistance......................................................... 368
5.11
Fire Endurance.............................................................. 368
5.13
Flame Spread................................................................ 369
5.15
Electrical Conductivity ................................................... 369
5.17
Marking ......................................................................... 370
Installation of Plastic Pipes ................................................370

7.1
Supports........................................................................ 370
7.3
External Loads .............................................................. 371
7.5
Plastic Pipe Connections .............................................. 371
7.7
Electrical Conductivity ................................................... 371
7.9
Shell Connections ......................................................... 371
7.11
Bulkhead and Deck Penetrations .................................. 371
7.13
Application of Fire Protection Coatings ......................... 372
Manufacturing of Plastic Pipes ..........................................372
11
Plastic Pipe Bonding Procedure Qualification ...................372
13
15
17
11.1
Procedure Qualification Requirements.......................... 372
11.3
Procedure Qualification Testing .................................... 373
Tests by the Manufacturer Fire Endurance Testing of

Plastic Piping in the Dry Condition
(for Level 1 and Level 2) ....................................................373
13.1
Test Method .................................................................. 373
13.3
Test Specimen .............................................................. 374
13.5
Test Condition ............................................................... 375
13.7
Acceptance Criteria....................................................... 375
Test by Manufacturer Fire Endurance Testing of

Water-filled Plastic Piping (for Level 3)..............................375
15.1
Test Method .................................................................. 375
15.3
Test Specimen .............................................................. 377
15.5
Test Conditions ............................................................. 377
15.7
Acceptance Criteria....................................................... 378
Tests by Manufacturer Flame Spread ............................378

17.1
19
Test Method .................................................................. 378
Testing on Board After Installation.....................................379
TABLE 1
Fire Endurance Requirement Matrix........................380
FIGURE 1
Fire Endurance Test Burner Assembly....................376
FIGURE 2
Fire Endurance Test Stand with Mounted

Sample .....................................................................376
327
SECTION 4
Ship Piping Systems and Tanks....................................... 383

1
General ..............................................................................383
1.1
11
13
15
17
328
Scope ............................................................................383
1.3
Effective Drainage .........................................................383
1.5
Damage Stability Consideration ....................................383
Gravity Drain Systems .......................................................383

3.1
General..........................................................................383
3.3
Protection from Sea Water Entry...................................384
3.5
Gravity Drains of Cargo Spaces on or Above

Freeboard Deck.............................................................384
3.7
Gravity Drains of Spaces Other than Cargo Spaces .....385
3.9
Gravity Drains of Non-watertight Spaces.......................385
3.11
Vessels Subject to Damage Stability.............................386
Bilge System ......................................................................386

5.1
General..........................................................................386
5.3
Bilge System Sizing.......................................................386
5.5
Bilge System Design .....................................................388
5.7
Oil Pollution Prevention Measures ................................391
5.9
Testing and Trials..........................................................392
Ballast Systems .................................................................393

7.1
General..........................................................................393
7.3
Ballast Pumps ...............................................................393
7.5
Ballast Piping and Valves ..............................................393
Tank Vents and Overflows.................................................394

9.1
General..........................................................................394
9.3
Tank Vents ....................................................................395
9.5
Tank Overflows .............................................................399
Means of Sounding ............................................................400

11.1
General..........................................................................400
11.3
Sounding Pipes .............................................................401
11.5
Gauge Glasses..............................................................402
11.7
Level Indicating Device .................................................403
11.9
Remote Level Indicating Systems .................................403
Fuel Oil Storage and Transfer Systems.............................403

13.1
General..........................................................................403
13.3
Installation Requirements ..............................................404
13.5
Fuel Oil Tanks ...............................................................405
13.7
Fuel Oil System Components........................................409
13.9
Fuel Oil Transfer, Filling and Purification Systems ........411
Lubricating Oil Storage and Transfer Systems ..................412

15.1
General and Installation Requirements .........................412
15.3
Lubricating Oil Tanks.....................................................413
15.5
Lubricating Oil System Components .............................413
Additional Measures for Oil Pollution Prevention ..............414

17.1
General..........................................................................414
17.3
Tank Protection Requirements ......................................414
SECTION 5
TABLE 1
Dimensions and Details of Standard Discharge

Connection Flange...................................................392
TABLE 2
Alternative Arrangements for Fuel Oil Service

Tanks .......................................................................406
TABLE 3
Design Pressure for Fuel Oil Pipes..........................409
TABLE 4
Pipe Joint Limitations for Fuel Oil Piping .................410
Piping Systems for Internal Combustion Engines.........417

1
Applications........................................................................417
Fuel Oil Systems................................................................417
3.1
General ......................................................................... 417
3.3
Fuel Oil Service System for Propulsion Diesel

Engines ......................................................................... 418
3.5
Fuel Oil Service System for Auxiliary Diesel Engines ... 419
3.7
Fuel Oil Service System for Gas Turbines .................... 420
3.9
System Monitoring and Shutdown................................. 420
3.11
Testing and Trials.......................................................... 421
Lubricating Oil Systems .....................................................421

5.1
General ......................................................................... 421
5.3
Lubricating Oil Systems for Propulsion Engines............ 422
5.5
Lubricating Oil Systems for Auxiliary Engines ............... 423
5.7
System Monitoring and Safety Shutdown ..................... 423
5.9
Cooling System..................................................................424
7.1
11
General ......................................................................... 424
7.3
Cooling System Components........................................ 424
7.5
Sea Chests ................................................................... 425
7.7
Cooling Systems for Propulsion and Auxiliary

Engines ......................................................................... 425
7.9
Starting Air System ............................................................426

9.1
General ......................................................................... 426
9.3
Air Compressors ........................................................... 427
9.5
Air Reservoirs................................................................ 427
9.7
Starting Air Piping ......................................................... 428
9.9
System Alarms .............................................................. 429
9.11
Exhaust Gas Piping ...........................................................429

11.1
Application .................................................................... 429
11.3
Insulation....................................................................... 429
11.5
Interconnections............................................................ 429
11.7
Installation ..................................................................... 429
11.9
Diesel Engine Exhaust .................................................. 429
11.11
Gas Turbines Exhaust................................................... 430
329
13
SECTION 6
13.1
General..........................................................................430
13.3
Crankcase Vent Piping Arrangement ............................430
13.5
Crankcase Drainage......................................................430
TABLE 1
Fuel Oil System Alarms and Shutdown ...................421
TABLE 2
Lubrication Oil System Basic Alarms and Safety

Shutdown .................................................................423
TABLE 3
Pipe Joint Limitations for Cooling Water

Systems ...................................................................425
TABLE 4
Required Number of Starts for Propulsion

Engines ....................................................................427
TABLE 5
Pipe Joint Limitations for Starting Air Systems ........428
Piping Systems for Steam Plants..................................... 431

1
General ..............................................................................431
Steam Piping System.........................................................431
330
Crankcase Ventilation and Drainage .................................430
3.1
General..........................................................................431
3.3
Steam Piping Components............................................431
3.5
Steam Piping Design .....................................................432
3.7
Steam Piping Exceeding 427C (800F) Design

Temperature..................................................................432
3.9
General Installation Details............................................434
3.11
Steam Piping for Propulsion Turbines ...........................434
3.13
Steam Piping for Auxiliary Turbines and Other

Services.........................................................................435
3.15
Blow-off Piping ..............................................................435
3.17
System Monitoring.........................................................435
3.19
Boiler Feed Water and Condensate Systems....................436

5.1
General..........................................................................436
5.3
Feed Water System Design...........................................436
5.5
Propulsion and Power Generation Boilers.....................437
5.7
Other Boilers .................................................................437
5.9
Condensate System for Propulsion and Power

Generation Turbines......................................................438
5.11
System Components .....................................................438
5.13
System Monitoring.........................................................439
5.15
Boiler Fuel Oil Piping System ............................................439

7.1
General..........................................................................439
7.3
Fuel Oil Service System for Propulsion Boilers .............440
7.5
Fuel Oil Service System for Boilers Essential for

Power Generation, Supporting Propulsion and
Habitable Conditions .....................................................441
7.7
System Monitoring and Shutdown.................................441
7.9
11
13
SECTION 7
Lubricating Oil Systems for Steam Turbines and

Reduction Gears ................................................................442
9.1
General ......................................................................... 442
9.3
Lubricating Oil Systems for Propulsion Turbines and

Gears ............................................................................ 442
9.5
Lubricating Oil Tanks .................................................... 443
9.7
Lubricating Oil Systems for Auxiliary Steam

Turbines ........................................................................ 444
9.9
System Monitoring and Safety Shutdown ..................... 444
9.11
Sea Water Circulation and Cooling Systems.....................444

11.1
General ......................................................................... 444
11.3
Condenser Cooling System .......................................... 445
11.5
Lubricating Oil Cooling Systems ................................... 445
11.7
Cooling System Components........................................ 445
11.9
System Monitoring ........................................................ 446
11.11
Exhaust Gas Piping ...........................................................446
TABLE 1
Joint Limitations for Steam Piping Systems.............432
TABLE 2
Pipe Joint Limitations for Feed Water Systems .......439
TABLE 3
Fuel Oil System Alarms and Shutdown ...................441
TABLE 4
Lubrication Oil System Alarms and Safety

Shutdown .................................................................444
Other Piping Systems........................................................447

1
General ..............................................................................447
Hydraulic Oil Systems........................................................447

3.1
3.3
Hydraulic Oil Storage Tanks ......................................... 447
3.5
Hydraulic System Components ..................................... 448
3.7
System Requirements................................................... 450
Pneumatic Systems ...........................................................450

5.1
Application .................................................................... 450
5.3
Pneumatic System Components ................................... 450
5.5
Pneumatic System Requirements ................................. 451
Fixed Oxygen-acetylene Systems .....................................451

7.1
Application .................................................................... 447
Application .................................................................... 451
7.3
Gas Storage .................................................................. 451
7.5
Piping System Components .......................................... 452
7.7
Testing .......................................................................... 453
Helicopter Refueling Systems............................................453

9.1
Application .................................................................... 453
9.3
Fuel Storage and Refueling Equipment Area................ 453
9.5
Spill Containment .......................................................... 453
9.7
Fuel Storage Tanks....................................................... 454
9.9
Refueling Pumps........................................................... 454
331
332
9.11
Fuel Piping ....................................................................454
9.13
Fuel Storage and Refueling Systems Installed in

Enclosed Spaces...........................................................454
9.15
Fire Extinguishing System .............................................455
TABLE 1
Pipe Joint Limitations for Hydraulic Piping...............448
TABLE 2
Pipe Joint Limitations for Pneumatic Systems.........450
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
SECTION
General Provisions
General
1.1
4-6-1
4-6-1/1
The provisions of Part 4, Chapter 6, Section 1 (referred to as Section 4-6-1) apply to all piping
systems. These include piping systems covered in Section 4-6-2 through Section 4-6-7, as well as to
piping systems in Part 4, Chapter 7 Fire Safety Systems, and to piping systems of specialized types
of vessels in the applicable sections of Part 5.
1.3
Organization of Piping Systems Requirements 4-6-1/1.3

4-6-1/Figure 1 shows the organization of the provisions for piping systems. These requirements are
divided into:
i)
General requirements, which include:

definitions of terms used throughout these sections, certification requirements of system
components and plans to be submitted for review;
metallic piping design, pipe components, piping fabrication and testing and general shipboard
installation details;
plastic piping design, plastic pipe components, plastic piping fabrication and testing.
ii)
Specific systems requirements, which include:

bilges and gravity drains piping systems, and piping systems serving tanks (other than cargo
tanks); piping systems for storage, transfer and processing of fuel oil and lubricating oil
piping systems relating to the operation of internal combustion engines;
piping systems relating to the operation of steam turbine and steam generating plants;
other piping systems, such as hydraulic piping system, oxygen-acetylene piping system, etc.;
fire extinguishing systems, which are provided in Part 4, Chapter 7;
cargo piping systems and other piping systems specific to specialized vessel types, which are
provided in various chapters in Part 5.
333
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
Definitions
3.1
Piping 4-6-1/3.1
4-6-1
4-6-1/3
The term Piping refers to assemblies of piping components and pipe supports.
3.3
Piping System 4-6-1/3.3

Piping System is a network of piping and any associated pumps, designed and assembled to serve a
specific purpose. Piping systems interface with, but exclude, major equipment, such as boilers,
pressure vessels, tanks, diesel engines, turbines, etc.
FIGURE 1
Organization of the Provisions for Piping Systems
PART 4
Chapter 6
PIPING SYSTEMS
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
3.5
SPECIFIC SYSTEMS
REQUIREMENTS
Section 1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
Section 4
SHIP PIPING SYSTEMS
AND TANKS
Section 5
PIPING SYSTEMS
FOR INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
Section 2
METALLIC
PIPING
Section 6
PIPING SYSTEMS
FOR STEAM PLANTS
Section 7
OTHER
PIPING SYSTEMS
Section 3
PLASTIC
PIPING
Chapter 7
FIRE SAFETY
SYSTEMS
PART 5
SPECIALIZED VESSELS

Piping Components include pipes, tubes, valves, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, hoses, expansion
joints, sight flow glasses, filters, strainers, accumulators, instruments connected to pipes, etc.
3.7
Pipes 4-6-1/3.7
Pipes are pressure-tight cylinders used to contain and convey fluids. Where the word pipe is used in
this section, it means pipes conforming to materials and dimensions as indicated in Section 2-3-12,
Section 2-3-13, Section 2-3-16 and Section 2-3-17, or equivalent national standards such as ASTM,
BS, DIN, JIS, etc.
3.9
Pipe Schedule 4-6-1/3.9

Pipe Schedules are designations of pipe wall thicknesses as given in American National Standard
Institute, ANSI B36.10. Standard and extra heavy (extra strong) pipes, where used in these sections,
refer to Schedule 40 and Schedule 80, up to maximum wall thicknesses of 9.5 mm (0.375 in) and 12.5
mm (0.5 in), respectively. For a listing of commercial pipe sizes and wall thicknesses, see
4-6-2/Table 8.
3.11
Tubes 4-6-1/3.11
Tubes are generally small-diameter thin-wall pipes conforming to an appropriate national standard.
Tubes are to meet the same general requirements as pipes.
334
Part
Chapter
Section
3.13
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
4-6-1
Pipe Fittings 4-6-1/3.13

Pipe Fittings refer to piping components such as sleeves, elbows, tees, bends, flanges, etc., which are
used to join together sections of pipe.
3.15
Valves 4-6-1/3.15
The term Valve refers to gate valves, globe valves, butterfly valves, etc., which are used to control the
flow of fluids in a piping system. For the purpose of these Rules, test cocks, drain cocks and other
similar components which perform the same function as valves are considered valves.
3.17
Design Pressure 4-6-1/3.17

Design Pressure is the pressure to which each piping component of a piping system is designed. It is
not to be less than the pressure at the most severe condition of coincidental internal or external
pressure and temperature (maximum or minimum) expected during service. However, the Rules do
impose in some instances specific minimum design pressure exceeding the maximum expected
service pressure, see for example 4-6-4/13.7 for heated fuel oil systems.
3.19
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure 4-6-1/3.19

The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure is the maximum pressure of a piping system determined,
in general, by the weakest piping component in the system or by the relief valve setting. The
maximum allowable working pressure is not to exceed the design pressure.
3.21
Design Temperature 4-6-1/3.21

The Design Temperature is the maximum temperature at which each piping component is designed to
operate. It is not to be less than the temperature of the piping component material at the most severe
condition of temperature and coincidental pressure expected during service. For purposes of the
Rules, it may be taken as the maximum fluid temperature.
For piping used in a low-temperature application, the design temperature is to include also the
minimum temperature at which each piping component is designed to operate. It is not to be higher
than the temperature of the piping component material at the most severe condition of temperature
and coincidental pressure expected during service. For the purposes of the Rules, it may be taken as
the minimum fluid temperature.
For all piping, the design temperature is to be used to determine allowable stresses and material
testing requirements.
3.23
Flammable Fluids 4-6-1/3.23

Any fluid, regardless of its flash point, liable to support a flame is to be treated as a flammable fluid
for the purposes of Section 4-6-1 through Section 4-6-7. Aviation fuel, diesel fuel, heavy fuel oil,
lubricating oil and hydraulic oil (unless the hydraulic oil is specifically specified as non-flammable)
are all to be considered flammable fluids.
3.25
Toxic Fluids (2002)

Toxic fluids are those that are liable to cause death or severe injury or to harm human health if
swallowed or inhaled or by skin contact.
3.27
Corrosive Fluids (2002)

Corrosive fluids, excluding seawater, are those possessing in their original state the property of being
able through chemical action to cause damage by coming into contact with living tissues, the vessel or
its cargoes, when escaped from their containment.
335
Part
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Section
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
4-6-1
Classes of Piping Systems
4-6-1/5
Piping systems are divided into three classes according to service, design pressure and temperature, as
indicated in 4-6-1/Table 1. Each class has specific requirements for joint design, fabrication and
testing. The requirements in this regard are given in Section 4-6-2 for metallic piping. For plastic
piping, see Section 4-6-3.
TABLE 1
Classes of Piping Systems (2002)
Pressure
Class I
P2
Class II
P1
Class III
T1
Piping Class
Piping System
P > P2
Corrosive fluids
Toxic fluids
Flammable liquids heated to
above flash point or having
flash point 60C or less
Liquefied gas
Steam
Thermal oil
Fuel oil
Lubricating oil
Flammable hydraulic oil
Cargo oil piping in cargo area
Other fluids (including water,
air, gases, non-flammable
hydraulic oil)
Open ended pipes (drains,
overflows, vents, exhaust gas
lines, boilers escapes pipes)
Class I
bar,
(kgf/cm2, psi)
OR
T > T2
C
(F)
T2
Temperature
Class II Bounded by Class I

and Class III - see chart above
bar,
(kgf/cm2, psi)
C
(F)
P P1
Class III
AND
bar,
(kgf/cm2, psi)
T T1
C
(F)
Without special safeguards

All
With special safeguard

Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
With special safeguards
Open-ended piping

16
300
(16.3, 232)
(572)
16
300
(16.3, 232)
(572)
With special safeguards
16
(16.3, 232)
150
(302)
Not applicable
40
(40.8, 580)
300
(572)
Not applicable
See chart
See chart
See chart
Open-ended piping
7
170
(7.1, 101.5)
(338)
7
150
(7.1, 101.5)
(302)
7
(7.1, 101.5)
Not applicable
See chart
Not applicable
60
(140)
All
16
(16.3, 232)
200
(392)
All
Notes:
1
336
The above requirements are not applicable to piping systems intended for liquefied gases in cargo and process
areas.
The above requirements are also not applicable to cargo piping systems of vessels carrying chemicals in bulk.
Safeguards are measures undertaken to reduce leakage possibility and limiting its consequences, (e.g., double wall
piping or equivalent, or protective location of piping etc.)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
Certification of Piping System Components
7.1
4-6-1
4-6-1/7
Piping components are to be certified in accordance with 4-6-1/Table 2 and the following.
7.1.1
ABS Certification 4-6-1/7.1.1

Where indicated as required in 4-6-1/Table 2, the piping component is to be certified by the
Bureau. This involves design approval of the component, as applicable, and testing in
accordance with the standard of compliance at the manufacturers plant. Such components
may also be accepted under the Type Approval Program, see 4-6-1/7.5.
7.1.2
Design Approval 4-6-1/7.1.2

Design approval is a part of the ABS certification process and where indicated as required in
4-6-1/Table 2, the piping components are to meet an applicable recognized standard, or are to
be design-approved by the Bureau. For the latter purpose, pipe fittings and valves are to be
evaluated for their adequacy for the rated pressures and temperatures, and, as applicable, type
inspection and testing are to be conducted as part of the design evaluation process. See also
4-6-1/7.5, 4-6-2/5 and 4-6-3/5.
7.1.3
Manufacturers Certification 4-6-1/7.1.3

Where indicated as required in 4-6-1/Table 2, the manufacturer is to certify that the piping
component complies with the standard to which the component is designed, fabricated and
tested, and to report the results of tests so conducted. For Class III components,
manufacturers trademark, pressure/temperature rating and material identification, as
applicable, stamped or cast on the component and verifiable against the manufacturers
catalog or similar documentation will suffice.
7.1.4
Identification 4-6-1/7.1.4
Where indicated as permanent in 4-6-1/Table 2, the piping component is to bear permanent
identification, such as manufacturers name or trademark, standard of compliance, material
identity, pressure rating, etc., as required by the standard of compliance or the manufacturers
specification. Such markings may be cast or forged integral with, stamped on, or securely
affixed by nameplate on the component, and are to serve as a permanent means of
identification of the component throughout its service life.
Where indicated as temporary, the pipe is to have identification for traceability during
fabrication.
337
Part
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Section
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
4-6-1
TABLE 2
Piping Classes and Certification
Piping
component
Class
ABS
certification (1)
Design
approval (1)
Manufacturers
certification (1)
Identification (1)
Pipes
I, II
Required (2)
Not applicable
Required
Temporary
III
Not required
Not applicable
Required
Temporary
I, II
Not required
Required (3)
Required
Permanent
III
Not required
Not required (4) ,(5)
Required
Permanent
I, II
Not required
Required (3)
Required
Permanent
Not required
Not required
Required
See 4-6-1/7.1.1, 4-6-1/7.1.2, 4-6-1/7.1.3 and 4-6-1/7.1.4.
Permanent
1
2
Except hydraulic piping.
Where not in compliance with a recognized standard.
Documentary proof of pressure/temperature rating is required. See 4-6-2/5.13.
Design of slip-type pipe joints is to be approved in each case. See 4-6-2/5.7.4.
Pipe fittings
Valves
III
7.3
(4)
Pumps 4-6-1/7.3
7.3.1
Pumps Requiring Certification 4-6-1/7.3.1

The pumps listed below are to be certified by a Surveyor at the manufacturers plants:
i)
Pumps for all vessels (500 gross tonnage and over):

Fuel oil transfer pumps
Hydraulic pumps for steering gears (see also 4-3-4/19.5), anchor windlasses,
controllable pitch propellers
Fire pumps, including emergency fire pumps
Bilge pumps
Ballast pumps
ii)
Pumps associated with propulsion diesel engine and reduction gears (for engines with
bores > 300 mm only):
Fuel oil service pumps, booster pumps, etc.
Sea water and freshwater cooling pumps
Lubricating oil pumps
iii)
Pumps associated with steam propulsion and reduction gears:

Fuel oil service pumps
Main condensate pumps
Main circulating pumps
Main feed pumps
Vacuum pumps for main condenser
iv)
Pumps associated with propulsion gas turbine and reduction gears:

Fuel oil service pumps
338
Part
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Section
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
4-6-1
v)
Cargo pumps associated with oil carriers, liquefied gas carriers and chemical carriers.
vi)
Pumps associated with inert gas systems:

Fuel oil pumps for boilers/inert gas generators
Cooling water pumps for flue gas scrubber
7.3.2
Required Tests 4-6-1/7.3.2

The following tests are to be carried out at the manufacturers plant in the presence of the
Surveyor.
7.3.2(a) Hydrostatic tests. The pumps are to be hydrostatically tested to a pressure of at
least 1.5P, where P is the maximum working pressure of the pump. If it is desired to conduct
the hydrostatic test on the suction side of the pump independently from the test on the
discharge side, the test pressure on the suction side is to be at least 1.5Ps, where Ps is the
maximum pressure available from the system at the suction inlet. In all cases, the test pressure
for both the suction and the discharge side is not to be less than 4 bar.
7.3.2(b) Capacity tests. Pump capacities are to be checked with the pump operating at
design conditions (rated speed and pressure head). For centrifugal pumps, the pump
characteristic (head-capacity) design curve is to be verified to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
Capacity tests may be waived if previous satisfactory tests have been carried out on similar
pumps.
7.5
Certification Based on the Type Approval Program 4-6-1/7.5

7.5.1
Pipes (2003) 4-6-1/7.5.1

For pipes which are required to be ABS certified in accordance with 4-6-1/Table 2, the
manufacturer may request that the Bureau approve and list them under the Type Approval
Program described in Appendix 1-1-A3. Upon approval under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA) and listing
under this program, the pipes will not be required to be surveyed and certified each time they
are manufactured for use onboard a vessel.
To be considered for approval under this program, the manufacturer is to operate a quality
assurance system that is certified for compliance with a recognized quality standard. In
addition, quality control of the manufacturing processes is to cover all of the provisions of
inspection and tests required by the Rules and applicable pipe standard, in accordance with
1-1-A3/5.5.
7.5.2
Pipe Fittings and Valves (2003) 4-6-1/7.5.2

For pipe fittings and valves which are not required to be certified but are required to be design
approved in accordance with 4-6-1/Table 2, the manufacturer may request that the Bureau
approve and list the component as a Design Approved Product described in 1-1-A3/5.1. The
design is to be evaluated in accordance with 4-6-1/7.1.2. Upon approval and listing, and
subject to renewal and updating of the certificates as required by 1-1-A3/5.7, it will not be
necessary to submit the design of the component for approval each time it is proposed for use
onboard a vessel.
The manufacturer may also request that the product be approved and listed under the Type
Approval Program. In this case, in addition to the design approval indicated above, the
manufacturer is to provide documented attestation that the product will be manufactured to
consistent quality and to the design and specifications to which it is approved. See 1-1-A3/5.3
(AQS)/(RQS) or 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA).
339
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
1
7.5.3

Piping Systems
General Provisions
4-6-1
Pumps (2003) 4-6-1/7.5.3

As an alternative to certification specified in 4-6-1/7.3.2 for mass-produced pumps, the
manufacturer may request that the Bureau approve and list the pump under the Type Approval
Program. To be approved under this program:
i)
a sample of the pump type is to be subjected to hydrostatic and capacity tests

specified in 4-6-1/7.3.2; and
ii)
the manufacturer is to operate a quality assurance system which is to be certified for

compliance with a quality standard in accordance with 1-1-1A3/5.3 (AQS)/(RQS) or
1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA). The quality control plan is to have provision to subject each
production unit of the pump to a hydrostatic test specified in 4-6-1/7.3.2(a) and the
manufacturer is to maintain record of such tests.
The manufacturer has the option to request approval for the pump design in accordance with
4-6-1/7.5.3i) above only, in which case the pump type may be listed as an approved product
as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. Certification of a production unit will be based on its being
subjected to the hydrostatic test specified in 4-6-1/7.3.2(a) in the presence of a Surveyor.
Plans and Data to be Submitted
9.1
System Plans 4-6-1/9.1
4-6-1/9
The following plans are to be submitted for review:

Propulsion machinery space arrangement, including locations of fuel oil tanks
Booklet of standard details
Ballast system
Bilge and drainage systems
Boiler feed water and condensate systems
Compressed air system
Cooling water systems
Exhaust piping (for boilers, incinerators and engines)
Fixed oxygen-acetylene system
Fuel oil systems, including storage tanks, drip trays and drains
Helicopter refueling system, fuel storage tank and its securing and bonding arrangements
Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
Lubricating oil systems
Sanitary system
Sea water systems
Vent, overflow and sounding arrangements
Steam systems
Steam piping analyses (as applicable)
Tank venting and overflow systems
All Class I and Class II piping systems not covered above
340
Part
Chapter
Section
9.3
4
6
1

Piping Systems
General Provisions
4-6-1
Contents of System Plans 4-6-1/9.3

Piping system plans are to be diagrammatic and are to include the following information:
Types, sizes, materials, construction standards, and pressure and temperature ratings of piping
components other than pipes
Materials, outside diameter or nominal pipe size, and wall thickness or schedule of pipes
Design pressure and design temperature, test pressure
Maximum pump pressures and/or relief valve settings
Flash point of flammable liquids
Instrumentation and control
Legend for symbols used
9.5
Booklet of Standard Details 4-6-1/9.5

The booklet of standard details, as indicated in 4-6-1/9.1, is to contain standard practices to be used in
the construction of the vessel, typical details of such items as bulkhead, deck and shell penetrations,
welding details, pipe joint details, etc. This information may be included in the system plans, if
desired.
341
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
SECTION
Metallic Piping
Application
4-6-2
4-6-2/1
The provisions of Part 4, Chapter 6, Section 2 (referred to as Section 4-6-2) cover metallic piping.
They include requirements for pipe materials, pipe design, and pipe fabrication, inspection and
testing. They also include general requirements for shipboard installation practices. Requirements for
plastic piping are provided in Section 4-6-3.
Materials
4-6-2/3
While references are made to material specifications in Section 2-3-12, Section 2-3-13, Section 2-3-16
and Section 2-3-17, equivalent materials complying with a national or international standard will be
considered for acceptance.
3.1
Ferrous 4-6-2/3.1
3.1.1
Steel Pipes 4-6-2/3.1.1

3.1.1(a) Material specifications. Material specifications for acceptable steel pipes are in
Section 2-3-12. Materials equivalent to these specifications will be considered.
3.1.1(b) Application of seamless and welded pipes. The application of seamless and welded
pipes is to be in accordance with the following table:
Seamless
pipes
Class I
Class II
Class III
Note:
3.1.2
permitted
permitted
permitted
Electric
resistance welded
pipes
permitted
permitted
permitted
Furnace butt
welded pipes
not permitted
not permitted
permitted (1)
Except for flammable fluids.
Forged and Cast Steels 4-6-2/3.1.2

Material specifications for steel forgings and steel castings are given in Section 2-3-7 and
Section 2-3-9 respectively. There is no service limitation except as indicated in 4-6-2/3.1.5
and 4-6-2/3.1.6.
343
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
2
3.1.3

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
Gray Cast Iron (2002)4-6-2/3.1.3

Material specifications for gray cast iron (also called ordinary cast iron) are given in Section
2-3-11. Cast iron components should not be used in systems that are exposed to pressure
shock, vibration or excessive strain. In general, gray cast iron pipes, valves and fittings may
be used only in Class III piping systems. Specifically, gray cast iron is not to be used for the
following applications:
Valves and fittings for temperatures above 220C (428F)
Valves connected to the collision bulkhead (see 4-6-2/9.7.3)
Valves connected to the shell of the vessel (see 4-6-2/9.13.2)
Valves fitted on the outside of fuel oil, lubricating oil, cargo oil and hydraulic oil
tanks where subjected to a static head of oil [see, for example, 4-6-4/13.5.3(a)]
Valves mounted on boilers except as permitted for heating boilers (see 4-4-1/9.3.2)
Pipes, valves and fittings in cargo oil piping on weather decks for pressures exceeding
16 bar (16.3 kgf/cm2, 232 psi) [see 5-1-7/3.3.2(e)]
Pipes, valves and fittings in cargo oil manifolds for connection to cargo handling
hoses [see 5-1-7/3.3.2(e)]
3.1.4
Nodular (Ductile) Iron 4-6-2/3.1.4

Material specifications for nodular iron are given in Section 2-3-10. Nodular iron is not
permitted for the construction of valves and fittings for temperatures of 350C (662F) and
above.
Nodular iron may be used for Classes I and II piping systems and for valves listed in
4-6-2/3.1.3 provided it has an elongation of not less than 12% in 50 mm (2 in).
3.1.5
Elevated Temperature Applications 4-6-2/3.1.5

In general, carbon and carbon-manganese steel pipes, valves and fittings for pressure service
are not to be used for temperatures above 400C (752F) unless their metallurgical behavior
and time dependent strengths are in accordance with national or international codes or
standards and that such behavior and strengths are guaranteed by the steel manufacturers.
Consideration is to be given to the possibility of graphite formation in the following steels:
Carbon steel above 425C (797F)
Carbon-molybdenum steel above 470C (878F)
Chrome-molybdenum steel (with chromium under 0.60%) above 525C (977F)
3.1.6
3.3
Low Temperature Applications 4-6-2/3.1.6

Ferrous materials used in piping systems operating at lower than -18C (0F) are to have
adequate notch toughness property. Specifications of acceptable materials are in Section
2-3-13. Materials for piping systems of liquefied gas carriers are to comply with 5-8-5/2.6.
Copper and Copper Alloys 4-6-2/3.3

Material specifications for copper and copper alloy pipes and castings are given in Section 2-3-14,
344
Part
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Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
Copper and copper alloys are not to be used for fluids having a temperature greater than the
following:
Copper-nickel:
300C (572F)
High temperature bronze:
260C (500F)
All other copper and copper alloys: 200C (392F)

Copper and copper alloy pipes may be used for Classes I and II systems, provided they are of the
seamless drawn type. Seamless drawn and welded copper pipes are acceptable for Class III systems.
Design
5.1
Pipes 4-6-2/5.1
4-6-2/5
The wall thickness of pipes is not to be less than the greater of the value obtained by 4-6-2/5.1.1 or
4-6-2/5.1.3. However, 4-6-2/5.1.2 may be used as an alternative to 4-6-2/5.1.1.
5.1.1
Pipes Subject to Internal Pressure (2002)4-6-2/5.1.1

The minimum wall thickness is not to be less than that calculated by the following equations
or that specified in 4-6-2/5.1.3, whichever is greater. Units of measure are given in the order
of SI (MKS, US) units, respectively. The use of these equations is subject to the following
conditions:
The following requirements apply for pipes where the outside to inside diameter ratio
does not exceed the value of 1.7.
Ferrous materials are to be those that have specified elevated temperature tensile
properties required below.
t = (t0 + b + c)m
t0 =
PD
KSe + P
where
minimum required pipe wall thickness (nominal wall thickness less

manufacturing tolerance) ; mm (mm, in)
t0
minimum required pipe wall thickness due to internal pressure only; mm

(mm, in)
design pressure; bar (kgf/cm2, psi)
outside diameter of pipe; mm (mm, in)
20 (200, 2) for SI (MKS, US) units of measure, respectively
permissible stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi); to be determined by a) or b)

below:
a)
Carbon steel and alloy steel pipes with specified minimum

elevated temperature yield or 0.2% proof stress: S is to be the
lowest of the following three values:
2 .7
1 .8
1 .8
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4-6-2
where
b)
e
specified minimum tensile strength at room

temperature, i.e., 20C (68F).
specified minimum yield strength at the design

temperature.
average stress to produce rupture in 100,000 hours at

the design temperature.
Copper and copper alloys: S is to be in accordance with

4-6-2/Table 2.
efficiency factor, to be equated to:

1.0 for seamless pipes
1.0 for electric-resistance welded pipes manufactured to a recognized
standard
0.6 for furnace butt-welded pipes
For other welded pipes, the joint efficiency is to be determined based on
the welding procedure and the manufacturing and inspection processes.
allowance for bending; mm (mm, in). The value for b is to be chosen in

such a way that the calculated stress in the bend, due to the internal
pressure only, does not exceed the permissible stress. When the bending
allowance is not determined by a more accurate method, it is to be taken
as:
b = 0.4
D
t0
R
mean radius of the bend; mm (mm, in)
corrosion allowance; mm (mm, in); to be determined as follows:

For steel pipes, the value for c is to be in accordance with 4-6-2/Table 3.
For non-ferrous metal pipes (excluding copper-nickel alloys containing
10% or more nickel), c = 0.8 mm (0.03 in).
For copper-nickel alloys containing 10% or more nickel, c = 0.5 mm
(0.02 in).
Where the pipe material is corrosion resistant with respect to the media,
e.g., special alloy steel, c = 0.
coefficient to account for negative manufacturing tolerance when pipe is

ordered by its nominal wall thickness, calculated as follows:
m=
346
100
100 a
percentage negative manufacturing tolerance, or 12.5% where a is not

available
Part
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5.1.2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
Pipes Subject to Internal Pressure Alternative Equation 4-6-2/5.1.2

As an alternative to 4-6-2/5.1.1, for steel pipe specifications in Section 2-3-12, the minimum
wall thickness may be determined by the following equations or that specified in 4-6-2/5.1.3,
whichever is greater. Units of measure are given in the order of SI (MKS, US) units,
respectively.
t=
PD
+c
KS + MP
where
P, D, K, t are as defined in 4-6-2/5.1.1; and
P
for calculation purpose, not to be taken as less then 8.6 bar, 8.8 kgf/cm2
(125 psi)
allowable stress from 4-6-2/Table 1; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi).
factor, from 4-6-2/Table 1.
allowance for threading grooving or mechanical strength, and is to be as

given below:
Plain end pipe 100 mm (4 in) NB: 1.65 mm (0.065 in)
Plain end pipe 100 mm (4 in) NB for hydraulic oil service: 0
Plain end pipe > 100 mm (4 in) NB: 0
Threaded pipe 9.5 mm (3/8 in) NB: 1.27 mm (0.05 in)
Threaded pipe > 9.5 mm (3/8 in) NB: [0.8 (mm per thread)] or
[0.8 (threads per in)]
Grooved pipe: depth of groove
The above method of calculation may also be used for determining required wall thickness for
pipes of other materials. In such cases, the value of S may be obtained from ANSI B31.1
Code for Power Piping.
5.1.3
5.3
Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness 4-6-2/5.1.3

Not withstanding 4-6-2/5.1.1 or 4-6-2/5.1.2, the minimum wall thickness of pipes is not to be
less than that indicated in 4-6-2/Table 4 for steel pipes, and 4-6-2/Table 5A and
4-6-2/Table 5B for other metal pipes. The wall thicknesses listed in these tables are nominal
wall thicknesses. When using the tables, no allowances need be made to account for negative
tolerance or reduction in thickness due to bending.
Pipe Branches 4-6-2/5.3

Pipe branches may be made by the use of standard branch fittings or by welded fabrication. In the
case of welded fabrication, the main pipe is weakened by the hole that must be made in it to
accommodate the branch pipe. The opening is to be compensated as follows:
Excess wall thickness, over and above the minimum required wall thickness of the main pipe
and the branch required for pressure service (disregarding corrosion allowance and
manufacturing tolerances) determined by the equation in 4-6-2/5.1.1 or 4-6-2/5.1.2 may be
considered for this purpose.
The opening may be compensated with reinforcement pads.
The opening and its compensation may be designed in accordance with the criteria of opening
reinforcement of a pressure vessel. See, for example, 4-4-1A1/7.
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Metallic Piping
4-6-2
Pipe Joints 4-6-2/5.5

5.5.1
Butt Welded Joints 4-6-2/5.5.1

Butt welded joints, where complete penetration at the root is achieved, may be used for all
classes of piping. Degree of verification of sound root penetration is to be in accordance with
2-4-4/5 and 2-4-4/11.
5.5.2
Socket Welded Joints 4-6-2/5.5.2

Socket welded joints using standard fittings may be used for Classes I (except toxic and
corrosive fluid services) and II piping up to and including 80 mm (3 in) nominal diameter,
and for Class III without limitation. The fillet weld leg size is to be at least 1.1 times the
nominal thickness of the pipe. See 4-6-2/Figure 1.
5.5.3
Slip-on Welded Sleeve Joints 4-6-2/5.5.3

Slip-on welded sleeve joints may be used for Classes I (except toxic and corrosive fluid
services) and II piping up to and including 80 mm (3 in) nominal diameter, provided that:
the inside diameter of the sleeve is not to exceed the outside diameter of the pipe by
more than 2 mm (0.08 in),
the depth of insertion of the pipe into the sleeve is to be at least 9.5 mm (0.375 in),
the gap between the two pipes is to be at least 2 mm (0.08 in), and
the fillet weld leg size is as per 4-6-2/5.5.2, see 4-6-2/Figure 1.
Slip-on welded sleeve joints may be used for Class III piping without size limitation. In such
cases, joint design and attachment weld sizes may be in accordance with a recognized
alternative standard.
FIGURE 1
Socket Welded and Slip-on Welded Sleeve Joints
1.1t
t
1.5 mm approx. before welding
Typical Socket Weld Joint

9.5 mm
1.1t
t
Di
do
Di do 2 mm
2 mm
Typical Slip-on Welded Sleeve Joint
5.5.4
348
Flanged Joints 4-6-2/5.5.4

Flanges of all types (see 4-6-2/Table 6 for typical types) conforming to and marked in
accordance with a recognized national standard may be used within the pressure-temperature
ratings of the standard, subject to limitations indicated in 4-6-2/Table 7. For flanges not
conforming to a recognized standard, calculations made to a recognized method are to be
submitted for review. Non-standard flanges are to be subjected to the same limitations
indicated in 4-6-2/Table 7.
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Metallic Piping
4-6-2
Flanges conforming to a standard are to be attached to pipes by welding or other acceptable

means as specified in the standard. For example, slip-on flanges conforming to ANSI B16.5
are to be attached to pipes by a double fillet weld having throat size of not less than 0.7 times
the wall thickness of the pipe. Non-standard flanges are to be attached to pipes by a method
approved with the design.
5.5.5
Threaded Joints 4-6-2/5.5.5

5.5.5(a) Taper-thread joints. Threaded joints having tapered pipe threads complying with a
recognized standard are not to be used for toxic and corrosive fluid services and for all
services of temperatures exceeding 495C (923F). They may be used for Classes I and II
piping subject to limitations indicated in the table below. They may be used for Class III
piping without limitation. For hydraulic oil system, see 4-6-7/Table 1.
Pipe nominal diameter, d

mm
in.
Maximum pressure permitted

psi
bar
kgf/cm2
d > 80
d>3
80 d > 50
3d>2
Not permitted for Classes I & II

27.6
28.1
400
50 d > 25
2d>1
41.4
42.2
600
25 d > 20
1 d > 0.75
82.8
84.4
1200
d 20
d 0.75
103
105.5
1500
5.5.5(b) Taper-thread joints for hydraulic oil system. Taper-thread joints up to 80 mm (3 in)
nominal diameter may be used without pressure limitation for connection to equipment only,
such as pumps, valves, cylinders, accumulators, gauges and hoses. When such fittings are
used solely to join sections of pipe, they are to be in accordance with 4-6-2/5.5.5(a). However,
hydraulic systems for the following services are to comply with 4-6-2/5.5.5(a) in all respects:
Steering gear hydraulic systems
Controllable pitch propeller hydraulic systems
Hydraulic systems associated with propulsion or propulsion control
5.5.5(c) Straight-thread o-ring joints. For hydraulic oil piping, straight thread o-ring type
fittings may also be used for connections to equipment, without pressure and service
limitation, but are not to be used for joining sections of pipe.
5.5.6
Flared, Flareless and Compression Screw Fittings 4-6-2/5.5.6

5.5.6(a) Non-flammable fluid service. Flared, flareless and compression type screw fittings
(see 4-6-2/Figure 2) may be used in Class I and Class II piping systems for tube sizes not
exceeding 60 mm (2.4 in) OD. Flared, flareless and compression type screw fittings are
permitted in Class III piping systems without size limitations.
5.5.6(b) Flammable fluid service. In addition to the limitations in 4-6-2/5.5.6(a), in general,

bite type fittings which indent the wall thickness of the tube are not to be used for flammable
fluid systems. However, if such fittings are in compliance with a recognized standard, they
may be used in flammable fluid systems. Acceptable bite-type fittings, and flared or
compression fittings are to be used with the following tube materials only:
Acceptable bite type, flared and compression fittings may be used for flammable
fluids when the tube is steel, copper-nickel or nickel-copper alloy.
Only flared fittings are to be used for flammable fluids when the tube is copper or
copper-zinc alloys.
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Metallic Piping
4-6-2
FIGURE 2
Typical Bite-type, Compression Type and Flared Type Fittings
5.7
Flexible and Expansion Joints 4-6-2/5.7

5.7.1
Hoses 4-6-2/5.7.1
5.7.1(a) Application. Hoses may be installed between two points to provide flexibility, to
isolate or control vibrations, or to compensate for misalignment. Hoses are not to be subject to
torsional deflection (twisting) under normal operating conditions. Their lengths are to be
limited to that necessary to provide flexibility and for proper operation of the machinery.
Hoses may be used in all classes of piping subject to pressure, temperature, and fluid service
limitations as specified by the manufacturers.
5.7.1(b) Hose-end fittings. In general, hoses are to be furnished complete with factory
assembled end fittings, or end fittings may be installed on the hose in accordance with
manufacturers procedures. Hose clamps are not permitted except for cooling water systems
for engines with a cylinder bore not exceeding 300 mm (11.8 in). Where permitted each hose
end is to fitted with at least two stainless steel hose clamps. The hose clamps are to be at least
12 mm (0.5 in) wide and are not to be dependent upon spring tension to remain fastened.
5.7.1(c) Hose material. Hose material is to be suitable for the intended fluid service. Hoses
for flammable fluid service are to be of fire-resistant materials and reinforced with wire braid
or other suitable material. To be considered fire-resistant, a prototype of the hose is to be
subjected to a fire test in accordance with 4-6-2/5.7.1(e).
5.7.1(d) Maximum allowable working pressure. The maximum allowable working pressure
of a hose is not to be greater than 25% of the hydrostatic bursting pressure determined by a
burst test of a prototype hose assembly with end fittings. Results of the burst test are to be
submitted.
5.7.1(e) Fire resistant test. In order for a non-metallic flexible hose to be considered fireresistant, a prototype of the hose is to be subjected to a fire test for at least 30 minutes at a
temperature of not less than 800C (1472F) while water at the maximum service pressure is
circulated inside. The temperature of the water at the outlets is not to be less than 80C
(176F) during the test. The tested hose is to be complete with end fittings and no leakage is
to be recorded during or after the test. In lieu of maximum service pressure, the fire test may
be conducted with the circulating water at a pressure of at least 5 bar (5.1 kgf/cm2,
72.5 lb/in2), and with a subsequent pressure test to twice the design pressure.
5.7.2
Molded Expansion Joints (2004) 4-6-2/5.7.2

5.7.2(a) Molded Non-metallic Expansion Joints. Where molded expansion joints made of
reinforced rubber or other suitable non-metallic materials are proposed for use in Class III
circulating water systems in machinery spaces, the following requirements apply:
The expansion joint is to be oil resistant.
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4-6-2
The maximum allowable working pressure is not to be greater than 25% of the
hydrostatic bursting pressure determined by a burst test of a prototype expansion
joint. Results of the burst test are to be submitted.
Plans of molded or built-up expansion joints over 150 mm (6 in), including internal
reinforcement arrangements, are to be submitted for approval. Such joints are to be
permanently marked with the manufacturers name and the month and year of
manufacture.
5.7.2(b) Molded Expansion Joints of Composite Construction. Where molded expansion
joints of composite construction utilizing metallic material, such as steel or stainless steel or
equivalent material, with rubberized coatings inside and/or outside or similar arrangements
are proposed for use in oil piping systems (fuel, lubricating or hydraulic oil), the following
requirements apply:
Expansion joint ratings for temperature, pressure, movements and selection of
materials are to be suitable for the intended service.
The maximum allowable working pressure of the system is not to be greater than 25%
of the hydrostatic bursting pressure determined by a burst test of a prototype
expansion joints. Results of the burst test are to be submitted.
The expansion joints are to pass the fire resistant test specified in 4-6-2/5.7.1(e).
The expansion joints are to be permanently marked with the manufacturers name and
the month and year of manufacture.
Molded expansion joints may be Type Approved; see 1-1-A3/1.
5.9
5.7.3
Metallic Bellow Type Expansion Joints 4-6-2/5.7.3

Metallic bellow type expansion joints may be used in all classes of piping, except that where
used in Classes I and II piping, they will be considered based upon satisfactory review of the
design. Detailed plans of the joint are to be submitted along with calculations and/or test
results verifying the pressure and temperature rating and fatigue life.
5.7.4
Slip Type Expansion Joints 4-6-2/5.7.4

Use of slip type expansion joints is to be approved in each case. In general, they are not to be
used where possible leakage from the joint will constitute a fire or explosion hazard.
Adequate provision is to be made to prevent separation of the joint.
Valves 4-6-2/5.9
5.9.1
Standard 4-6-2/5.9.1
In general, valves are to comply with a recognized national standard, and are to be
permanently marked in accordance with the requirements of the standard, see 4-6-1/7.1.4. For
valves not complying with a recognized national standard, see 4-6-2/5.13.
5.9.2
Design Pressure 4-6-2/5.9.2

The design pressure of valves intended for use on board a vessel is to be at least the maximum
pressure to which they will be subjected but at least 3.5 bar (3.6 kgf/cm2, 50 lb/in2). Valves
used in open-ended systems, except those attached to side shell (see 4-6-2/9.13), may be
designed for pressure below 3.5 bar. Such valves may include those in vent and drain lines,
and those mounted on atmospheric tanks which are not part of the pump suction or discharge
piping (e.g., level gauges, drain cocks, and valves in inert gas and vapor emission control
system).
351
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6
2
5.9.3

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
Construction Details 4-6-2/5.9.3

5.9.3(a) Handwheel. All valves are to close with a right hand (clockwise) motion of the
handwheel when facing the end of the stem. Valves are to be either of the rising stem type or
fitted with an indicator to show whether the valve is open or closed.
5.9.3(b) Bonnet. All valves of Classes I and II piping systems having nominal diameters
exceeding 50 mm (2 in.) are to have bolted, pressure seal or breech lock bonnets. All valves
for Classes I and II piping systems and valves intended for use in steam or oil services are to
be constructed so that the stem is positively restrained from being screwed out of the body.
All cast iron valves are to have bolted bonnets or are to be of the union bonnet type. For cast
iron valves of the union bonnet type, the bonnet ring is to be of steel, bronze or malleable
iron.
5.9.3(c) Valve trim. Stems, discs or disc faces, seats and other wearing parts of valves are to
be of corrosion resistant materials suitable for intended service. Resilient materials, where
used, are subject to service limitations as specified by the manufacturers. Use of resilient
materials in valves intended for fire mains (see 4-7-3/1.11.1) is to be specifically approved
based on submittal of certified fire endurance tests conforming to a recognized standard.
5.9.3(d) Valve ends. All valves of Classes I and II piping systems having nominal diameters
exceeding 50 mm (2 in.) are to have flanged or welded ends. Welded ends are to be butt
welding type, except that socket welding ends may be used for valves having nominal
diameters of 80 mm (3 in.) or less (see 4-6-2/5.5.2).
5.9.4
5.11
Manufacturers Guarantee 4-6-2/5.9.4

The manufacturer of a valve is to guarantee that the valve is constructed to the standard and
conforming to the identifications to which it is marked. The manufacturer is to guarantee also
that the valve has been tested before shipment to the pressure required by the pressure rating
of the valve. The certificate of test is to be submitted upon request.
Safety Relief Valves 4-6-2/5.11

Safety relief valves are to be treated as valves for the purposes of these Rules and are to be
constructed of materials permitted for the piping system classes and services in which they are
installed. In general, they are also to comply with a recognized standard for relieving capacity.
5.13
Non-standard Components 4-6-2/5.13

Components not manufactured to a recognized national standard are preferably to be Type Approved
(see 1-1-A3/5). They may be considered for acceptance based on manufacturers specified pressure
and temperature ratings and on presenting evidence, such as design calculations or type test data, that
they are suitable for the intended purpose. For Classes I and II piping applications, drawings showing
details of construction, materials, welding procedures, etc., as applicable, are to be submitted for such
components, along with the basis for the pressure and temperature ratings.
5.15
Type Approval Program 4-6-2/5.15

The Type Approval Program (as described in Appendix 1-1-A3) may be applied to design evaluation
and approval of piping components in 4-6-2/5.5 through 4-6-2/5.13. Each product approved under this
program need not be subjected to further design review or a prototype test, or both, each time the
product is proposed for use. Approved products will also be listed in the Bureaus publication List of
Type Approved Equipment.
352
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2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
Fabrication and Tests
7.1
Welded Fabrication 4-6-2/7.1
4-6-2
4-6-2/7
Requirements for welding of pipes and fittings, heat treatment and nondestructive testing are given in
Section 2-4-4. For the purpose of radiography, see 2-4-4/11.3.1.
7.3
Hydrostatic Tests (2002)4-6-2/7.3

7.3.1
Hydrostatic Test of Pipes Before Installation Onboard 4-6-2/7.3.1

All Classes I and II pipes and integral fittings after completion of shop fabrication, but before
insulation and coating, are to be hydrostatically tested in the presence of a Surveyor,
preferably before installation, at the following pressure.
PH = 1.5P
where PH = test pressure, and P = design pressure.
Class III steam, boiler feed, compressed air and fuel oil pipes and their integral fittings, where
the design pressure is greater than 3.5 bar (3.6 kgf/cm2, 50 psi), are to be hydrostatically
tested to the test pressure pH, as defined above.
Small bore pipes and tubes of less than 15 mm outside diameter may be exempted from the
required hydrostatic test, depending on the intended application.
For steel pipes and integral fittings where the design temperature is above 300C (572F), the
test pressure is to be determined by the following formula, but need not exceed 2P. The test
pressure may be reduced, however, to avoid excessive stress in way of bends to 1.5P. In no
case is the membrane stress to exceed 90% of the yield stress at the test temperature.
PH = 1.5P
S100
ST
where S100 = permissible stress at 100C (212F), and ST = permissible stress at design
temperature.
Where it is not possible to carry out the required hydrostatic tests for all segments of pipes
and integral fittings before installation, the remaining segments, including the closing seams,
may be so tested after installation. Or, where it is intended to carry out all of the required
hydrostatic tests after installation, such tests may be conducted in conjunction with those
required in 4-6-2/7.3.3. In both of these cases, testing procedures are to be submitted to the
Surveyor for acceptance.
7.3.2
Hydrostatic Tests of Shell Valves 4-6-2/7.3.2

All valves intended for installation on the side shell at or below the deepest load waterline,
including those at the sea chests, are to be hydrostatically tested in the presence of the
Surveyor, before installation, to a pressure of at least 5 bar (5.1 kgf/cm2, 72.5 psi).
7.3.3
Tests After Installation 4-6-2/7.3.3

7.3.3(a) General. All piping systems are to be tested in the presence of the Surveyor under
working conditions after installation and checked for leakage. Where necessary, other
techniques of tightness test in lieu of a working pressure test may be considered.
353
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4-6-2
7.3.3(b) Specific Systems. The following piping systems are to be hydrostatically tested in the
presence of the Surveyor after installation to 1.5P, but not less than 4 bar (4.1 kgf/cm2, 58
psi).
gas and liquid fuel systems
heating coils in tanks
For cargo oil, liquefied gas, and chemical cargo and associated piping, see Part 5.
7.3.4
7.5
Pneumatic Tests in Lieu of Hydrostatic Tests 4-6-2/7.3.4

In general, pneumatic tests in lieu of hydrostatic test are not permitted. Where it is
impracticable to carry out the required hydrostatic tests, pneumatic tests may be considered.
In such cases, the procedure for carrying out the pneumatic test, having regard to safety of
personnel, is to be submitted to the Surveyor for review.
Resistance Testing 4-6-2/7.5

Piping required by 4-6-2/9.15 to be electrically earthed (grounded) to the hull are to be checked in the
presence of the Surveyor to ensure that the resistance from any point along the piping to the hull does
not exceed 1 M. Where bonding straps are used, they are to be located in visible locations.
Installation Details
9.1
Protection from Mechanical Damage 4-6-2/9.1
4-6-2/9
All piping located in a position where it is liable to mechanical damage is to be protected. The
protective arrangements are to be capable of being removed to enable inspection.
9.3
Protection of Electrical Equipment 4-6-2/9.3

The routing of pipes in the vicinity of switchboards and other electrical equipment is to be avoided as
far as possible. When such a routing is necessary, care is to be taken to fit no flanges or joints over or
near the equipment unless provision is made to prevent any leakage from injuring the equipment.
9.5
Provisions for Expansion and Contraction of Piping (2004) 4-6-2/9.5

Provision is to be made to take care of expansion and contraction of piping due to temperature and
pressure variations as well as working of the hull. Suitable provisions include, but are not limited to
piping bends, elbows, offsets and changes in direction of the pipe routing or expansion joints.
Where expansion joints are used, the following requirements apply:
354
i)
Pipe support. Adjoining pipes are to be suitably supported so that the expansion joints do not
carry any significant pipe weight.
ii)
Alignment. Expansion joints are not to be used to make up for piping misalignment errors.
Misalignment of an expansion joint reduces the rated movements and can induce severe
stresses into the joint material, thus causing reduced service life. Alignment is to be within
tolerances specified by the expansion joint manufacturer.
iii)
Anchoring. Expansion joints are to be installed as close as possible to an anchor point.

Where an anchoring system is not used, control rods may be installed on the expansion joint
to prevent excessive movements from occurring due to pressure thrust of the line.
iv)
Mechanical damage.
mechanical damage.
Where necessary, expansion joints are to be protected against
Part
Chapter
Section
9.7
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
v)
Accessible location. Expansion joints are to be installed in accessible locations to permit

regular inspection and/or periodic servicing.
vi)
Mating flange. Mating flanges are to be clean and usually of the flat faced type. When
attaching beaded end flange expansion joints to raised face flanges, the use of ring gasket is
permitted. Rubber expansion joints with beaded end flange are not to be installed next to
wafer type check or butterfly valves. Serious damage to the rubber flange bead can result due
to lack of flange surface and/or bolt connection.
Piping Penetrations Through Bulkheads, Decks and Tank tops 4-6-2/9.7

9.7.1
Watertight Integrity 4-6-2/9.7.1

Where it is necessary for pipes to penetrate watertight bulkheads, decks or tank tops, the
penetrations are to be made by methods which will maintain the watertight integrity. For this
purpose, bolted connections are to have bolts threaded into the plating from one side; through
bolts are not to be used. Welded connections are either to be welded on both sides or to have
full penetration welds from one side.
9.7.2
Fire Tight Integrity 4-6-2/9.7.2

Where pipes penetrate bulkheads, decks or tank-tops which are required to be fire tight or
smoke tight, the penetrations are to be made by approved methods which will maintain the
same degree of fire tight or smoke tight integrity.
9.7.3
Collision Bulkhead Penetrations 4-6-2/9.7.3

Piping penetrating collision bulkheads is to comply with the following requirements:
i)
Pipes which penetrate collision bulkhead are to be fitted with valves complying with
the following:
The valves are to be secured directly to the collision bulkhead inside the forepeak.
Alternatively, the valves may be located outside of the forepeak tank provided they
are secured to the after side of the collision bulkhead and the valves are readily
accessible at all times. These valves are not to be located in a cargo space.
The valves are to be operable (open and close) from a position above the bulkhead
deck and are to have open/closed indicators locally and above the bulkhead deck, see
4-6-2/5.9.3(a).
Gray cast iron valves are not acceptable. The use of nodular iron valve is acceptable,
see 4-6-2/3.1.4.
ii)
9.7.4
9.9
No valves or cocks for sluicing (draining) are to be fitted on a collision bulkhead.
Valve in Watertight Bulkhead for Sluicing Purposes 4-6-2/9.7.4

Where valves are fitted directly onto watertight bulkheads without piping on either side for
sluicing, drainage or liquid transfer, the valves are to be readily accessible at all times and are
to be operable (open and close) from a position above the bulkhead deck. Indicators are to be
provided to show whether the valves are open or closed.
Protection from Overpressure 4-6-2/9.9

9.9.1
General 4-6-2/9.9.1
Each piping system or part of a system which may be exposed to a pressure greater than that
for which it is designed is to be protected from overpressurization by a relief valve. Other
protective devices, such as bursting disks, may be considered for some systems.
355
Part
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Section
9.11
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
9.9.2
System Pressurized by Centrifugal Pumps 4-6-2/9.9.2

Where systems are served only by centrifugal pumps such that the pressure delivered by the
pump cannot exceed the design pressure of the piping, relief valves are not necessary.
9.9.3
Relief Valve Discharges 4-6-2/9.9.3

For systems conveying flammable liquids or gases, relief valves are to be arranged to
discharge back to the suction side of the pump or to a tank. A relief valve of a CO2 system is
to be discharged outside the CO2 container storage compartment. In all cases, when
discharging directly to the atmosphere, discharge is not to impinge on other piping or
equipment and is to be directed away from areas used by personnel.
9.9.4
Setting 4-6-2/9.9.4
Relief valves are to be set at pressures not exceeding the piping design pressure. For a
hydraulic system, see 4-6-7/3.7.2; for a steering gear hydraulic piping system, see 4-3-4/9.1.6.
9.9.5
Pressure Vessels Associated with Piping System 4-6-2/9.9.5

A pressure vessel, which can be isolated from piping system relief valves, is to have another
relief valve fitted either directly on the pressure vessel or between the pressure vessel and the
isolation valve.
Temperature and Pressure Sensing Devices 4-6-2/9.11

9.11.1 Temperature 4-6-2/9.11.1
Where thermometers or other temperature sensing devices are fitted in piping systems,
thermometer wells are to be used so that the devices can be removed without impairing the
integrity of the pressurized system.
9.11.2 Pressure 4-6-2/9.11.2
Where pressure gauges or other pressure sensing devices are fitted in piping systems, valves
are to be provided so that the devices can be isolated and removed without impairing the
integrity of the pressurized system.
9.11.3 Tanks 4-6-2/9.11.3
Pressure, temperature and level sensing devices installed in tanks at locations where they are
subjected to a static head of liquid are to be fitted with valves or arranged such that they may
be removed without emptying the tank.
9.13
Shell Connections 4-6-2/9.13

9.13.1 General 4-6-2/9.13.1
Positive closing valves are to be fitted at the shell at inlets (including sea chests) and
discharges. Discharges from scuppers and drains are to be fitted with valves as required by
4-6-4/3.3. Where it is impractical to install the valve directly at the shell, a distance piece can
be provided. Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat are not to be used for connection
to the shell where the failure of the material in the event of a fire would give rise to danger of
flooding. Discharges at the shell are to be so located as to prevent any discharge from falling
onto a lowered lifeboat.
356
Part
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Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
9.13.2 Valves 4-6-2/9.13.2

Shell valves are to comply with the following requirements:
i)
Gray cast iron valves are not to be used as shell valves. Nodular iron valves are
acceptable, see 4-6-2/3.1.4.
ii)
Shell valves are to be installed such that the inboard piping can be removed and the
valve can remain in place without impairing the watertight integrity. Wafer-type
butterfly valves are not acceptable. Butterfly valves with lugs, however, may be
accepted.
iii)
Controls for positive closing valves are to be readily accessible and controllable from
the floors or gratings. Open or closed indicators are to be provided, see 4-6-2/5.9.3(a).
iv)
Power-operated valves are to be arranged for manual operation in the event of a

failure of the power supply.
v)
For hydrostatic tests, see 4-6-2/7.3.2.
9.13.3 Connection Details (2002)4-6-2/9.13.3

Where the valve is connected directly to the shell, studs can be used if a reinforcing ring of
substantial thickness (a heavy pad) is welded to the inside of the shell. In this case, the studs
are to be threaded into the reinforcing ring and are not to penetrate the shell.
Where a distance piece is fitted between the shell and the shell valves, the pipe is to be of
steel and of wall thickness not less than that specified below:
Nominal size, d
Min. wall thickness
d 65 mm (2.5 in.)
7 mm (0.276 in.)
d = 150 mm (6 in.)
10 mm (0.394 in.)
d 200 mm (8 in.)
12.5 mm (0.492 in.)
For intermediate nominal pipe sizes, the wall thicknesses are to be obtained by linear
interpolation as follows:
For 65 < d < 150:
7 + 0.035(d 65) mm
or
For 150 < d < 200: 10 + 0.05(d 150) mm or
0.28 + 0.034(d 2.5) in.

0.39 + 0.05(d 6.0) in.
In general, the pipe is to be as short as possible. The pipe is to extend through the shell plating
and is to be welded on both sides or with full strength welds from one side. Consideration is
to be given to supporting the pipe to the surrounding structure.
Where an inlet or discharge is to pass through a wing tank or a cargo hold, the valve may be
installed on the inner bulkhead or similar location provided that the pipe between the valve
and the shell is of wall thickness not less than as specified above, with all joints welded and
with built-in provision for flexibility. Such pipes, where located in a cargo hold, are to have
protection from mechanical damage.
9.13.4 Boiler Blow-off 4-6-2/9.13.4
Boiler and evaporator blow-off overboard discharges are to have doubling plates or heavy
inserts fitted. The pipe is to extend through the doubling and the shell.
357
Part
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Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
9.13.5 Sea Chests 4-6-2/9.13.5

Sea chests are to comply with the following requirements:
9.15
i)
located in positions where the possibility of blanking off the suction is minimized;
ii)
fitted with strainer plates through which the clear area is to be at least 1.5 times the
area of the inlet valves;
iii)
means are provided for clearing the strainer plates, such as by using compressed air or
low pressure steam;
iv)
additional requirements for sea chests on ice strengthened vessels in 6-1-1/47.15,

6-1-1/47.17 and 6-1-2/35.3 are to be complied with, where applicable.
Control of Static Electricity 4-6-2/9.15

In order to prevent dangerous build-up of static charges resulting from the flow of fluid in piping, the
following items are to be earthed (grounded) to the hull such that the resistance between any point on
the piping and the hull (across joints, pipe to hull) does not exceed 1 M:
Piping and independent tanks containing fluids having flash point of 60C (140F) or less.
Piping that is routed through hazardous areas.
This can be achieved if the items are directly, or via their supports, either welded or bolted to the hull.
Bonding straps are required for items not permanently connected to the hull, for example,
independent cargo tanks,
piping which is electrically insulated from the hull,
piping which has spool pieces arranged for removal.
Bonding straps are to be:
installed in visible locations,
protected from mechanical damage,
made of corrosion-resistant material.
This requirement does not apply to tank containers.
9.17
Accessibility of Valves 4-6-2/9.17

Where the valves are required by the Rules to be readily accessible, their controls, during normal
operating conditions, are to be:
9.19
i)
located in a space normally entered without using tools;
ii)
clear of or protected from obstructions, moving equipment and hot surfaces that prevent
operation or servicing; and
iii)
within operators reach.
Common Overboard Discharge 4-6-2/9.19

In general, various types of systems which discharge overboard are not to be interconnected without
special approval; that is, closed pumping systems, deck scuppers, solid lines or sanitary drains are not
to have a common overboard discharge.
358
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 1
Allowable Stress Values S for Steel Pipes; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
(see 4-6-2/5.1.2)
Material
ABS Gr.
ASTM Gr.
Nominal
Composition
M
Gr.1
A53-FBW
Gr. 2
A53-A, ERW
C, Mn
Gr.2
A53-A, SML
C, Mn
Gr.3
A53-B, ERW
C, Mn
Gr.3
A53-B, SML
C, Mn
Gr.4
A106-A
C, Mn, Si
Gr.5
A106-B
C, Mn, Si
Gr.6
A355-P1
1/2 Mo
Gr. 7
A335-P2
1/2 Cr 1/2 Mo
Gr. 8
A135-A
Gr. 9
A135-B
Gr.11
A335-P11
1-1/4 Cr 1/2
Mo
Gr. 12
A335-P12
1 Cr 1/2 Mo
Gr. 13
A335-P22
2-1/4 Cr 1 Mo
Notes
1
2
3
Tensile
Strength
N/mm2
kgf/cm2
psi
399C
750F
427C
800F
Service temperature
455C
483C
510C
850F
900F
950F
538C
1000F
566C
1050F
593C
1100F
0.8
46.6
4.75
6500
68.3
6.96
9900
80.6
8.22
11700
84.1
8.58
12200
99.2
10.12
14400
80.7
8.23
11700
99.2
10.12
14400
95.1
9.70
13800
95.1
9.70
13800
68.3
6.96
9900
84.1
8.58
12200
103.5
10.55
15000
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
310
31.5
45000
330
33.7
48000
330
33.7
48000
415
42
60000)
415
42
60000
330
33.7
48000
415
42
60000
380
39
55000
380
39
55000
330
33.7
48000
415
42
60000
415
42
60000
29C
(0F) to
344C
(650F)
0.8
46.9
4.78
6800
70.3
7.17
10200
82.8
8.44
12000
88.3
9.0
12800
103.5
10.55
15000
82.8
8.44
12000
103.5
10.55
15000
95.1
9.70
13800
95.1
9.70
13800
70.3
7.17
10200
88.3
9.0
12800
103.5
10.55
15000
372C
700F
62.8
6.40
9100
73.7
7.52
10700
75.8
7.73
11000
89.6
9.14
13000
73.7
7.52
10700
89.6
9.14
13000
95.1
9.70
13800
95.1
9.70
13800
62.8
6.40
9100
75.8
7.73
11000
103.5
10.55
15000
53.1
5.41
7700
62.1
6.33
9000
63.4
6.47
9200
74.4
7.59
10800
62.1
6.33
9000
74.4
7.59
10800
93.1
9.49
13500
93.1
9.49
13500
53.1
5.41
7700
63.4
6.47
9200
103.5
10.55
15000
90.3
9.21
13100
90.3
9.21
13100
88.3
9.0
12800
63.4
6.47
9200
40.7
4.15
5900
99.2
10.12
14400
90.3
9.21
13100
75.8
7.73
11000
45.4
4.64
6600
28.2
2.88
4100
20.7
2.11
3000
415
42
60000
103.5
10.55
15000
103.5
10.55
15000
103.5
10.55
15000
101.7
10.37
14750
91.9
9.98
14200
90.3
9.21
13100
75.8
7.73
11000
45.5
4.64
6600
28.2
2.88
4100
19.3
1.97
2800
415
42
60000
103.5
10.55
15000
103.5
10.55
15000
103.5
10.55
15000
103.5
10.55
15000
99.2
10.12
14400
90.3
9.21
13100
75.8
7.73
11000
53.7
5.48
7800
35.9
3.66
5200
28.9
2.95
4200
Intermediate values of S and M may be determined by interpolation.

For grades of pipe other than those given in this Table, S values may be obtained from ANSI/ASME B31.1
Code for Pressure Piping.
Consideration to be given to the possibility of graphite formation in the following steels: Carbon steel above
425C (800F); carbon-molybdenum steel above 468C (875F); chrome-molybdenum steel (with chromium
under 0.60%) above 524C (975F).
359
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 2
Allowable Stress S for Copper and Copper Alloy Pipes
(see 4-6-2/5.1.1)
Material
Minimum
tensile
strength
Allowable stress S, N/mm2, kgf/mm2, psi
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
psi
50C
75C
100C
125C
150C
175C
200C
225C
250C
275C
300C
122F
167F
212F
257F
302F
347F
392F
437F
482F
527F
572F
Copper
215
22
31200
41
4.2
5950
41
4.2
5950
40
4.1
5800
40
4.1
5800
34
3.5
4930
27.5
2.8
3990
18.5
1.9
2680
Brass
325
33
47100
78
8.0
11310
78
8.0
11310
78
8.0
11310
78
8.0
11310
78
8.0
11310
51
5.2
7395
24.5
2.5
3550
68
6.9
9860
68
6.9
9860
67
6.8
9715
65.5
6.7
9500
64
6.5
9280
62
6.3
8990
59
6.0
8555
56
5.7
8120
52
5.3
7540
48
4.9
6960
44
4.5
6380
81
8.3
11745
79
8.1
11455
77
7.8
11165
75
7.6
10875
73
7.4
10585
71
7.2
10295
69
7.0
10005
67
6.8
9715
65.5
6.7
9500
64
6.5
9280
62
6.3
8990
Copper nickel 275

(with less than
28
10% nickel)
39900
Copper nickel 365
(with 10% or
more nickel) 37.2
52900
Notes
1
2
Intermediate values are to be determined by interpolation

Materials not listed in this table can be used upon approval of the permissible stress
TABLE 3
Corrosion Allowance c for Steel Pipes (see 4-6-2/5.1.1)
Piping Service
Corrosion allowance, c
mm
in
Superheated steam
0.3
0.012
Saturated steam
0.8
0.032
Steam heating coils in cargo tanks
2.0
0.079
Feed water for boilers in open circuits
1.5
0.059
Feed water for boilers in closed circuits
0.5
0.02
Blowdown for boilers
1.5
0.059
Compressed air
1.0
0.039
Hydraulic oil
0.3
0.012
Lubricating oil
0.3
0.012
Fuel oil
1.0
0.039
Cargo oil
2.0
0.079
Refrigerant
0.3
0.012
Fresh water
0.8
0.032
Sea water
3.0
0.118
Notes
For pipes passing through tanks, the proper additional corrosion allowance is to be taken into
account for the external medium.
For special alloy steels which are considered to be corrosion resistant, the corrosion allowance
can be reduced to zero.
360
Part
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Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 4
Minimum Wall Thickness for Steel Pipes (See 4-6-2/5.1.3)
Nom. Outside
size
dia.
mm
mm
6
10.2
8
13.5
10
17.2
15
21.3
20
26.9
25
33.7
32
42.4
40
48.3
50
60.3
65
76.1
80
88.9
90
101.6
100
114.3
125
139.7
150
168.3
200
219.1
250
273.0
300
323.9
350
355.6
400
406.4
450
457.0
Columns:
A
B
C
D
E
Wall thickness, mm
A
1.6
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.6
5.6
6.3
6.3
2.8
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
7.1
7.1
8.0
8.0
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
7.0
7.6
8.1
8.6
9.5
11.0
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
Nom.
size
in
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Outside
dia.
in
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.750
12.750
14.000
16.000
18.000
Wall thickness, in
A
0.063
0.071
0.071
0.079
0.079
0.079
0.091
0.091
0.091
0.102
0.114
0.114
0.126
0.142
0.157
0.177
0.197
0.220
0.220
0.248
0.248
0.110
0.110
0.126
0.138
0.138
0.150
0.165
0.165
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.228
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.165
0.165
0.165
0.165
0.165
0.165
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.228
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.280
0.315
0.315
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.248
0.276
0.300
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.432
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
(2003) Pipes in general, except where Columns B, C, D or E are applicable

Bilge, ballast and sea water pipes except those covered by column D
(2003) Vent, overflow and sounding pipes for integral tanks except those covered by column D (see Note 6 and
7) and fuel oil pipes passing through fuel oil tanks.
Bilge, ballast, vent, overflow and sounding pipes passing through fuel tanks (see Notes 6, 7 and 8).
Bilge, vent, overflow, sounding and fuel pipes passing through ballast tanks (see Note 6, 7 and 8).
Ballast pipes passing through cargo oil tanks (see Note 9).
Cargo pipes passing through ballast tanks (see Note 9).
Notes:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(2002) The minimum thicknesses are the smallest thicknesses selected from those thicknesses specified in ISO
4200 Series 1, JIS, or ASTM Standards. Notwithstanding the requirements of this Table, diameters and
thicknesses specified in other recognized standards will also be acceptable.
For threaded pipes, where approved, the thickness is to be measured to the bottom of the thread.
For pipes protected against corrosion, a reduction of thickness not exceeding 1 mm (0.039 in) may be
considered.
For minimum wall thicknesses of copper, copper alloy and austenitic stainless steel pipes, see 4-6-2/Table 5A
and 4-6-2/Table 5B.
This table is not applicable to exhaust gas pipes.
For that part of a vent pipe exposed to weather, pipe wall is to be as specified in 4-6-4/9.3.2(a)
The thickness indicated for sounding pipes is for the portions outside the tanks to which the pipe is opened.
Within bilge well, to which the pipe is not opened, the thickness is to be extra-heavy; see 4-6-4/11.3.3iv).
For bilge pipes, column D thickness applies only where required by 4-6-4/5.5.4(c).
Where permitted by 5-1-7/3.3.3 and 5-1-7/5.3.2.
(2002) For nominal sizes larger than 450 mm (18 in.), the minimum wall thickness specified for 450 mm (18 in.)
nominal size pipe is applicable.
361
Part
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Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 5A
Minimum Wall Thickness for Copper and Copper Alloy Pipes
(see 4-6-2/5.1.3)
Outside diameter
Minimum wall thickness

Copper
Copper alloy
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
8 10
0.30 0.40
1.0
0.039
0.8
0.031
12 20
0.475 0.80
1.2
0.047
1.0
0.039
25 44.5
1.00 1.75
1.5
0.059
1.2
0.047
50 76.1
2.00 3.00
2.0
0.079
1.5
0.059
88.9 108
3.50 4.25
2.5
0.098
2.0
0.079
133 159
5.25 6.25
3.0
0.118
2.5
0.098
193.7 267
7.625 10.50
3.5
0.138
3.0
0.118
273 457.2
10.75 18.00
4.0
0.157
3.5
0.138
470
18.50
4.0
0.157
3.5
0.138
508
20.00
4.5
0.177
4.0
0.157
Note:
The above minimum thicknesses are taken from those thicknesses

available in ISO Standards. Diameter and thickness according to other
recognized standards will be accepted.
TABLE 5B
Minimum Wall Thickness for Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes,
(see 4-6-2/5.1.3)
External diameter
mm
in.
mm
in.
10.2 17.2
0.40 0.68
1.0
0.039
21.3 48.3
0.84 1.90
1.6
0.063
60.3 88.9
2.37 3.50
2.0
0.079
114.3 168.3
4.50 6.63
2.3
0.091
219.1
8.63
2.6
0.102
273.0
10.75
2.9
0.114
323.9 406.4
12.75 16.00
3.6
0.142
Over 406.4
Over 16.00
4.0
0.157
Note:
362
Minimum wall thickness
The external diameters and thicknesses have been selected from

ISO-Standard 1127:1980. Diameters and thicknesses according
to other national standards may be accepted.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 6
Typical Flange Types
(see 4-6-2/5.5.4) (2002)
Flange Type
Typical Configuration
Type A
Weld neck flange, raised face or flat face with ring type gasket.
Type B
Slip-on welded hub (or without hub) flange; attached to pipe with
at least a groove weld deposited from the back of the flange and a
fillet weld or equivalent on the other side; raised face or flat face
with ring type gasket.
Type C
Slip-on welded hub (or without hub) flange; attached to pipe with
double fillet welds or equivalent; raised face or flat face with ring
type gasket.
(Must be with hub)
C3
Type D
Threaded hub flange; attached to pipe by tapered threads; some
designs require the pipe be expanded, or the threaded ends be
seal-welded; raised face or flat face with ring type gasket.
Type E
Unattached flange; no attachment to pipe
Type G
Socket-welded flange; attached to pipe by single fillet weld, with
or without groove weld, deposited from one side of the flange
only; raised face (with gasket) or flat face (with o-ring)
Notes:
Integral flanges are designs where the flange is cast or forged integrally with the pipe wall, or otherwise welded in such
a manner that the flange and the pipe wall are considered to be the equivalent of an integral structure.
Loose flanges are designs where the method of attachment of the flange to the pipe is not considered to give the
mechanical strength equivalent of an integral flange, or in which the flange has no direct connection to the pipe wall. Slipon welded flange attached to pipe with fillet welds only is generally considered a loose flange.
363
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Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 7
Limitation of Use for Typical Flange Types
(see 4-6-2/5.5.4) (2002)
Flange
type
A
Class of
piping
Limitations
I, II, III
None
I, II, III
Pressure/temperature rating ASME B16.5 Class 300 or equivalent recognized

national standard.
For steam piping additionally limited to pipe sizes d NPS 100 mm (4 in.).
[Ref. 2-4-4/5.7 and 2-4-4/17.5]

C
I, II, III
Same as for type B above.
II, III
Not for toxic fluid, corrosive fluid, volatile flammable liquid (1), liquefied gas,
fuel oil, lubricating oil, thermal oil and flammable hydraulic oil.
For other services as per limitations for type B above.
II, III
Not for toxic fluid, corrosive fluid, volatile flammable liquid (1), liquefied gas,
fuel oil, lubricating oil, thermal oil, flammable hydraulic oil and steam systems.
For water and open-ended lines.
For other services, see 4-6-2/5.13.
I, II, III
Pressure/temperature rating ASME B16.5 Class 600 and NPS 80 mm (3 in.),

or equivalent recognized national standard.
Pressure/temperature rating ASME B16.5 Class 1500 and NPS 65 mm (2.5
in.), or equivalent recognized national standard
Not to be used in steering gear and controllable pitch propeller systems.
[Ref. 2-4-4/5.7 and 2-4-4/17.5]
Note
1
364
Volatile flammable liquid is a flammable fluid heated to above its flash point, or a flammable
liquid having a flash point at or below 60C (140F) other than cargo oil.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
2

Piping Systems
Metallic Piping
4-6-2
TABLE 8
Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses
Nominal
pipe size
Outside
diameter
(in., mm)
Standard
Sch.40
Nominal wall thickness (in., mm)

Extra
strong
Sch.80
Sch.160
Double
extra strong
1/8 in.
6 mm
0.405
10.287
0.068
1.727
0.068
1.727
0.095
2.413
0.095
2.413
--
--
1/4 in.
8 mm
0.540
13.716
0.088
2.235
0.088
2.235
0.119
3.023
0.119
3.023
--
--
3/8 in.
10 mm
0.675
17.145
0.091
2.311
0.091
2.311
0.126
3.200
0.126
3.200
--
--
1/2 in.
15 mm
0.840
21.336
0.109
2.769
0.109
2.769
0.147
3.734
0.147
3.734
0.188
4.775
0.294
7.468
3/4 in.
20 mm
1.050
26.670
0.113
2.870
0.113
2.870
0.154
3.912
0.154
3.912
0.219
5.563
0.308
7.823
1 in.
25 mm
1.315
33.401
0.133
3.378
0.133
3.378
0.179
4.547
0.179
4.547
0.250
6.350
0.358
9.903
1 1/4 in.
32 mm
1.660
42.164
0.140
3.556
0.140
3.556
0.191
4.851
0.191
4.851
0.250
6.350
0.382
9.703
1 1/2 in.
40 mm
1.900
48.260
0.145
3.683
0.145
3.683
0.200
5.080
0.200
5.080
0.281
7.137
0.400
10.160
2 in.
50 mm
2.375
60.325
0.154
3.912
0.154
3.912
0.218
5.537
0.218
5.537
0.344
8.738
0.436
11.074
2 1/2 in.
65 mm
2.875
73.025
0.203
5.156
0.203
5.156
0.276
7.010
0.276
7.010
0.375
9.525
0.552
14.021
3 in.
80 mm
3.500
88.900
0.216
5.486
0.216
5.486
0.300
7.620
0.300
7.620
0.438
11.125
0.600
15.240
3 1/2 in.
90 mm
4.000
101.600
0.226
5.740
0.226
5.740
0.318
8.077
0.318
8.077
--
--
4 in.
100 mm
4.500
114.300
0.237
6.020
0.237
6.020
0.337
8.560
0.337
8.560
0.531
13.487
0.674
17.120
5 in.
125 mm
5.5.63
141.300
0.258
6.553
0.258
6.553
0.375
9.525
0.375
9.525
0.625
15.875
0.750
19.050
6 in.
150 mm
6.625
168.275
0.280
7.112
0.280
7.112
0.432
10.973
0.432
10.973
0.719
18.263
0.864
21.946
8 in.
200 mm
8.625
219.075
0.322
8.179
0.322
8.179
0.500
12.700
0.500
12.700
0.906
23.012
0.875
22.225
10 in.
250 mm
10.750
273.050
0.365
9.271
0.365
9.271
0.500
12.700
0.594
15.088
1.125
28.575
1.000
25.400
12 in.
300 mm
12.750
323.850
0.375
9.525
0.406
10.312
0.500
12.700
0.688
17.475
1.312
33.325
1.000
25.400
14 in.
350 mm
14.000
355.600
0.375
9.525
0.438
11.125
0.500
12.700
0.750
19.050
1.406
35.712
--
16 in.
400 mm
16.000
406.400
0.375
9.525
0.500
12.700
0.500
12.700
0.844
21.438
1.594
40.488
--
18 in.
450 mm
18.000
457.200
0.375
9.525
0.562
14.275
0.500
12.700
0.938
23.825
1.781
45.231
--
20 in.
500 mm
20.000
508.000
0.375
9.525
0.594
15.088
0.500
12.700
1.031
26.187
1.969
50.013
--
22 in.
550 mm
22.000
558.800
0.375
9.525
--
0.500
12.700
1.125
28.575
2.125
53.975
--
24 in.
600 mm
24.000
609.600
0.375
9.525
0.688
17.475
0.500
12.700
1.219
30.963
2.344
59.538
--
These pipe sizes and wall thicknesses are according to ANSI B36.10.
365
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
SECTION
Plastic Piping
General
4-6-3
4-6-3/1
Pipes and piping components made of thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic materials, with or
without reinforcement, may be used in piping systems referred to in 4-6-3/Table 1 subject to
compliance with the following requirements. For the purpose of these Rules plastic means both
thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials, with or without reinforcement, such as polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) and fiber reinforced plastics (FRP).
Specification
4-6-3/3
Rigid plastic pipes are to be in accordance with a recognized national or international standard
acceptable to the Bureau. Specification for the plastic pipe, including thermal and mechanical
properties and chemical resistance, is to be submitted for review together with the spacing of the pipe
supports.
Design
5.1
Internal Pressure 4-6-3/5.1
4-6-3/5
A pipe is to be designed for an internal pressure not less than the design pressure of the system in
which it will be used. The maximum internal pressure, Pint, for a pipe is to be the lesser of the
following:
Pint =
Psth
4
or
Pint =
Plth
2.5
where
Psth = short-term hydrostatic test failure pressure
Plth = long-term hydrostatic test failure pressure (> 100,000 hours)
The hydrostatic tests are to be carried out under the following standard conditions:
atmospheric pressure = 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 14.5 psi)
relative humidity = 30%
fluid temperature = 25C (77F)
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4-6-3
The hydrostatic test failure pressure may be verified experimentally or determined by a combination
of testing and calculation methods which are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval.
5.3
External Pressure 4-6-3/5.3

External pressure is to be considered for any installation which may be subject to vacuum conditions
inside the pipe or a head of liquid on the outside of the pipe. A pipe is to be designed for an external
pressure not less than the sum of the pressure imposed by the maximum potential head of liquid
outside the pipe plus full vacuum, 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 14.5 psi), inside the pipe. The maximum external
pressure for a pipe is to be determined by dividing the collapse test pressure by a safety factor of 3.
The collapse test pressure may be verified experimentally or determined by a combination of testing
and calculation methods which are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval.
5.5
Axial Strength 4-6-3/5.5

The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other dynamic and sustained loads is
not to exceed the allowable stress in the longitudinal direction. Forces due to thermal expansion,
contraction and external loads, where applicable, are to be considered when determining longitudinal
stresses in the system.
In the case of fiber reinforced plastic pipes, the sum of the longitudinal stresses is not to exceed onehalf of the nominal circumferential stress derived from the maximum internal pressure determined
according to 4-6-3/5.1. The allowable longitudinal stress may alternatively be verified experimentally
or by a combination of testing and calculation methods.
5.7
Temperature 4-6-3/5.7
The maximum allowable working temperature of a pipe is to be in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations. In each case, it is to be at least 20C (36F) lower than the
minimum heat distortion temperature of the pipe material determined according to ISO 75 method A
or equivalent. The minimum heat distortion temperature is not to be less than 80C (176F).
Where low temperature services are considered, special attention is to be given with respect to
material properties.
5.9
Impact Resistance 4-6-3/5.9

Plastic pipes and joints are to have a minimum resistance to impact in accordance with a recognized
national or international standard such as ASTM D2444 or equivalent. After the impact resistance is
tested, the specimen is to be subjected to hydrostatic pressure equal to 2.5 times the design pressure
for at least one hour.
5.11
Fire Endurance 4-6-3/5.11

4-6-3/Table 1 specifies fire endurance requirements for pipes based upon system and location. Pipes
and their associated fittings whose functions or integrity are essential to the safety of the vessel are to
meet the indicated fire endurance requirements which are described below.
5.11.1 Level 1 4-6-3/5.11.1
Level 1 will ensure the integrity of the system during a full-scale hydrocarbon fire and is
particularly applicable to systems where loss of integrity may cause outflow of flammable
liquids and worsen the fire situation. Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in
4-6-3/13 hereunder for a duration of a minimum of one hour without loss of integrity in the
dry condition is considered to meet Level 1 fire endurance standard (L1).
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Plastic Piping
4-6-3
5.11.2 Level 2 4-6-3/5.11.2

Level 2 intends to ensure the availability of systems essential to the safe operation of the
vessel after a fire of short duration, allowing the system to be restored after the fire has been
extinguished. Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in 4-6-3/13 hereunder for
a duration of a minimum of 30 minutes without loss of integrity in the dry condition is
considered to meet Level 2 fire endurance standard (L2).
5.11.3 Level 3 4-6-3/5.11.3
Level 3 is considered to provide the fire endurance necessary for a water-filled piping system
to survive a local fire of short duration. The systems functions are capable of being restored
after the fire has been extinguished. Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in
4-6-3/15 hereunder for a duration of a minimum of 30 minutes without loss of integrity in the
wet condition is considered to meet Level 3 fire endurance standard (L3).
5.11.4 Fire Endurance Coating 4-6-3/5.11.4
Where a fire protective coating of pipes and fittings is necessary for achieving the fire
endurance standards required, the following requirements apply:
5.13
i)
Pipes are generally to be delivered from the manufacturer with the protective coating
applied, with on-site application limited to that necessary for installation purposes
(i.e., joints). See 4-6-3/7.13 regarding the application of the fire protection coating on
joints.
ii)
The fire protection properties of the coating are not to be diminished when exposed to
salt water, oil or bilge slops. It is to be demonstrated that the coating is resistant to
products likely to come in contact with the piping.
iii)
In considering fire protection coatings, such characteristics as thermal expansion,

resistance against vibrations and elasticity are to be taken into account.
iv)
The fire protection coatings are to have sufficient resistance to impact to retain their
integrity.
Flame Spread 4-6-3/5.13

All pipes, except those fitted on open decks and within tanks, cofferdams, void spaces, pipe tunnels
and ducts are to have low flame spread characteristics. The test procedures in IMO Resolution
A.653(16) Recommendation on Improved Fire Test Procedures for Surface Flammability of
Bulkhead, Ceiling, and Deck Finish Materials, modified for pipes as indicated in 4-6-3/17 hereunder,
are to be used for determining the flame spread characteristics. Piping materials giving average values
for all of the surface flammability criteria not exceeding the values listed in Resolution A.653(16) are
considered to meet the requirements for low flame spread.
Alternatively, flame spread testing in accordance with ASTM D635 may be used in lieu of the IMO
flame spread test provided such test is acceptable to the appropriate administration of the vessels
registry.
5.15
Electrical Conductivity 4-6-3/5.15

5.15.1 Pipe Conductivity 4-6-3/5.15.1
Piping conveying fluids with conductivity less than 1000 pico siemens per meter are to be
electrically conductive.
5.15.2 Hazardous Areas 4-6-3/5.15.2
Regardless of the fluid being conveyed, plastic pipes are to be electrically conductive if the
piping passes through a hazardous area.
369
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Plastic Piping
4-6-3
5.15.3 Electrical Resistance 4-6-3/5.15.3

Where electrically conductive pipes are required, the resistance per unit length of the pipes
and fittings is not to exceed 1 105 /m (3 104 /ft). See also 4-6-3/7.7.
5.15.4 Non-homogeneous Conductivity 4-6-3/5.15.4
Pipes and fittings with layers having different conductivity are to be protected against the
possibility of spark damage to the pipe wall.
5.17
Marking 4-6-3/5.17
Plastic pipes and other components are to be permanently marked with identification in accordance
with a recognized standard. Identification is to include pressure ratings, the design standard that the
pipe or fitting is manufactured in accordance with, and the material with which the pipe or fitting is
made.
Installation of Plastic Pipes
7.1
Supports 4-6-3/7.1
370
4-6-3/7
7.1.1
Spacing 4-6-3/7.1.1
Selection and spacing of pipe supports in shipboard systems is to be determined as a function
of allowable stresses and maximum deflection criteria. Support spacing is not to be greater
than the pipe manufacturers recommended spacing. The selection and spacing of pipe
supports are to take into account pipe dimensions, mechanical and physical properties of the
pipe material, mass of pipe and contained fluid, external pressure, operating temperature,
thermal expansion effects, loads due to external forces, thrust forces, water hammer and
vibrations to which the system may be subjected. Combinations of these loads are to be
checked.
7.1.2
Bearing 4-6-3/7.1.2
Each support is to evenly distribute the load of the pipe and its contents over the full width of
the support. Measures are to be taken to minimize wear of the pipes where they contact the
supports.
7.1.3
Heavy Components 4-6-3/7.1.3

Heavy components in the piping system such as valves and expansion joints are to be
independently supported.
7.1.4
Working of the Hull 4-6-3/7.1.4

The supports are to allow for relative movement between the pipes and the vessels structure,
having due regard to the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion and deformations
of the vessels hull and its structure.
7.1.5
Thermal Expansion 4-6-3/7.1.5

When calculating the thermal expansion, the system working temperature and the temperature
at which assembling is performed are to be taken into account.
Part
Chapter
Section
7.3
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
External Loads 4-6-3/7.3

When installing the piping, allowance is to be made for temporary point loads, where applicable. Such
allowances are to include at least the force exerted by a load (person) of 980 N (100 kgf, 220 lbf) at
mid-span on any pipe more than 100 mm (4 in) nominal diameter.
Pipes are to be protected from mechanical damage, where necessary.
7.5
Plastic Pipe Connections 4-6-3/7.5

7.5.1
7.5.2
7.7
General Requirements 4-6-3/7.5.1

The following general principles are applicable to all pipe connections:
i)
The strength of fittings and joints is not to be less than that of the piping they connect.
ii)
Pipes may be joined using adhesive-bonded, welded, flanged or other joints.
iii)
Tightening of flanged or mechanically coupled joints is to be performed in

accordance with manufacturers instructions.
iv)
Adhesives, when used for joint assembly, are to be suitable for providing a permanent
seal between the pipes and fittings throughout the temperature and pressure range of
the intended application.
Procedure and Personal Qualifications 4-6-3/7.5.2

Joining techniques are to be in accordance with manufacturers installation guidelines.
Personnel performing these tasks are to be qualified to the satisfaction of the Bureau, and each
bonding procedure is to be qualified before shipboard piping installation commences.
Requirements for joint bonding procedures are in 4-6-3/11.
Electrical Conductivity 4-6-3/7.7

Where electrically conductive pipe is required by 4-6-3/5.15, installation of the pipe is to be in
accordance with the following provisions.
7.9
7.7.1
Resistance Measurement 4-6-3/7.7.1

The resistance to earth (ground) from any point in the system is not to exceed 1 M. The
resistance is to be checked in the presence of the Surveyor.
7.7.2
Earthing Wire 4-6-3/7.7.2

Where used, earthing wires or bonding straps are to be accessible for inspection. The
Surveyor is to verify that they are in visible locations.
Shell Connections 4-6-3/7.9

Where plastic pipes are permitted in systems connected to the shell of the vessel, the valves installed
on the shell and the pipe connection to the shell are to be metallic. The side shell valves are to be
arranged for remote control from outside the space in which the valves are located. For further details
of the shell valve installation, their connections and material, refer to 4-6-2/9.13.
7.11
Bulkhead and Deck Penetrations 4-6-3/7.11

Where it is intended to pass plastic pipes through bulkheads or decks, the following general principles
are to be complied with:
i)
The integrity of watertight bulkheads and decks is to be maintained where plastic pipes pass
through them.
371
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4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
ii)
Where plastic pipes pass through A or B class divisions, arrangements are to be made to
ensure that the fire endurance is not impaired. These arrangements are to be tested in
accordance with IMO Resolution. A.754(18), Recommendation on Fire Resistance Tests for
A, B and F Class Divisions, as amended.
iii)
If the bulkhead or deck is also a fire division and destruction by fire of plastic pipes may
cause inflow of liquid from a tank, then a metallic shut-off valve operable from above the
bulkhead deck is to be fitted at the bulkhead or deck.
Application of Fire Protection Coatings 4-6-3/7.13

Fire protection coatings are to be applied on the joints, where necessary for meeting the required fire
endurance criteria in 4-6-3/5.11, after performing hydrostatic pressure tests of the piping system (see
4-6-3/19). The fire protection coatings are to be applied in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations, using a procedure approved in each particular case.
Manufacturing of Plastic Pipes
4-6-3/9
Preferably, the manufacturer is to have a quality system and be certified in accordance with
1-1-A3/5.3 and 1-1-A3/5.5 or ISO 9001. The quality system is to consist of elements necessary to
ensure that pipes and components are produced with consistent and uniform mechanical and physical
properties in accordance with recognized standards and is to include the following tests.
i)
Samples of pipe are to be tested to determine the short-term and long-term hydrostatic design
strength. These samples are to be selected randomly from the production facilities.
ii)
For piping required to be electrically conductive, representative samples of pipe are to be

tested to determine electrical resistance per unit length.
iii)
Random samples of pipe are to be tested to determine the adhesion qualities of the coating to
the pipe.
Where the manufacturer does not have a certified quality system, the tests listed above will be
required using samples from each batch of pipes being supplied for use aboard the vessel.
Regardless of whether the manufacturer has a certified quality system, each length of pipe is to be tested at
the manufacturers production facility to a hydrostatic pressure not less than 1.5 times the maximum
allowable internal pressure of the pipe in 4-6-3/5.1.
11
Plastic Pipe Bonding Procedure Qualification
11.1
Procedure Qualification Requirements 4-6-3/11.1
4-6-3/11
11.1.1 Joint Bonding Parameters 4-6-3/11.1.1

To qualify joint bonding procedures, the tests and examinations specified herein are to be
successfully completed. The procedure for making bonds is to include the following:
materials used
tools and fixtures
environmental requirements
joint preparation requirements
cure temperature
dimensional requirements and tolerances
test acceptance criteria for the completed assembly
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Plastic Piping
4-6-3
11.1.2 Requalification 4-6-3/11.1.2

Any change in the bonding procedure which will affect the physical and mechanical
properties of the joint will require the procedure to be requalified.
11.3
Procedure Qualification Testing 4-6-3/11.3

11.3.1 Test Assembly 4-6-3/11.3.1
A test assembly is to be fabricated in accordance with the procedure to be qualified, and it is
to consist of at least one pipe-to-pipe joint and one pipe-to-fitting joint. When the test
assembly has been cured, it is to be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure at a safety factor of
2.5 times the design pressure of the test assembly for not less than one hour. No leakage or
separation of joints is to be allowed. The test is to be conducted so that the joint is loaded in
both longitudinal and circumferential direction.
11.3.2 Pipe Size 4-6-3/11.3.2
Selection of the pipes used for test assembly is to be in accordance with the following:
i)
When the largest size to be joined is 200 mm (8 in) nominal outside diameter or
smaller, the test assembly is to be the largest pipe size to be joined.
ii)
When the largest size to be joined is greater than 200 mm (8 in) nominal outside
diameter, the size of the test assembly is to be either 200 mm (8 in) or 25% of the
largest piping size to be joined, whichever is greater.
11.3.3 Bonding Operator Qualification 4-6-3/11.3.3

When conducting performance qualifications, each bonder and each bonding operator are to
make up test assemblies, the size and number of which are to be as required above.
13
Tests by the Manufacturer Fire Endurance Testing of

Plastic Piping in the Dry Condition (for Level 1 and Level 2)
4-6-3/13
13.1
Test Method 4-6-3/13.1

13.1.1 Furnace Test Temperature 4-6-3/13.1.1
The specimen is to be subjected to a furnace test with fast temperature increase similar to that
likely to occur in a fully developed liquid hydrocarbon fire. The time/temperature is to be as
follows:
at the end of 5 minutes
945C
1033C
1071C
1098C
1100C
(1733F)
(1891F)
(1960F)
(2008F)
(2012F)
373
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Plastic Piping
4-6-3
13.1.2 Furnace Temperature Control 4-6-3/13.1.2

The accuracy of the furnace control is to be as follows:
i)
During the first 10 minutes of the test, variation in the area under the curve of mean
furnace temperature is to be within 15% of the area under the standard curve.
ii)
During the first 30 minutes of the test, variation in the area under the curve of mean
furnace temperature is to be within 10% of the area under the standard curve.
iii)
For any period after the first 30 minutes of the test, variation in the area under the
curve of mean furnace temperature is to be within 5% of the area under the standard
curve.
iv)
At any time after the first 10 minutes of the test, the difference in the mean furnace
temperature from the standard curve is to be within 100C (180F).
13.1.3 Furnace Temperature Measurement 4-6-3/13.1.3

The locations where the temperatures are measured, the number of temperature measurements
and the measurement techniques are to be approved by the Bureau.
13.3
Test Specimen 4-6-3/13.3

13.3.1 Pipe Joints and Fittings 4-6-3/13.3.1
The test specimen is to be prepared with the joints and fittings intended for use in the
proposed application.
13.3.2 Number of Specimens 4-6-3/13.3.2
The number of specimens is to be sufficient to test typical joints and fittings including joints
between non-metal and metal pipes and metal fittings to be used.
13.3.3 End Closure 4-6-3/13.3.3
The ends of the specimen are to be closed. One of the ends is to allow pressurized nitrogen to
be connected. The pipe ends and closures may be outside the furnace.
13.3.4 Orientation 4-6-3/13.3.4
The general orientation of the specimen is to be horizontal and it is to be supported by one
fixed support with the remaining supports allowing free movement. The free length between
supports is not to be less than 8 times the pipe diameter.
13.3.5 Insulation 4-6-3/13.3.5
Most materials will require a thermal insulation to pass this test. The test procedure is to
include the insulation and its covering.
13.3.6 Moisture Condition of Insulation 4-6-3/13.3.6
If the insulation contains or is liable to absorb moisture, the specimen is not to be tested until
the insulation has reached an air dry-condition, defined as equilibrium with an ambient
atmosphere of 50% relative humidity at 20 5C (68 9F). Accelerated conditioning is
permissible provided the method does not alter the properties of the component material.
Special samples are to be used for moisture content determination and conditioned with the
test specimen. These samples are to be so constructed as to represent the loss of water vapor
from the specimen having similar thickness and exposed faces.
374
Part
Chapter
Section
13.5
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
Test Condition 4-6-3/13.5

A nitrogen pressure inside the test specimen is to be automatically maintained at 0.7 0.1 bar
(0.7 0.1 kgf/cm2, 10 1.5 psi) during the test. Means are to be provided to record the pressure inside
the pipe and the nitrogen flow into and out of the specimen in order to indicate leakage.
13.7
Acceptance Criteria 4-6-3/13.7

13.7.1 During the Test 4-6-3/13.7.1
During the test, no nitrogen leakage from the sample is to occur.
13.7.2 After the Test 4-6-3/13.7.2
After termination of the furnace test, the test specimen together with fire protective coating, if
any, is to be allowed to cool in still air to ambient temperature and then tested to the
maximum allowable pressure of the pipes, as defined in 4-6-3/5.1 and 4-6-3/5.3. The pressure
is to be held for a minimum of 15 minutes without leakage. Where practicable, the hydrostatic
test is to be conducted on bare pipe (i.e., coverings and insulation removed) so that any
leakage will be visible.
13.7.3 Alternative Tests 4-6-3/13.7.3
Alternative test methods and/or test procedures considered to be at least equivalent, including
open pit testing method, may be accepted in cases where the pipes are too large for the test
furnace.
15
Test by Manufacturer Fire Endurance Testing of Waterfilled Plastic Piping (for Level 3) 4-6-3/15
15.1

15.1.1 Burner 4-6-3/15.1.1
A propane multiple burner test with a fast temperature increase is to be used.
15.1.2 Pipes up to 152 mm (6 in) OD 4-6-3/15.1.2
For piping up to and including 152 mm (6 in) OD, the fire source is to consist of two rows of
five burners, as shown in 4-6-3/Figure 1. A constant heat flux averaging 113.6 kW/m2
(36,000 BTU/h-ft2) 10% is to be maintained at the 12.5 1 cm (5 0.4 in) height above the
centerline of the burner array. This flux corresponds to a pre-mix flame of propane with a fuel
flow rate of 5 kg/h (11 lb/h) for a total heat release of 65 kW (3700 BTU/min.). The gas
consumption is to be measured with an accuracy of at least 3% in order to maintain a
constant heat flux. Propane with a minimum purity of 95% is to be used.
15.1.3 Pipes More than 152 mm OD 4-6-3/15.1.3
For piping greater than 152 mm (6 in) OD, one additional row of burners is to be included for
each 50 mm (2 in) increase in pipe diameter. A constant heat flux averaging 113.6 kW/m2
(36,000 BTU/h-ft2) 10% is still to be maintained at the 12.5 1 cm (5 0.4 in) height
above the centerline of the burner array. The fuel flow is to be increased as required to
maintain the designated heat flux.
375
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
15.1.4 Burner Type and Arrangement 4-6-3/15.1.4

The burners are to be type Sievert No. 2942 or equivalent which produces an air mixed
flame. The inner diameter of the burner heads is to be 29 mm (1.14 in). See 4-6-3/Figure 1.
The burner heads are to be mounted in the same plane and supplied with gas from a manifold.
If necessary, each burner is to be equipped with a valve in order to adjust the flame height.
15.1.5 Burner Position 4-6-3/15.1.5
The height of the burner stand is also to be adjustable. It is to be mounted centrally below the
test pipe with the rows of burners parallel to the pipes axis. The distance between the burner
heads and the pipe is to be maintained at 12.5 1 cm (5 0.4 in) during the test. The free
length of the pipe between its supports is to be 0.8 0.05 m (31.5 2 in). See 4-6-3/Figure 2.
FIGURE 1
Fire Endurance Test Burner Assembly
50
90
+
70
+
+
70
70
+
70
420
+
70
+
+
70
32
70
85
70
+
90
50
20
60
100
20
100
b) Side View of
one Burner
a) Top View
FIGURE 2
Fire Endurance Test Stand with Mounted Sample
1500 100
800 50
125 10
376
Part
Chapter
Section
15.3
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
Test Specimen 4-6-3/15.3

15.3.1 Pipe Length 4-6-3/15.3.1
Each pipe is to have a length of approximately 1.5 m (5 ft).
15.3.2 Pipe Joints and Fittings 4-6-3/15.3.2
The test pipe is to be prepared with the permanent joints and fittings intended to be used.
Only valves and straight joints versus elbows and bends are to be tested as the adhesive in the
joint is the primary point of failure.
15.3.3 Number of Specimens 4-6-3/15.3.3
The number of pipe specimens is to be sufficient to test all typical joints and fittings.
15.3.4 End Closure 4-6-3/15.3.4
The ends of each pipe specimen are to be closed, except to allow pressurized water and air
vent to be connected.
15.3.5 Moisture of Insulation 4-6-3/15.3.5
If the insulation contains or is liable to absorb moisture, the specimen is not to be tested until
the insulation has reached an air dry-condition, defined as equilibrium with an ambient
atmosphere of 50% relative humidity at 20 5C (68 9F). Accelerated conditioning is
permissible provided the method does not alter the properties of the component material.
Special samples are to be used for moisture content determination and conditioned with the
test specimen. These samples are to be so constructed as to represent the loss of water vapor
from the specimen having similar thickness and exposed faces.
15.3.6 Orientation 4-6-3/15.3.6
The pipe samples are to rest freely in a horizontal position on two V-shaped supports. The
friction between pipe and supports is to be minimized. The supports may consist of two
stands, as shown in 4-6-3/Figure 2.
15.3.7 Relief Valve 4-6-3/15.3.7
A relief valve is to be connected to one of the end closures of each specimen
15.5
Test Conditions 4-6-3/15.5

15.5.1 Sheltered Test Site 4-6-3/15.5.1
The test is to be carried out in a sheltered test site in order to prevent any draft influencing the
test.
15.5.2 Water-filled 4-6-3/15.5.2
Each pipe specimen is to be completely filled with deaerated water to exclude air bubbles.
15.5.3 Water Temperature 4-6-3/15.5.3
The water temperature is not to be less than 15C (59F) at the start and is to be measured
continuously during the test. The water is to be stagnant and the pressure maintained at
3 0.5 bar (3.1 0.5 kgf/cm2, 43.5 7.25 psi) during the test.
377
Part
Chapter
Section
15.7
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
Acceptance Criteria 4-6-3/15.7

15.7.1 During the Test 4-6-3/15.7.1
During the test, no leakage from the sample(s) is to occur except that slight weeping through
the pipe wall may be accepted.
15.7.2 After the Test 4-6-3/15.7.2
After termination of the burner test, the test specimen together with fire protective coating, if
any, is to be allowed to cool to ambient temperature and then tested to the maximum
allowable pressure of the pipes, as defined in 4-6-3/5.1 and 4-6-3/5.3. The pressure is to be
held for a minimum of 15 minutes without significant leakage [i.e., not exceeding 0.2 l/min.
(0.05 gpm)]. Where practicable, the hydrostatic test is to be conducted on bare pipe (i.e.,
coverings and insulation removed) so that any leakage will be visible.
17
Tests by Manufacturer Flame Spread
17.1
4-6-3/17
Flame spread of plastic piping is to be determined by IMO Resolution A.653(16) Recommendation on

Improved Fire Test Procedures for Surface Flammability of Bulkhead, Ceiling, and Deck Finish
Materials with the following modifications.
378
i)
Test are to be made for each pipe material and size.
ii)
The test sample is to be fabricated by cutting pipes lengthwise into individual sections and
then assembling the sections into a test sample as representative as possible of a flat surface.
A test sample is to consist of at least two sections. The test sample is to be at least
800 5 mm (31.5 0.2 in) long. All cuts are to be made normal to the pipe wall.
iii)
The number of sections that must be assembled together to form a test sample is to be that
which corresponds to the nearest integral number of sections which makes up a test sample
with an equivalent linearized surface width between 155 mm (6 in) and 180 mm (7 in). The
surface width is defined as the measured sum of the outer circumference of the assembled
pipe sections that are exposed to the flux from the radiant panel.
iv)
The assembled test sample is to have no gaps between individual sections.
v)
The assembled test sample is to be constructed in such a way that the edges of two adjacent
sections coincide with the centerline of the test holder.
vi)
The individual test sections are to be attached to the backing calcium silicate board using wire
(No. 18 recommended) inserted at 50 mm (2 in) intervals through the board and tightened by
twisting at the back.
vii)
The individual pipe sections are to be mounted so that the highest point of the exposed surface
is in the same plane as the exposed flat surface of a normal surface.
viii)
The space between the concave unexposed surface of the test sample and the surface of the
calcium silicate backing board is to be left void.
ix)
The void space between the top of the exposed test surface and the bottom edge of the sample
holder frame is to be filled with a high temperature insulating wool if the width of the pipe
segments extend under the side edges of the sample holding frame.
Part
Chapter
Section
19
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
Testing on Board After Installation
4-6-3
4-6-3/19
Piping systems are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure of not less than 1.5 times the design
pressure to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
For piping required to be electrically conductive, earthing is to be checked and random resistance
testing is to be conducted to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
379
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
4-6-3
TABLE 1
Fire Endurance Requirement Matrix
PIPING
A
B
C
SYSTEMS
CARGO (Flammable cargoes with flash point 60C (140F))
1
Cargo lines
NA
NA
L1
2
Crude oil washing lines
NA
NA
L1
3
Vent lines
NA
NA
NA
INERT GAS
4
Water seal effluent line
NA
NA
0(1)
(1)
(1)
5
Scrubber effluent line
0
0
NA
6
Main line
0
0
L1
7
Distribution lines
NA
NA
L1
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS [flash point > 60C (140F)]
8
Cargo lines
X
X
L1
9
Fuel oil
X
X
L1
10 Lubricating oil
X
X
L1
11 Hydraulic oil
X
X
L1
SEA WATER (See Note 1)
12 Bilge main and branches
L1(7)
L1(7)
L1
13 Fire main and water spray
L1
L1
L1
14 Foam system
L1
L1
L1
15 Sprinkler system
L1
L1
L3
16 Ballast
L3
L3
L3
17 Cooling water, essential
L3
L3
NA
services
18 Tank cleaning services, fixed
NA
NA
L3
machines
19 Non-essential systems
0
0
0
FRESH WATER
20 Cooling water, essential
L3
L3
NA
services
21 Condensate return
L3
L3
L3
22 Non-essential systems
0
0
0
SANITARY/DRAINS/SCUPPERS
23 Deck drains (internal)
L1(4)
L1(4)
NA
24 Sanitary drains (internal)
0
0
NA
25 Scuppers and discharges
0(1,8)
0(1,8)
0(1,8)
(overboard)
VENTS/SOUNDING
26 Water tanks/dry spaces
0
0
0
27 Oil tanks [flashpoint > 60C
X
X
X
(140F)]
MISCELLANEOUS
28 Control air
L1(5)
L1(5)
L1(5)
29 Service air (non-essential)
0
0
0
30 Brine
0
0
NA
31 Auxiliary low pressure steam
L2
L2
0(9)
[Pressure 7 bar (7 kgf/cm2,
100 psi)]
380
LOCATION
F
G
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
0(10)
0(10)
0(10)
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
L1(2)
L1(2)
X
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0(1)
NA
NA
0
0(1)
NA
NA
NA
0(1)
0(1)
NA
NA
0(1)
0(1)
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
L1(6)
L1(2)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
NA(3)
NA(3)
NA
0
0
0
NA
0
0(10)
0
NA
0
0
0
0
0
NA
L1
L1
L1
L1
L1
L1
L1
X
X
NA
X
L3
NA
X
NA
NA
NA
X
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0(10)
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
X
L1
L3
L2
NA
L1
L1
L1
L3
L2
L2
NA
NA
NA
NA
L3(2)
NA
NA
NA
NA
L3
L3
0
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L1(4)
0
0(1,8)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0(1,8)
NA
NA
0
0(1,8)
0
0
0
0
X
0
X
0(10)
X(3)
0
0
0
0(10)
0
0
0
X
0
X
L1(5)
0
0
0(9)
L1(5)
0
0
0(9)
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
0
L1(5)
0
0
0(9)
L1(5)
0
0
0(9)
Part
Chapter
Section
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
4
6
3

Piping Systems
Plastic Piping
Locations
Category A machinery spaces
Other machinery spaces
Cargo pump rooms
Ro-ro cargo holds
Other dry cargo holds
Cargo tanks
Fuel oil tanks
Ballast water tanks
Cofferdams, void spaces, pipe tunnels and ducts
Accommodation, service and control spaces
Open decks
4-6-3
Abbreviations
L1 Fire endurance test in dry conditions, 60 minutes, in accordance with 4-6-3/13
L2 Fire endurance test in dry conditions, 30 minutes, in accordance with 4-6-3/13
L3 Fire endurance test in wet conditions, 30 minutes, in accordance with 4-6-3/15
0
No fire endurance test required
NA Not applicable
X
Metallic materials having a melting point greater than 925C (1700F).
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Where non-metallic piping is used, remotely controlled valves are to be provided at the vessels side. These valves are to be controlled from outside the space.
Remote closing valves are to be provided at the cargo tanks.
When cargo tanks contain flammable liquids with a flash point greater than 60C (140F), 0 may replace NA or X.
For drains serving only the space concerned, 0 may replace L1.
When controlling functions are not required by statutory requirements, 0 may replace L1.
For pipe between machinery space and deck water seal, 0 may replace L1.
For passenger vessels, X is to replace L1.
Scuppers serving open decks in positions 1 and 2, as defined in Regulation 13 of the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, are to be X throughout
unless fitted at the upper end with the means of closing capable of being operated from a position above the freeboard deck in order to prevent downflooding.
For essential services, such as fuel oil tank heating and ships whistle, X is to replace 0.
For tankers where compliance with paragraph 3(f) of Regulation 13F of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 is required, NA is to replace 0.
381
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
SECTION
Ship Piping Systems and Tanks
General
1.1
Scope 4-6-4/1.1
4-6-4
4-6-4/1
Provisions of Part 4, Chapter 6, Section 4 (referred to as 4-6-4) apply to piping systems other than
liquid cargo systems serving tanks and normally dry spaces. Piping systems for normally dry spaces
include gravity drain and bilge systems. Systems for tanks include ballast systems, fuel oil and
lubricating oil storage and transfer systems, and vent, overflow and sounding systems. Additional
requirements for fuel oil and lubricating oil systems relating to operation of internal combustion
engines, steam turbines and boilers are provided in Section 4-6-5 and Section 4-6-6.
Additional requirements for liquid cargo piping, vent and overflow, sounding, bilge and ballast
systems for specialized vessels, including passenger vessels, are provided in Part 5.
1.3
Effective Drainage 4-6-4/1.3

All vessels are to be provided with effective means of pumping out or draining tanks. They are also to
have means of draining or pumping bilge water from normally dry compartments and void tanks.
1.5
Damage Stability Consideration 4-6-4/1.5

Piping serving tanks and dry spaces, where installed within zones of assumed damage under damage
stability conditions, is also to be considered damaged. Damage to such piping is not to lead to
progressive flooding of spaces not assumed damaged. If it is not practicable to route piping outside
the zone of assumed damage, then means are to be provided to prevent progressive flooding. Such
means, for example, may be the provision of a remotely operated valve in the affected piping.
Alternatively, intact spaces that can be so flooded are to be assumed flooded in the damage stability
conditions.
Gravity Drain Systems
3.1
General 4-6-4/3.1
3.1.1
4-6-4/3
These requirements apply to gravity drain systems from watertight and non-watertight spaces
located either above or below the freeboard deck.
383
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
4
3.1.2

Piping Systems
4-6-4
Definitions 4-6-4/3.1.2
3.1.2(a) Gravity drain system. A gravity drain system is a piping system in which flow is
accomplished solely by the difference between the height of the inlet end and the outlet end.
For the purposes of the Rules, gravity drain systems include those which discharge both
inside and outside the vessel.
3.1.2(b) Inboard end. The inboard end of an overboard discharge pipe is that part of the pipe
at which the discharge originates. See also 4-6-4/9.5.3 for exception to this definition.
3.1.3
Basic Principles 4-6-4/3.1.3

Enclosed watertight spaces are to be provided with means of draining. This may be achieved
by connection to the bilge system or by gravity drain. In general, gravity drain is permitted
wherever the position of the space allows liquid to be discharged by gravity through an
appropriate opening in the boundary of the space. The discharge can be directed overboard or
inboard. Where directed overboard, means are to be provided to prevent entry of sea water
through the opening. Where directed inboard, suitable arrangements are to be provided to
collect and dispose of the drainage.
Non-watertight spaces and open decks, where liquid can accumulate, are also to be provided
with means of draining. In general, gravity drain is permitted for all non-watertight spaces.
All such drains are to be directed overboard.
Gravity drains are to be capable of draining the space when the vessel is on even keel and
either upright or listed 5 degrees on either side.
3.3
Protection from Sea Water Entry 4-6-4/3.3

Drain pipes led overboard from any watertight space are to be fitted at the shell with an effective and
accessible means to prevent backflow of water from the sea into that space.
Normally, each separate discharge is to have one non-return valve with a positive means of closing it
from a position above the freeboard deck. The means for operating the positive closing valve is to be
readily accessible and provided with an indicator showing whether the valve is open or closed.
Where, however, the vertical distance from the summer load waterline to the inboard end of the
discharge pipe exceeds 0.01Lf (where Lf is the length of the vessel as defined in 3-1-1/3.3), the
discharge may have two non-return valves without positive means of closing, provided that the
inboard non-return valve is always accessible for examination under all service conditions.
Where the vertical distance from the summer load waterline to the inboard end of the discharge pipe
exceeds 0.02Lf, a single non-return valve without positive means of closing is acceptable, provided
the valve and the discharge outlet are located above the deepest load waterline.
Discharge pipes originating at any level and penetrating the shell either more than 450 mm (17.5 in)
below the freeboard deck or less than 600 mm (23.5 in) above the summer load waterline are to be
provided with a non-return valve at the shell. This valve, unless required by the above, may be
omitted if the piping has a wall thickness at least equal to the thickness of the shell plating or extraheavy, whichever is less.
3.5
Gravity Drains of Cargo Spaces on or Above Freeboard Deck 4-6-4/3.5

3.5.1
384
Overboard Drains 4-6-4/3.5.1

Enclosed cargo spaces of a vessel, whose summer freeboard is such that the deck edge of the
cargo spaces being drained is not immersed when the vessel heels 5 degrees, may be drained
by means of a sufficient number of suitably sized gravity drains discharging directly
overboard. These drains are to be fitted with protection complying with 4-6-4/3.3.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
4
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.7
3.9

Piping Systems
4-6-4
Inboard Drains 4-6-4/3.5.2

Where the summer freeboard is such that the deck edge of the cargo space being drained is
immersed when the vessel heels 5 degrees, the drains from these enclosed cargo spaces are to
be led to a suitable space, or spaces, of adequate capacity, having a high water level alarm and
provided with fixed pumping arrangement for discharge overboard. In addition, the system is
to be designed such that:
i)
the number, size and disposition of the drain pipes are to prevent unreasonable
accumulation of free water;
ii)
the pumping arrangements are to take into account the requirements for any fixed
pressure water-spraying fire-extinguishing system;
iii)
water contaminated with substances having flash point of 60C (140F) or below is
not to be drained to machinery spaces or other spaces where sources of ignition may
be present; and
iv)
where the enclosed cargo space is protected by a fixed gas fire-extinguishing system,
the drain pipes are to be fitted with means to prevent the escape of the smothering
gas. The U-tube water seal arrangement should not be used due to possible
evaporation of water and the difficulty in assuring its effectiveness.
Cargo Spaces Fitted with Fixed Water-spray System 4-6-4/3.5.3

Where the cargo space is fitted with a fixed water-spray fire extinguishing system, the
drainage arrangements are to be such as to prevent the build-up of free surfaces. If this is not
possible, the adverse effects upon stability of the added weight and free surface of water are
to be taken into account for the approval of the stability information. See 4-7-2/7.3.1 and
4-7-2/7.3.9.
Gravity Drains of Spaces Other than Cargo Spaces 4-6-4/3.7

3.7.1
Gravity Drains Terminating in Machinery Space 4-6-4/3.7.1

Watertight spaces such as a steering gear compartment, accommodations, voids, etc. may be
drained to the main machinery space; all such drains are to be fitted with a valve operable
from above the freeboard deck or a quick-acting, self closing valve. The valve is to be located
in an accessible and visible location and preferably in the main machinery spaces.
3.7.2
Gravity Drains Terminating in Cargo Holds 4-6-4/3.7.2

When gravity drains from other spaces are terminated in cargo holds, the cargo hold bilge
well is to be fitted with high level alarm.
3.7.3
Gravity Drains Terminating in a Drain Tank 4-6-4/3.7.3

Where several watertight compartments are drained into the same drain tank, each drain pipe
is to be provided with a stop-check valve.
3.7.4
Escape of Fire Extinguishing Medium 4-6-4/3.7.4

Gravity drains which terminate in spaces protected by fixed gas extinguishing systems are to
be fitted with means to prevent the escape of the extinguishing medium. See also 4-6-4/3.5.2.
Gravity Drains of Non-watertight Spaces 4-6-4/3.9

3.9.1
General 4-6-4/3.9.1
Drains leading from open deck and non-watertight superstructures or deckhouses are to be led
overboard.
385
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
4
3.9.2
3.11

Piping Systems
4-6-4
Helicopter Decks 4-6-4/3.9.2

Drainage piping of helicopter decks is to be constructed of steel. The piping is to be
independent of any other piping system and is to be led directly overboard close to the
waterline. The drain is not to fall onto any other part of the vessel.
Vessels Subject to Damage Stability 4-6-4/3.11

Gravity drain piping where affected by damage stability considerations is to meet 4-6-4/5.5.12.
Bilge System
5.1
General 4-6-4/5.1
4-6-4/5
5.1.1
The provisions of 4-6-4/5 apply to bilge systems serving propulsion and other machinery
spaces, dry cargo spaces and spaces where accumulation of water is normally expected.
Additional requirements for bilge systems of specialized vessels such as oil carriers,
passenger vessels, etc. are provided in Part 5.
5.1.2

5.1.2(a) Function. A bilge system is intended to dispose of water which may accumulate in
spaces within the vessel due to condensation, leakage, washing, fire fighting, etc. It is to be
capable of controlling flooding in the propulsion machinery space as a result of limited
damage to piping systems.
5.1.2(b) Cross-flooding prevention. The system is to be designed to avoid the possibility of

cross-flooding between spaces and between the vessel and the sea.
5.1.2(c) System availability. To enhance system availability, bilge pump integrity is to be
assured through testing and certification; at least two bilge pumps are to be provided, and
bilge suction control valves are to be accessible for maintenance at all times.
5.1.2(d) Oil pollution prevention. Provision is to be made to process oily bilge water prior to
discharging overboard.
5.3
Bilge System Sizing 4-6-4/5.3

5.3.1
Size of Bilge Suctions 4-6-4/5.3.1

The minimum internal diameter of the bilge suction pipes is to be determined by the
following equations, to the nearest 6 mm (0.25 in) of the available commercial sizes.
5.3.1(a) Bilge main. The diameter of the main bilge line suction is to be determined by the
following equations:
d = 25 + 1.68 L( B + D ) mm
d =1+
L( B + D)
in
2500
where
386
internal diameter of the bilge main pipe; mm (in.)
scantling length of vessel, as defined in 3-1-1/3.1; m (ft); see also

4-6-4/5.3.1(b)
breadth of vessel, as defined in 3-1-1/5; m (ft)
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Piping Systems
4-6-4
depth to bulkhead or freeboard deck, as defined in 3-1-1/7.1; m (ft); see

also 4-6-4/5.3.1(e).
However, no bilge main suction pipe is to be less than 63 mm (2.5 in) internal diameter.
5.3.1(b) Bilge system serving only engine room. Where the engine room bilge pumps are
fitted primarily for serving the engine room and they do not serve cargo space bilges, L may
be reduced by the combined length of the cargo tanks or cargo holds. In such cases, the cross
sectional area of the main bilge line is not to be less than twice the required cross sectional
area of the engine room branch bilge lines.
5.3.1(c) Direct bilge suction. The diameter of direct bilge suction [see 4-6-4/5.5.5(a)] is to
be not less than that determined by the equation in 4-6-4/5.3.1(a).
5.3.1(d) Bilge branch. The diameter of the bilge branch suction for a compartment is to be
determined by the following equation. If the compartment is served by more than one branch
suction, the combined area of all branch suction pipes is not to be less than the area
corresponding to the diameter determined by the following equations:
d B = 25 + 2.16 c( B + D ) mm
dB =1+
c( B + D)
in.
1500
where
dB
internal diameter of the bilge branch pipe; mm (in.)
length of the compartment; m (ft.)
However no branch suction pipe needs to be more than 100 mm (4 in) internal diameter, nor
is to be less than 50 mm (2 in) internal diameter, except that for pumping out small pockets or
spaces, 38 mm (1.5 in) internal diameter pipe may be used.
5.3.1(e) Enclosed cargo space on bulkhead deck. For calculating the bilge main diameter of
vessels having enclosed cargo space on the bulkhead deck or the freeboard deck, which is
drained inboard by gravity in accordance with 4-6-4/3.5.2 and which extends for the full
length of the vessel, D is to be measured to the next deck above the bulkhead or freeboard
deck. Where the enclosed cargo space covers a lesser length, D is to be taken as a molded
depth to the freeboard deck plus lh/L, where l and h are aggregate length and height,
respectively, of the enclosed cargo space.
5.3.2
Bilge Pump Capacity 4-6-4/5.3.2

When only two bilge pumps are fitted, each is to be capable of giving a speed of water
through the bilge main required by 4-6-4/5.3.1(a) of not less than 2 m (6.6 ft) per second. The
minimum capacity Q of the required bilge pump may be determined from the following
equation:
Q=
5.66d 2
3
10
m3/hr
Q = 16.1d 2 gpm
where
d
the required internal diameter, mm (in.), of the bilge main as defined in

4-6-4/5.3.1(a).
When more than two pumps are connected to the bilge system, their arrangement and
aggregate capacity are not to be less effective.
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4
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4-6-4
Bilge System Design 4-6-4/5.5

5.5.1
General 4-6-4/5.5.1
All vessels are to be fitted with an efficient bilge pumping system. The system is to meet the
basic principles of 4-6-4/5.1.2, and be capable of pumping from and draining any watertight
compartment other than spaces permanently used for carriage of liquids and for which other
efficient means of pumping are provided. Non-watertight compartments liable to accumulate
water, such as chain lockers, non-watertight cargo holds, etc., are also to be provided with an
efficient bilge pumping system.
Gravity drain systems, in lieu of bilge pumping systems, may be accepted subject to the
provisions of 4-6-4/3 above.
Bilge pumping systems are to be capable of draining the spaces when the vessel is on even
keel and either upright or listed 5 degrees on either side.
5.5.2
Bilge Pumps 4-6-4/5.5.2

5.5.2(a) Number of pumps. At least two power driven bilge pumps are to be provided, one of
which may be driven by the propulsion unit. Bilge pump capacity is to be in accordance with
4-6-4/5.3.2.
5.5.2(b) Permissible use of other pumps. Sanitary, ballast and general service pumps may be
accepted as independent power bilge pumps, provided they are of required capacity, not
normally used for pumping oil, and are appropriately connected to the bilge system.
5.5.2(c) Priming. Where centrifugal pumps are installed, they are to be of self-priming type
or connected to a priming system. However, pumps used for emergency bilge suction [see
4-6-4/5.5.5(b)] need not be of the self-priming type.
5.5.2(d) Test and certification.
4-6-1/7.3.
Bilge pumps are to be certified in accordance with
5.5.3
Strainers 4-6-4/5.5.3
Bilge lines in machinery spaces other than emergency suctions are to be fitted with strainers
easily accessible from the floor plates and are to have straight tail pipes to the bilges. The
ends of the bilge lines in other compartments are to be fitted with suitable strainers having an
open area of not less than three times the area of the suction pipe. In addition, strainers are to
be fitted in accessible position between the bilge manifold and the pump.
5.5.4
Bilge Piping System General 4-6-4/5.5.4

5.5.4(a) Bilge manifolds and valves. Bilge manifolds and valves in connection with bilge
pumping are to be located in positions which are accessible at all times for maintenance under
ordinary operating conditions. All valves at manifold controlling bilge suctions from the
various compartments are to be of the stop-check type. In lieu of the stop-check valve, a stop
valve and a non-return valve may be accepted.
5.5.4(b) Main control valves. Where a bilge pump is connected for bilge, ballast and other
sea water services, the bilge suction main, the ballast suction main, etc. are each to be
provided with a stop valve, so that when the pump is used for one service, the other services
can be isolated.
5.5.4(c) Bilge piping passing through tanks. Where passing through deep tanks, unless being
led through a pipe tunnel, bilge suction lines are to be of steel having a thickness at least as
required by column D of 4-6-2/Table 4. Pipes of other materials having dimensions properly
accounted for corrosion and mechanical strength may be accepted. The number of joints in these
lines is to be kept to a minimum. Pipe joints are to be welded or heavy flanged (e.g., one pressure
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rating higher). The line within the tank is to be installed with expansion bends. Slip joints are not
permitted. A non-return valve is to be fitted at the open end of the bilge line. These requirements
are intended to protect the space served by the bilge line from being flooded by liquid from the
deep tank in the event of a leak in the bilge line.
5.5.4(d) Arrangement of suction pipes. For drainage when the vessel is listed (see
4-6-4/5.5.1), wing suctions will often be necessary, except in narrow compartments at the
ends of the vessel. Arrangements are to be made whereby water in the compartment will drain
to the suction pipe.
5.5.5
Requirements for Propulsion Machinery Space 4-6-4/5.5.5

5.5.5(a) Direct bilge suction. One of the required independently driven bilge pumps is to be
fitted with a suction led directly from the propulsion machinery space bilge to the suction
main of the pump, so arranged that it can be operated independently of the bilge system. The
size of this line is not to be less than that determined by 4-6-4/5.3.1(c). The direct bilge
suction is to be controlled by a stop-check valve.
If a watertight bulkhead separates the propulsion machinery space into compartments, such
direct bilge suction is to be fitted from each compartment, unless the pumps available for
bilge service are distributed throughout these compartments. In such a case, at least one pump
with a direct suction is to be fitted in each compartment.
5.5.5(b) Emergency bilge suction. In addition to the direct bilge suction required by
4-6-4/5.5.5(a), an emergency bilge suction is to be fitted for the propulsion machinery space.
The emergency bilge suction is to be directly connected to the largest independently driven
pump in the propulsion machinery space, other than the required bilge pumps. Where this
pump is not suitable, the second largest suitable pump in the propulsion machinery space may
be used for this service, provided that the selected pump is not one of the required bilge pump
and its capacity is not less than that of the required bilge pump.
The emergency bilge line is to be provided with a suction stop-check valve, which is to be so
located as to enable rapid operation and a suitable overboard discharge line.
In addition, the following arrangements are also to be complied with, as applicable:
i)
For internal-combustion-engine propulsion machinery spaces, the area of the

emergency bilge suction pipe is to be equal to the full suction inlet of the pump
selected.
ii)
For steam propulsion machinery spaces, the main cooling water circulating pump is
to be the first choice for the emergency bilge suction, in which case, the diameter of
the emergency bilge suction is to be at least two-thirds the diameter of the cooling
water pump suction.
5.5.5(c) Centralized or unattended operation. Where the propulsion machinery space is

intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC/ACCU notation), a high bilge water
level alarm system is to be fitted, see 4-9-3/15.3. As a minimum, bilge valve controls are to be
located above the floor grating, having regard to the time likely to be required in order to
reach and operate the valves.
5.5.6
Requirements for Small Compartments 4-6-4/5.5.6

Small compartments, such as chain locker, echo sounder space and deck over peak tank, etc.,
may be drained by ejectors or hand pumps.
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5.5.7

Piping Systems
4-6-4
Common-main Bilge Systems 4-6-4/5.5.7

A common-main bilge system normally consists of one or more main lines installed along the
length of the vessel fitted with branch bilge suction connections to various compartments.
Where only one fore-aft bilge main is installed, the bilge main is to be located inboard of 20%
of the molded beam of the vessel. If there is at least one bilge main on each side of the vessel,
then these bilge mains may be installed in the outboard 20% of the molded beam of the
vessel. In such cases, piping arrangements are to be such that it is possible to effectively pump
out all compartments using the main on either side of the vessel.
For single common-main bilge systems, control valves required in the branches from the bilge
main are to be accessible at all times for maintenance. This accessibility is not required for
multiple common-main bilge systems arranged such that any single control valve failure will
not disable the bilging capability to any one space. In all cases, control valves are to be of the
stop-check type with remote operators. Remote operators may be controlled from a manned
machinery space, or from an accessible position above the freeboard deck, or from under deck
walkways. Remote operators may be of hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or reach rod type.
5.5.8
Cargo Spaces of Combination Carriers 4-6-4/5.5.8

For combination carriers, such as oil-or-bulk carriers, arrangements are to be made for
blanking off the oil and ballast lines and removing the blanks in the bilge lines when dry or
bulk cargo is to be carried. Conversely, the bilge lines are to be blanked-off when oil or
ballast is to be carried.
5.5.9
Cargo Spaces Intended to Carry Dangerous Goods 4-6-4/5.5.9

The following requirements apply to cargo spaces intended to carry dangerous goods as
defined in 4-7-1/11.23.
5.5.9(a) Independent bilge system. A bilge system, independent of the bilge system of the
machinery space and located outside the machinery space, is to be provided for cargo spaces
intended to carry flammable liquids with a flash point of less than 23C or toxic liquids. The
independent bilge system is to comply with the provisions of 4-6-4/5, including the provision
of at least two bilge pumps. The space containing the independent bilge pumps is to be
independently ventilated, giving at least six air changes per hour. This, however, does not
apply to eductors located in cargo space.
5.5.9(b) Combined bilge system. As an alternative to 4-6-4/5.5.9(a) above, the cargo spaces
may be served by the bilge system of the machinery space and an alternative bilge system.
The alternative bilge system is to be independent of or capable of being segregated from the
machinery space bilge system. The capacity of the alternative bilge system is to be at least 10
m3/h per cargo space served, but need not exceed 25 m3/h. This alternative bilge system need
not be provided with redundant pumps. Whenever flammable liquids with flash point of less
than 23C or toxic liquids are carried in the cargo spaces, the bilge lines leading into the
machinery space are to be blanked off or closed off by lockable valves. In addition, a warning
notice to this effect is to be displayed at the location.
5.5.9(c) Gravity drain system. If the cargo spaces are drained by gravity, the drainage is to
be led directly overboard or into a closed drain tank located outside machinery spaces. The
drain tank is to be vented to a safe location on the open deck. Drainage from a cargo space to
the bilge well of a lower cargo space is permitted only if both spaces satisfy the same
requirements.
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5.5.10 Cargo Spaces Fitted with Fixed Water-spray System 4-6-4/5.5.10

Where the cargo space is fitted with a fixed water-spray fire extinguishing system, the
drainage arrangements are to be such as to prevent the build-up of free surfaces. If this is not
possible, the adverse effect upon stability of the added weight and free surface of water are to
be taken into account for the approval of the stability information. See 4-7-2/7.3.1 and
4-7-2/7.3.9.
5.5.11 Bilge Suctions for Normally Unmanned Spaces 4-6-4/5.5.11
Normally, unmanned spaces located below the waterline, such as bow thruster compartment,
emergency fire pump room, etc., for which bilge pumping is required, are to be arranged such
that bilge pumping can be effected from outside the space, or alternatively, a bilge alarm is to
be provided.
5.5.12 Vessels Subject to Damage Stability 4-6-4/5.5.12
Bilge pipes installed within the regions of assumed damage under damage stability conditions
are to be considered damaged. Bilge piping will affect damage stability considerations if:
it is installed within the extent of assumed damage in damage stability consideration,

and
the damage to such bilge piping will lead to progressive flooding of intact spaces
through open ends in the bilge piping system.
Affected bilge piping is to be fitted with non-return valves in the lines in the intact spaces to
prevent the progressive flooding of these spaces. The valves will not be required if it can be
shown that, even with the progressively flooded spaces taken into consideration, the vessel
still complies with the applicable damage stability criteria.
5.7
Oil Pollution Prevention Measures 4-6-4/5.7

5.7.1
General 4-6-4/5.7.1
Means are to be provided to process oil contaminated water from machinery space bilges
prior to discharging it overboard. In general, the discharge criteria of MARPOL 73/78,
ANNEX I, Regulation 9(1)(b) are to be complied with.
5.7.2
Oily Water Filtering or Separating Equipment 4-6-4/5.7.2

An oily water filtering equipment capable of processing oily mixtures to produce an effluent
with oil content not exceeding 15 parts per millions (PPM) and complying with IMO
Resolution MEPC.60(33) is to be provided to allow oily waters from the bilges to be
processed prior to discharging them overboard. For vessels of 10,000 tons gross tonnage and
above, the equipment is to be fitted with an alarm and an arrangement to automatically stop
the discharge when 15 PPM cannot be maintained.
5.7.3
Sludge Tank 4-6-4/5.7.3

A tank or tanks of adequate capacity is to be provided to receive oily residues such as those
resulting from the oily water filtering or separating equipment and from the purification of
fuel and lubricating oils. The minimum sludge tank capacity V1 is to be calculated by the
following formula:
V1 = K1CD
m3 (ft3)
where
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K1
4-6-4
0.015 for vessels where heavy fuel oil is purified for main engine use or
0.005 for vessels using diesel oil or heavy fuel oil which does not require
purification before use
daily fuel oil consumption, m3 (ft3)
maximum period of voyage between ports where sludge can be

discharged ashore (days). In the absence of precise data, a figure of 30
days is to be used.
For vessels fitted with incinerators or similar equipment for onboard disposal of sludge, the
minimum sludge tank capacity may be reduced to 50% of V1 or 2 m3 (72 ft3) [1 m3 (36 ft3) for
vessels below 4,000 gross tonnage], whichever is greater.
The sludge tank is to be so designed as to facilitate cleaning. Where heavy fuel oil residue is
expected to be received by the sludge tank, heating arrangement is to be provided to facilitate
the discharge of the sludge tank.
5.7.4
Sludge Piping System 4-6-4/5.7.4

5.7.4(a) Sludge pump. The sludge tank is to be provided with a designated pump of a
suitable type, capacity and discharge head for the discharge of the tank content to shore
reception facilities.
5.7.4(b) Standard discharge connection. To enable the discharge of sludge to shore

reception facilities, the sludge piping is to be provided with a standard discharge connection,
in accordance with 4-6-4/Table 1.
TABLE 1
Dimensions and Details of Standard Discharge Connection Flange
Dimension
Outside diameter
215 mm
Inner diameter
According to pipe outside diameter
Bolt circle diameter
183 mm
Slots in flange
6 holes 22 mm in diameter equidistantly placed on a bolt circle of the above

diameter, slotted to the flange periphery. The slot width to be 22 mm
Flange thickness
20 mm
Bolts and nuts:
6 sets, each of 20 mm in diameter and of suitable length
The flange is designed to accept pipes up to a maximum internal diameter of 125 mm and is to be of steel
or other equivalent material having a flat face. This flange, together with a gasket of oil-proof material, is
to be suitable for a service pressure of 6 kg/cm2
5.7.4(c) Sludge piping. There is to be no interconnection between the sludge tank discharge
piping and bilge piping other than the possible common piping, with appropriate valves,
leading to the standard discharge connection. Piping to and from sludge tanks is to have no
direct connection overboard other than the standard discharge connection referred to in
4-6-4/5.7.4(b).
5.9
Testing and Trials 4-6-4/5.9

The bilge system is to be tested under working condition, see 4-6-2/7.3.3. See also 7-1-2/3 for bilge
system trials.
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Ballast Systems
7.1
General 4-6-4/7.1
7.3
4-6-4
4-6-4/7
7.1.1
These requirements apply to ballast systems for all vessels. For additional ballast system
requirements for oil carriers, see Part 5.
7.1.2

These requirements are intended to provide a reliable means of pumping and draining ballast
tanks through the provision of redundancy and certification of ballast pumps, and the
provision of suitable remote control, where fitted.
Ballast Pumps 4-6-4/7.3

At least two power driven ballast pumps are to be provided, one of which may be driven by the
propulsion unit. Sanitary, bilge and general service pumps may be accepted as independent power
ballast pumps. Alternative means of deballasting, such as an eductor or a suitable liquid cargo pump
with an appropriate temporary connection to the ballast system [see 5-1-7/5.3.1(c)], may be accepted
in lieu of a second ballast pump.
Ballast pumps are to be certified in accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.
7.5
Ballast Piping and Valves 4-6-4/7.5

7.5.1
Ballast Tank Valves 4-6-4/7.5.1

Valves controlling flow to ballast tanks are to be arranged so that they will remain closed at
all times except when ballasting. Where butterfly valves are used, they are to be of a type with
positive holding arrangement, or equivalent, that will prevent movement of the valve position
due to vibration or flow of fluids.
7.5.2
Remote Control Valves 4-6-4/7.5.2

Remote control valves, where fitted, are to be arranged so that they will close and remain
closed in the event of loss of control power. Alternatively, the remote control valves may
remain in the last ordered position upon loss of power, provided that there is a readily
accessible manual means to close the valves upon loss of power.
Remote control valves are to be clearly identified as to the tanks they serve and are to be
provided with position indicators at the ballast control station.
7.5.3
Vessels Subject to Damage Stability 4-6-4/7.5.3

Ballast pipes installed in the regions of assumed damage under damage stability consideration
are to be considered damaged. Ballast piping will affect damage stability considerations if:
it is installed within the extent of assumed damage in damage stability consideration,

and
the damage to the ballast pipe will lead to progressive flooding of intact ballast tanks
through open ends in the ballast piping system.
Affected ballast piping is to be fitted with valves in the pipes in the intact tanks to prevent
progressive flooding of these tanks. The valves are to be of a positive closing type and
operable from above the freeboard deck or from a manned machinery space. Where the valves
are electrically, hydraulically or pneumatically actuated, the cables or piping for this purpose
are not to be installed within the extent of assumed damage, or, alternatively, the valves are to
be arranged to fail in the closed position upon loss of control power.
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The valves will not be required if it can be shown that, even with the progressively flooded
spaces taken into consideration, the vessel still complies with the applicable damage stability
criteria.
7.5.4
Ballast Pipes Passing Through Fuel Oil Tanks 4-6-4/7.5.4

To minimize cross-contamination, where passing through fuel oil tanks, unless being led
through pipe tunnel, ballast lines are to be of steel or equivalent [see 4-6-4/5.5.4(c)] having a
thickness at least as required by column D of 4-6-2/Table 4. The number of joints in these
lines is to be kept to a minimum. Pipe joints are to be welded or heavy flanged (e.g., one
pressure rating higher). The line within the tank is to be installed with expansion bends. Slip
joints are not permitted.
Tank Vents and Overflows
9.1
General 4-6-4/9.1
9.1.1
4-6-4/9
These requirements apply to vents and overflows of liquid and void tanks. Tanks containing
flammable liquids, such as fuel oil and lubricating oil, are subject to additional requirements,
which are provided in this subsection. For hydraulic oil, see also 4-6-7/3.3.2. Vents and
overflows, and inerting systems, as applicable, for liquid cargo tanks are provided in Part 5 of
the Rules.
Ventilators installed for ventilation of normally dry compartments, such as steering gear
compartment, cargo hold, etc., are to comply with the provisions of 3-2-17/9.1.
9.1.2
Basic Requirements 4-6-4/9.1.2

9.1.2(a) Purposes of vents. All tanks served by pumps are to be provided with vents.
Primarily, vents allow air or vapor from within the tank to escape when the tank is being
filled, and take in air when the tank is being discharged. Vents are also needed for tanks in the
storage mode to allow them to breathe. In general, vents are to be fitted at the highest point
of the tanks so that venting can be achieved effectively.
9.1.2(b) Purposes of overflows. Tanks filled by a pumping system may, in addition to vents,
be fitted with overflows. Overflows prevent overpressurization of a tank if it is overfilled and
also provide for safe discharge or disposal of the overflowing liquid. Overflows may also be
fitted to limit the level at which a tank may be filled. Overflows are to be sized based on the
capacity of the pump and the size of the filling line. Considerations are to be given to
receiving the overflow.
9.1.2(c) Combining vents and overflows. Vents may also act as overflows provided all the
requirements applicable to both vents and overflows are complied with.
9.1.2(d) Termination of the outlet ends of vents and overflows. Generally, vents emanating
from tanks containing liquids likely to evolve flammable or hazardous vapor are to have their
outlets located in the open weather. Depending on the liquid contained in the tank, overflow
outlets are to be located such that they either discharge outboard or into designated overflow
tanks so as to avoid inadvertent flooding of internal spaces. Outlet ends of vents and
overflows, where exposed to weather, are to be provided with means to prevent sea water
from entering the tanks through these openings.
9.1.2(e) Small spaces. Small voids which are not fitted with a permanent means of pumping
out bilges, or through which no pressurized piping passes, may be exempted from being fitted
with vents.
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9.1.3
9.3

Piping Systems
4-6-4
Vessels Subject to Damage Stability Requirements 4-6-4/9.1.3

Vents and overflows of vessels subject to damage stability requirements are to be terminated
above the equilibrium water line in the damaged conditions. Automatic means of closure are
to be fitted to the outlets of vents whose intersection with the deck is below the equilibrium
water line. Such means are also required for those vents whose outlets will be submerged in
the range of residual stability beyond the equilibrium where such range is required by the
applicable damage stability criteria.
Tank Vents 4-6-4/9.3

9.3.1

Generally, each tank served by the pumping system, as in 4-6-4/9.1.2, is to be fitted with at
least two vents. Tanks with surface area less than B2/16 (where B is the breath of the vessel as
defined in 3-1-1/5) may, however, be fitted with one vent. The vents are to be located as wide
apart as possible.
As far as practicable, the vent pipe is to be located at the highest point of the tank. This is to
permit air, vapor and gas from all parts of the tank to have access to the vent pipe with the
vessel at an upright position or at varying angles of heel and trim. Vent pipes are to be
arranged to provide adequate drainage. No shutoff valve is to be installed in vent piping.
9.3.2
Vent Pipe Height and Wall Thickness 4-6-4/9.3.2

9.3.2(a) Exposed to weather. (2002) Vent pipes on decks exposed to weather are to have the
following heights:
760 mm (30 in) for those on the freeboard deck; and

450 mm (17.5 in) for those on the superstructure deck.
The height is to be measured from the deck to the point where water may have access below.
Where these heights may interfere with the working of the vessel, a lower height may be
accepted subject to the approval of the closing appliances at the open end of the vents, as
provided for in 4-6-4/9.3.5(a).
The wall thicknesses of vent pipes where exposed to weather are to be not less than that
specified below:
Nominal size, d
Min. wall thickness
d 65 mm (2.5 in.)
6.0 mm (0.24 in.)
65 mm (2.5 in.) < d < 200 mm (8 in.)
by interpolation (1)
d 200 mm (8 in.)
8.5 mm (0.33 in.)
Note:
1
6 + 0.019(d 65) mm or 0.24 + 0.016(d 2.5) in.
9.3.2(b) Not exposed to weather. Vent pipes not exposed to weather need not comply with
the height and wall thickness required by 4-6-4/9.3.2(a). However, vent pipes passing through
fuel oil or ballast tanks are to have wall thicknessess not less than that indicated in column D
of 4-6-2/Table 4. Other vent pipes are to meet thickness requirements of column C of the
same table.
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Vent Pipe Size 4-6-4/9.3.3

9.3.3(a) Minimum size. The minimum nominal bore of vent pipes is to be as follows:
Tank
Water tanks
Oil tanks
Nominal diameter,
mm (in).
50 (2)
65 (2.5)
where water tanks refer to freshwater and sea water tanks; oil tanks refer to fuel oil,
lubricating oil, hydraulic oil and other oil tanks. Small water or oil tanks of less than 1 m3
(36 ft3) may have vent pipe of 38 mm (1.5 in.) minimum internal diameter.
9.3.3(b) Vent sizing. Where a separate overflow is not fitted, the aggregate area of the vent
pipe(s) provided for the tank is to be at least 125% of the effective area of the filling line.
Where overflow pipe(s) are fitted, and the aggregate area of the overflow pipes is at least
125% of the effective area of the filling line, in such cases, vent pipes need not exceed the
minimum sizes in 4-6-4/9.3.3(a).
Where high capacity or high head pumps are used, calculations demonstrating the adequacy
of the vent and overflow to prevent over- or underpressurization of the ballast tanks are to be
submitted. See also 4-6-4/9.5.2.
9.3.4
Termination of Vent Pipe Outlets 4-6-4/9.3.4

9.3.4(a) Termination on weather deck. Outlets of vents from the following tanks are to be
led to the weather:
ballast tanks,
fuel-oil tanks,
thermal oil tanks,
tanks containing liquids having flash point of 60C (140F) or below, and
void tanks adjacent to tanks containing liquids having a flash point of 60C or below.
Where it is impracticable to terminate vents on a weather deck as required, such as the case of
open car deck of a ro-ro vessel, vents may be led overboard from a deck below the weather
deck. In such a case, non-return valves of an approved type are fitted at the outlets to prevent
ingress of water. See also 4-6-4/9.5.3.
9.3.4(b) Termination on or above freeboard deck. Vent outlets from double bottom and
other structural tanks, including void tanks, whose boundaries extend to the shell of the vessel
at or below the deepest load waterline, are to be led above the freeboard deck. This is so that
in the event of shell damage in way of these tanks the vent pipes will not act as a possible
source of progressive flooding to otherwise intact spaces below the freeboard deck.
9.3.4(c) Termination in machinery space. Vents from tanks other than those stated in
4-6-4/9.3.4(a) and 4-6-4/9.3.4(b) may terminate within the machinery space, provided that
their outlets are so located that overflow therefrom will not impinge on electrical equipment,
cause a hazardous consequence such as fire, or endanger personnel.
9.3.5
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9.3.5(a) Protection from weather and sea water ingress. (2003) All vents terminated in
weather are to be fitted with return bends (gooseneck), or equivalent. Weather-tight means of
closure is to be provided for the vent outlet. This closure is to be an automatic type, i.e., close
automatically upon submergence (e.g., ball float or equivalent). It is to comply with
4-6-4/9.3.7 and is required for the following cases:
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i)
The outlet is likely to be submerged when the vessel, initially at a draft corresponding
to summer load water line or timber summer load water line, is inclined at an angle of
40 degrees. An angle less than 40 degrees may be specially approved, subject to such
lesser angle being found attainable by the applicable damage stability criteria. See
4-6-4/9.1.3.
ii)
For vessels designed to carry deck cargoes that may prevent access to the vents.
9.3.5(b) Protection for fuel oil tanks. In addition to 4-6-4/9.3.5(a), vents from fuel oil tanks
are to comply with the following:
i)
Vent outlets are to be fitted with corrosion resistant flame-screens. The clear area
through the mesh of the flame-screen is to be not less than the required area of the
vent pipe specified in 4-6-4/9.3.3.
ii)
Vent outlets are to be situated where possibility of ignition of the gases issuing
therefrom is remote.
iii)
Vents for fuel oil service and settling tanks directly serving the propulsion and
generator engines are to be so located and arranged that in the event of a broken vent
pipe, this will not directly lead to the risk of ingress of sea water splashes or rain
water into the fuel oil tanks.
9.3.5(c) Protection for lubricating oil tanks. Vents for lubricating oil tanks directly serving
propulsion and generator engines, where terminated on the weather deck are to be so located
and arranged that in the event of a broken vent pipe, this will not directly lead to the risk of
ingress of sea water splashes or rain water.
9.3.6
Oil Pollution Prevention 4-6-4/9.3.6

Vents from fuel oil and other oil tanks, which, in the event of an inadvertent overflow, may
result in oil pollution of the marine environment, are to be fitted with overflow arrangements
(see 4-6-4/9.5.5) or means of containment, such as a coaming, in way of vent outlets.
9.3.7
Vent Outlet Closing Devices (2003)

9.3.7(a) General. Where vent outlets are required by 4-6-4/9.3.5(a) to be fitted with
automatic closing devices, they are to comply with the following:
9.3.7(b) Design.
i)
Vent outlet automatic closing devices are to be so designed that they will withstand
both ambient and working conditions, and be suitable for use at inclinations up to and
including 40.
ii)
Vent outlet automatic closing devices are to be constructed to allow inspection of the
closure and the inside of the casing, as well as changing the seals.
iii)
Efficient seating arrangements are to be provided for the closures.
iv)
Vent outlet automatic closing devices are to be self-draining.
v)
The clear area through a vent outlet closing device in the open position is to be at
least equal to the area of the inlet.
vi)
An automatic closing device is to:
prevent the free entry of water into the tanks,
allow the passage of air or liquid to prevent excessive pressure or vacuum

developing in the tank.
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vii)
In the case of vent outlet closing devices of the float type, suitable guides are to be
provided to ensure unobstructed operation under all working conditions of heel and
trim.
viii)
The maximum allowable tolerances for wall thickness of floats should not exceed
10%of thickness.
9.3.7(c) Materials
i)
Casings of vent outlet closing devices are to be of approved metallic materials

adequately protected against corrosion.
ii)
Closures and seats made of non-metallic materials are to be compatible with the
media intended to be carried in the tank and to seawater, and suitable for operating at
ambient temperatures between -25C and 85C (-13F and 185F).
9.3.7(d) Type Testing

i)
Testing of Vent Outlet Automatic Closing Devices. Each type and size of vent outlet
automatic closing device is to be surveyed and type tested at the manufacturers
works or other acceptable location.
The minimum test requirements for a vent outlet automatic closing device are to
include the determination of the flow characteristics of the vent outlet closing device,
the measurement of the pressure drop versus the rate of volume flow using water and
with any intended flame or insect screens in place and also tightness tests during
immersion/emerging in water, whereby the automatic closing device is to be
subjected to a series of tightness tests involving not less than two (2) immersion
cycles under each of the following conditions:
The automatic closing device is to be submerged slightly below the water surface
at a velocity of approximately 4 m/min. (12.19 ft/min) and then returned to the
original position immediately. The quantity of leakage is to be recorded.
The automatic closing device is to be submerged to a point slightly below the

surface of the water. The submerging velocity is to be approximately 8 m/min
and the air pipe vent head is to remain submerged for not less than 5 minutes. The
quantity of leakage is to be recorded.
Each of the above tightness tests are to be carried out in the normal position as
well as at an inclination of 40 degrees.
The maximum allowable leakage per cycle is not to exceed 2 ml/mm (13.42 10-2
gal/inch) of nominal diameter of inlet pipe during any individual test.
ii)
Testing of Non-Metallic Floats. Impact and compression loading tests are to be

carried out on the floats before and after pre-conditioning as follows:
Test temperature C (F):
-25C (-13F)
20C (68F)
85C (185F)
Dry
Yes
Yes
Yes
After immerging in water
Yes
Yes
Yes
After immerging in fuel oil
NA
Yes
NA
Test conditions
Immerging in water and fuel oil is to be for at least 48 hours.
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Impact Test. The test may be conducted on a pendulum type testing machine. The
floats are to be subjected to 5 impacts of 2.5 N-m (1.844 lbf-ft) each and are not to
suffer permanent deformation, cracking or surface deterioration at this impact
loading.
Subsequently, the floats are to be subjected to 5 impacts of 25 N-m (18.44 lbf-ft)
each. At this impact energy level some localized surface damage at the impact point
may occur. No permanent deformation or cracking of the floats is to appear.
Compression Loading Test. Compression tests are to be conducted with the floats
mounted on a supporting ring of a diameter and bearing area corresponding to those
of the float seating with which it is intended that the float shall be used. For a ball
type float, loads are to be applied through a concave cap of the same internal radius as
the test float and bearing on an area of the same diameter as the seating. For a disc
type float, loads are to be applied through a disc of equal diameter as the float.
A load of 350 kg (771.62 lb) is to be applied over one minute and maintained for 60
minutes. The deflection is to be measured at intervals of 10 minutes after attachment
of the full load.
The record of deflection against time is to show no continuing increase in deflection
and, after release of the load, there is to be no permanent deflection.
iii)
9.5
Testing of Metallic Floats. The above described impact tests are to be carried out at
room temperature and in the dry condition.
Tank Overflows 4-6-4/9.5

9.5.1

Generally, all tanks capable of being filled by a pumping system, as in 4-6-4/9.1.2, are to be
provided with a means of overflow. This may be achieved by overflowing through dedicated
overflow pipes or through the tank vents, provided the sizes of the vents meet 4-6-4/9.3.3(b).
Overflows are to discharge outboard, i.e., on the weather deck or overboard, or into
designated overflow tanks. Overflow lines are to be self-draining.
9.5.2
Overflow Pipe Size 4-6-4/9.5.2

In general, the aggregate area of the overflow pipes is not to be less than 125% of the
effective area of the filling line. Where high capacity or high head pumps are used,
calculations demonstrating the adequacy of the overflow as well as the vent to prevent overor underpressurization of the ballast tanks are to be submitted. See also 4-6-4/9.3.3(b). Where
overflows complying with this requirement are fitted, tank vents need only meet the minimum
size complying with 4-6-4/9.3.3(a). Where, however, tank vents complying with
4-6-4/9.3.3(b) are fitted, separate overflows will not be required.
9.5.3
Overflows Discharging Overboard 4-6-4/9.5.3

In general, overflow pipes discharging through the vessels sides are to be led above the
freeboard deck and are to be fitted with a non-return valve (not to be of cast iron, see
4-6-2/9.13.2) at the shell.
Where the overflow discharging overboard cannot be led above the freeboard deck, the
opening at the shell is to be protected against sea water ingress in accordance with the same
provisions as that for overboard gravity drain from watertight spaces described in 4-6-4/3.3.
In this connection, the vertical distance of the inboard end from the summer load water line
may be taken as the height from the summer load water line to the level that the sea water has
to rise to find its way inboard through the overboard pipe.
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Where, in accordance with the provisions of 4-6-4/3.3, a non-return valve with a positive
means of closing is required, means is to be provided to prevent unauthorized operation of
this valve. This may be a notice posted at the valve operator warning that it may be shut by
authorized personnel only.
9.5.4
Overflow Common Header 4-6-4/9.5.4

Where overflows from the tanks in more than one watertight subdivision are connected to a
common header below the freeboard or bulkhead deck, the arrangement is to be such as to
prevent fore-and-aft flooding of one watertight subdivision from another in the event of
damage.
9.5.5
Fuel Oil Tank Overflows 4-6-4/9.5.5

Fuel oil tanks are not to be fitted with overflows discharging overboard. Fuel oil tank
overflows are to be led to an overflow tank or to a storage tank with sufficient excess capacity
(normally 10 minutes at transfer pump capacity) to accommodate the overflow. The overflow
tank is to be provided with a high level alarm, see 4-6-4/13.5.4.
9.5.6
Overflow Pipe Wall Thickness 4-6-4/9.5.6

In general, overflow pipes exposed to weather are to have wall thicknesses not less than
standard thickness, see 4-6-4/9.3.2(a). Overflow pipes not exposed to weather are to meet the
thickness requirements of vents in 4-6-4/9.3.2(b). However, that portion of the overflow pipe
subjected to the provisions of 4-6-4/3.3, as indicated in 4-6-4/9.5.3, are to be in accordance
with the pipe wall thicknesses in 4-6-4/3.3.
11
Means of Sounding
11.1
General 4-6-4/11.1
4-6-4/11
11.1.1 Application 4-6-4/11.1.1

These requirements apply to the provision of means of sounding for liquid and void tanks and
for normally dry but not easily accessible compartments. The requirements in this subsection,
however, do not apply to sounding arrangements of liquid cargoes, such as crude oil, liquefied
gases, chemicals, etc., specific requirements of that are provided in Part 5.
The means of sounding covered in this subsection include sounding pipes and gauge glasses.
For level-indicating devices fitted to tanks containing flammable liquid, such as fuel oil, see
4-6-4/13.5.6(b). Remote tank level indicating systems are to be submitted for consideration in
each case.
11.1.2 Basic Requirements 4-6-4/11.1.2
All tanks, cofferdams, void spaces and all normally dry compartments, such as cargo holds,
which are not easily accessible, and which have possibility of water accumulation (e.g.,
adjacent to sea, pipe passing through), are to be provided with means of a sounding level of
liquid present. In general, this means is to be a sounding pipe. A gauge glass, level indicating
device, remote-gauging system, etc. may also be accepted as a means of sounding.
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Sounding Pipes 4-6-4/11.3

11.3.1 General Installation Requirements 4-6-4/11.3.1
Sounding pipes are to be led as straight as possible from the lowest part of tanks or spaces and
are to be terminated in positions which are always accessible under all operational conditions
of the vessel. Sounding pipes installed in compartments, such as the cargo hold, where they
may be exposed to mechanical damage, are to be adequately protected.
11.3.2 Sounding Pipe Size 4-6-4/11.3.2
The internal diameter of the sounding pipe is not to be less than 32 mm (1.26 in).
11.3.3 Sounding Pipe Wall Thickness 4-6-4/11.3.3
Steel sounding pipes are to have wall thickness not less than that given in the appropriate
column (A, C or D) of 4-6-2/Table 4 and in accordance with their locations of installation as
follows:
i)
Within the tank to which the sounding pipe serves: column A.
ii)
Exposed to weather and outside the tank to which the sounding pipe serves: column
C.
iii)
Passing through fuel oil or ballast tanks and outside the tank to which the sounding
pipe serves: column D.
iv)
Passing through the bilge well and outside the tank to which the sounding pipe serves:
extra heavy thickness (see 4-6-1/3.9).
11.3.4 Materials of Sounding Pipes 4-6-4/11.3.4

Material of sounding pipes of tanks containing flammable liquids is to be steel or equivalent.
Plastic pipes may be used in such tanks and all other tanks subject to compliance with the
following:
The plastic pipe is confined to within the tank which the sounding pipe serves.
The penetration of the tank boundary is of steel.
The plastic pipes used are in compliance with Section 4-6-3.
11.3.5 Protection of Tank Bottom Plating 4-6-4/11.3.5
Provision is to be made to protect the tank bottom plating from repeated striking by the
sounding device. Such provision may be a doubler plate fitted at the tank bottom in way of
the sounding pipe, or equivalent.
11.3.6 Deck of Termination and Closing Device 4-6-4/11.3.6
Sounding pipes are to be terminated on decks on which they are always accessible under
normal operating conditions so as to enable sounding of the tanks. In general, the exposed end
of each sounding pipe is to be provided with a watertight closing device, permanently
attached, such as a screw cap attached to the pipe with a chain.
Sounding pipes of double bottom tanks and tanks whose boundaries extend to the shell at or
below the deepest load water line are, in addition, to terminate on or above the freeboard
deck. This is so that in the event of a shell damage in way of the tank, the opening of the
sounding pipe will not cause inadvertent flooding of internal spaces. Termination below the
freeboard deck is permitted, however, if the closing device fitted at the open end is a gate
valve, or screw cap. For oil tanks, the closing device is to be of the quick acting valve, see
also 4-6-4/11.3.7.
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11.3.7 Sounding Pipes of Fuel Oil and Lubricating Oil Tanks 4-6-4/11.3.7
Sounding pipes from fuel oil tanks are not to terminate in any spaces where a risk of ignition
of spillage exists. In particular, they are not to terminate in passenger or crew spaces, in
machinery spaces or in close proximity to internal combustion engines, generators, major
electric equipment or surfaces with temperature in excess of 220C (428F). Where this is not
practicable, the following are to be complied with.
11.3.7(a) Fuel oil tanks. Sounding pipes from fuel oil tanks may terminate in machinery
spaces provided that the following are met:
i)
The sounding pipes are to terminate in locations remote from the ignition hazards, or
effective precautions, such as shielding, are taken to prevent fuel oil spillage from
coming into contact with a source of ignition.
ii)
The termination of sounding pipes is fitted with a quick-acting self-closing valve and
with a small diameter self-closing test cock or equivalent located below the selfclosing valve for the purpose of ascertaining that fuel oil is not present before the
valve is opened. Provisions are to be made to prevent spillage of fuel oil through the
test cock from creating an ignition hazard.
iii)
A fuel oil level gauge complying with 4-6-4/13.5.6(b) is fitted. This may be omitted
for tanks other than double bottom tanks provided with an overflow or a high level
alarm.
11.3.7(b) Lubricating oil tanks. Sounding pipes from lubricating oil tanks may terminate in
machinery spaces provided that the following are met:
11.5
i)
The sounding pipes are to terminate in locations remote from the ignition hazards, or
effective precautions, such as shielding, are taken to prevent oil spillage from coming
into contact with a source of ignition.
ii)
The termination of sounding pipes is fitted with a quick-acting self-closing gate

valve.
Gauge Glasses 4-6-4/11.5

11.5.1 Flat Glass Type 4-6-4/11.5.1
Where gauge glasses are installed as means of level indication, flat glass type gauge glasses
are required for the following tanks:
Tanks whose boundaries extend to the vessels shell at or below the deepest load
water line.
Tanks containing flammable liquid (except as indicated in 4-6-4/11.5.2 for hydraulic
oil and for small tanks).
Flat glass type gauge glasses are to be fitted with a self-closing valve at each end and are to be
adequately protected from mechanical damage.
11.5.2 Tubular Glass Type 4-6-4/11.5.2
11.5.2(a) General. Tubular glass gauge glasses may be fitted to tanks other than those
mentioned in 4-6-4/11.5.1. A self-closing valve is to be fitted at each end of the gauge glass.
11.5.2(b) Hydraulic oil tanks. Tubular glass gauge glasses with a self-closing valve at each
end may be fitted to hydraulic oil tanks provided:
the tanks are located outside machinery spaces of category A,
the space does not contain ignition sources such as diesel engines, major electrical
equipment, hot surfaces having temperature of 220C (428F) or more, and
the tank boundaries do not extend to the shell at or below the deepest load water line.
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11.5.2(c) Small tanks. Small tanks, including those containing hydraulic oil or lubricating oil
located in a machinery space of category A, may be fitted with tubular glass gauge glasses
without a valve at the upper end, subject to the following:
The tank capacity does not exceed 100 liters (26.5 gallons).
A self-closing valve is fitted at the lower end.
The upper connection is as close to the tank top as possible and is to be above the
maximum liquid level in the tank.
The gauge glass is so located or protected that any leakage therefrom will be
contained.
11.5.2(d) Fresh water tanks. Structural tanks whose boundaries do not extend to the vessel's
shell, and independent tanks for fresh water may all be fitted with tubular gauge glasses with
a valve at each end or a valve at the bottom end of the glass.
11.7
Level Indicating Device 4-6-4/11.7

Where a level-indicating device is provided for determining the level in a tank containing flammable
liquid, the failure of the device is not to result in the release of the content of the tank through the
device.
11.9
Remote Level Indicating Systems 4-6-4/11.9

Where fitted, plans showing the arrangements and details of the system, along with particulars of the
sensing and transmitting devices, are to be submitted for review in each case.
13
Fuel Oil Storage and Transfer Systems
13.1
General 4-6-4/13.1
4-6-4/13
13.1.1 Application 4-6-4/13.1.1

Provisions of 4-6-4/13 apply to fuel oil storage, transfer and processing systems, in general.
They are to be applied, as appropriate, together with fuel oil system requirements specific to
each type of propulsion or auxiliary plant provided in 4-6-5/3 (for internal combustion
engines) and 4-6-6/7 (for boilers).
13.1.2 Fuel Oil Flash Point 4-6-4/13.1.2
The provisions of this subsection apply to fuel oils having a flash point (closed cup test)
above 60C (140F).
Fuel oil with a flash point of 60C or below, but not less than 43C (110F), may only be used
for vessels classed for services in specified geographical areas. The climatic conditions of
such areas are to preclude ambient temperature of spaces where such fuel oil is stored from
rising within 10C (18F) below its flash point.
Not withstanding this restriction, prime movers of emergency generators may use fuel oil
with a flash point of not less than 43C.
13.1.3 Basic Requirement 4-6-4/13.1.3
The intent of the requirements of 4-6-4/13 for fuel oil systems is to minimize the possibility
of fire due to fuel oil primarily by identifying and separating likely fuel leakages from
ignition sources, collection and drainage of fuel leakages and proper design of fuel
containment systems.
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Installation Requirements 4-6-4/13.3

13.3.1 Access, Ventilation and Maintenance 4-6-4/13.3.1
All spaces where fuel oil installations, settling tanks or service tanks are located are to be
easily accessible. Such spaces are to be sufficiently ventilated to prevent accumulation of oil
vapor. As far as practicable, materials of either combustible or oil-absorbing property are not
to be used in such spaces.
13.3.2 Hot Surfaces 4-6-4/13.3.2
To prevent the ignition of fuel oil, all hot surfaces, e.g., steam and exhaust piping,
turbochargers, exhaust gas boilers, etc. likely to reach a temperature above 220C (428F)
during service are to be insulated with non-combustible, and preferably non-oil-absorbent,
materials. Such insulation materials, if not impervious to oil, are to be encased in oil-tight
steel sheathing or equivalent. The insulation assembly is to be well installed and supported
having regard to its possible deterioration due to vibration.
13.3.3 Arrangement of Fuel Oil Equipment and Piping 4-6-4/13.3.3
As far as practicable, fuel oil tanks, pipes, filters, heaters, etc. are to be located far from
sources of ignition, such as hot surfaces and electrical equipment. In particular, they are not to
be located immediately above nor near such ignition sources. The number of pipe joints is to
be kept to the minimum, and if danger of ignition of leakage exists, the joints are to be
screened or otherwise protected to avoid oil spray or oil leakage onto hot surfaces, into
machinery air intakes or other sources of ignition.
13.3.4 Leakage Containment and Drainage System 4-6-4/13.3.4
13.3.4(a) Leakage containment. Fuel oil system components, such as pumps, strainers,
purifiers, etc. and fuel oil heaters, which require occasional dismantling for examination, and
where leakage may normally be expected, are to have drip pans fitted underneath to contain
the leakage.
In way of valves fitted near the bottom of fuel oil tanks located above the double bottom and
in way of other tank fittings, where leakage may be expected, drip pans are also to be
provided.
Freestanding fuel oil tanks are to be provided with oil tight spill trays, as required in
4-6-4/13.5.2.
13.3.4(b) Drainage. Drip pans, spill trays and other leakage containment facilities are to be
provided with a means of drainage. Where they are led to a drain tank, protection against back
flows and venting through the drain lines is to be provided as follows:
404
i)
The drain tank is not to form part of the fuel oil overflow system.
ii)
The drain tank is to be fitted with a high level alarm for propulsion machinery spaces
intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC or ACCU notation), see
4-9-3/15.1.2 and 4-9-4/17.
iii)
Where drain lines entering the tank are not fitted with non-return valves, they are to
be led to the bottom of the tank to minimize venting of the tank through the drain
lines.
iv)
Where the drain tank is a double bottom tank, all drain lines entering the tank are to
be fitted with non-return valves at the tank so as to protect the engine room from
flooding in case of bottom damage to the tank.
v)
The drain tank is to be fitted with a pumping arrangement to enable transfer of its
content to the shore facility or to other waste oil tanks
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13.3.5 Valve Operation 4-6-4/13.3.5

Valves related to fuel oil systems are to be installed in readily operable and accessible
positions.
13.5
Fuel Oil Tanks 4-6-4/13.5

13.5.1 Arrangements of Structural Tanks 4-6-4/13.5.1
13.5.1(a) Machinery space of category A. As far as practicable, fuel oil tanks are to be part
of the vessels structure and located away from the machinery spaces of category A.
However, where it is found necessary to locate the fuel oil tanks adjacent to or inside the
machinery spaces of category A, the arrangements are to reduce the area of the tank boundary
common with the machinery space of category A to a minimum, and to comply with the
following:
i)
Fuel tanks having boundary common with machinery spaces of category A are not to
contain fuel oils having flash point of 60C (140F) or less.
ii)
At least one of their vertical sides is to be contiguous to the machinery space

boundary.
iii)
(2002) The bottom of the fuel oil tank is not to be so exposed that it will be in direct
contact with flame should there be a fire in a Category A machinery space. The fuel
tank is to extend to the double bottom. Alternatively, the bottom of the fuel oil tank is
to be fitted with a cofferdam. The cofferdam is to be fitted with suitable drainage
arrangements to prevent accumulation of oil in the event of oil leakage from the tank.
iv)
Fuel oil tanks are to be located such that no spillage or leakage therefrom can
constitute a hazard by falling on heated surfaces or electrical equipment. If this is not
practicable, the latter are to be protected from such spillage or leakage by shields,
coamings or trays as appropriate.
13.5.1(b) Drainage of water. Means are to be provided for draining water from the bottom
of the settling tanks. Where there are no settling tanks installed similar arrangements for
draining the water is to be fitted to the fuel oil storage or the daily service tank.
Where the drainage of water from these tanks is through open drains, valves or cocks of a
self-closing type, arrangements such as gutterways or other similar means are to be provided
for collecting the drains. Means are to be provided to collect the oily discharge.
13.5.1(c) Location. Tanks forward of the collision bulkheads are not to be arranged for the
carriage of fuel oil. See also 3-2-10/1.3.
13.5.1(d) Service tanks. (2004) At least two fuel oil service tanks for each type of fuel used
onboard necessary for propulsion and vital systems, or equivalent arrangements, are to be
provided. Each service tank is to have a capacity of at least 8 hours at maximum continuous
rating of the propulsion plant and normal operating load at sea of the generator plant.
A service tank is a fuel tank, which contains only fuel of a quality ready for use, that is, fuel
of a grade and quality that meets the specification required by the equipment manufacturer. A
service tank is to be declared as such and is not to be used for any other purpose.
Use of a settling tank with or without purifiers or use of purifiers alone is not acceptable as an
equivalent arrangement to providing a service tank. 4-6-4/Table 2 shows examples of
acceptable arrangements.
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TABLE 2
Alternative Arrangements for Fuel Oil Service Tanks
Consumption
Number of
service tanks
required
Mono-fuel
vessels
(HFO)
HFO:
PE+GE+AB
Dual-fuel
vessels
(HFO +
MDO)
HFO: ME+AB
28 hr HFO
MDO: GE
28 hr MDO
28 hr HFO
Acceptable alternative
service tanks
18 hr HFO
(PE+GE+AB), and
18 hr MDO
(PE+GE+AB)
Comments
Duplication of tank for MDO for initial cold

start of engines/boilers is not required.
However, if AB is fitted with pilot burner,
another 8 hr MDO tank for this purpose is
required.
AB need not be accounted if exhaust gas boiler
is normally used for heating HFO.
18 hr HFO (ME+AB)
and the greater of:
24 hr MDO (ME+
GE+AB); or
28 hr MDO (GE +AB)
Legend:
PE = propulsion engine(s)
GE = generator engine(s)
AB = auxiliary boiler(s)
HFO = heavy fuel oil

MDO = marine diesel oil
13.5.2 Arrangements of Free-standing Tanks 4-6-4/13.5.2

The use of free standing fuel oil tanks in the machinery spaces of category A is to be avoided
as far as possible, see the general intent in 4-6-4/13.5.1(a). Where this is unavoidable, freestanding fuel oil tanks in machinery spaces of category A are to be kept to a minimum and
their installation is to be as follows:
The fuel oil tanks are to be placed in an oil tight spill tray of ample size (e.g., large
enough to cover leakage points such as manhole, drain valves, gauge glass, etc.) with
a drainage facility to a suitable drain tank.
The fuel oil tanks are not to be situated where spillage or leakage therefrom can
constitute a hazard by falling on heated surfaces. In particular they are not to be
located over boilers.
13.5.3 Valves on Fuel Oil Tanks 4-6-4/13.5.3
13.5.3(a) Required valves. (2003) Every fuel oil pipe emanating from any fuel oil tank,
which, if damaged, would allow fuel oil to escape from the tank, is to be provided with a shutoff valve directly on the tank. The valve is not to be of cast iron, although the use of nodular
cast iron is permissible, see 4-6-2/3.1.4. The shut-off valve is to be provided with means of
closure both locally and from a readily accessible and safe position outside of the space. In
the event that the capacity of the tank is less than 500 liters (132 US gallons), this remote
means of closure may be omitted.
If the required valve is situated in a shaft tunnel or pipe tunnel or similar spaces, the
arrangement for remote closing may be effected by means of an additional valve on the pipe
or pipes outside the tunnel or similar spaces. If such an additional valve is fitted in a
machinery space, it is to be provided with a means of closure both locally and from a readily
accessible position outside of this space.
When considering two adjacent fuel oil tanks, the fuel oil suction pipe from the tank on the far
side may pass through the adjacent tank, and the required shut off valve may be located at the
boundary of the adjacent tank. In such instances, the thickness of the fuel oil suction pipe
passing through the adjacent fuel oil tank is to be in accordance with Column C in
4-6-2/Table 4 and of all welded construction.
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13.5.3(b) Remote means of closure. The remote closure of the valves may be by a reach rod
or by electric, hydraulic or pneumatic means. The source of power to operate these valves is
to be from outside of the space in which these valves are situated. For a pneumatically
operated system, the air supply may be from a source located within the same space as the
valves provided that an air receiver complying with the following is located outside the space:
Sufficient capacity to close all connected valves twice.
Fitted with low air pressure alarm.
Fitted with a non-return valve adjacent to the air receiver in the air supply line.
This remote means of closure is to override all other means of valve control. The use of an
electric, hydraulic or pneumatic system to keep the valve in the open position is not
acceptable.
Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat are not to be used in the construction of the
valves or the closure mechanism unless protected adequately to ensure effective closure
facility in the event of fire. Electric cables, where used, are to be fire-resistant, meeting the
requirements of IEC Publication 60331.
The controls for the remote means of closure of the valves of the emergency generator fuel
tank and the emergency fire pump fuel tank, as applicable, are to be grouped separately from
those for other fuel oil tanks.
13.5.4 Filling and Overflow 4-6-4/13.5.4
In general, filling lines are to enter at or near the top of the tank; but if this is impracticable,
they are to be fitted with non-return valve at the tank. Alternatively, the filling line is to be
fitted with a remotely operable valve as in 4-6-4/13.5.3(a). Overflows from fuel oil tanks are
to be led to an overflow tank with sufficient volume to accommodate the overflows (normally
10-minutes at transfer pump capacity). A high level alarm is to be provided for the overflow
tank. Overflow lines are to be self-draining.
13.5.5 Vents 4-6-4/13.5.5
Vents are to be fitted to fuel oil tanks and are to meet the requirements of 4-6-4/9.
13.5.6 Level Measurement 4-6-4/13.5.6
13.5.6(a) Sounding pipes. Sounding pipes are to meet the general requirements of 4-6-4/11.
13.5.6(b) Level gauges. Level gauges may be fitted in lieu of sounding pipes, provided that
the failure of, or the damage to, the level gauge will not result in the release of fuel oil. Where
the gauge is located such that it is subjected to a head of oil, a valve is to be fitted to allow for
its removal, see 4-6-2/9.11.3. The level gauge is to be capable of withstanding the hydrostatic
pressure at the location of installation, including that due to overfilling. For passenger vessels,
no level gauge is to be installed below the top of the tank.
13.5.6(c) Gauge glasses. Gauge glasses complying with the intent of 4-6-4/13.5.6(b) may be
fitted in lieu of sounding pipes, provided they are of flat glass type with a self-closing valve at
each end and are adequately protected from mechanical damage. See also 4-6-4/11.5.1.
13.5.6(d) Level switches. Where fitted, they are to be encased in steel, or equivalent, such
that no release of fuel oil is possible in the event of their damage due to fire. Where the device
is located, such that it is subjected to a head of oil, a valve is to be fitted to allow for its
removal, see 4-6-2/9.11.3.
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13.5.6(e) High level alarm. To prevent spillage, the alarm is to be fitted to warn of the level
reaching a predetermined high level. For tanks fitted with overflow arrangements, the high
level alarm may be omitted, provided the flow sight glass is fitted in the overflow pipes. Such
flow sight glass is to be fitted only on the vertical section of overflow pipe and in readily
visible position.
13.5.6(f) Additional level alarms. For propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized
or unattended operation (ACC or ACCU notation), low level conditions of fuel oil settling
and service tanks are to be alarmed at the centralized control station. Where tanks are
automatically filled, high level alarms are also to be provided. For ACCU notation, these
tanks are to be sized for at least 24-hour operation without refilling, except that for
automatically filled tanks, 8-hour operation will suffice.
13.5.7 Heating Arrangements in Tanks (2003) 4-6-4/13.5.7
13.5.7(a) Flash point. (2001) Fuel oil in storage tanks is not to be heated within 10C (18F)
below its flash point. Where fuel oil in service tanks, settling tanks and any other tanks in the
supply system is heated, the arrangements are to comply with the following:
i)
The length of the vent pipes from the tanks and/or cooling device is to be sufficient
for cooling the vapors to below 60C, or the outlet of the vent pipes is located at least
3 m (10 ft.) away from a source of ignition.
ii)
There are no openings from the vapor space of the fuel tanks leading into machinery
spaces, except for bolted manholes.
iii)
Enclosed spaces, such as workshops, accommodation spaces, etc., are not to be

located directly over the fuel tanks, except for vented cofferdams.
iv)
Electrical equipment is not to be fitted in the vapor space of the tanks, unless it is
certified to be intrinsically safe.
13.5.7(b) Fuel oil temperature control. All heated fuel oil tanks located within machinery
spaces are to be fitted with a temperature indicator. Means of temperature control are to be
provided to prevent overheating of fuel oil, in accordance with 4-6-4/13.5.7(a).
13.5.7(c) Temperature of heating media. Where heating is by means of fluid heating medium
(steam, thermal oil, etc.), a high temperature alarm is to be fitted to warn of any high medium
temperature. This alarm may be omitted if the maximum temperature of the heating medium
can, in no case, exceed 220C (428F).
13.5.7(d) Steam heating. To guard against possible contamination of boiler feed water,
where fuel oil tanks are heated by steam heating coils, steam condensate returns are to be led
to an observation tank, or other approved means, to enable detection of oil leaking into the
steam system.
13.5.7(e) Electric heating. Where electric heating is installed, the heating elements are to be
arranged to be submerged at all times during operation, and are to be fitted with an automatic
means of preventing the surface temperature of the heating element from exceeding 220C
(428F). This automatic feature is to be independent of the fuel oil temperature control and is
to be provided with manual reset.
13.5.7(f) ACC or ACCU notation. For vessels whose propulsion machinery spaces are
intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC or ACCU notation), see 4-9-3/15.1.3.
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Piping Systems
4-6-4
Fuel Oil System Components (2003)4-6-4/13.7

13.7.1 Pipes and Fittings 4-6-4/13.7.1
13.7.1(a) Pipes. Pipes are to meet the general requirements of certification in 4-6-1/7.1;
materials in 4-6-2/3; and design in 4-6-2/5.1, subject to the following:
i)
Pipes passing through fuel oil tanks are to be of steel except that other materials may
be considered where it is demonstrated that the material is suitable for the intended
service.
ii)
Limited use of plastic pipes will be permitted, subject to compliance with the
requirements of Section 4-6-3.
iii)
(2003) For pipes, the design pressure is to be taken in accordance with 4-6-4/Table 3.
TABLE 3
Design Pressure for Fuel Oil Pipes (2003)
Maximum allowable working
pressure (P)*
2
P 7 bar (7.15 kgf/cm ,

101.5 psi)
P > 7 bar (7.15 kgf/cm2,
101.5 psi)
Maximum working temperature (T)

T 60C (140F)
2
3 bar (3.1 kgf/cm , 43 psi) or P*,

whichever is greater
P*
T > 60C (140F)

3 bar (3.1 kgf/cm2, 43 psi) or P*,
14 bar (14.3 kgf/cm2, 203 psi) or P*,
* P = maximum allowable working pressure of the system, as defined in 4-6-1/3.19, in bar (kgf/cm2, psi)
13.7.1(b) Pipe fittings and joints. (2003) Pipe fittings and joints are to meet the general
requirements of certification in 4-6-1/7.1; materials in 4-6-2/3; and design in 4-6-2/5.5 and
4-6-2/5.13 subject to limitations in 4-6-4/Table 4. Fittings and joints in piping systems are
also to be compatible with the pipes to which they are attached in respect of their strength (see
4-6-4/13.7.1(a)iii) for design pressure) and are to be suitable for effective operation at the
maximum allowable working pressure they will experience in service. For flanges, their
pressure-temperature rating is subject to the limitations in 4-6-2/5.5.4.
13.7.1(c) Hoses. Hoses, where installed, are to comply with 4-6-2/5.7.1. Hose clamps are not
permitted.
13.7.2 Valves (2003) 4-6-4/13.7.2
Valves are to meet the general requirements of certification in 4-6-1/7.1; materials in 4-6-2/3;
and design in 4-6-2/5.9 and 4-6-2/5.11. Cast iron valves are not to be used as shut-off valves
for fuel oil tanks, as indicated in 4-6-4/13.5.3(a).
Valves in piping systems are also to be compatible with the pipes to which they are attached
in respect to their strength, (see 4-6-4/13.7.1(a)iii) for design pressure) and are to be suitable
for effective operation at the maximum allowable working pressure they will experience in
service. Their pressure rating is subject to the limitations in 4-6-2/5.9.2.
13.7.3 Pumps 4-6-4/13.7.3
Fuel oil pumps are to be fitted with stop valves at suction and discharge sides. A relief valve
is to be fitted on the discharge side, unless the pump is of the centrifugal type having a shutoff head no greater than the design pressure of the piping system. Where fitted, the relief
valve is to discharge to the suction side of the pump or into the tank.
Fuel oil pumps requiring certification are specified in 4-6-1/7.3. See also 4-6-5/3 and 4-6-6/7.
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TABLE 4
Pipe Joint Limitations for Fuel Oil Piping (2004)
Types of joint
Class I
Class II
Class III
Butt welded joint
No limitation
No limitation
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
No limitation
Slip-on welded sleeve joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
No limitation
Flanged joint
Types A & B only.
Types A, B & C only.
Types A, B & C only.
Taper-thread joint
80 mm (3 in).
Permissible pressure/size:
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
80 mm (3 in).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
No limitation.
Flared, flareless and

compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in) OD.

Only flared fittings for
copper and copper-zinc
tubes.
60 mm (2.4 in) OD.

tubes.
No size limitation.
tubes
Molded non-metallic
expansion joint
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Molded expansion joint of

composite construction
Subject to compliance with

4-6-2/5.7.2 (b)

4-6-2/5.7.2 (b)

4-6-2/5.7.2 (b)
Metallic bellow type

expansion joint
No limitation
No limitation
No limitation
Slip type expansion joint
Not permitted
Not permitted
No limitation except where

leakage will lead to fire
hazard.
Hoses
Subject to fire resistance

test: 4-6-2/5.7.1.

test: 4-6-2/5.7.1.

test: 4-6-2/5.7.1.
Note:
Pipe sizes are nominal bore, except where indicated otherwise.
13.7.4 Heaters 4-6-4/13.7.4

13.7.4(a) Heater housing. All fuel oil heaters having any of the following design parameters
are to be certified by the Bureau (for pressure vessels, see Section 4-4-1):
design pressure > 6.9 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 psi) on either sides;
design pressure > 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi), internal volume > 0.14 m3 (5 ft3), and
design temperature > 66C (150F) on the oil side or > 149C (300F) on the heating
medium side;
all fired heaters with design pressure > 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi).
Electric oil heaters not required to be certified by the above are to have their housing design
submitted for review.
13.7.4(b) Fuel oil temperature control. (2003) All heaters are to be fitted with a fuel oil
temperature indicator and a means of temperature control.
13.7.4(c) Heating media and electric heating. (2003) The provisions of 4-6-4/13.5.7(c), (d)
and (e) are also applicable to fuel oil heaters.
13.7.4(d) Relief valves. Relief valves are to be fitted on the fuel oil side of the heaters. The
discharge from the relief valve is to be led to a safe location.
13.7.4(e) ACC or ACCU notation. (2003) For vessels whose propulsion machinery spaces
are intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC or ACCU notation), see
4-9-3/15.1.3.
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13.7.5 Filters and Strainers 4-6-4/13.7.5

Filters and strainers are to be designed to withstand the maximum working pressure of the
system in which they are installed.
Where filters and strainers are fitted in parallel to enable cleaning without disrupting the oil
supply, means are to be provided to minimize the possibility of a filter or strainer being
opened inadvertently.
Where they are required to be opened for cleaning during operation, they are to be fitted with
means of depressurizing before being opened and venting before being put into operation. For
this purpose, valves and cocks for drainage and venting are to be provided. Drain pipes and
vent pipes are to be led to a safe location. For leakage containment and drainage, see
4-6-4/13.3.4.
13.7.6 Sight Flow Glasses 4-6-4/13.7.6
Sight flow glass may be fitted only in the vertical sections of fuel oil overflow pipes, and
provided that it is in a readily visible position.
13.9
Fuel Oil Transfer, Filling and Purification Systems 4-6-4/13.9

13.9.1 Fuel Oil Transfer Pumps 4-6-4/13.9.1
There are to be at least two fuel oil transfer pumps. At least one of the pumps is to be
independent of the main engine. Fuel oil transfer pumps are to be fitted with remote means of
controls situated outside the space in which they are located so that they may be stopped in
the event of fire in that space.
For filling and overflow, see 4-6-4/13.5.4. For automatic filling in propulsion machinery
spaces intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC or ACCU notation), see
4-6-4/13.5.6(f).
13.9.2 Segregation of Purifiers for Heated Fuel Oil (1 July 2002)
Fuel oil purifiers for heated oil are to be placed in a separate room or rooms, enclosed by steel
bulkheads extending from deck to deck and provided with self-closing doors. In addition, the
room is to be provided with the following:
i)
Independent mechanical ventilation or ventilation arrangement that can be isolated

from the machinery space ventilation, of the suction type.
ii)
Fire detection system.
iii)
Fixed fire-extinguishing system capable of activation from outside the room. The
extinguishing system is to be dedicated to the room but may be a part of the fixed fire
extinguishing system for the machinery space.
However, for the protection of purifiers on cargo vessels of 2000 gross tonnage and
above located within a machinery space of category A above 500 m3 (17,657 ft3) in
volume, the above referenced fixed dedicated system is to be a fixed water-based or
equivalent, local application fire-extinguishing system complying with the provisions
of 4-7-2/1.11.2. The system is to be capable of activation from outside the purifier
room. In addition, protection is to be provided by the fixed fire-extinguishing system
covering the Category A machinery space in which the purifier room is located, see
4-7-2/1.1.1.
iv)
Means of closing ventilation openings and stopping the ventilation fans, purifiers,
purifier-feed pumps, etc. from a position close to where the fire extinguishing system
is activated.
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If it is impracticable to locate the fuel oil purifiers in a separate room, special consideration
will be given with regard to location, containment of possible leakage, shielding and
ventilation. In such cases, a local fixed water-based fire-extinguishing system complying with
the provisions of 4-7-2/1.11.2 is to be provided. Where, due to the limited size of the category
A machinery space (less than 500 m3 (17,657 ft3) in volume), a local fixed water-based fireextinguishing system is not required to be provided, then an alternative type of local dedicated
fixed fire-extinguishing system is to be provided for the protection of the purifiers. In either
case, the local fire extinguishing system is to activate automatically or manually from the
centralized control station or other suitable location. If automatic release is provided,
additional manual release is also to be arranged.
15
Lubricating Oil Storage and Transfer Systems
15.1
General and Installation Requirements 4-6-4/15.1
4-6-4/15
15.1.1 Application 4-6-4/15.1.1

Provisions of 4-6-4/15 apply to storage and transfer and processing of lubricating oil. They
are to be applied, as appropriate, together with requirements for lubricating oil systems
specific to each type of propulsion or auxiliary machinery specified in 4-6-5/5 (for internal
combustion engines) and 4-6-6/9 (for steam turbines). In addition, the requirements of
4-6-4/13.5.7(b) through (f) and 4-6-4/13.7.4 are applicable.
15.1.2 Basic Requirement 4-6-4/15.1.2
The requirements for the lubricating oil storage and transfer system are intended to minimize
the fire risks of lubricating oil.
15.1.3 Dedicated Piping 4-6-4/15.1.3
The lubricating oil piping, including vent and overflow piping, is to be entirely separated
from other piping systems.
15.1.4 Hot Surfaces 4-6-4/15.1.4
To prevent the ignition of lubricating oil, all hot surfaces, e.g., steam and exhaust piping,
turbochargers, exhaust gas boilers, etc. likely to reach a temperature above 220C (428F)
during service are to be insulated with non-combustible, and preferably non-oil-absorbent,
materials. Such insulation materials, if not impervious to oil, are to be encased in oil-tight
steel sheathing or equivalent. The insulation assembly is to be well installed and supported
having regard to its possible deterioration due to vibration.
15.1.5 Arrangement of Lubricating Oil Equipment and Piping 4-6-4/15.1.5
As far as practicable, lubricating oil tanks, pipes, filters, heaters, etc. are to be located far from
sources of ignition, such as hot surfaces and electrical equipment. In particular, they are not to
be located immediately above nor near such ignition sources. The number of pipe joints is to
be kept to the minimum, and if danger of ignition of leakage exists, the joints are to be
screened or otherwise protected to avoid oil spray or oil leakage onto hot surfaces, into
machinery air intakes or other sources of ignition.
15.1.6 Leakage Containment 4-6-4/15.1.6
Lubricating oil system components, such as pumps, strainers, purifiers, etc., which require
occasional dismantling for examination, and where leakage may normally be expected, are to
be provided with leakage containment and drainage arrangements, as required in 4-6-4/13.3.4.
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15.3
4
6
4

Piping Systems
4-6-4
Lubricating Oil Tanks

15.3.1 Location
Tanks forward of the collision bulkheads are not to be arranged for the carriage of lubricating
oil. See also 3-2-10/1.3. They are not to be situated where spillage or leakage therefrom can
constitute a hazard by falling on heated surfaces or electrical equipment.
15.3.2 Valves on Lubricating Oil Tanks
Normally opened valves on lubricating oil tanks are to comply with the same requirements as
those for fuel oil tanks given in 4-6-4/13.5.3. To protect propulsion and essential auxiliary
machinery not fitted with automatic shutdown upon loss of lubricating oil, the remote means
of closing the lubricating oil tank valve may be omitted if its inadvertent activation from the
remote location could result in damage to such machinery.
15.3.3 Vents
Vents are to meet the applicable requirements in 4-6-4/9. Lubricating oil tank vents may
terminate within the machinery space provided that the open ends are situated to prevent the
possibility of overflowing on electric equipment, engines or heated surfaces.
15.3.4 Level Measurement
15.3.4(a) Sounding pipes.
4-6-4/11.
Sounding pipes are to meet the applicable requirements in
15.3.4(b) Level gauges. Level gauges may be fitted in lieu of sounding pipes, provided that
the failure of, or the damage to, the level gauge will not result in the release of lubricating oil.
Where the device is located such that it is subjected to a head of oil, a valve is to be fitted to
allow for its removal, see 4-6-2/9.11.3. The level gauge is to be capable of withstanding the
hydrostatic pressure at the location of installation, including that due to overfilling. For
passenger vessels, no level gauge is to be installed below the top of the tank.
15.3.4(c) Gauge glasses. Gauge glasses complying with the intent of 4-6-4/15.3.4(b) may be
fitted in lieu of sounding pipes, provided they are of flat glass type with a self-closing valve at
each end and are adequately protected from mechanical damage.
15.3.4(d) Level switches. Where fitted, they are to be encased in steel, or equivalent, such
that no release of lubricating oil is possible in the event of their damage due to fire. Where the
device is located such that it is subjected to a head of oil, a valve is to be fitted to allow for its
removal, see 4-6-2/9.11.3.
15.3.4(e) Level alarms. For propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or
unattended operation (ACC or ACCU notation), lubricating oil tank low-level alarms are to
be provided for:
slow-speed propulsion diesel engines (see 4-9-4/Table 3A);
gas turbines and reduction gears (see 4-9-4/Table 5);
steam turbines and gears (see 4-9-4/Table 4).
15.5
Lubricating Oil System Components

15.5.1 Pipes, Fittings and Valves
Pipes, fittings and valves are to comply with the same requirements as those for fuel oil
systems in 4-6-4/13.7.1 and 4-6-4/13.7.2.
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15.5.2 Pumps
Lubricating oil pumps requiring certification are specified in 4-6-1/7.3. See also 4-6-5/5 and
4-6-6/9.
15.5.3 Filters and Strainers
Filters and strainers are to comply with the same requirements as for those for fuel oil systems
in 4-6-4/13.7.5.
15.5.4 Coolers
Lubricating oil coolers having either of the following design parameters are to be certified by
the Bureau:
design pressure > 6.9 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 psi) on either side;
design pressure > 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi), internal volume > 0.14 m3 (5 ft3), and
design temperature > 90C (200F) on the lubricating oil side.
15.5.5 Sight-flow Glasses
Sight flow glass of a fire resistant type may be fitted only in the vertical sections of
lubricating oil overflow pipes, provided that it is in a readily visible position.
17
Additional Measures for Oil Pollution Prevention

(1 July 2003)
17.1
General
17.1.1 Application
The provisions of 4-6-4/17 apply to the additional protection to be provided for fuel oil and
lubricating oil tanks for the optional Class notation, POT Protection of Fuel and Lubricating
Oil Tanks. They are to be applied in addition to the requirements of 4-6-4/13 and 4-6-4/15
and are applicable to all types of vessels classed with the Bureau.
17.1.2 MARPOL 73/78 Compliance
The oil pollution prevention measures for oil contaminated water and sludge from the tanks
are to comply with the requirements of 4-6-4/5.7.
17.1.3 Submission of Plans
Plans showing compliance with the applicable requirements in 4-6-4/17 are to be submitted
for review.
17.3
Tank Protection Requirements

17.3.1 General
The provisions for protective location apply to fuel oil tanks, lubricating oil tanks, overflow
tanks and sludge tanks with a minimum capacity of 20 m3 (700 ft3). Such tanks are to be
located away from the vessel's side or bottom shell plating for a distance as specified in
4-6-4/17.7.3 below. Small suction wells may extend below fuel oil tanks bottoms, if they are
as small as possible and the distance between the vessels bottom plate and the suction well
bottom is not reduced by more than half of the distance required by 4-6-4/17.3.3. Fuel oil and
lubricating oil tanks of any volume are not to be used for ballast water.
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17.3.2 Exemption
Tanks used as main engine lubricating oil drain tanks need not be located in a protected
location away from the vessels side or bottom plates.
17.3.3 Protective Location of Tanks
The protective locations for the tanks specified in 4-6-4/17.3.1 above are to be as follows:
i)
All tanks are to be arranged within an inner bottom at least B/15 or 2 meters,
whichever is less, above the vessels baseline. In no case is the distance to be less
than 1 meter. B is the breadth of the vessel, as defined in 3-1-1/5, in m (ft)
ii)
Tanks with a volume less than 700 m3 (24700 ft3) are to be located at least 0.76 m
(2.5 ft) from the vessels side plating;
iii)
Tanks with a volume of 2000 m3 (70600 ft3) and above are to be located at least
2.0 m (6.7 ft) from the vessels side plating
iv)
The distance from the vessels side plating for intermediate tank volumes may be
obtained by interpolation.
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Piping Systems for Internal

Combustion Engines
4-6-5
Applications
4-6-5/1
The provisions of this section are applicable to systems essential for operation of internal combustion
engines (diesel engines and gas turbines) and associated reduction gears intended for propulsion and
electric power generation. These systems include fuel oil, lubricating oil, cooling, starting air, exhaust
gas and crankcase ventilation. Reference should be made to Section 4-2-1 and Section 4-2-3 for
engine appurtenances of diesel engines and gas turbines, respectively.
These provisions contain requirements for system design, system components and specific installation
details. Requirements for plans to be submitted, pipe materials, pipe and pipe fitting designs,
fabrication, testing, general installation details and component certification are given in Section 4-6-1
and Section 4-6-2. For plastic piping, see Section 4-6-3.
Fuel Oil Systems
3.1
General 4-6-5/3.1
4-6-5/3
3.1.1
Provisions of 4-6-5/3 apply to systems supplying fuel oil to internal combustion engines
intended for propulsion and power generation. Requirements for shipboard fuel oil storage,
transfer, heating and purification, as provided in 4-6-4/13, are to be complied with. System
component requirements in 4-6-4/13.7 are applicable here also.
3.1.2
Fuel Oil Flash Point 4-6-5/3.1.2

Provisions of 4-6-5/3 are intended for internal combustion engines burning fuel oils having a
flash point (closed cup test) above 60C (140F). Engines burning fuel oil of a lesser flash
point are subject to special consideration. In general, fuel oil with a flash point of 60C
(140F) or below, but not less than 43C (110F), may only be used for vessels classed for
services in specific geographical areas. The climatic conditions in these areas are to preclude
ambient temperature of spaces where such fuel oil is stored from rising within 10C (18F)
below its flash point.
Engines driving emergency generators may use fuel oil with a flash point of 60C (140F) or
below, but not less than 43C (110F).
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3.1.3

Piping Systems
Piping Systems for Internal Combustion Engines
4-6-5
Basic Requirement 4-6-5/3.1.3

The intent of the provisions of 4-6-5/3 along with those of 4-6-4/13 is:
to provide for a reliable source of fuel oil supply to the prime movers for propulsion
and power generation, primarily by means of certification of critical components and
providing redundancy in the system, so that propulsion and maneuvering of the vessel
may still be possible in the event of single failure in the system;
to minimize the possibility of fire due to fuel oil, primarily by identifying and
segregating likely fuel leakages from ignition sources, collection and drainage of fuel
leakages and proper design of fuel containment systems.
3.3
Fuel Oil Service System for Propulsion Diesel Engines 4-6-5/3.3

3.3.1
Service and Booster Pumps 4-6-5/3.3.1

3.3.1(a) Standby pump. An independently driven standby pump is to be provided for each
service pump, booster pump and other pumps serving the same purpose.
3.3.1(b) Multiple engine installation. For vessels fitted with two or more propulsion engines,
the provision of a common standby pump (for each service pump, booster pump, etc.) capable
of serving all engines will suffice rather than providing individual standby pumps for each
engine.
3.3.1(c) Attached pumps. Engines having service, booster or similar pumps attached to and
driven by the engine may, in lieu of the standby pump, be provided with a complete pump
carried on board as a spare. The spare pump, upon being installed, is to allow the operation of
the engine at rated power. This alternative, however, is only permitted for multiple-engine
installations where one of the engines may be inoperable (while its pump is being changed)
without completely disrupting the propulsion capability of the vessel.
3.3.1(d) Emergency shutdown. Independently driven fuel oil service pumps, booster pumps
and other pumps serving the same purpose are to be fitted with remote means of controls
situated outside the space in which they are located so that they may be stopped in the event
of fire arising in that space.
3.3.1(e) Certification of pumps. Fuel oil transfer pumps, and fuel oil service and booster
pumps associated with propulsion gas turbine and propulsion diesel engines with bores
greater than 300 mm (11.8 in) are to be certified in accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.
418
3.3.2
Fuel-injector Cooling Pumps 4-6-5/3.3.2

Where pumps are provided for fuel injector cooling, a standby pump is to be fitted as per
4-6-5/3.3.1
3.3.3
Heaters 4-6-5/3.3.3
When fuel oil heaters are required for propulsion engine operation, at least two heaters of
approximately equal size are to be installed. The combined capacity of the heaters is not to be
less than that required by the engine(s) at rated power. See 4-6-4/13.7.4 for heater design
requirements.
3.3.4
Filters or Strainers 4-6-5/3.3.4

Filters or strainers are to be provided in the fuel oil injection-pump suction lines and are to be
arranged such that they can be cleaned without interrupting the fuel supply. This may be
achieved by installing two such filters or strainers in parallel or installing the duplex type with
a changeover facility that will enable cleaning without interrupting the fuel supply. An autobackwash filter satisfying the same intent may also be accepted. See 4-6-4/13.7.5 for
depressurization and venting requirements.
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Filters and strainers are to be arranged and located so that, in the event of leakage, oil will not
spray onto surfaces with temperature in excess of 220C (428F).
3.3.5
Purifiers 4-6-5/3.3.5
Where heavy fuel oil is used, the number and capacity of purifiers are to be such that with any
unit not in operation, the remaining unit(s) is to have a capacity not less than that required by
the engines at rated power.
3.3.6
Piping Between Booster Pump and Injection Pumps (2001) 4-6-5/3.3.6

In addition to complying with 4-6-4/13.7.1, pipes from booster pump to injection pump are to
be seamless steel pipe of at least standard wall thickness. Pipe fittings and joints are to be in
accordance with 4-6-4/Table 3, subject to further limitations as follows:
connections to valves and equipment may be of taper-thread joints up to 50 mm

(2 in) nominal diameter; and
pipe joints using taper-thread fittings and screw unions are not to be in sizes of
25 mm (1 in) nominal diameter and over.
Oil fuel lines are to be screened (shielded) in way of joints or otherwise suitably protected by
such means as double wall piping or equivalent, or protective location of the piping etc., to
avoid, as far as practicable, oil spray or oil leakage onto hot surfaces, into machinery air
intakes or other sources of ignition. The number of joints in such piping systems is to be kept
to a minimum.
3.3.7
Piping Between Injection Pump and Injectors 4-6-5/3.3.7

3.3.7(a) Injection piping (2001). A l l external high-pressure fuel delivery lines between the
high-pressure fuel pumps and fuel injectors are to be protected with a jacketed piping system
capable of containing fuel from a high-pressure line failure. A jacketed pipe incorporates an
outer pipe into which the high-pressure fuel pipe is placed, forming a permanent assembly.
Metallic hose of approved design may be accepted as the outer pipe, where outer piping
flexibility is required for the manufacturing process of the permanent assembly. The jacketed
piping system is to include means for collection of leakages, and arrangements are to be
provided for an alarm to be given of a fuel line failure.
3.3.7(b) Fuel oil returns piping. When the peak-to-peak pressure pulsation in the fuel oil
return piping from the injectors exceeds 20 bar (20.5 kgf/cm2, 285 lb/in2), jacketing of the
return pipes is also required.
3.3.8
3.5
Isolating Valves in Fuel Supply and Spill Piping (1 July 2002)

In multi-engine installations which are supplied from the same fuel source, a means of
isolating the fuel supply and spill piping to individual engines is to be provided. The means of
isolation is not to affect the operation of the other engines and is to be operable from a
position not rendered inaccessible by a fire on any of the engines.
Fuel Oil Service System for Auxiliary Diesel Engines 4-6-5/3.5

3.5.1
Service Pumps 4-6-5/3.5.1

Where generator engines are provided with a common fuel oil service pump or similar, a
standby pump capable of serving all engines is to be installed. Engines having individual
service pumps, or having service pumps attached to and driven by the engines need not be
provided with standby service pump.
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3.5.2
Fuel Injector Cooling Pumps 4-6-5/3.5.2

Where pumps are provided for fuel injector cooling, the provision for the standby pump is to
be in accordance with 4-6-5/3.5.1.
3.5.3
Heaters 4-6-5/3.5.3
When fuel oil heaters are required for generator engine operation, at least two heaters of
approximately equal size are to be installed. The capacity of the heaters, with one heater out
of operation, is not to be less than that required by the engine(s) at power output of normal sea
load specified in 4-8-2/3.1.1. For generator engines arranged for alternately burning heavy
fuel oil and diesel oil, consideration may be given to providing one heater only.
3.5.4

Where common filters or strainers are provided to serve the fuel oil injection-pump suction
lines of all of the generator engines, they are to be arranged such that they can be cleaned
without interrupting the power supply specified in 4-8-2/3.1.1. In the case where each of the
generator engines is fitted with its own strainer or filter, this arrangement alone will suffice.
3.5.5
Piping 4-6-5/3.5.5
Applicable requirements of 4-6-5/3.3.6 and 4-6-5/3.3.7 are to be complied with.
3.5.6
Isolating Valves in Fuel Supply and Spill Piping (1 July 2002)

For multi-engine installations, the requirements of 4-6-5/3.3.8 are to be complied with.
Fuel Oil Service System for Gas Turbines 4-6-5/3.7

3.7.1
General 4-6-5/3.7.1
The fuel oil service system is to be in accordance with 4-6-5/3.3 for propulsion gas turbines
and 4-6-5/3.5 for generator gas turbines, as applicable, and the provisions in 4-6-5/3.7.
3.7.2
Shielding of Fuel Oil Service Piping (2001)4-6-5/3.7.2

Piping between the service pump and the combustors is to be effectively jacketed or shielded
as in 4-6-5/3.3.6 or 4-6-5/3.3.7, respectively.
3.7.3
Fuel Oil Shutoff 4-6-5/3.7.3

3.7.3(a) Automatic shutoff. Each gas turbine is to be fitted with a quick closing device which
will automatically shut off the fuel supply upon sensing malfunction in its operation, see
4-2-3/7.7.2 for a complete list of automatic shutdowns.
3.7.3(b) Hand trip gear. Hand trip gear for shutting off the fuel supply in an emergency is
also to be fitted, see 4-2-3/7.9.
3.9
System Monitoring and Shutdown 4-6-5/3.9

4-6-5/Table 1 summarizes the basic alarms and shutdown required for fuel oil systems, as required by
4-6-4/13 and 4-6-5/3.
Propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or unattended operation are to be fitted with
additional alarms and automatic safety system functions. See e.g. 4-9-4/Table 3A, 4-9-4/Table 3B,
and 4-9-4/Table 5 for propulsion engines and 4-9-4/Table 8 for auxiliary engines.
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TABLE 1
Fuel Oil System Alarms and Shutdown
Equipment
Requirement
Reference
High-level alarm
4-6-4/13.5.4
High-level alarm, unless

overflow is fitted
4-6-4/13.5.6(e)
Fuel oil heaters
High-temperature alarm unless

heating medium precludes
overheating.
4-6-4/13.5.7(b) and
4-6-4/13.7.4(b)
Fuel oil pumps
Remote manual shutdown
4-6-5/3.3.1(d)
Automatic shutdown and alarms

for specified conditions
4-6-5/3.7.3(a)
Leak alarm
4-6-5/3.3.7(a), 4-6-5/3.5.5 and

4-6-5/3.7.2
Overflow tank
Fuel oil tank
Fuel oil supply to gas turbines

Fuel delivery pipes
3.11

Hydrostatic tests are to be in accordance with 4-6-2/7.3.1 and 4-6-2/7.3.3. The system is to be tried
under working condition in the presence of a Surveyor.
Lubricating Oil Systems
5.1
General 4-6-5/5.1
4-6-5/5
5.1.1
Provisions of 4-6-5/5 apply to lubricating oil systems of internal combustion engines and their
associated reduction gears intended for propulsion and power generation. Requirements for
lubricating oil storage and transfer systems as provided in 4-6-4/15 are to be complied with.
System component requirements in 4-6-4/15.5 are applicable here also.
5.1.2

The intent of the provisions of 4-6-5/5 and 4-6-4/15 is to:
provide for continuity of supply of lubricating oil or provide reasonable redundancy

in lubricating oil supply to the propulsion and auxiliary machinery;
provide warning of failure of lubricating oil system and other measures to prevent
rapid deterioration of propulsion and auxiliary machinery;
minimize the fire risks of lubricating oil.
5.1.3
Vessel Inclination 4-6-5/5.1.3

The lubricating oil systems and the associated equipment are to have the capability of
satisfactory operation when the vessel is inclined at the angles indicated in 4-1-1/7.9.
5.1.4
Dedicated Piping 4-6-5/5.1.4

The lubricating oil piping, including vents and overflows, is to be entirely separated from
other piping systems.
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Lubricating Oil Systems for Propulsion Engines 4-6-5/5.3

5.3.1
Lubricating Oil Pumps 4-6-5/5.3.1

5.3.1(a) Standby pump. Each pressurized lubricating oil system essential for operation of the
propulsion engine, turbine or gear is to be provided with at least two lubricating oil pumps, at
least one of which is to be independently driven. The capacity of the pumps, with any one
pump out of service, is to be sufficient for continuous operation at rated power. For multiple
propulsion unit installations, one or more independently driven standby pumps may be
provided such that all units can be operated at rated power in the event of any one lubricating
oil pump for normal service being out of service.
5.3.1(b) Attached pump. Where the lubricating oil pump is attached to and driven by the
engine, the turbine or the gear, and where lubrication before starting is not necessary, the
independently driven standby pump required in 4-6-5/5.3.1(a) is not required if a complete
duplicate of the attached pump is carried onboard as a spare. This alternative, however, is
only permitted for multiple propulsion unit installations, where one of the units may be
inoperable, while its pump is being changed without completely disrupting the propulsion
capability of the vessel.
5.3.1(c) Certification of pumps. Lubricating oil pumps for propulsion gas turbine, propulsion
diesel engines with bores greater than 300 mm (11.8 in) and reduction gears associated with
these propulsion engines and turbines are to be certified in accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.
5.3.2
Lubricating Oil Failure Alarms 4-6-5/5.3.2

Audible and visual alarms are to be fitted for each lubricating oil system of engine, turbine or
gear to warn of the failure of the lubricating oil system.
5.3.3
Gas Turbines and Associated Reduction Gears 4-6-5/5.3.3

Propulsion gas turbines are to be fitted with an automatic quick acting device to shut off the
fuel supply upon failure of the lubricating oil supply to the gas turbine or the associated gear.
5.3.4
Diesel Engines and Associated Reduction Gears 4-6-5/5.3.4

Where reduction gears are driven by multiple (two or more) diesel engines, an automatic
means is to be fitted to stop the engines in the event of failure of the lubricating oil supply to
the reduction gear.
5.3.5
Lubricating Oil Coolers 4-6-5/5.3.5

For all types of propulsion plants, oil coolers with means for controlling the lubricating oil
temperature are to be provided. Lubricating oil coolers are to be provided with means to
determine the oil temperature at the outlet. See also 4-6-5/7.7.3 for cooling water
requirements.
5.3.6
Filters and Strainers 4-6-5/5.3.6

5.3.6(a) Safety requirements. Strainers and filters are also to be arranged and located so that,
in the event of leakage, oil will not spray onto surfaces with temperature in excess of 220C
(428F). See 4-6-4/13.7.5 for depressurization and venting requirements.
5.3.6(b) Gas turbines. A magnetic strainer and a fine mesh filter are to be fitted in the
lubricating oil piping to the turbines. Each filter and strainer is to be of the duplex type or
otherwise arranged so that it may be cleaned without interrupting the flow of oil.
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5.3.6(c) Diesel engines. An oil filter of the duplex type is to be provided or otherwise
arranged so that it may be cleaned without interrupting the flow of oil. In the case of main
propulsion engines which are equipped with full-flow-type filters, the arrangement is to be
such that the filters may be cleaned without interrupting the oil supply.
5.3.6(d) Reduction gears. A magnetic strainer and a fine mesh filter are to be fitted. Each
filter and strainer is to be of the duplex type or otherwise arranged so that they may be
cleaned without interrupting the flow of oil.
5.5
5.3.7
For main propulsion gas turbines, a purifier of the mechanical type is to be provided for
separation of dirt and water from the lubricating oil in systems containing more than 4.0 m3
(4000 liters, 1057 gallons) of lubricating oil.
5.3.8
Drain Pipes 4-6-5/5.3.8

Lubricating oil drain pipes from the engine sumps to the drain tank are to be submerged at
their outlet ends.
Lubricating Oil Systems for Auxiliary Engines 4-6-5/5.5

Lubricating oil systems for auxiliary engines driving generators are to meet applicable requirements
of 4-6-5/5.3, except as provided below.
5.7
5.5.1

A standby lubricating oil pump is not required for generator diesel engines and gas turbines.
For generators driven by the propulsion system, the lubrication of the drive system, if
independent of that of the propulsion system, is to be fitted with a standby means of
lubrication. This requirement need not apply to drive systems that can be disengaged from the
propulsion system.
5.5.2
Strainers and Filters 4-6-5/5.5.2

In multiple-generator installations, each diesel engine or gas turbine may be fitted with a
simplex strainer and/or filter provided the arrangements are such that the cleaning can be
readily performed by changeover to a standby unit without the loss of propulsion capability.
System Monitoring and Safety Shutdown 4-6-5/5.7

4-6-5/Table 2 summarizes the basic alarms of the lubricating oil system and the safety shutdowns as
required by 4-6-5/5.
TABLE 2
Lubrication Oil System Basic Alarms and Safety Shutdown
Equipment
Requirement
Reference
Lub. oil system for engines, turbines and

gears propulsion and auxiliary
Failure alarm
4-6-5/5.3.2
Propulsion gas turbines and gears,

auxiliary gas turbines
Shutdown in case of turbine

of gear lub. oil system failure
4-6-5/5.3.3
Common reduction gears of multiple

propulsion diesel engines
Engines shutdown in case of

gear lub. oil system failure
4-6-5/5.3.4
additional alarms and automatic safety system functions. See e.g., 4-9-4/Table 3A, 4-9-4/Table 3B,
and 4-9-4/Table 5 for propulsion engines and to 4-9-4/Table 8 for generator engines.
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4-6-5

under working condition, including simulated functioning of alarms and automatic shutdowns, in the
presence of a Surveyor.
Cooling System
7.1
General 4-6-5/7.1
7.3
4-6-5/7
7.1.1
Provisions of 4-6-5/7 apply to cooling systems of diesel engines and gas turbines and their
associated reduction gears, as applicable, intended for propulsion and electric power
generation.
7.1.2

The requirements for cooling systems are intended to provide for continuity of supply of
cooling medium through providing redundancy in the system to the propulsion and auxiliary
machinery.
Cooling System Components 4-6-5/7.3

7.3.1
Pumps 4-6-5/7.3.1
Cooling water pumps of propulsion gas turbine and associated reduction gear and cooling
water pumps of propulsion diesel engines with bores greater than 300 mm and associated
reduction gears are to be certified in accordance with 4-6-1/7.3. Pumps supplying cooling
media other than water are to be subjected to the same requirements.
7.3.2
Coolers 4-6-5/7.3.2
7.3.2(a) General. Water and air coolers having either of the following design parameters
are to be certified by the Bureau:
design pressure > 6.9 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 lb/in2) on either side
design pressure > 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 lb/in2), internal volume > 0.14 m3 (5 ft3), and
design temperature > 149C (300F) on either side.
7.3.2(b) Charge air coolers. Charge air coolers are not subject to 4-6-5/7.3.2(a). They are to
be hydrostatically tested on the water side to 4 bar (4.1 kgf/cm2, 57 psi), but not less than 1.5
times the design pressure on the water side, either in the manufacturer's plant or in the
presence of the Surveyor, after installation onboard the vessel. See also 4-2-1/13.3.
7.3.3
424
Pipe Fittings and Joints 4-6-5/7.3.3

Pipe fittings and joints are to meet the requirements for certification in 4-6-1/7.1; materials in
4-6-2/3; and design in 4-6-2/5.5 and 4-6-2/5.13 subject to limitations in 4-6-5/Table 3.
Molded non-metallic expansion joints, where used, are to be of an approved type; see
4-6-2/5.7.2.
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TABLE 3
Pipe Joint Limitations for Cooling Water Systems
Pipe joints
Class II
Class III
No limitation
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Flanged joint
Types A & B
Types A, B, C & D
Types A, B, C & D
Taper-thread joint
80 mm (3 in.).
Permissible pressure/size,
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a).
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a).
No limitation

compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
No limitation
Note:
7.5
Class I
Butt welded joint
No limitation
Pipe sizes indicated are nominal diameter, except where specified otherwise.
Sea Chests 4-6-5/7.5

At least two sea chests, located below the lightest waterline, as far apart as practicable and preferably
on opposite sides of the vessel, are to be provided. Each of the sea chests is to be capable of
supporting the cooling of propulsion and auxiliary machinery and other services drawing sea water
from the same sea chest.
For shell valve and sea chest requirements, see 4-6-2/9.13.2 and 4-6-2/9.13.5.
7.7
Cooling Systems for Propulsion and Auxiliary Engines 4-6-5/7.7

7.7.1
Cooling Water Pumps 4-6-5/7.7.1

7.7.1(a) Standby pump. There are to be at least two means to supply cooling water or other
medium to propulsion and auxiliary engines, air compressors, coolers, reduction gears, etc.
The capacity of each means is to be sufficient for continuous operation of the propulsion unit
and its essential auxiliary services at rated power. One of these means is to be independently
driven and may consists of a connection from a suitable pump of adequate size normally used
for other purposes, such as a general service pump, or in the case of fresh water cooling, one
of the vessels fresh water pumps.
7.7.1(b) Attached pumps. Where the cooling pump is attached to and driven by the engine,
and the connection to an independently driven pump is impracticable, the standby pump will
not be required if a complete duplicate of the attached pump is carried onboard as a spare.
This alternative, however, is only permitted for multiple-engine installations where one of the
engines may be inoperable while its pump is being changed without completely disrupting the
propulsion capability of the vessel.
7.7.1(c) Multiple auxiliary engines. Multiple auxiliary engine installations having individual
cooling systems need not be provided with standby pumps.
7.7.2
Strainers 4-6-5/7.7.2
Where sea water is used for direct cooling of the engines, suitable strainers are to be fitted
between the sea valve and the pump suction. The strainers are to be either of the duplex type
or arranged such that they can be cleaned without interrupting the cooling water supply.
This applies also to engines fitted with indirect cooling where direct sea water cooling is used
as an emergency means of cooling.
425
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
5
7.7.3

Piping Systems
4-6-5
Cooling Medium Circulation 4-6-5/7.7.3

In general means are to be provided to indicate proper circulation of cooling medium. This
may be accomplished by means of pressure or flow and temperature indicators. For diesel
engines, primary cooling medium is to be provided with a pressure indicator at the inlet and
with a temperature indicator at the outlet.
All lubricating oil coolers are to be provided with temperature indicators at cooling medium
inlet and at lubricating oil outlet. Means to determine the cooling medium and lubricating oil
pressures are also to be provided.
7.9
7.7.4

The cooling water system and all jackets are to be protected against overpressurization, in
accordance with 4-6-2/9.9.
7.7.5
System Monitoring and Safety Functions 4-6-5/7.7.5

For propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or unattended operations
(ACC/ACCU notation), alarms for abnormal conditions (pressure and temperature) of the
cooling media and automatic safety system functions are to be provided. See e.g.,
4-9-4/Table 3A, 4-9-4/Table 3B and 4-9-4/Table 5 for propulsion engines and 4-9-4/Table 8
for generator engines.

Starting Air System
9.1
General 4-6-5/9.1
4-6-5/9
9.1.1
Provisions of 4-6-5/9 apply to the starting air systems for propulsion diesel engines and gas
turbines.
9.1.2

The intent of the requirements in 4-6-5/9 for starting air system is:
to provide propulsion engines with ready and adequate supply, as well as an adequate
reserve, of starting air; and
to provide for proper design and protection of the compressed air system.
426
9.1.3

Means are to be provided to prevent overpressure in any part of the compressed air system.
This is to include parts of air compressors not normally subjected to air pressure, as indicated
in 4-6-5/9.3.2.
9.1.4
Oil and Water Contamination 4-6-5/9.1.4

Provisions are to be made to minimize the entry of oil or water into the compressed air
system. Suitable separation and drainage arrangements are to be provided before the air enters
the reservoirs.
Part
Chapter
Section
9.3
4
6
5

Piping Systems
4-6-5
Air Compressors 4-6-5/9.3

9.3.1
Number and Capacity of Air Compressors 4-6-5/9.3.1

There are to be two or more air compressors, at least one of which is to be driven
independently of the propulsion engines, and the total capacity of the air compressors driven
independently of the propulsion engines is to be not less than 50% of the total required.
The total capacity of air compressors is to be sufficient to supply within one hour the quantity
of air needed to satisfy 4-6-5/9.5.1 by charging the reservoirs from atmospheric pressure.
The total capacity, V, required by 4-6-5/9.5.1 is to be approximately equally divided between
the number of compressors fitted, n, excluding the emergency air compressor, where fitted.
However one of the air compressors can have capacity larger than the approximate equal
share V/n, provided the capacity of each remaining air compressor is approximately V/n.
9.5
9.3.2

Water jackets or casing of air compressors and coolers which may be subjected to dangerous
overpressure due to leakage into them from air pressure parts are to be provided with suitable
pressure relief arrangement.
9.3.3
Air Compressor Acceptance Test 4-6-5/9.3.3

Air compressors need not be certified by the Bureau. They may be accepted based on
satisfactory performance and verification of capacity stated in 4-6-5/9.3.1 after installation
onboard.
Air Reservoirs 4-6-5/9.5

9.5.1
Number and Capacity of Air Reservoirs 4-6-5/9.5.1

Vessels having internal combustion engines arranged for air starting are to be provided with at
least two starting air reservoirs of approximately equal size. The total capacity of the starting
air reservoirs is to be sufficient to provide, without recharging the reservoirs, at least the
number of consecutive starts stated in 4-6-5/9.5.1(a) or 4-6-5/9.5.1(b) plus the requirement in
4-6-5/9.5.1(c).
9.5.1(a) Diesel or turbine propulsion. The minimum number of consecutive starts (total)
required to be provided from the starting air reservoirs is to be based upon the arrangement of
the engines and shafting systems, as indicated in 4-6-5/Table 4.
TABLE 4
Required Number of Starts for Propulsion Engines
Single propeller vessels
Engine type
Multiple propeller vessels
One engine coupled

to shaft directly or
through reduction
gear
Two or more
engines coupled to
shaft through clutch
and reduction gear
One engine coupled

to each shaft
directly or through
reduction gear
Two or more engines

coupled to each shaft
through clutch and
reduction gear
Reversible
12
16
16
16
Non-reversible
9.5.1(b) Diesel-electric or turbine-electric propulsion. The minimum number of consecutive

starts (total) required to be provided from the starting air reservoirs is to be determined from
the following equation:
427
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
5

Piping Systems
4-6-5
S = 6 + G(G 1)
where
S
total number of consecutive starts
number of engines or turbines driving propulsion generators. The value

of G need not exceed 3.
9.5.1(c) Other compressed air systems. If other compressed air consuming systems, such as
control air, are supplied from starting air reservoirs, the aggregate capacity of the reservoirs is
to be sufficient for continued operation of these systems after the air necessary for the
required number of starts has been used.
9.5.2
Certification of Starting Air Reservoirs 4-6-5/9.5.2
Starting air reservoirs having design pressure greater than 6.9 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 psi) or with
design pressure greater than 1.0 bar (1.0 kgf/cm2, 15 psi) and design temperature greater than
149C (300F) are to be certified by the Bureau, see 4-4-1/1.1.
9.7
9.5.3
Air Reservoir Fixtures 4-6-5/9.5.3

Air reservoirs are to be installed with drain connections effective under extreme conditions of
trim. Where they can be isolated from the system relief valve, they are to be provided with
their own relief valves or equivalent devices.
9.5.4
Automatic Charging 4-6-5/9.5.4

Arrangements are to be made to automatically maintain air reservoir pressure at a
predetermined level.
Starting Air Piping 4-6-5/9.7

9.7.1

4-6-2/3; and design in 4-6-2/5.5 and 4-6-2/5.13, subject to limitations in 4-6-5/Table 5.
TABLE 5
Pipe Joint Limitations for Starting Air Systems
Pipe joints
Class II
Class III
Butt welded joint
No limitation
No limitation
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Flanged joint
Types A & B
Types A, B, C & D
Types A, B, C & D
Taper-thread joint
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
No limitation

compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
No limitation
Note:
9.7.2
428
Class I
Piping from Compressor to Reservoir 4-6-5/9.7.2

All discharge pipes from starting air compressors are to be led directly to the starting air
reservoirs, and all starting air pipes from the air reservoirs to propulsion or auxiliary engines
are to be entirely separated from the compressor discharge piping system.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
5
9.7.3
9.9

Piping Systems
4-6-5
Starting Air Mains 4-6-5/9.7.3

Where engine starting is by direct injection of air into engine cylinders, and in order to protect
starting air mains against explosions arising from improper functioning of starting valves, an
isolation non-return valve or equivalent is to be installed at the starting air supply connection
of each engine. Where engine bore exceeds 230 mm (91/16 in), a bursting disk or flame
arrester is to be fitted in way of the starting valve of each cylinder for direct reverse engines
having a main starting manifold or at the supply inlet to the starting air manifold for nonreversing engines.
System Alarms 4-6-5/9.9

Where a propulsion engine can be started from a remote propulsion control station, low starting air
pressure is to be alarmed at that station. Propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or
unattended operations (ACC/ACCU notation) are also to be provided with alarms for low starting air
pressures in the centralized control station.
9.11

11
Exhaust Gas Piping
11.1
4-6-5/11
These requirements apply to internal combustion engine exhaust gas piping led to the atmosphere
through the funnel.
11.3
Insulation 4-6-5/11.3
Exhaust pipes are to be water-jacketed or effectively insulated with non-combustible material. In
places where oil spray or leakage can occur, the insulation material is not to be of oil-absorbing type
unless encased in metal sheets or equivalent.
11.5
Interconnections 4-6-5/11.5
Exhaust pipes of several engines are not to be connected together, but are to be run separately to the
atmosphere unless arranged to prevent the return of gases from an idle engine. Boiler uptakes and
engine exhaust lines are not to be connected except when specially approved as in cases where the
boilers are arranged to utilize the waste heat from the engines.
11.7
Installation 4-6-5/11.7
Exhaust pipes are to be adequately supported and fitted with means to take account of the expansion
and contraction to prevent excessive strain on the pipes. Expansion joints or equivalent may be used.
Precautions are to be taken in the installation of equipment and piping handling fuel oil, lubricating oil
and hydraulic oil, such that any oil that may escape under pressure will not come in contact with
exhaust gas piping.
11.9
Diesel Engine Exhaust 4-6-5/11.9

11.9.1 Temperature Display 4-6-5/11.9.1
Propulsion diesel engines with bore exceeding 200 mm (7.87 in) are to be fitted with a means
to display the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet of each cylinder.
429
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
5

Piping Systems
4-6-5
11.9.2 Alarms 4-6-5/11.9.2

Propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or unattended operations (ACC/ACCU
notation) are to be provided with alarms for high exhaust gas temperature in the centralized
control station.
11.11 Gas Turbines Exhaust 4-6-5/11.11

The exhaust gas system of gas turbines is to be installed in accordance with the turbine
manufacturers recommendations. In addition, reference is made to 4-2-3/7.13 for the installation of
silencers, and to 4-9-4/Table 5 for exhaust gas temperature indication, alarm and automatic shutdown
for propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or unattended operation.
13
Crankcase Ventilation and Drainage
13.1
General 4-6-5/13.1
4-6-5/13
Crankcase ventilation is to be provided in accordance with engine manufacturers recommendations.

Ventilation of the crankcase or any arrangement which could produce a flow of external air into the
crankcase is, in general, to be avoided. Vent pipes, where provided, are to be as small as practicable.
If a forced extraction of the gases in the crankcase is provided (for oil mist detection purposes, for
example), the vacuum in the crankcase is not to exceed 2.2 mbar.
13.3
Crankcase Vent Piping Arrangement 4-6-5/13.3

13.3.1 General Arrangements (2003) 4-6-5/13.3.1
Crankcase ventilation piping is not to be directly connected with any other piping system.
Crankcase ventilation pipe from each engine is normally to be led independently to the
weather. However, manifold arrangements in accordance with 4-6-5/13.3.2 may also be
accepted.
13.3.2 Manifold Arrangements 4-6-5/13.3.2
Where a manifold is employed, its arrangements are to be as follows:
i)
The vent pipe from each engine is to:

run independently to the manifold, and
be fitted with a corrosion resistant flame screen within the manifold.
13.5
ii)
The manifold is to be located as high as practicable so as to allow a substantial length

of piping separating the crankcases. It is not to be located lower than one deck above
the main deck.
iii)
The manifold is to be accessible for inspection and maintenance of the flame screens.
iv)
(2003) The manifold is to be vented to the weather, such that the clear open area of
the vent outlet is not less than the aggregate area of the individual crankcase vent
pipes entering the manifold.
v)
The manifold is to be provided with a drainage arrangement.
Crankcase Drainage 4-6-5/13.5

No interconnections are allowed between drain pipes from crankcases. Each drain pipe is to be led
separately to the drain tank and is to be submerged at its outlet, see 4-6-5/5.3.8.
430
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
SECTION
Piping Systems for Steam Plants
General
4-6-6
4-6-6/1
Provisions of Part 4, Chapter 6, Section 6 (referred to as Section 4-6-6) contains requirements of

piping systems associated with the operation of boilers, steam turbines and associated reduction gears
intended for propulsion, electric power generation, heating and other services. These systems include
steam, condensate, feed water, fuel oil for boiler, lubricating oil, cooling and exhaust gas.
The provisions of this section address system requirements. Additional requirements not specifically
addressed in this section, such as plans to be submitted, piping material, design, fabrication, testing,
general installation details and component certification, are given in Section 4-6-1, Section 4-6-2, and
Section 4-6-3.
Steam Piping System
3.1
General 4-6-6/3.1
3.3
4-6-6/3
3.1.1
Provisions of 4-6-6/3 apply to steam piping external to propulsion and auxiliary boilers. It
includes piping conveying steam to steam turbines, steam heaters, auxiliary steam turbines,
etc. Provisions for boilers and piping internal to boilers, as well as mounting on the boilers,
such as safety valve, main steam valve, level gauge, etc., are in Part 4, Chapter 4.
3.1.2

The intent of the provisions of 4-6-6/3 is to provide for adequate design of steam piping for
the intended pressures and temperatures, and mechanical loads such as thermal expansion and
contraction.
Steam Piping Components 4-6-6/3.3

3.3.1
Pipes and Fittings 4-6-6/3.3.1

3.3.1(a) Pipes. Pipes are to meet the general requirements of certification in 4-6-1/7.1;
materials in 4-6-2/3; and design 4-6-2/5.1. Plastic pipes may be used in an auxiliary steam
system of 7 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 psi) or less, in accordance with 4-6-3/Table 1. Pipes passing
through fuel oil and other oil tanks are to be of steel, except that other materials may be
considered where it is demonstrated that the material is suitable for the intended service.
431
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
3.3.1(b) Pipe fittings and joints. Pipe fittings and joints are to meet the general requirements
of certification in 4-6-1/7.1; materials in 4-6-2/3; and design in 4-6-2/5.5 and 4-6-2/5.13,
subject to limitations indicated in 4-6-6/Table 1. Plastic pipe fittings and joints for low
pressure systems indicated in 4-6-6/3.3.1(a) are to be in accordance with the provisions of
Section 4-6-3.
TABLE 1
Joint Limitations for Steam Piping Systems
Types of joint
Class I
Class II
Class III
Butt welded joint
No limitation
No limitation
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
No limitation
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
Max. 80 mm (3 in)
No limitation
Flanged joint
Types A & B only.

For type B, < 150 mm or
400C (752F)
Types A, B, C and D.
Types A, B, C and D
80 mm (3 in) or
As Class I
No limitation
Taper-thread joint
For type D, 250C

(482F)
495C (923F).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
As Class I
No limitation
Metallic bellow type

expansion joint
No limitation
No limitation
No limitation
Slip type expansion joint
Not permitted
Not permitted
No limitation
Note:
3.3.2
3.5
Pipe sizes are nominal pipe size unless where indicated otherwise.
Valves 4-6-6/3.3.2
and design 4-6-2/5.9 and 4-6-2/5.11. For valves attached to the boilers, see 4-4-1/9.3.2 for
limitation on use of materials.
Steam Piping Design 4-6-6/3.5

Steam pipes are to be designed to withstand the design internal pressures and temperatures, in
accordance with 4-6-2/5.1.1. In addition, they are to be designed to take account of ample expansion
and contraction without causing undue strain on the pipes. Where design temperature exceeds 427C
(800F), thermal-expansion stress analysis is to be carried out, in accordance with 4-6-6/3.7.
3.7
Steam Piping Exceeding 427C (800F) Design Temperature 4-6-6/3.7

3.7.1
Plans and Data to be Submitted 4-6-6/3.7.1

3.7.1(a) Isometric diagram. A completely dimensioned one-line isometric drawing of the
piping system is to be submitted, including all data used in making the thermal expansion
stress analyses.
3.7.1(b) Thermal-expansion stress analysis. Thermal expansion stress analysis of piping is to

be conducted and submitted for review. Consideration is to be given to the possibility of
excessive reactions on attached equipment or flange joints, and to the possibility that, because
of severe service conditions or special configurations, excessive local strains may occur in the
piping system due to expansion loading. Provision is to be made by cold-springing or
redesign of the piping system, where necessary, for avoiding excessive local strains or
excessive reactions on attached equipment or flanged joints. The arrangement of hangers and
braces is to be such as to provide adequate support of the piping without interference with
thermal expansion, except as expressly considered in the flexibility calculations.
432
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
3.7.1(c) Computer analysis. Where thermal expansion stress analyses are performed by
computer, data submitted are to include combined expansion stresses for each piece of pipe,
forces and moments at anchor points, and printout of input data including thermal expansion
coefficients, elastic moduli and anchor movements. Sketches used in preparing the piping
systems for computer solution are also to be submitted for information. These data may be
submitted in electronic file.
3.7.2
Expansion Stresses 4-6-6/3.7.2

Calculations for the expansion stresses are to be made from the following equations:
S E = Sb 2 + 4 S t 2
Sb =
(iM bp ) 2 + (iM bt ) 2
Z
St =
KM t
2Z
SE
computed expansion stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lb/in2)
Sb
resultant bending stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lb/in2)
St
torsional stress; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lb/in2)
stress intensification factor, see 4-6-6/3.7.4.
where
Mbp =
bending moment in plane of member; kN-m (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
Mbt
bending moment transverse to plane of member; kN-m (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
Mt
torsional moment; kN-m (kgf-mm, lbf-in)
section modulus of pipe; mm3 (mm3, in3)
106 (1.0, 1.0), for SI (MKS and US) units of measure, respectively
The computed expansion stresses SE is not to exceed the allowable range of stress SA obtained
from the following equation:
SA = 1.25Sc + 0.25Sh
where Sc = allowable stress in cold condition; and Sh = allowable stress in hot condition.
These allowable stresses are to be taken from 4-6-2/Table 1.
The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other sustained external loading is
not to exceed Sh. Where the sum of these stresses is less than Sh, the difference between Sh and
this sum may be added to the term 0.25Sh in the above equation.
3.7.3
Moments 4-6-6/3.7.3
The resultant moments, Mbp, Mbt, and Mt, are to be calculated on the basis of 100% of the
thermal expansion, without allowance for cold-springing, using the modulus of elasticity for
the cold condition.
433
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6
3.7.4

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Stress-intensification Factors 4-6-6/3.7.4

For pipe bends or welded elbows, the stress-intensification factor i may be taken as:
i=
0.9
h2/3
and is in no case to be taken less than unity, where the flexibility characteristics h is obtained
from the following equation:
h=
tR
r2
where
t
nominal pipe wall thickness; mm (mm, in.)
nominal radius of bend; mm (mm, in.)
nominal radius of pipe; mm (mm, in.)
For other components, the stress intensification factor is to be in accordance with the best
available data.
3.9
General Installation Details 4-6-6/3.9

Steam pipes for propulsion and auxiliary services and steam exhaust pipes are not to be led through
cargo holds. Where this is not practicable, pipes may be led through the cargo holds, provided they
are adequately secured, insulated and situated such as to prevent injuries to personnel and protected
from mechanical damage. The joints in the lines are to be kept to a minimum and preferably butt
welded. In all cases, the details of arrangement and installation is subject to approval by the Bureau on
a case-by-case basis.
3.11
Steam Piping for Propulsion Turbines 4-6-6/3.11

3.11.1 Strainers 4-6-6/3.11.1
Efficient steam strainers are to be provided close to the inlet to the ahead and astern high
pressure turbines, or alternatively, at the inlet to the maneuvering valves.
3.11.2 Water Accumulation and Drain 4-6-6/3.11.2
Steam supply piping is to be installed such that it will prevent accumulation of water to avoid
water hammer. Where this is unavoidable, drains are to be provided to ensure adequate
draining of the water from the steam lines.
The drains are to be situated whereby water can be effectively drained from any portion of the
steam piping system when the vessel is in the normal trim and is either upright or has a list of
up to 5 degrees. These drains are to be fitted with suitable valves or cocks and are to be
readily accessible.
3.11.3 Extraction Steam 4-6-6/3.11.3
Where steam is extracted from the turbines, approved means are to be provided to prevent
steam entering the turbines by way of the bleeder connections.
3.11.4 Astern Steam Supply 4-6-6/3.11.4
The steam supply to an astern turbine is to be so arranged that it is immediately available
when the steam to the ahead turbine is cut-off. This does not prevent the use of a guarding
valve in the steam supply line to the astern turbine if this valve is operable from the same
location as the ahead and astern control valves location.
434
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
3.11.5 Emergency Operation 4-6-6/3.11.5

Where cross compound turbines are installed, means are to be provided to operate either of
the turbines without the other in an emergency. The emergency steam to low pressure turbine
is preferably to be desuperheated. Where this is not possible and superheated steam is
supplied, the installation and the design of the low pressure turbine will require specific
approval to ensure suitability of design.
3.13
Steam Piping for Auxiliary Turbines and Other Services 4-6-6/3.13

3.13.1 Steam Availability for Essential Auxiliaries 4-6-6/3.13.1
The arrangements of steam piping are to be such that steam is made available at all times for
turbo-generators and other auxiliaries essential for propulsion and safety.
3.13.2 Water Accumulation and Drainage 4-6-6/3.13.2
The requirements of 4-6-6/3.11.2 are also applicable for the steam supply lines to the
auxiliaries.
3.13.3 Relief Valves 4-6-6/3.13.3
Where steam piping may receive steam from any source at higher pressure than that for which
it is designed, or where auxiliary steam piping is not designed to withstand boiler pressure, a
suitable reducing valve, relief valve and pressure gauge are to be fitted. The safety valve
installed is to have sufficient discharge capacity to protect the piping against excessive
pressure.
3.13.4 Steam Heating System 4-6-6/3.13.4
3.13.4(a) Steam heating system for fuel oil tanks. Steam heating arrangement of fuel oil
tanks, temperature control and alarms, and provision of observation tanks are to be in
accordance with 4-6-4/13.5.7.
3.13.4(b) Steam heaters. Steam heater housing, temperature control and alarm and fitting of
relief valves, are to be in accordance with 4-6-4/13.7.4.
3.15
Blow-off Piping 4-6-6/3.15

Blow-off piping is to be designed to a pressure of at least 1.25 times the maximum allowable working
pressure of the boiler or the maximum allowable working pressure plus 15.5 bar
(15.8 kgf/cm2, 225 psi), whichever is less.
Where blow-off pipes of two or more boilers are connected to a common discharge, a non-return
valve is to be provided in the pipe from each boiler.
3.17
System Monitoring 4-6-6/3.17

notation) are to be provided with system alarms, displays and shutdowns as in 4-9-4/Table 4 and
4-9-4/Table 7A for propulsion steam and 4-9-4/Table 7B and 4-9-4/Table 8 for auxiliary steam.
3.19

435
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Boiler Feed Water and Condensate Systems
5.1
General 4-6-6/5.1
4-6-6/5
5.1.1
Definitions 4-6-6/5.1.1
Boiler feed water is distilled or fresh water used in boilers for generation of steam.
Condensate is water derived from condensed steam.
5.1.2
Application (2001) 4-6-6/5.1.2

Provisions of 4-6-6/5 apply to feed water and condensate systems of boilers and steam
turbines intended primarily for propulsion and auxiliary services.
5.1.3

The intent of the requirements is to provide:
redundancy in feed water supply to boilers of propulsion and power generation

boilers;
redundant feed water pumps in any boiler so that in the event of the failure of a feed
pump, the safety of the boiler is not compromised;
safeguard for the integrity of feed water piping;
redundant means for condensate circulation.
5.3
Feed Water System Design 4-6-6/5.3

5.3.1
Feed Water Piping Design Pressure 4-6-6/5.3.1

Feed water pipe between the boiler and the required stop valve and screw down check valve
(see 4-6-6/5.5.2 and 4-6-6/5.7.2), including these valves, are to be designed for a pressure not
less than the smaller of the following:
1.25 times the maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler.

Maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler plus 15.5 bar (15.8 kgf/cm2,
225 psi).
In no case is the feed water piping from the feed water pump to the boiler to be designed to a
pressure less than the feed pump relief valve setting or the shut-off head of the feed pump.
436
5.3.2
Freshwater Supply 4-6-6/5.3.2

Feed pumps for water-tube boilers are to have connection from the domestic fresh-water tanks
as an emergency source of supply.
5.3.3
Automatic Control of Feed 4-6-6/5.3.3

The feed of each boiler is to be automatically controlled by the water level in the boiler. Local
manual control of feed is also to be provided. See also 4-4-1/11 for boiler controls.
5.3.4
Feed Water Pumps and Feed Piping 4-6-6/5.3.4

See 4-6-6/5.5 and 4-6-6/5.7.
5.3.5
Freshwater Pipes and Tanks 4-6-6/5.3.5

Freshwater pipes handling water to be used for boiler feed are not to be run through oil tanks,
nor are oil pipes to pass through boiler feed tanks. Care is to be taken to prevent the accidental
contamination of boiler feed water from salt water lines.
Part
Chapter
Section
5.5
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Propulsion and Power Generation Boilers 4-6-6/5.5

5.5.1
Number of Feed Water Pumps 4-6-6/5.5.1

There are to be two means of feeding each boiler intended for propulsion or for power
generation. The following arrangements of feed pumps are acceptable.
5.5.1(a) Group-feed systems. Group-feed systems are arrangements where all boilers are fed
by the same group of pumps. Where two independently driven feed pumps are provided, each
is to be dedicated for this purpose only and is to be capable of supplying all of the boilers at
their normally required operating capacity. Where more than two feed pumps are provided,
the aggregate capacity is to be not less than 200% of that required by all of the boilers at their
normally required capacity.
5.5.1(b) Alternative group-feed system. Where one of the feed pumps is driven by propulsion
turbine or propulsion shaft, the other is to be independently driven. The capacity of each of
these pumps is to be capable of supplying all of the boilers at their normally required
capacity. In addition to these pumps, an independently driven feed pump for use in emergency
is to be fitted. The capacity of the emergency feed pump is to be sufficient for supplying all of
the boilers at three-quarters of their normal operating capacity. The emergency feed pump
may be used for other purpose, such as harbor feed water service or other duties, but not in
systems likely to have presence of oil or oil contaminated water.
5.5.1(c) Unit-feed systems. W here two or more boilers are provided and each boiler has its own
independently driven feed pump capable of supplying the boiler at its normally required capacity,
a standby independently driven feed pump of the same capacity is to be provided, as follows:
In vessels having two boilers, one such standby feed pump is to be provided for each
boiler.
In vessels having three or more boilers, not more than two boilers are to be served by
one of such standby feed pumps.
5.5.2
Feed Piping 4-6-6/5.5.2

5.5.2(a) Valves. The feed line to each boiler is to be fitted with a stop valve, in accordance
with 4-4-1/9.5.3(b). A stop check valve is to be fitted as close as possible to this stop valve;
however, a feed water regulator may be installed between the stop check valve and the stop
valve, provided it is fitted with a by-pass as in 4-6-6/5.5.2(c).
5.5.2(b) Duplicated feed lines. For group-feed systems, two independent feed lines are to be
provided between the pumps and each boiler. However, a single penetration in the steam
drum is acceptable. In the case where the two feed lines are combined to form a single
penetration at the boiler, the screw down check valve in 4-6-6/5.5.2(a) above is to be installed
in each of the two feed lines. For boilers with unit-feed systems and where two or more
boilers are installed, a single feed line between the pumps and each boiler will suffice.
5.5.2(c) By-pass arrangements. Feed-water regulator and feed-water heaters, where fitted in
the feed piping, are to be provided with by-pass arrangements so as to allow their
maintenance without interrupting the feed water supply. By-pass for feed-water regulator is
not required if it is the full-flow type.
5.7
Other Boilers 4-6-6/5.7

5.7.1
Number of Pumps 4-6-6/5.7.1

There are to be at least two feed water pumps having sufficient capacity to feed the boilers at
their normally required capacity, with any one pump out of operation. All feed pumps are to
be permanently connected for this purpose.
437
Part
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Section
4
6
6
5.7.2
5.9
5.11

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Feed Piping 4-6-6/5.7.2

Each feed line is to be provided with a stop valve at the boiler and a screw down check valve
as close as possible to the stop valve. A feed water regulator may be installed between the
screw down check valve and the stop valve, provided it is fitted with a by-pass. For boilers
essential to support propulsion, such as fuel oil heating, the feed line arrangements are to be
as in 4-6-6/5.5.2(b). In such cases, installation having a single boiler is to be fitted with
duplicated feed lines.
Condensate System for Propulsion and Power Generation Turbines 4-6-6/5.9

5.9.1
Number of Condensate Pumps 4-6-6/5.9.1

There are to be at least two condensate pumps. One of these pumps is to be independent of the
main propulsion machinery.
5.9.2
Observation Tanks 4-6-6/5.9.2

Steam condensate lines from the heaters and heating coils in tanks are to be led to an
observation tank to enable detection of possible oil contamination.
System Components 4-6-6/5.11

5.11.1 Pumps 4-6-6/5.11.1
Condensate pumps, feed pumps, and for condensers, condenser vacuum pumps associated
with propulsion boilers and propulsion steam turbines are to be certified in accordance with
4-6-1/7.3. Feed pumps are to be fitted with a relief valve, except where the pumps are of the
centrifugal type such that the shutoff pressure of the pump cannot exceed the design pressure
of the piping.
5.11.2 Condensers, Feed Water Heaters, and Other Heat Exchangers (2001)4-6-6/5.11.2
5.11.2(a) Certification. Condensers, feed water heaters and other heat exchangers having
either of the following design parameters or applications are to be certified by the Bureau:
design pressure > 6.9 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 lb/in2) on either side at all design
temperatures;
design pressure > 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 lb/in2) but 6.9 bar on either side at design
temperature > 149C (300F), with vessel internal volume > 0.14 m3 (5 ft3).
Condensers [other than those in 4-6-6/5.11.2(c)] which are subject to pressure, and are
essential for propulsion or power generation such as those associated with propulsion turbines
but are not required to be certified on basis of above specified criteria, are to be subjected to a
hydrostatic test of 1.5 times the design pressure. This hydrostatic test of the condenser is to be
conducted with all tubes and ferrules fitted, and in the presence of a Surveyor.
5.11.2(b) Protection against condenser overpressure. Any condenser which can be
subjected to a pressure greater than its design pressure is to be fitted with a pressure relief
valve or burst disc of suitable capacity. These devices may be fitted in the steam piping
between the condenser and steam pressure control valve, if they are of suitable capacity and
cannot be isolated from the condenser. The venting of such relieving devices is to be to the
weather in a location where personnel will not be present. The relief valve or burst disc need
not be fitted if a fail-safe automatic means of preventing overpressurization is provided. Such
means may be an automatic valve, installed in the steam line upstream of the condenser,
which will close upon sensing a preset high pressure in the condenser and which will also
automatically close upon failure in its control system or in its operation. Calculations are to be
submitted demonstrating that, in the event of a rise in steam pressure to the condenser, the
automatic valve will close prior to the condenser pressure exceeding its design pressure
438
Part
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4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
5.11.2(c) Vacuum condensers. Condensers which are operated under full or partial vacuum
and are essential for propulsion or power generation, such as those associated with propulsion
turbines, are to be subjected to a hydrostatic test of 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi). This hydrostatic
test of the condenser is to be conducted with all tubes and ferrules fitted, and in the presence
of the Surveyor.
5.11.3 Pipe Fittings and Joints 4-6-6/5.11.3
TABLE 2
Pipe Joint Limitations for Feed Water Systems
Pipe joints
Class II
Class III
No limitation
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Flanged joint
Types A & B
Types A, B, C & D
Types A, B, C & D
Taper-thread joint
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a)
No limitation

compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
No limitation
Note:
5.13
Class I
Butt welded joint
No limitation

notation) are to be provided with system alarms, displays and shutdowns as in 4-9-4/Table 4 and
4-9-4/Table 7A for propulsion steam and 4-9-4/Table 7B and 4-9-4/Table 8 for auxiliary steam.
5.15

Boiler Fuel Oil Piping System
7.1
General 4-6-6/7.1
7.1.1
4-6-6/7
Provisions of 4-6-6/7 apply to fuel oil systems of boilers intended for propulsion, power
generation, fuel oil and cargo heating, and other services. Requirements for shipboard fuel oil
storage, transfer, heating and purification as provided in 4-6-4/13 are to be complied with. System
Requirements for fuel oil systems of diesel engines and gas turbines are provided in 4-6-5/3.
439
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6
7.1.2

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Fuel Oil Flash Point 4-6-6/7.1.2

Provisions of 4-6-6/7 are intended for boilers burning fuel oils having a flash point (closed
cup test) above 60C (140F). Engines burning fuel oil of a lesser flash point are subject to
special consideration. In general, fuel oil with flash point of 60C or below, but not less than
43C (110F), may only be used for vessels classed for services in specific geographical
areas. The climatic conditions in these areas are to preclude ambient temperature of spaces
where such fuel oil is stored from rising within 10C (18F) below its flash point.
Boilers burning liquefied natural gas (LNG) or any other gaseous fuel are to comply with the
requirements of Section 5-8-16.
Boilers burning crude oil as fuel are to comply with the requirements of the Guide for
Burning Crude Oil and Slops in Main and Auxiliary Boilers.
7.1.3

The intent of the requirements of 4-6-6/7 along with those of 4-6-4/13 is to:
i)
provide for the continuity of fuel oil supply to boilers for propulsion and for power
generation, primarily by means of providing redundancy in the system;
ii)
minimize fire risks brought about by the storage and handling of fuel oil;
iii)
provide an indication of integrity of propulsion boiler fuel oil service pumps by

testing and certification.
Boilers not used for propulsion or power generation, but essential for supporting propulsion
and maneuvering functions of the vessel (e.g., heating of heavy fuel oil) and for other safety
functions, are to satisfy 4-6-6/7.1.3i) and 4-6-6/7.1.3ii).
Boilers not related to these safety functions (e.g., cargo heating) need only meet
4-6-6/7.1.3ii).
7.3
Fuel Oil Service System for Propulsion Boilers 4-6-6/7.3

7.3.1
Fuel Oil Service Pumps 4-6-6/7.3.1

There are to be at least two independently driven fuel oil service pumps. The capacity of the
pumps with any one pump out of operation is to be sufficient to supply the boilers at their
rated output. The pumps are to be arranged such that one may be overhauled while the other is
in service. Fuel oil service pumps are to be fitted with remote means of control situated
outside the space in which they are located so that they may be stopped in the event of fire
arising in that space.
Fuel oil service pumps for boilers intended for steam propulsion are to be certified in
accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.1iii).
7.3.2
Heaters 4-6-6/7.3.2
Where fuel oil heating is required, there are to be at least two heaters having sufficient
capacity to supply heated fuel oil to the boilers at their normal operating capacity with any
one heater out of operation.
7.3.3

Filters or strainers are to be provided in the suction lines and are to be arranged such that they
can be cleaned without interrupting the fuel supply. This may be achieved by installing two
such filters or strainers in parallel or installing the duplex type with a changeover facility that
will enable cleaning without interrupting the fuel supply. See 4-6-4/13.7.5 for
Strainers are to be so arranged and located as to prevent, in the event of leakage, spraying oil
onto surfaces with temperature in excess of 220C (428F).
440
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
6
7.3.4

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Pressure Piping Between Service Pumps and Burners 4-6-6/7.3.4

7.3.4(a) General. Fuel oil piping between service pumps and burners is to be so located as to
be easily visible, see 4-6-4/13.3.3. A master valve is to be fitted at the manifold supplying
fuel oil to the burners. This valve is to be of the quick closing type and is to be readily
operable in an emergency.
7.3.4(b) Pipes. Fuel oil pipes between service pumps and burners are to be extra-heavy steel
pipes, and in addition, that part between burner shut-off valves and burners is to be of a
seamless type. However, short flexible connections of appropriate materials (see 4-6-2/5.7)
may be used at the burners.
7.3.4(c) Pipe fittings. Pipe fittings and joints are to be in accordance with 4-6-4/13.7.1
except that the following further limitations are applicable to taper-thread joints:
connections to valves and equipment may be of taper-thread joints up to 50 mm
(2 in) nominal diameter; and
pipe joints using screw unions are not to be used in sizes of 25 mm (1 in) nominal
diameter and over.
7.3.4(d) Automatic burner fuel shutoff. For safety purposes, an alarm is to be given and fuel
supply to the boiler burner is to be automatically shutoff in the event of flame failure or flame
scanner failure; low water level; forced draft failure; boiler control power failure; see
4-4-1/11.5.1.
7.5
Fuel Oil Service System for Boilers Essential for Power Generation, Supporting
Propulsion and Habitable Conditions 4-6-6/7.5
The requirements of 4-6-6/7.3 are applicable to these boilers. Where an exhaust gas boiler is fitted,
such that steam services essential for propulsion can be supplied without the operation of the fuel oil
system of the auxiliary boiler, the requirements of dual fuel oil service pump (4-6-6/7.3.1), dual
heaters (4-6-6/7.3.2) and duplex strainers (4-6-6/7.3.3) may be omitted.
7.7
System Monitoring and Shutdown 4-6-6/7.7

4-6-6/Table 3 summarizes the required alarms for fuel oil systems in 4-6-4/13 and 4-6-6/7.
TABLE 3
Fuel Oil System Alarms and Shutdown
Equipment
Requirement
Reference
High-level alarm
4-6-4/13.5.4
High-level alarm, unless

overflow is fitted
4-6-4/13.5.6(e)
Fuel oil heaters
High-temperature alarm unless

heating medium precludes
overheating.
4-6-4/13.5.7(b) and
4-6-4/13.7.4(b)
Fuel oil pumps
Remote manual shutdown
4-6-6/7.3.1
Automatic shutoff and alarms for

specified conditions
4-6-6/7.3.4(d)
Overflow tank
Fuel oil tank
Fuel oil supply to burners
additional alarms and with automatic safety system functions. See e.g., 4-9-4/Table 7A and
4-9-4/Table 7B for propulsion and auxiliary boilers, respectively.
441
Part
Chapter
Section
7.9
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6

Lubricating Oil Systems for Steam Turbines and Reduction

Gears 4-6-6/9
9.1
General 4-6-6/9.1
9.1.1
Provisions of 4-6-6/9 apply to lubricating oil systems of steam turbines and associated
reduction gears intended for propulsion and power generation. Requirements for lubricating
oil storage and transfer systems in 4-6-4/15 are to be complied with, as appropriate. System
9.1.2

The intent of the requirements for lubricating oil service system in 4-6-6/9 and 4-6-4/15 is to:
provide for continuity of supply of lubricating oil to propulsion machinery by means

of redundancy in the lubricating oil system;
provide warning of failure of the lubricating oil system and other measures to prevent
rapid deterioration of propulsion and power generation machinery;
minimize the possibility of fire due to lubricating oil.
9.3
9.1.3
Vessel Inclination 4-6-6/9.1.3

The lubricating oil systems and the associated equipment are to have the capability of
satisfactory operation when the vessel is inclined at the angles indicated in 4-1-1/7.9.
9.1.4
Dedicated Piping 4-6-6/9.1.4

The lubricating oil piping, including vents and overflows, is to be entirely separated from
other piping systems.
Lubricating Oil Systems for Propulsion Turbines and Gears 4-6-6/9.3

9.3.1

9.3.1(a) Turbines. Pressure or gravity lubricating system is to be provided with at least two
lubricating oil pumps, at least one of which is to be independently driven. The capacity of the
pumps with any one pump out of service is to be sufficient for continuous operation of the
turbine at rated power. For multiple turbine installations, one or more independently driven
standby pumps is to be provided such that all turbines can be operated at rated power in the
event of any one lubricating oil pump for normal service being out of service.
9.3.1(b) Reduction gears. Where the lubricating oil system of the propulsion reduction gear
is independent of that of the propulsion turbine, it is to be provided with lubricating oil pumps
as in 4-6-6/9.3.1(a).
9.3.1(c) Attached pumps. Where the size and the design of the reduction gear is such that
lubrication before starting is not necessary and a self-driven attached pump is used, the
independently driven standby pump is not required if a complete duplicate of the attached
pumps is carried onboard. This alternative, however, is only permitted for multiple-propeller
installations, or similar, where one of the propulsion gear is inoperable while its pump is
being changed without completely disrupting the propulsion capability of the vessel.
442
Part
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Section
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6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
9.3.1(d) Certification. Lubricating oil pumps associated with the propulsion steam turbine
and reduction gears are to be certified in accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.
9.3.2
Automatic Steam Shut-off 4-6-6/9.3.2

To prevent rapid deterioration of the turbine or the gear upon dangerous lowering of pressure in
the lubricating oil system of the turbine or the gear, means are to be fitted to automatically
shut off the steam supply to the turbine through a quick acting device. The activation of this
device is to be alarmed at propulsion control stations. The steam shutoff is not to prevent the
admission of steam to the astern turbine for braking purposes.
9.3.3
Emergency Lubricating Oil Supply 4-6-6/9.3.3

In addition to 4-6-6/9.3.1 and 4-6-6/9.3.2, an emergency supply of lubricating oil is to be
provided which will automatically come into operation upon failure of the lubricating oil
system. This emergency supply may be from a gravity tank (see also 4-6-6/9.5), provided that
it contains sufficient oil to maintain satisfactory lubrication until the turbines are brought to
rest. If an independently driven lubricating oil pump or other means of oil supply is used for
this purpose, it must not be affected by the loss of electrical power supply.
9.3.4
Lubricating Oil Failure Alarms 4-6-6/9.3.4

Audible and visual alarms are to be fitted for each lubricating oil system serving propulsion
turbines and reduction gears to warn of the failure of the lubricating oil system.
9.3.5
Lubricating Oil Coolers 4-6-6/9.3.5

Lubricating oil coolers with means for controlling the oil temperature are to be provided.
Lubricating oil coolers are to be fitted at least with means to determine oil temperature at the
outlet.
9.3.6
Filters and Strainers 4-6-6/9.3.6

A magnetic strainer and a fine mesh filter are to be fitted in the lubricating oil piping to the
turbines and the reduction gears. Each filter and strainer is to be of the duplex type or
otherwise arranged so that it may be cleaned without interrupting the flow of oil.
Strainers and filters are also to be arranged and located so that, in the event of leakage, oil will
not spray onto surfaces with temperature in excess of 220C (428F). See 4-6-4/13.7.5 for
9.3.7
9.5
A purifier of the mechanical type is to be provided for separation of dirt and water from the
lubricating oil in systems containing more than 4.0 m3 (4000 liters, 1057 gallons) of
lubricating oil.
Lubricating Oil Tanks 4-6-6/9.5

In addition to 4-6-4/15.3, for lubricating oil tanks in general, where gravity tanks are utilized for
lubrication, these tanks are to be provided with a low-level alarm and the overflow lines from these
tanks to the sump tanks are to be fitted with a sight flow glass. Level gauges are to be provided for all
gravity tanks and sumps.
443
Part
Chapter
Section
9.7
9.9
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Lubricating Oil Systems for Auxiliary Steam Turbines 4-6-6/9.7

9.7.1

A standby lubricating oil pump is not required for generator turbines.
9.7.2
Lubricating Oil System Alarm 4-6-6/9.7.2

Audible and visual alarms for failure of the lubricating oil system are to be fitted.
9.7.3
Automatic Shut-off 4-6-6/9.7.3

Generator turbines are to be fitted with means to automatically shut-off the turbine steam
supply upon failure of the lubricating oil system.
9.7.4
Strainers and Filters 4-6-6/9.7.4

Requirements in 4-6-6/9.3.6 are applicable. However, in multiple-generator installations, each
turbine may be fitted with simplex strainer and/or filter, provided the arrangements are such
that the cleaning can be performed without affecting full propulsion capability.
System Monitoring and Safety Shutdown 4-6-6/9.9

4-6-6/Table 4 summarizes the basic alarms of the lubricating oil system and safety shutdowns, as
required by 4-6-6/9.
TABLE 4
Lubrication Oil System Alarms and Safety Shutdown
Equipment
Lub. oil system for turbines and gears
propulsion and auxiliary
Propulsion turbines and gear and auxiliary
turbine
Lub. Oil gravity tank
Requirement
Reference
Failure alarm
4-6-6/9.3.4 and
4-6-6/9.7.2
Shutdown in case of turbine or

gear lub. oil system failure
4-6-6/9.3.2 and
4-6-6/9.7.3
Low level alarm
4-6-6/9.5
additional alarms and automatic safety system functions. See e.g., 4-9-4/Table 4 for propulsion
turbine and gear and 4-9-4/Table 8 for generator turbine.
9.11

11
Sea Water Circulation and Cooling Systems
11.1
General 4-6-6/11.1
4-6-6/11
11.1.1 Application 4-6-6/11.1.1

Provisions of 4-6-6/11 apply to condenser cooling systems and to lubricating oil cooling
water systems for steam turbines and associated reduction gears.
11.1.2 Basic Requirements 4-6-6/11.1.2
The intent of the requirements for cooling systems is to provide continuity of supply of
cooling medium.
444
Part
Chapter
Section
11.3
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6
Condenser Cooling System 4-6-6/11.3

11.3.1 Circulating Pumps 4-6-6/11.3.1
In addition to the main circulating pump, an emergency means of circulating water through
the condenser is to be provided and may consist of a connection from an independent power
pump. Independent sea suction is to be provided for each of these pumps. A cross connection
between circulating pumps in multiple-unit installations will be acceptable in lieu of an
independent power-pump connection.
11.3.2 Sea Inlet Scoop 4-6-6/11.3.2
Where sea inlet scoop circulation is provided for the condenser, at least one independent
circulating pump is to be fitted for use during low vessel speed. In addition, a permanent
connection to the largest pump in the machinery spaces is to be provided as a second means
of circulation during low vessel speed.
For propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC or
ACCU notation), the independent circulating pump is to be arranged for automatic starting.
11.5
Lubricating Oil Cooling Systems 4-6-6/11.5

11.5.1 Lubricating Oil Coolers and Cooling Water Pumps 4-6-6/11.5.1
For propulsion turbines and associated reduction gears, one or more lubricating oil coolers
with means for controlling the oil temperature is to be provided together with at least two
separate cooling water pumps. At least one of the pumps is to be independently driven. The
coolers are to have sufficient capacity to maintain the required oil temperature while the
propulsion plant is operating continuously at its rated power.
11.5.2 Indicators 4-6-6/11.5.2
Indicators are to be fitted by which the pressure and temperature of the water inlet and oil
outlet of the coolers may be determined.
11.7
Cooling System Components 4-6-6/11.7

11.7.1 Pumps 4-6-6/11.7.1
Main circulating pumps (i.e., condenser cooling water pumps) are to be certified in
accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.
11.7.2 Heat Exchangers 4-6-6/11.7.2
11.7.2(a) Certification. See 4-6-6/5.11.2 for heat exchangers required to be certified by the
Bureau.
11.7.2(b) Lubricating oil coolers. The requirements of 4-6-4/15.5.4 for lubricating oil
coolers for internal combustion engines apply.
11.7.3 Molded Non-metallic Expansion Joints 4-6-6/11.7.3
Molded non-metallic expansion joints, where used, are to be of an approved type; see
4-6-2/5.7.2.
445
Part
Chapter
Section
11.9
4
6
6

Piping Systems
4-6-6

notation) are to be fitted with monitoring and safety system functions. See e.g., 4-9-4/Table 4 for
propulsion turbines and gears and 4-9-4/Table 8 for generator turbines.
11.11 Testing and Trials 4-6-6/11.11

Hydrostatic tests are to be in accordance with 4-6-2/7.3. The system is to be tried under working
condition in the presence of a Surveyor.
13
Exhaust Gas Piping
4-6-6/13
The requirements of 4-6-5/11 for exhaust gas piping of internal combustion engines apply.
446
PART
4
CHAPTER
Piping Systems
SECTION
Other Piping Systems
General
4-6-7
4-6-7/1
Part 4, Chapter 6, Section 7 (referred to as Section 4-6-7) covers provisions for piping systems not
covered in Section 4-6-4, Section 4-6-5 and Section 4-6-6. It includes fluid power piping systems,
helicopter refueling piping systems and oxygen-acetylene piping systems. Provisions of Section 4-6-1,
Section 4-6-2 and Section 4-6-3 apply to piping systems in Section 4-6-7.
Hydraulic Oil Systems
3.1
4-6-7/3
Provisions of 4-6-7/3 apply to all shipboard hydraulic oil systems. A hydraulic oil system fitted in
self-contained equipment not associated with propulsion and maneuvering of the vessel (e.g., a crane)
and completely assembled by the equipment manufacturer need not comply with this subsection. Such
hydraulic oil systems, however, are to comply with the accepted industry standards.
Hydraulic oil systems essential for the propulsion and maneuvering of the vessel are subject to further
requirements. Controllable pitch propeller hydraulic system and steering gear hydraulic systems are to
comply with requirements in Section 4-3-3 and Section 4-3-4, respectively.
Hydraulic oil systems associated with remote propulsion control are to comply with 4-9-1/11.5 for,
among other requirements, duplication of hydraulic pumps. The same systems associated with
propulsion machinery spaces intended for centralized or unattended operation (ACC/ACCU notation)
are also to meet the provisions of 4-9-7/9 for, among other requirements, flash point of hydraulic
fluid.
3.3
Hydraulic Oil Storage Tanks 4-6-7/3.3

3.3.1
Location of Storage Tanks 4-6-7/3.3.1

Hydraulic oil tanks are not to be situated where spillage or leakage therefrom can constitute a
hazard by falling on heated surfaces in excess of 220C (428F).
3.3.2
Tank Vents 4-6-7/3.3.2

Hydraulic tank vents are to meet the provisions of 4-6-4/9. Vents from hydraulic oil tanks,
other than double bottom or similar structural tanks, may be terminated in machinery and
other enclosed spaces provided that their outlets are so located that overflow therefrom will
not impinge on electrical equipment, heated surfaces or other sources of ignition; see
447
Part
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Section
4
6
7

Piping Systems
4-6-7
4-6-4/9.3.4(c). Tank vents of hydraulic systems utilized for actuation of valves located in
cargo oil tanks are, however, to be terminated in the weather; see 5-1-7/3.5.3.
3.3.3
3.5
Means of Sounding 4-6-7/3.3.3

A means of sounding is to be fitted for each hydraulic oil tank; such means is to meet the
provisions of 4-6-4/11. Tubular gauge glasses may be fitted to hydraulic oil tanks, subject to
conditions indicated in 4-6-4/11.5.2(b) and 4-6-4/11.5.2(c).
Hydraulic System Components 4-6-7/3.5

3.5.1
Pipes and Fittings 4-6-7/3.5.1

Pipes, pipe fittings and joints are to meet the general requirements of certification in 4-6-1/7.1
(except that ABS certification is not required for all classes of hydraulic piping); materials in
4-6-2/3; and design in 4-6-2/5, subject to limitations in 4-6-7/Table 1.
TABLE 1
Pipe Joint Limitations for Hydraulic Piping (2004)
Types of joint
Butt welded joint
Class I
No limitation
Class II
No limitation
Class III
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Flanged joint (1)
Types A, B & G only.
Types A, B, C, D & G only.
For type B, 400C (752F)

For type G, see 4-6-2/Table 7
For type D, 250C (482F).

Types A, B, C, D & G only.

Taper-thread joint (2)
80 mm (3 in.), or 495C
(923F), permissible
pressure/size:
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a).
As for Class I
Straight thread O-ring

joint
Straight thread O-ring type fittings may be used for pipe connection to equipment such as pumps,
valves, cylinders, accumulators, gauges and hoses, without size and pressure limitations.
However, such fittings are not to be used for connecting sections of pipe.

compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in.) OD.

Only flared fittings for copper
and copper-zinc tubes.
As for Class I
No size limitation.
Only flared fittings for copper
and copper-zinc tubes
Hoses
Subject to fire resistance test.

See 4-6-2/5.7.
As for Class I
As for Class I
Molded non-metallic
expansion joint
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
No limitation.
Molded expansion joint of

composite construction
1
2

4-6-2/5.7.2(b)
4-6-2/5.7.2(b)
4-6-2/5.7.2(b)
Pipe sizes indicated are nominal pipe size unless specified otherwise.
(2004) Split flanges are not permitted in steering gear system, certified thruster systems, nor in systems which are
vital to the propulsion or safety of the vessel, and are subject to special consideration in other cases.
Taper-thread joints up to 80 mm (3 in.) may be used without pressure limitation for pipe connection to equipment,
such as pumps, valves, cylinders, accumulators, gauges and hoses. When such joints are used to connect sections of
pipe, they are to be in accordance with limitations shown. However, hydraulic systems for the following services are
to comply with the stated limitations in all respects [see 4-6-2/5.5.5(b) and 4-6-2/5.5.5(c)]:
Steering gear hydraulic systems.
Controllable pitch propeller hydraulic systems.
Hydraulic systems associated with propulsion or propulsion control.
448
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
7

Piping Systems
4-6-7
3.5.2
Hoses 4-6-7/3.5.2
Hoses are to comply with the requirements of 4-6-2/5.7 for flammable fluid service.
3.5.3
Valves 4-6-7/3.5.3
and design in 4-6-2/5.9 and 4-6-2/5.11. Directional valves are to be treated as pipe fittings and
are subjected to pressure, temperature and fluid service restrictions specified by the
manufacturers.
3.5.4
Accumulators 4-6-7/3.5.4
Accumulators are to meet the requirements of pressure vessels in Section 4-4-1. Each
accumulator which may be isolated from the system is to be protected by its own relief valve,
or equivalent. The gas side of the accumulator, where applicable, is also to be fitted with a
safety valve, or equivalent.
3.5.5
Hydraulic Power Cylinder 4-6-7/3.5.5

3.5.5(a) General. Hydraulic cylinders subject to Classes I and II fluid pressures and
temperatures as defined in 4-6-1/Table 1 are to be designed, constructed and tested in
accordance with a recognized standard for fluid power cylinders. Acceptance will be based on
the manufacturer's certification of compliance and on verification of permanent identification
on each cylinder bearing the manufacturer's name or trademark, standard of compliance and
maximum allowable working pressure and temperature.
Cylinders subjected to Class III fluid pressures and temperatures may be used in accordance
with the manufacturers rating.
3.5.5(b) Non-compliance with a standard. Hydraulic cylinders subject to Classes I and II
fluid pressures and temperatures and which are not constructed to a recognized standard are,
preferably, to be Type Approved (see 1-1-A3/5). Alternatively, they may be accepted based
on the following:
Each cylinder is to be affixed with a permanent nameplate or marking bearing the
manufacturers name or trademark and the maximum allowable working pressure and
temperature.
Regardless of diameter, the design of the cylinder is to be shown to comply with a
pressure vessel code. Documentation in this regard is to be submitted for review. The
design may also be justified based on burst tests. See 4-6-7/3.5.5(c) hereunder.
Each individual unit is to be hydrostatically tested to 1.5 times the maximum
allowable working pressure (2 times, for cast iron and nodular iron cylinders) by the
manufacturer. A test certificate is to be submitted
3.5.5(c) Design. Cylinders not in compliance with a recognized standard for fluid power
cylinders are to meet the design and construction requirements of pressure vessels in Section
4-4-1. For instance, the cylinder is to have a wall thickness not less than that given by
equation 2 of 4-4-1A1/3.1, and the cylinder ends are to meet the requirements of flat heads in
4-4-1A1/5.7. Ordinary cast iron having an elongation of less than 12% is not to be used for
cylinders expected to be subjected to shock loading.
Alternatively, the design may be verified by burst tests. Steel cylinders (other than cast steel)
are to withstand not less than 4 times the maximum allowable working pressure, while cast
steel, cast iron and nodular iron cylinders are to withstand not less than 5 times the maximum
allowable working pressure.
3.5.5(d) Rudder actuators.
Rudder actuators are to be designed in accordance with
4-3-4/7, and to be certified by the Bureau in accordance with 4-3-4/19.
449
Part
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Section
3.7
4
6
7

Piping Systems
4-6-7
System Requirements 4-6-7/3.7

3.7.1
Fire Precautions 4-6-7/3.7.1

Hydraulic power units, including pumps and other pressurized components, with working
pressure above 15 bar (225 psi) installed within machinery spaces are to be placed in separate
room or rooms or shielded, as necessary, to prevent any oil or oil mist that may escape under
pressure from coming into contact with surfaces with temperatures in excess of 220C
(428F), electrical equipment or other sources of ignition. Piping and other components are to
have as few joints as practicable.
3.7.2

Relief valves are to be fitted to protect the system from overpressure. The relieving capacity is
not to be less than full pump flow with a maximum pressure rise in the system of not more
than 10% of the relief valve setting.
Pneumatic Systems
5.1
4-6-7/5
Requirements of 4-6-7/5 apply to shipboard pneumatic systems for control and actuation services.
Requirements for starting air system are in 4-6-5/9. A pneumatic system fitted in self-contained
equipment not associated with the propulsion and maneuvering of the vessel and completely
assembled by the equipment manufacturer need not comply with this subsection. Such pneumatic
systems, however, are to comply with the accepted practice of the industry.
5.3
Pneumatic System Components 4-6-7/5.3

5.3.1
Air Reservoir 4-6-7/5.3.1
Air reservoirs having a design pressure greater than 6.9 bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100 lb/in2) are to be
certified by the Bureau (see 4-4-1/1.9). Air reservoirs are to be fitted with drain connections
effective under extreme conditions of trim. Where they can be isolated from the system safety
valve, they are to be provided with their own safety valves or equivalent devices.
5.3.2

TABLE 2
Pipe Joint Limitations for Pneumatic Systems
Pipe joints
Class II
Class III
No limitation
No limitation
Socket welded joint
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
Max. 80 mm (3 in.)
No limitation
Flanged joint
Types A & B
Types A, B, C and D
Types A, B, C and D
Taper-thread joint
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a).
80 mm (3 in.).
see 4-6-2/5.5.5(a).
No limitation

compression joints
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
60 mm (2.4 in) OD
No limitation
Note:
450
Class I
Butt welded joint
No limitation
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
7
5.3.3
5.5

Piping Systems
4-6-7
Pneumatic Power Cylinders 4-6-7/5.3.3

The requirements of hydraulic cylinders in 4-6-7/3.5.5 apply also to pneumatic cylinders.
Pneumatic System Requirements 4-6-7/5.5

5.5.1
Pneumatic Air Source 4-6-7/5.5.1

Compressed air for general pneumatic control and actuation services may be drawn from
engine starting air reservoirs, in which case, the aggregate capacity of the starting air
reservoirs is to be sufficient for continued operation of these services after the air necessary
for the required number of engine starts (as specified in 4-6-5/9.5.1) has been used.
For propulsion remote control purposes, pneumatic air is to be available from at least two air
compressors. The starting air system, where consisting of two air compressors, may be used
for this purpose. The required air pressure is to be automatically maintained. Pneumatic air
supplies to safety and control systems may be derived from the same source but are to be by
means of separate lines.
5.5.2
Oil and Water Contamination 4-6-7/5.5.2

Provision is to be made to minimize the entry of oil or water into the compressed air system.
Suitable separation and drainage arrangements are to be provided before the air enters the
reservoirs.
5.5.3

Means are to be provided to prevent overpressure in any part of the pneumatic system. This
includes water jackets or casing of air compressors and coolers which may be subjected to
dangerous overpressure due to leakage into them from air pressure parts.
Fixed Oxygen-acetylene Systems
7.1
4-6-7/7
Provisions of 4-6-7/7 apply to oxygen-acetylene installations that have two or more cylinders of
oxygen and acetylene, respectively. Spare cylinders of gases need not be counted for this purpose.
7.3
Gas Storage 4-6-7/7.3

7.3.1
Storage of Gas Cylinders (2003) 4-6-7/7.3.1

7.3.1(a) Storage room. The gas cylinders are to be stored in rooms dedicated for this
purpose only. A separate room is to be provided for each gas. The rooms are to be on or
above the upper-most continuous deck and are to be constructed of steel. Access to the rooms
is to be from the open deck and the door is to open outwards. The boundaries between the
rooms and other enclosed spaces are to be gastight. Suitable drainage of the storage room or
area is to be provided.
7.3.1(b) Open area. Where no storage room is provided, the gas cylinders may be placed in
an open storage area. In such cases, they are to be provided with weather protection
(particularly from heavy seas and heat) and effectively protected from mechanical damage.
Suitable drainage of the open storage area or area is to be provided
7.3.1(c) Piping passing through storage room or area. Piping systems containing flammable
fluids are not to run through the storage room or open storage area
451
Part
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Section
7.5
4
6
7

Piping Systems
4-6-7
7.3.2
Ventilation of Storage Room (2003) 4-6-7/7.3.2

Gas cylinder storage rooms are to be fitted with ventilation systems capable of providing at
least six air changes per hour based on the gross volume of the room. The ventilation system
is to be independent of ventilation systems of other spaces. The space within 3 m (10 ft) from
the power ventilation exhaust, or 1 m (3 ft) from the natural ventilation exhaust is to be
considered a hazardous area, see 4-8-4/27.3.3iv). The fan is to be of the non-sparking
construction, see 4-8-3/11. Small storage spaces provided with sufficiently large openings for
natural ventilation need not be fitted with mechanical ventilation.
7.3.3
Electrical Installation in Storage Room 4-6-7/7.3.3

Electrical equipment installed within the storage room, including the ventilation fan motor, is
to be of the certified safe type, see 4-8-4/27.
Piping System Components 4-6-7/7.5

7.5.1
Pipe and Fittings 4-6-7/7.5.1

7.5.1(a) General. In general, pipes, pipe fittings, pipe joints and valves are to be in
accordance with the provisions of Section 4-6-2 for Class I piping systems, except as
modified below.
7.5.1(b) Piping materials. Materials for acetylene on the high-pressure side between the
cylinders and the regulator are to be steel. Copper or copper alloys containing more than 65%
copper are not to be used in acetylene piping (high or low pressure). Materials for oxygen on
the high-pressure side are to be steel or copper. Materials for both acetylene and oxygen on
the high-pressure side are preferably to be corrosion resistant. All pipes, both high- and lowpressure sides, are to be seamless.
7.5.1(c) Design pressure. Pipes, pipe fittings and valves on the oxygen high-pressure side
are to be designed for not less than 295 bar (300 kgf/cm2, 4278 psi). Pipes used on the lowpressure side are to be at least of standard wall thickness.
7.5.1(d) Pipe joints. All pipe joints outside the storage room or open storage area are to be
welded.
7.5.2
Pressure Relief Devices (2003)

Pressure relief devices are to be provided in the gas piping if the maximum design pressure of
the piping system can be exceeded. These devices are to be set to discharge at not more than
the maximum design pressure of the piping system to a location in the weather, remote from
sources of vapor ignition or openings to spaces or tanks. The area within 3 m (10 ft) of the
pressure relief device discharge outlet is to be regarded as a hazardous area. The pressure
relief devices may be either a relief valve or a rupture disc.
7.5.3
System Arrangements (2003)

Where two or more gas cylinders are connected to a manifold, high pressure piping between
each gas cylinder and the manifold is to be fitted with a non-return valve. The piping is not to
run through unventilated spaces or accommodation spaces. Outlet stations are to be fitted with
shut-off valves. Outlet stations are to be provided with suitable protective devices to prevent
back flow of gas and the passage of flame into the supply lines.
7.5.4
Gas Cylinders (2003) 4-6-7/7.5.2

Gas cylinders are to be designed, constructed and certified in accordance with the provisions
of 4-4-1/1.11.4. Each cylinder is to be fitted with a suitable pressure relief device such as a
fusible plug or a rupture disk.
The area within 3 m (10 ft) of the pressure relief device discharge outlet is to be regarded as a
hazardous area.
452
Part
Chapter
Section
7.7
4
6
7

Piping Systems
4-6-7
Testing 4-6-7/7.7
Piping on the oxygen high-pressure side is to be tested before installation to at least 295 bar (300
kgf/cm2, 4278 psi) and the piping on the acetylene high-pressure side is to be tested in accordance
with Section 4-6-2. The entire system is to be leak-tested with nitrogen or a suitable inert gas after
installation. Care is to be taken to cleanse the piping with suitable medium to remove oil, grease and
dirt and to blow-through with oil-free nitrogen or other suitable medium before putting the system in
service.
Helicopter Refueling Systems
9.1
4-6-7/9
The requirements of 4-6-7/9 are applicable to helicopter refueling facilities for fuel with a flash point
at or below 60C (140F) close cup test. For fuel with a flash point of above 60C, the requirements
for spill containment in 4-6-7/9.5 hereunder and the requirements for fuel oil storage and transfer
systems in 4-6-4/13 are applicable, as appropriate.
9.3
Fuel Storage and Refueling Equipment Area 4-6-7/9.3

9.3.1
Isolation 4-6-7/9.3.1
The designated fuel storage and refueling areas are to be isolated from the following:
accommodation area including vent openings;

embarkation stations;
escape routes;
helicopter landing area; and
areas containing source of vapor ignition.
The method of isolation may be by means of a safe and adequate distance or suitably erected
barriers capable of preventing the spread of fire.
9.3.2
9.5
Hazardous Area 4-6-7/9.3.2

The fuel storage and refueling area is to be permanently marked to identify it as a restricted
area where smoking or other naked flame is not permitted. NO SMOKING signs are to be
displayed. Open spaces within 3 m (10 ft) of the refueling equipment and within 3 m of the
storage tank vent outlet are to be regarded as hazardous areas (see 4-8-4/27.3.3).
Spill Containment 4-6-7/9.5

The fuel storage area is to be provided with arrangements whereby fuel spillage can be collected and
drained to a safe location. These arrangements are to be at least as provided hereunder.
9.5.1
Coaming 4-6-7/9.5.1
A coaming surrounding the fuel storage tanks, associated piping and the pumping unit is to be
provided. The height of this coaming is be at least 150 mm (6 in), so as to contain fuel
spillage as well as fire extinguishing agents. Where the pumping unit is situated at a remote
distance from the fuel storage tank, a separate coaming of the same minimum height is to be
provided around the pumping unit.
453
Part
Chapter
Section
4
6
7
9.5.2

Piping Systems
4-6-7
Drainage 4-6-7/9.5.2
Arrangements for drainage from within the coaming area are to be as follows.
i)
Permanent piping and a suitable holding tank are to be fitted so that drainage can be
either led to the holding tank (for draining oil) or discharged overboard (for draining
water) through a three-way valve. No other valve is permitted in the drain piping.
ii)
The cross sectional area of the drain pipe is to be twice that of the storage tank outlet
pipe.
iii)
The area within the coaming is to be sloped towards the drain pipe.
Where the area within the coaming is not provided with drainage arrangements, the height of
the coming is to be sufficient to contain the full volume of the fuel storage tank plus 150 mm
(6 in).
For drainage of a helicopter deck, see 4-6-4/3.9.2.
9.7
9.9
Fuel Storage Tanks 4-6-7/9.7

9.7.1
Construction 4-6-7/9.7.1
Fuel storage tanks are to be of metallic construction. Mounting, securing arrangements and
electrical bonding arrangements are to be submitted for approval.
9.7.2
Tank Valves 4-6-7/9.7.2

Fuel storage tank outlet valves are to be provided with a means of remote closure. Such
means is not to be cut off in the event of a fire in the fuel storage and the refueling area. In
general, the provisions of 4-6-4/13.5.3 are to be complied with.
9.7.3
Tank Vents and Sounding 4-6-7/9.7.3

In general, the provisions of 4-6-4/9 and 4-6-4/11 are applicable. However, tank vents are to
be extended at least 2.4 m (8 ft) above the weather deck. Other venting arrangements will be
considered.
Refueling Pumps 4-6-7/9.9

The refueling pump is to incorporate a device that will prevent overpressurization of the delivery hose
or of the filling hose. A relief valve, where fitted, is to discharge either to the suction side of the
pumps or to the storage tanks. Means are to be provided for remote stopping of the refueling pumps
from a position not likely to be cut off in the event of a fire in the fuel storage and refueling area.
9.11
Fuel Piping 4-6-7/9.11

The refueling pump is to be arranged to connect to only one tank at a time. Piping between the
refueling pump and the tank is to be as short as practicable and protected against damage. Fuel piping
is to be of steel or equivalent material and to comply with the provisions of 4-6-4/13.7.1 and
4-6-4/13.7.2. The piping system and all equipment used during refueling operation are to be
electrically bonded.
9.13
Fuel Storage and Refueling Systems Installed in Enclosed Spaces 4-6-7/9.13

9.13.1 Machinery Spaces 4-6-7/9.13.1
Helicopter refueling facilities for fuel with a flash point of 60C or less are not to be installed
in machinery spaces.
454
Part
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Section
4
6
7

Piping Systems
4-6-7
9.13.2 Arrangements of the Enclosed Space 4-6-7/9.13.2

The fuel storage and refueling compartment is to be bounded by gas-tight bulkheads and
decks. Access to this compartment is to be from the open deck only, which may be by means
of a trunk. There is to be no access to this compartment from other compartments.
9.13.3 Machinery and Electrical Installations 4-6-7/9.13.3
In general, the compartment containing refueling facilities is to be regarded as having the
same fire and explosion hazards as ro-ro cargo space, see Section 5-10-4. Specifically, the
following provisions of Section 5-10-4 are to be met:
5-10-4/3.7.1: for ventilation capacity of the compartment.

5-10-4/3.9.2(a) and 5-10-4/3.9.2(b): for acceptable certified safe equipment and
alternative electrical equipment in the compartment.
5-10-4/3.9.2(c): for exhaust fan and ducting.
5-10-4/3.11.1 and 5-10-4/3.11.2: for bilge system of the compartment.
9.13.4 Storage Tanks 4-6-7/9.13.4
9.13.4(a) Independent tanks. Independent fuel tanks may be installed in the same
compartment as the refueling system. The tank, vents, means of sounding and valves are to
comply with 4-6-7/9.7.
9.13.4(b) Structural tanks. Fuel tanks may be integral with the vessels structure.
Cofferdams (see Part 5, Chapter 2) are to be fitted to separate such fuel tanks from machinery
spaces, cargo spaces, accommodation, service spaces and other spaces containing a source of
ignition. The compartment containing the refueling equipment, ballast tanks and fuel oil tanks
containing fuel oil having a flash point of more than 60C may be regarded as a cofferdam.
Tank vents, means of sounding and outlet valves are to be as in 4-6-7/9.13.4(a). Particular
attention is to be directed to the height of the tank vent/overflow with respect to the design
head of the tank. Overflows, where fitted, are to comply with 4-6-4/9.5.5.
9.15
Fire Extinguishing System 4-6-7/9.15

Fixed fire extinguishing systems are to be fitted to protect helicopter fuel storage and refueling
equipment areas (or compartments), in accordance with the provisions of 4-7-2/5.3.2 and 4-7-2/5.3.3.
455
PART
4
CHAPTER
Fire Safety Systems
CONTENTS
Text in italics is taken from SOLAS 1974, as amended.
SECTION 1

1
Application .........................................................................461
Basic Principles..................................................................461
Organization of Chapter 7..................................................462
Fire Control Plan ................................................................463
11
Definitions ..........................................................................464
11.1
11.3
Accommodation Spaces ............................................... 464
11.5
Public Spaces ............................................................... 464
11.7
Service Spaces ............................................................. 464
11.9
Cargo Spaces ............................................................... 464
11.11
Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces .................................................... 464
11.13
Weather Deck ............................................................... 464
11.15
Machinery Spaces of Category A.................................. 464
11.17
Machinery Spaces......................................................... 465
11.19
Oil Fuel Unit .................................................................. 465
11.21
Control Stations............................................................. 465
11.23
Continuously Manned Central Control Station .............. 465
11.25
Dangerous Goods ......................................................... 465
13
Piping Systems ..................................................................465
15
Additional Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems.....................465
FIGURE 1
SECTION 2
A, B or C Class Division ................................................ 464
Organization of Chapter 7........................................462
Provisions for Specific Spaces.........................................467

1
Requirements for Machinery Spaces.................................467

1.1
Spaces Containing Oil-fired Boilers or Oil Fuel Units .... 467
1.3
Spaces Containing Internal Combustion Machinery...... 469
1.5
Spaces Containing Steam Turbines or Enclosed

Steam Engines.............................................................. 469
1.7
Fire Extinguishing Appliances in Other Machinery

Spaces .......................................................................... 469
457
1.9
Machinery Space Openings ..........................................469
1.11
Fire Precautions for Fuel Oil, Lubricating Oil and

Other Flammable Oils....................................................471
1.13
Propulsion Machinery Spaces Intended for

Centralized or Unattended Operation ............................472
Requirements for Accommodation and Service Spaces,

and Control Stations ..........................................................473
3.1
Methods of Structural Fire Protection ............................473
3.3
Fixed Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems;

Automatic Sprinkler, Fire Detection and Fire
Alarm Systems ..............................................................474
3.5
Portable Extinguishers ..................................................474
3.7
Ventilation Systems .......................................................474
3.9
Requirements for Gaseous Fuel for Domestic

Purposes .......................................................................475
Requirements for Miscellaneous High-risk Spaces ...........475

5.1
SECTION 3
5.3
Helicopter Facilities .......................................................476
5.5
Deep-fat Cooking Equipment ........................................477
Requirements for Cargo Spaces .......................................478

7.1
Dry Cargo Spaces .........................................................478
7.3
Dry Cargo Spaces Intended to Carry Dangerous

Goods............................................................................478
7.5
General Cargo Vessels .................................................481
7.7
Other Dry Cargo Spaces ...............................................482
7.9
Liquid Cargo Spaces and Related Spaces ....................482
TABLE 1
Dangerous Goods Classes ......................................483
TABLE 2
Dangerous Goods in Limited Quantities ..................484
TABLE 3
Applicability of the Requirements to Cargo Vessels

Carrying Dangerous Goods .....................................485
TABLE 4
Application of the Requirements in 4-7-2/7.3 to

Different Classes of Dangerous Goods Except
Solid Dangerous Goods in Bulk ...............................486
Fire-extinguishing Systems and Equipment ................... 487

1
458
Paint and Flammable Liquid Lockers ............................475
Fire Main Systems .............................................................487

1.1
General..........................................................................487
1.3
Capacity of Fire Pumps .................................................487
1.5
Arrangements of Fire Pumps and of Fire Mains ............487
1.7
Diameter and Pressure in the Fire Main ........................490
1.9
Number and Position of Hydrants..................................490
1.11
Pipes and Hydrants .......................................................491
1.13
Fire Hoses .....................................................................491
1.15
Nozzles..........................................................................492
1.17
Water Pumps for Other Fire Extinguishing Systems .....492
1.19
International Shore Connection .....................................492
11
13
Fixed Gas Fire Extinguishing Systems ..............................493

3.1
General ......................................................................... 493
3.3
CO2 Systems................................................................. 496
3.5
Refrigerated Low-pressure CO2 Systems ..................... 496
3.7
Steam Systems ............................................................. 499
3.9
Flue Gas Systems......................................................... 499
3.11
Equivalent Fixed Gas Fire-Extinguishing Systems for

Machinery Spaces and Cargo Pump Rooms ................ 499
Fixed Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems ...........................499

5.1
Fixed High-expansion Foam Fire Extinguishing

Systems in Machinery Spaces ...................................... 499
5.3
Fixed Low-expansion Foam Fire Extinguishing

System in Machinery Spaces ........................................ 500
5.5
Fixed Foam Fire Extinguishing System Outside

Machinery Spaces......................................................... 500
Fixed Pressure Water-spraying and Water-mist Fire

Extinguishing Systems in Machinery Spaces ....................501
7.1
Fixed Pressure Water-spraying Fire Extinguishing

System .......................................................................... 501
7.3
Equivalent Water-mist Fire-extinguishing Systems ....... 501
Automatic Sprinkler, Fire Detection and Fire Alarm

Systems .............................................................................502
9.1
General ......................................................................... 502
9.3
Sprinkler System Arrangements.................................... 502
9.5
Sprinklers Characteristics ............................................. 503
9.7
Pressure Tank............................................................... 503
9.9
Pumps and Piping Systems .......................................... 503
9.11
Location of Sprinkler Pump and Tank ........................... 504
9.13
Power Sources.............................................................. 504
9.15
Connection with the Fire Main....................................... 504
9.17
Testing .......................................................................... 504
9.19
Spare Parts ................................................................... 505
Fixed Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems ...................505

11.1
System Requirements................................................... 505
11.3
Installation Requirements.............................................. 507
11.5
Equipment Design Requirements.................................. 508
Sample Extraction Smoke Detection Systems ..................508

13.1
15
General Requirements .................................................. 508
13.3
Installation Requirements.............................................. 509
13.5
Equipment Design Requirements.................................. 510
Miscellaneous Fire Fighting Equipment.............................510

15.1
Portable Fire Extinguishers ........................................... 510
15.3
Portable Foam Applicators ............................................ 511
15.5
Fire-fighter's Outfit......................................................... 512
15.7
Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD) ............ 512
459
460
TABLE 1
Dimensions of International Shore Connection .......493
TABLE 2
Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness of Gas Medium

Distribution Piping ....................................................494
TABLE 3
Detector Spacing .....................................................508
TABLE 4
Equivalent Fire Extinguishers ..................................511
PART
4
CHAPTER
Fire Safety Systems
SECTION
General Provisions
4 - 7 - 1
Application (1 July 2002)4-7-1/1

The provisions of Part 4, Chapter 7 apply to all self-propelled ocean-going cargo vessels of 500 gross
tonnage and above.
Attention is directed to the appropriate governmental authority in each case, as there may be
additional requirements, depending on the size, type and intended service of the vessels.
Consideration will be given to fire-extinguishing systems that comply with the published
requirements of the governmental authority of the country whose flag the vessel is entitled to fly as an
alternative or addition to the requirements of this section.
Specific requirements for specialized vessels, such as oil carriers, ro-ro vessels, etc., as provided in
Part 5, and for passenger vessels as provided in the Guide for Building and Classing Passenger
Vessels, are also to be complied with, as applicable.
The requirements in this section are in substantial agreement with SOLAS 1974, as amended, for
cargo ships. Text shown in italic font is adapted directly from SOLAS, with changes only to tenses
and references. The arrangements, fire safety systems and equipment as required by this Chapter are
also to comply with the requirements of the International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code).
Alternative designs and arrangements (see Regulation II-2/17) deviating from these requirements may
be specially considered, provided the Flag Administration approves the engineering analysis for
evaluation of the design and arrangements and recognizes that they meet the fire safety objectives and
the functional requirements. [Refer to the Guidelines on Alternative Design and Arrangements for
Fire Safety (MSC/Circ. 1002)].
Basic Principles
4-7-1/3
The requirements of fire safety are based on the following basic principles
i)
The provision of appropriate fire detection and extinguishing systems and equipment capable
of extinguishing the types and scales of fire that are likely to occur onboard the vessel. These
requirements are as specified in SOLAS and are provided in this section.
ii)
The proper design of fuel oil and other flammable fluid systems to assure the integrity of
containment, to guard against the inadvertent escape of the flammable fluids, and to minimize
the likelihood of ignition in the event of an escape or loss of containment. These requirements
are as specified in Regulations II-2/4 of SOLAS and are provided in Sections 4-6-5 and 4-6-6.
461
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
1

Fire Safety Systems
General Provisions
4-7-1
iii)
The protection of crew accommodation spaces, by means of structural insulation, from spaces
of high fire risks and from the spread of fire; and the protection of escape routes in the event
of a fire outbreak. These requirements are as specified in SOLAS and are provided in Section
3-4-1.
iv)
The identification of fire risks of the cargoes carried or that related to the specific functions of
the vessel, and the provision of effective means to both prevent and extinguish fires in the
cargo and working spaces. These requirements are as specified in SOLAS and are provided in
Part 5 for each vessel type.
Organization of Chapter 7
4-7-1/5
The chapter contains two main sets of requirements:

Section 4-7-2 describes the fire extinguishing fixtures and fire safety requirements of spaces
of different fire risks onboard vessels; and
Section 4-7-3 describes the requirements for each type of fire extinguishing system and
equipment.
The organization of the chapter is illustrated in 4-7-1/Figure 1.
FIGURE 1
Organization of Chapter 7
PART 4
Chapter 7
FIRE SAFETY
Section 1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
Section 2
PROVISIONS FOR
SPECIFIC SPACES
Section 3
FIRE-EXTINGUISHING
SYSTEMS &
EQUIPMENT
2.1
Machinery
Spaces
2.3
Accommodation
and Service Spaces
3.1
Fire Main
System
3.3
Fixed Gas
Systems
2.5
Miscellaneous
High Risk Spaces
2.7
Cargo
Spaces
3.5
Fixed Foam
System
3.7
Fixed Water
Spray System
3.9
Automatic
Sprinkler System
3.11
Fire Detection
& Alarm System
3.13
Sample Extraction
Smoke Detection
System
3.15
Miscellaneous
Fire Fighting
Equipment
PART 5
SPECIALIZED
CARGO VESSELS
462
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
1

Fire Safety Systems
General Provisions
4-7-1
4-7-1/7
Plans and specifications of the following fire fighting systems and equipment are to be submitted.
Arrangement and details of fire main system
Arrangement and details of portable fire extinguishing equipment
Fixed fire-extinguishing systems (for example: CO2, water sprinkler, foam, etc.)
Fixed fire detection and alarm systems
Other fire extinguishing arrangements
Fire extinguishing appliances
Control station for emergency closing of openings and stopping machinery
Firemans outfits
Fire control plan (see 4-7-1/9)
Arrangements of control stations indicated in the fire control plan
Helicopter operations fire fighting system (where applicable)
In general, piping system plans are to be diagrammatic and are to include the following information:
Types, sizes, materials, construction standards, and pressure and temperature ratings of piping
components other than pipes.
Materials, outside diameter or nominal pipe size, and wall thickness or schedule of pipes.
Design pressure and design temperature.
Maximum pump pressures and/or relief valve settings.
Flash point of flammable liquids, if below 60C (140F).
Instrumentation (optional).
Legend for symbols used.
Fire Control Plan (1 July 2002)
4-7-1/9
General arrangement plans are to be permanently exhibited for the guidance of the vessel's officers,
showing clearly for each deck the control stations, the various fire sections enclosed by A class
divisions, the sections enclosed by B class divisions together with particulars of the fire detection
and fire alarm systems, the sprinkler installation, the fire extinguishing appliances, means of access to
different compartments, decks, etc. and the ventilating system including particulars of the fan control
positions, the position of dampers and identification numbers of the ventilating fans serving each
section.
Alternatively, the aforementioned details may be set out in a booklet, a copy of which is to be supplied
to each officer, and one copy is to be available at all times onboard in an accessible position. Plans
and booklets are to be kept up to date, any alterations thereto are to be recorded as soon as
practicable. Description in such plans and booklets are to be in the language or languages required
by the Administration. If the language is neither English nor French, a translation into one of those
languages is to be included. A duplicate set of fire control plans or a booklet containing such plans
are to be permanently stored in a prominently marked weathertight enclosure outside the deckhouse
for the assistance of shore-side fire fighting personnel. [Refer to the Guidance concerning the
location of the fire control plans for assistance of shoreside fire-fighting personnel (MSC/Cir.451).]
463
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
1

Fire Safety Systems
General Provisions
11
Definitions
11.1
A, B or C Class Division 4-7-1/11.1
4-7-1
4-7-1/11
A division formed by bulkheads, decks, ceiling, lining and non-combustible materials capable of
preventing the passage of smoke and flame when subject to a standard fire test for a specified duration
as defined in SOLAS 1974, as amended, Regulation II-2/3.
11.3
Accommodation Spaces 4-7-1/11.3

Accommodation Spaces are those spaces used for public spaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, offices,
hospitals, cinemas, games and hobbies rooms, barber shops, pantries containing no cooking
appliances and similar spaces.
11.5
Public Spaces 4-7-1/11.5

Public Spaces are those portions of the accommodation which are used for halls, dining rooms,
lounges and similar permanently enclosed spaces.
11.7
Service Spaces 4-7-1/11.7

Service Spaces are those spaces used for galleys, pantries containing cooking appliances, lockers,
mail and specie rooms, store-rooms, workshops other than those forming part of the machinery
spaces, and similar spaces and trunks to such spaces.
11.9
Cargo Spaces (1 July 2002)4-7-1/11.9

Cargo Spaces are all spaces used for cargo, cargo oil tanks, tanks for other liquid cargo and trunks to
such spaces.
11.11 Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces (1 July 2002)4-7-1/11.11

Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces are spaces not normally subdivided in any way and normally extending to either
a substantial length or the entire length of the vessel in which motor vehicle with fuel in their tanks for
their own propulsion and/or goods (packaged or in bulk, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles
(including road or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, demountable tanks or in or on similar
stowage units or other receptacles) can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.
Open Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces are those ro-ro spaces that are either open at both ends, or have an
opening at one end, and are provided with adequate natural ventilation effective over their entire
length through permanent openings distributed in the side plating or deck-head or from above, having
a total area of at least 10% of the total area of the space side.
Closed Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces are ro-ro spaces which are neither open ro-ro spaces nor weather decks
(see 4-7-1/11.13).
11.13 Weather Deck 4-7-1/11.13

Weather Deck is a deck which is completely exposed to the weather from above and from at least two
sides.
11.15 Machinery Spaces of Category A (1 July 2002)4-7-1/11.15

Machinery Spaces of Category A are those spaces and trunks to such spaces which contain either:
464
i)
internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion;
ii)
internal combustion machinery used for purposes other than main propulsion where such
machinery has in the aggregate a total power output of not less than 375 kW (500 hp);
Part
Chapter
Section
iii)
4
7
1

Fire Safety Systems
General Provisions
4-7-1
any oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit, or any oil-fired equipment other than boiler, such as inert
gas generator, incinerator, waste disposal units, etc.
11.17 Machinery Spaces 4-7-1/11.17

Machinery Spaces are all machinery spaces of category A and all other spaces containing propulsion
machinery, boilers, oil fuel units, steam and internal combustion engines, generators and major
electrical machinery, oil filling stations, refrigerating, stabilizing, ventilation and air conditioning
machinery, and similar spaces, and trunks to such spaces.
11.19 Oil Fuel Unit 4-7-1/11.19

Oil Fuel Unit is the equipment used for the preparation of oil fuel for delivery to an oil-fired boiler
(including inert gas generators, incinerators, waste disposal units, etc.), or equipment used for the
preparation for delivery of heated or non-heated oil to an internal combustion engine, and includes
any oil pressure pumps, filters and heaters dealing with oil at a pressure of more than 1.8 bar (1.8
kgf/cm2, 26 psi).
11.21 Control Stations (1 July 2002)4-7-1/11.21

Control Stations are those spaces in which the vessel's radio or main navigating equipment or the
emergency source of power is located or where the fire recording or fire control equipment is
centralized. Spaces where the fire recording or fire control equipment is centralized are also
considered to be a fire control station.
Spaces containing, for instance, the following battery sources are to be regarded as control stations,
regardless of battery capacity:
i)
emergency batteries in separate battery room for power supply from black-out till start of
emergency generator;
ii)
emergency batteries in separate battery room as reserve source of energy to radiotelegraph

installation;
iii)
batteries for start of emergency generator;
iv)
and, in general, all emergency batteries required in pursuance of 4-8-2/5.
11.23 Continuously Manned Central Control Station (1 July 2002)

Continuously Manned Central Control Station is a central control station which is continuously
manned by a responsible member of the crew.
11.25 Dangerous Goods

Dangerous Goods are those goods referred to in SOLAS Regulation VII/2 (see also 4-7-2/Table 1).
13
Piping Systems
Piping systems in this Chapter are subject to the provisions of Part 4, Chapter 6, Section 1, Section 2
and Section 3 (referred to as Section 4-6-1, Section 4-6-2, and Section 4-6-3) for pipe materials, pipe
design, fabrication and testing, and piping general installation requirements.
15
Additional Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems (1 July 2002)

Where a fixed fire extinguishing system not required by Section 4-7-2 is installed, such system is to
meet applicable requirements of Section 4-7-3 and is to be submitted for approval.
465
PART
4
CHAPTER
Fire Safety Systems
SECTION
Provisions for Specific Spaces
Requirements for Machinery Spaces
4 - 7 - 2
4-7-2/1
In addition to the provisions of 4-7-3/1 for a fire main system, the following are to be complied with.
1.1
Spaces Containing Oil-fired Boilers or Oil Fuel Units 4-7-2/1.1

Requirements specified for oil-fired boilers are also applicable to oil-fired inert gas generators and oilfired incinerators.
1.1.1
Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems 4-7-2/1.1.1

Machinery spaces of category A containing oil-fired boilers or oil fuel units are to be
provided with any one of the following fixed fire extinguishing systems:
i)
a gas system complying with the provisions of 4-7-3/3;
ii)
a high expansion foam system complying with the provisions of 4-7-3/5.1; or
iii)
a pressure water-spraying system complying with the provisions of 4-7-3/7.
In each case, if the engine and boiler rooms are not entirely separate, or if fuel oil can drain
from the boiler room into the engine room, the combined engine and boiler rooms are to be
considered as one compartment.
1.1.2
Portable Foam Applicator (1 July 2002)4-7-2/1.1.2

There is to be in each boiler room and each oil fuel unit room, or at the entrance outside of
the boiler room or the oil fuel unit room at least one set of portable foam applicator unit
complying with the provisions of 4-7-3/15.3.
1.1.3
Portable Fire Extinguishers (1 July 2002)4-7-2/1.1.3

There are to be at least two portable foam extinguishers or equivalent in each firing space in
each boiler room and in each space in which a part of the oil fuel installation is situated.
There is to be not less than one approved foam-type extinguisher of at least 135 liters (36 US
gallon) capacity or equivalent in each boiler room. These extinguishers are to be provided
with hoses on reels suitable for reaching any part of the boiler room. In case of domestic
boilers of less than 175 kW, an approved foam-type extinguisher of at least 135 liters (36 US
gallon) is not required.
467
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
2
1.1.4

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
Dry Material (1 July 2002) 4-7-2/1.1.4

In each firing space, there is to be a receptacle containing at least 0.1 m3 (3.5 ft3) of sand,
sawdust impregnated with soda, or other approved dry material, along with a suitable shovel
for spreading the material. An approved portable extinguisher may be substituted as an
alternative.
Number of Fixed Systems, Applicators and Extinguishers

Required by 4-7-2/1 (2001)
Systems, appliances
& extinguishers
Category A
machinery spaces
Fixed fireextinguishing
system
Portable
foam
applicator(1)
Portable
foam extinguishers
Addl
portable
foam extinguishers
135 l foam
extinguisher
45 l foam
extinguishers(2)
Sand boxes(3)
Boiler room containing:

Oil-fired boilers
2N
NA
1 (4)
Oil-fired boilers and oil

fuel units
2N + 2
NA
1 (4)
Engine room containing:

Oil fuel units only
Internal combustion
machinery
NA
Internal combustion
machinery and oil fuel
units
1 (4)
y (5)
Combined engine/boiler room containing:

Internal combustion
machinery, oil fired
boilers and oil fuel units
N =
2N =
x
=
y
(2N + 2) or x
number of firing spaces (i.e., stations where the firing equipment is located)
means that two extinguishers are to be located at each station containing the firing equipment
sufficient number, minimum two in each space, so located that there is at least one portable fire extinguisher within 10 m
walking distance from any point
sufficient number to enable foam to be directed onto any part of the fuel and lubricating oil pressure systems, gearing and
other fire hazards
not applicable
NA =
Notes:
1
2
3
4
5
468
May be located outside of the entrance to the room.

May be arranged outside of the space concerned for smaller spaces on cargo vessels.
The amount of sand is to be at least 0.1 m3. For other approved dry materials, or substitution, refer to 4-7-2/1.1.4.
Not required for such spaces in cargo ships wherein all boilers contained therein are for domestic services and are
less than 175 kW.
In case of machinery spaces containing both boilers and internal combustion engines, one of the foam fireextinguishers of at least 45 liter capacity or equivalent, required by 4-7-2/1.3iii), may be omitted on the condition
that the 135 liter extinguisher required by 4-7-2/1.1.3 can protect efficiently and readily the area that would be
otherwise covered by the 45 liter extinguisher.
For the purpose of the statement in the table above, oil fired inert gas generators and oil fired incinerators are to be
considered the same as oil fired boiler.
Part
Chapter
Section
1.3
4
7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
Spaces Containing Internal Combustion Machinery 4-7-2/1.3

Machinery spaces of category A containing internal combustion machinery are to be provided with:
1.5
i)
One of the fixed fire extinguishing systems required by 4-7-2/1.1.1.
ii)
At least one set of portable foam applicator unit complying with the provisions of
4-7-3/15.3.
iii)
In each such spac,e approved foam type fire extinguishers, each of at least 45 liters (12 US
gallon) capacity or equivalent, sufficient in number to enable foam or its equivalent to be
directed on to any part of the fuel and lubricating oil pressure systems, gearing and other fire
hazards. In addition, there are to be provided a sufficient number of portable foam
extinguishers, or equivalent, which are to be so located that no point in the space is more
than 10 m (33 ft) walking distance from an extinguisher and that there are at least two such
extinguishers in each such space.
Spaces Containing Steam Turbines or Enclosed Steam Engines 4-7-2/1.5

In spaces containing steam turbines or enclosed steam engines used either for main propulsion or for
other purposes when such machinery has in the aggregate a total power output of not less than
375 kW (500 hp), there are to be provided:
1.7
i)
Approved foam fire extinguishers each of at least 45 liter (12 gal) capacity or equivalent
sufficient in number to enable foam or its equivalent to be directed on to any part of the
pressure lubrication system, on to any part of the casings enclosing pressure lubricated parts
of the turbines, engines or associated gearing, and any other fire hazards. However, such
extinguishers are not required if protection by a fixed fire extinguishing system in compliance
with 4-7-2/1.1.1 is provided.
ii)
A sufficient number of portable foam extinguishers or equivalent which are to be so located

that no point in the space is more than 10 m (33 ft) walking distance from an extinguisher and
that there are at least two such extinguishers in each such space, except that such
extinguishers are not required in addition to any provided in compliance with 4-7-2/1.1.3.
iii)
One of the fire-extinguishing systems required by 4-7-2/1.1.1, where such spaces are
periodically unattended.
Fire Extinguishing Appliances in Other Machinery Spaces 4-7-2/1.7

Any machinery space which is not required to be fitted with the fire extinguishing provision of 4-72/1.1, 4-7-2/1.3 or 4-7-2/1.5, but in which fire hazards exist, is to be provided with a sufficient number
of portable fire extinguishers or other means of fire extinction in, or adjacent to, that space.
1.9
Machinery Space Openings 4-7-2/1.11

1.9.1
General 4-7-2/1.11.1
In machinery space of category A, the number of skylights, doors, ventilators, openings in
funnels to permit exhaust ventilation and other openings to machinery spaces are to be
reduced to a minimum, consistent with the needs of ventilation and the proper and safe
working of the vessel. In addition, the following requirements are also applicable. Other
machinery spaces, where significant fire hazards exist, are also subject to the same
requirements.
1.9.2
Skylights (1 July 2002)4-7-2/1.11.2

Machinery space skylights are to be of steel and are not to contain glass panels. Suitable
arrangements are to be made to permit the release of smoke in the event of fire from the space
to be protected, subject to the provision of 4-7-2/1.11.1 above. The normal ventilation systems
may be acceptable for this purpose.
469
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
1.9.3
Windows 4-7-2/1.11.3
Windows are not to be fitted in boundaries of machinery space. This does not preclude the use
of glass in control rooms within the machinery spaces.
1.9.4
Access to Machinery Space (1 July 2002)4-7-2/1.11.4

1 . 9 . 4 ( a ) E s c a p e s . Two means of escape are to be provided from each machinery space
of category A. In particular, the following provisions are to be complied with:
i)
Two sets of ladders as widely separated as possible leading to doors in the upper
parts of the space similarly separated and from which access is provided to the open
deck. One of these ladders is to be located within a protected enclosure that satisfies
the requirements of SOLAS II-2/Reg. 9.2.3.3, category 4, from the lower part of the
space it serves to a position outside the space. Self-closing fire doors of the same fire
integrity are to be fitted in the enclosure. The ladder is to be fitted in such way that
heat is not transferred into the enclosure through non-insulated fixing points. The
enclosure is to have minimum internal dimensions of at least 800 mm 800 mm (31.5
inch 31.5 inch), and is to have emergency lighting provisions; or
ii)
One steel ladder leading to a door in the upper part of the space from which access is
provided to the open deck and additionally, in the lower part of the space and in a
position well separated from the ladder referred to, a steel door capable of being
operated from each side and which provides access to a safe escape route from the
lower part of the space to the open deck.
In vessels of less than 1000 gross tonnage, one of the means of escape may be dispensed with,
due regard being paid to the dimension and disposition of the upper part of the space. In
addition, the means of escape from machinery spaces of category A need not comply with the
requirement for an enclosed fire shelter listed in 4-7-2/1.9.4(a)i). In the steering gear space, a
second means of escape is to be provided when the emergency steering position is located in
that space unless there is direct access to the open deck.
1.9.4(b) Shaft tunnel. When access to any machinery space of category A is provided at a
low level from an adjacent shaft tunnel, there is to be provided in the shaft tunnel, near the
watertight door, a light steel fire-screen door operable from each side.
1.9.4(c) Access to machinery space other than category A.
From
machinery spaces other than those of category A, two escape routes are to be provided,
except that a single escape route may be accepted for spaces that are entered only
occasionally, and for spaces where the maximum travel distance to the door is 5 meters (16.4
feet) or less.
1.9.4(d) Lifts.
escape.
Lifts are not to be considered as forming one of the required means of
1.9.4(e) Emergency Escape Breathing Devices. On all vessels, within the

machinery spaces, emergency escape breathing devices are to be situated at easily visible
places ready for use, which can be reached quickly and easily at any time in the event of fire.
The location of emergency escape breathing devices is to take into account the layout of the
machinery space and the number of persons normally working in the space. (See MSC/Circ.
849) The emergency escape breathing devices are to comply with the provisions of
4-7-3/15.7. The number and locations of these devices are to be indicated in the fire control
plan (see 4-7-1/9).
470
Part
Chapter
Section
1.11
4
7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
1.9.5
Machinery Space Ventilation (1 July 2002)4-7-2/1.11.5

The main inlets and outlets of all ventilation systems are to be capable of being closed from
outside the machinery space. The means of closing is to be easily accessible as well as
prominently and permanently marked and is to indicate whether the shut-off is open or
closed. All of the ventilation of machinery spaces is to be capable of being stopped from an
easily accessible position outside the machinery space. This position is not to be readily cut
off in the event of a fire in the machinery space. Controls provided for power ventilation
serving machinery spaces are to be grouped so as to be operable from two positions, one of
which is to be outside such spaces. The means provided for stopping the power ventilation of
the machinery spaces is to be entirely separated from the means provided for stopping
ventilation of other spaces.
1.9.6
Closing of Openings and Emergency Shutdowns4-7-2/1.11.6

Means of control, located outside the machinery space where they will not be cut off in the
event of fire in the machinery space concerned, are to be provided for:
i)
opening and closure of skylights, closure of openings in funnels which normally allow
exhaust ventilation, and closure of ventilator dampers (Emergency generator room
openings for intake of combustion air and cooling air need not be fitted with means of
closure for fire integrity purposes unless a fixed fire fighting system for the
emergency generator space is provided.);
ii)
permitting the release of smoke;
iii)
closing power-operated doors or actuating release mechanism on doors other than

power-operated watertight doors;
iv)
stopping ventilating fans;
v)
(1 July 2002) stopping forced and induced draught fans, oil fuel transfer pumps, oil
fuel unit pumps, lubricating oil service pumps, thermal oil circulating pumps and oil
separators (purifiers) and other similar fuel pumps (see 4-7-2/1.11.1), including
stopping of fired equipment such as incinerator, this need not apply to oily water
separators; and
vi)
closing of valves at fuel oil tanks and lubricating oil tanks (see 4-7-2/1.11.1):
Fire Precautions for Fuel Oil, Lubricating Oil and Other Flammable Oils 4-7-2/1.13
1.11.1 Fire Precautions 4-7-2/1.13.1
References are to be made to the following provisions for prevention of fire that may arise
due to the storage and use of flammable liquids:
4-6-4/13 and 4-6-4/15: for the storage, distribution and utilization of fuel oil and
lubricating oil;
4-6-5/3 and 4-6-5/5: for fuel oil and lubricating oil systems of internal combustion
engine installations;
4-6-6/7: for boiler fuel oil installations;
4-6-6/9: for lubricating oil systems of steam turbine and gear installations;
4-6-7/3: for hydraulic oil systems.
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4-7-2
1.11.2 Fixed Local Application Fire-fighting Systems (1 July 2002)

For cargo vessels of 2000 gross tonnage and above, the machinery spaces of category A
above 500 m3 (17,657 ft3) in volume, in addition to the fixed fire-extinguishing system
required in 4-7-2/1.1.1 or 4-7-2/1.3 or 4-7-2/1.5, are to be protected by an approved type of
fixed water-based or equivalent local application fire-fighting system complying with the
provision of the IMO Guidelines for the Approval of Fixed Water-based Local Application
Fire-fighting System for Use in Category A Machinery Spaces, MSC/Circ. 913. In the case of
periodically unattended machinery spaces, the fire fighting system is to have both automatic
and manual release capabilities. In the case of continuously manned machinery spaces, the
fire-fighting system is only required to have a manual release capability. The fixed local firefighting systems are to protect areas such as the following without the necessity of engine
shutdown, personnel evacuation, or sealing the spaces:
i)
the fire hazard portion of internal combustion machinery used for the vessel's main
propulsion and power generation;
ii)
boiler front;
iii)
the fire hazard portions of incinerators; and
iv)
purifiers for heated fuel oil, see 4-6-4/13.9.2
Activation of any local application system shall give a visual and distinct audible alarm in the
protected space and at continuously manned stations. The alarm is to indicate the specific
system activated. The system alarm requirements described within this paragraph are in
addition to, and not a substitute for, the detection and fire alarm system required in elsewhere
in Section 4-7-2 and Section 4-7-3.
1.13
Propulsion Machinery Spaces Intended for Centralized or Unattended

Operation 4-7-2/1.15
1.13.1 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems (1 July 2002)4-7-2/1.15.1
Where a vessels propulsion machinery is intended for centralized or unattended operation
(ACC or ACCU notation; see Part 4, Chapter 9), a fixed fire detection and alarm system
complying with 4-7-3/11, and as specified below, is to be provided in the propulsion
machinery space.
Also, a fixed fire detection system is to be installed in a machinery spaces where:
i)
the installation of automatic and remote control system and equipment has been
approved in lieu of continuous manning of the space, and;
ii)
the main propulsion and associated machinery including sources of the main sources
of electrical power are provided with various degrees of automatic or remote control
and are under continuous supervision from a control room.
1 . 1 3 . 1 ( a ) D e t e c t o r s . This fire detection system is to be so designed and the detectors

so positioned as to detect rapidly the onset of fire in any part of the space and under normal
conditions of operation of the machinery and variation of ventilation as required by the
possible range of ambient temperatures. Except in spaces of restricted height and where their
use is specially appropriate, detection systems using only thermal detectors are not permitted.
Additionally, where fire detectors are provided with means to adjust their sensitivity, the
arrangements are to be such that the set point can be fixed and readily identified. Such
arrangements are to comply with the following:
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i)
4-7-2
A permanent means clearly identifying the set point of each adjustable detector is to
be provided. This may be accomplished by:
the placement of a permanent marking or etching directly on the detector
which identifies the set point,
for those devices that are provided with a calibrated scale, a permanent
indication or notation recorded directly on the detector which identifies the
set point,
indication in the control panel of the set level of each such detector, or
other acceptable means (e.g., log book record, etc.); and
ii)
Means are to be provided to fix or otherwise secure the sensitivity settings of the
detectors in a manner that ensures that the setting(s) will not be inadvertently or
accidentally changed due to vibration, physical contact or changes in environmental
conditions.
1 . 1 3 . 1 ( b ) A l a r m s . The detection system is to initiate audible and visual alarms distinct

in both respects from the alarms of any other system not indicating fire, in sufficient places to
ensure that the alarms are heard and observed on the navigating bridge and by a responsible
engineer officer. When the navigating bridge is unmanned, the alarm is to sound in a place
where a responsible member of the crew is on duty. See also 4-9-3/15.5.1 and 4-9-4/21.5 for
vessels assigned with ACC and ACCU, respectively.
1 . 1 3 . 1 ( c ) T e s t i n g . After installation, the system is to be tested under varying conditions
of engine operation and ventilation.
1.13.2 Fire Main System 4-7-2/1.15.2
The fire main system is to comply with the additional provisions of 4-7-3/1.5.5.
1.13.3 Fire Fighting Station 4-7-2/1.15.3
Vessels intended to be operated with an unattended propulsion machinery space are to be
fitted with a fire fighting station complying with the provisions of 4-9-4/21.1.
Requirements for Accommodation and Service Spaces,

and Control Stations 4-7-2/3
3.1
Methods of Structural Fire Protection (1 July 2002)4-7-2/3.1

One of the following methods of protection is to be adopted in accommodation and service spaces,
and control stations:
3.1.1
Method I C 4-7-2/3.1.1
Method I C involves the construction of all internal divisional bulkheads of non-combustible
B or C class divisions, generally without the installation of an automatic sprinkler, fire
detection and fire alarm system in the accommodation and service spaces, except as required
by 4-7-2/3.3.1.
3.1.2
Method II C 4-7-2/3.1.2
Method II C involves the fitting of an automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm
system, as required by 4-7-2/3.3.2, for the detection and extinction of fire in all spaces in
which fire might be expected to originate, generally with no restriction on the type of internal
divisional bulkheading.
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Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
Method III C 4-7-2/3.1.3

Method III C involves the fitting of a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system, as required by
4-7-2/3.3.3, in all spaces in which a fire might be expected to originate, generally with no
restriction on the type of internal divisional bulkheads, except that in no case must the area of
any accommodation space or spaces bounded by an A or B class division exceed 50 m2
(545 ft2). Consideration may be given to increasing this area for public spaces.
Fixed Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems; Automatic Sprinkler, Fire
Detection and Fire Alarm Systems (1 July 2002)4-7-2/3.3
Accommodation and service spaces and control stations of cargo vessels are to be protected by a
fixed fire detection and fire alarm and/or an automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm system,
as follows, depending on a protection method adopted in accordance with 4-7-2/3.1.
3.5
3.3.1
Requirements for Method I C 4-7-2/3.3.1

In vessels in which Method I C is adopted, a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system of an
approved type complying with the requirements of 4-7-3/11 is to be installed and arranged as
to provide smoke detection in all corridors, stairways and escape routes within
accommodation spaces.
3.3.2
Requirements for Method II C 4-7-2/3.3.2

In vessels in which Method II C is adopted, an automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire
alarm system of an approved type complying with the relevant requirements of 4-7-3/9 is to
be installed and arranged as to protect accommodation spaces, galleys and other service
spaces, except spaces which afford no substantial fire risk, such as void spaces, sanitary
spaces, etc. In addition, a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system of an approved type
complying with the requirements of 4-7-3/11 is to be so installed and arranged as to provide
smoke detection in all corridors, stairways and escape routes within accommodation spaces.
3.3.3
Requirements for Method III C 4-7-2/3.3.3

In vessels in which Method III C is adopted, a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system of an
approved type complying with the requirements of 4-7-3/11 is to be so installed and arranged
as to detect the presence of fire in all accommodation spaces and service spaces, providing
smoke detection in corridors, stairways and escape routes within accommodations spaces,
except spaces which afford no substantial fire risk such as void spaces, sanitary spaces, etc.
In addition, a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system is to be so installed and arranged as
to provide smoke detection in all corridors, stairways and escapes routes within
accommodation spaces
Portable Extinguishers (1 July 2002)4-7-2/3.5

Accommodation spaces (see 4-7-1/11.3), service spaces (see 4-7-1/11.7) and control stations (see
4-7-1/11.21) are to be provided with portable fire extinguishers of appropriate types. One of the
portable fire extinguishers intended for use in any space is to be stowed near the entrance to that
space. Corridors are to be provided with portable extinguishers at not more than 45 m (150 ft) apart.
Vessels of 1,000 gross tonnage and upwards are to carry at least five portable fire extinguishers.
3.7
Ventilation Systems 4-7-2/3.7

3.7.1
474
Ventilation Ducts 4-7-2/3.7.1

Ventilation ducts are to be constructed and installed in accordance with Section 3-4-1 and
Reg. II-2/9.7 of SOLAS.
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4-7-2
3.7.2
Main Inlets and Outlets (1 July 2002)4-7-2/3.7.2

The main inlets and outlets of all ventilation systems are to be capable of being closed from
outside the spaces being ventilated. The means of closing is to be easily accessible as well as
prominently and permanently marked and is to indicate whether the shut-off is open or
closed.
3.7.3
Stopping of Power Ventilation (1 July 2002)4-7-2/3.7.3

All of the ventilation of accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations are to be
capable of being stopped from an easily accessible position outside the space being served.
This position is not to be readily cut off in the event of a fire in spaces served. The means
provided for stopping the power ventilation of the machinery spaces is to be entirely separate
from the means provided for stopping ventilation for other spaces. See 4-8-4/13.3.
3.7.4
Galley Range Exhaust Ducts 4-7-2/3.7.4

Where galley range exhaust ducts pass through accommodation spaces or spaces containing
combustible materials, the exhaust duct is to be constructed of A class division. Each
exhaust duct is to be fitted with:
i)
a grease trap readily removable for cleaning;
ii)
a fire damper located in the lower end of the duct;
iii)
arrangements, operable from within the galley, for shutting off the exhaust fan; and
iv)
fixed means of extinguishing a fire within the duct.
Requirements for Gaseous Fuel for Domestic Purposes (1 July 2002)4-7-2/3.9

Gaseous fuel systems used for domestic purpose are to be submitted for approval. Storage of gas
bottles is to be located on the open deck or in a well ventilated space which opens only to the open
deck.
Requirements for Miscellaneous High-risk Spaces
4-7-2/5
5.1
Paint and Flammable Liquid Lockers (2001) 4-7-2/5.1

Paint and flammable liquid lockers or any similar service spaces used for the storage of flammable
liquids (such as solvents, adhesives, lubricants etc.) are to be protected by a fire extinguishing
arrangement enabling the crew to extinguish a fire without entering the space. Unless required or
permitted otherwise by the flag Administration, one of the following systems is to be provided:
5.1.1
Lockers of 4 m2 (43 ft2) or more floor area and lockers with access to
accommodation spaces 4-7-2/5.1.1
Paint lockers and flammable liquid lockers of floor area 4 m2 (43 ft2) or more and also such
lockers of any floor area with access to accommodation spaces are to be provided with one of
the fixed fire extinguishing systems specified below:
i)
CO2 system designed for 40% of the gross volume of the space.
ii)
Dry powder system designed for at least 0.5 kg/m3 (0.03 lb/ft3).
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Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
iii)
Water spraying system designed for 5 liters/m2/minute (0.12 gpm/ft2). The water
spraying system may be connected to the vessels fire main system, in which case the
fire pump capacity is to be sufficient for simultaneous operation of the fire main
system, as required in 4-7-3/1.7, and the water spray system. Precautions are to be
taken to prevent the nozzles from becoming clogged by impurities in the water or
corrosion of piping, nozzles, valves and pump.
iv)
Systems or arrangements other than those mentioned above may be considered,

provided they are not less effective.
Lockers of less than 4 m2 (43 ft2) floor area having no access to accommodation
spaces4-7-2/5.1.2
For paint lockers and flammable liquid lockers of floor area less than 4 m2 (43 ft2) having no
access to accommodation spaces, portable fire extinguisher(s) sized in accordance with
4-7-2/5.1.1i) and which can be discharged through a port in the boundary of the lockers may
be accepted. The required portable fire extinguishers are to be stowed adjacent to the port.
Alternatively, a port or hose connection may be provided for this purpose to facilitate the use
of water from the fire main.
5.3
Helicopter Facilities 4-7-2/5.3

5.3.1
Application (1 July 2002) 4-7-2/5.3.1

For each helicopter deck onboard a vessel designated for helicopter operations, a fire
fighting system and equipment complying with 4-7-2/5.3.2 and 4-7-2/5.3.3, as applicable, are
to be provided.
A helicopter deck (helideck) is a purpose-built helicopter landing area on a vessel including
all structure, fire fighting appliances and other equipment necessary for the safe operation of
helicopters, but not those areas for occasional or emergency helicopter operations (e.g.,
circle H marked on hatch covers for drop-off/pickup of pilot). A helicopter facility is a
helideck including any refueling and hangar facility.
5.3.2
Provisions for Helicopter Deck 4-7-2/5.3.2

5.3.2(a) Hoses and nozzles. At least two combination solid stream and water spray
nozzles and hoses sufficient in length to reach any part of the helicopter deck are to be
provided.
5.3.2(b) Portable extinguishers. The helicopter deck is to be protected by at least two
dry powder extinguishers of a total capacity of not less than 45 kg (100 lb).
5.3.2(c) Back-up system. A back-up fire fighting system is to be provided consisting of
CO2 extinguishers of a total capacity of not less than 18 kg (40 lb) or equivalent, one of these
extinguishers being equipped so as to enable it to reach the engine area of any helicopter
using the helicopter deck. The back-up system is to be located so that the equipment would
not be vulnerable to the same damage as the dry powder extinguisher required by
4-7-2/5.3.2(b).
5.3.2(d) Fixed foam system. (1 July 2002) A suitable fixed foam fire extinguishing
system, consisting of monitors or hose streams or both, is to be installed to protect the
helicopter landing area in all weather conditions in which helicopters can operate. The
system is to be capable of delivering foam solution at a discharge rate in accordance with the
following table for at least five minutes. The operation of the foam system is not to interfere
with the simultaneous operation of the fire main.
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Discharge rate
Liters/min.
gpm
Category
Helicopter overall length, LH
H1
LH < 15 m (49 ft)
250
66
H2
15 m (49 ft) LH < 24 m (79 ft)
500
132
H3
24 m (79 ft) LH < 35 m (115 ft)
800
211
The foam agent is to meet the performance standards for Level B foam in the International
Civil Aviation Organizations Airport Services Manual (Part 1 Chapter 8, Paragraph 8.1.5,
Table 8-1) and be suitable for use with sea water.
5.3.2(e) Firemans outfits. In addition to the firemans outfits required in 4-7-3/15.5.2, two
additional sets of firemans outfits are to be provided and stored near the helicopter deck.
5.3.2(f) Other equipment. The following equipment is to be provided near the helicopter
deck and is to be stored in a manner that provides for immediate use and protection from the
elements:
adjustable wrench
fire resistant blanket
bolt cutters with arm length of 60 cm (24 in.) or more
grab hook or salving hook
heavy duty hack saw, complete with six spare blades
ladder
lifeline of 5 mm (3/16 in.) diameter 15 m (50 ft) length
side cutting pliers
set of assorted screwdrivers
harness knife, complete with sheath
5.5
5.3.3
Provisions for Enclosed Helicopter Facilities

Hangars, refueling and maintenance facilities are to be treated as machinery space of
category A with regard to structural fire protection, fixed fire-extinguishing system and fire
detection system requirements. See 4-7-2/1.
5.3.4
Operation Manual (1 July 2002)

Each helicopter facility is to have an operation manual, including a description and a
checklist of safety precautions, procedures and equipment requirements. This manual may be
part of the vessel's emergency response procedures.
Deep-fat Cooking Equipment (1 July 2002)

Deep-fat cooking equipment is to be fitted with the following:
i)
an automatic or manual extinguishing system tested to an international standard acceptable

to the Bureau (see ISO 15371:2000 on Fire-extinguishing systems for protection of galley
deep-fat cooking equipment.);
ii)
a primary and backup thermostat with an alarm to alert the operator in the event of failure of
either thermostat;
iii)
arrangements for automatically shutting off of the electrical power upon activation of the
extinguishing system;
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iv)
an alarm for indicating operation of the extinguishing system in the galley where the
equipment is installed; and
v)
controls for manual operation of the extinguishing system which are clearly labeled for ready
use by the crew.
Requirements for Cargo Spaces
4-7-2/7
7.1
7.3
Dry Cargo Spaces 4-7-2/7.1

7.1.1
Fixed Gas Fire Extinguishing System (1 July 2002)4-7-2/7.1.1

Except for ro-ro and vehicle spaces, cargo spaces on cargo vessels of 2,000 gross tonnage
and upwards are to be protected by a fixed carbon dioxide gas fire-extinguishing system
complying with the provisions of 4-7-3/3 or an inert gas fire extinguishing system complying
with the inert gas system provisions of 5-1-7/25, or by a fire-extinguishing system which gives
equivalent protection.
7.1.2
Vessels Carrying Dangerous Goods (1 July 2002)4-7-2/7.1.2

A vessel engaged in the carriage of dangerous goods in any cargo space is to be provided
with a fixed carbon dioxide or inert gas fire extinguishing system complying with the
provisions of 4-7-3/3 and 5-1-7/25 respectively, or with a fire extinguishing system which
gives equivalent protection for the cargoes carried. Such vessels are to comply also with the
provisions of 4-7-2/7.3.
7.1.3
Vessels Carrying Low Fire Risk Cargoes 4-7-2/7.1.3

Cargo spaces of any vessel if constructed and solely intended for carrying ore, coal, grain,
unseasoned timber, non-combustible cargoes or cargoes which constitute a low fire risk (see
5-3-7/3.3 or MSC/Circ. 671 List of solid bulk cargoes which are non-combustible or
constitute a low fire risk or for which a fixed gas fire extinguishing system is ineffective) may
exempt from the requirements of 4-7-2/7.1.1 and 4-7-2/7.1.2. Such exemptions may be
granted only if the vessel is fitted with steel hatch covers and effective means of closing all
ventilators and other openings leading to the cargo spaces. Vessels with exemption are to be
distinguished in the Record as suitable for carriage of low fire risk cargoes only.
Dry Cargo Spaces Intended to Carry Dangerous Goods (1 July 2002)4-7-2/7.3

In addition to complying with 4-7-2/7.1.2, the requirements specified in 4-7-2/7.3.1 through
4-7-2/7.3.10 are applicable to vessels and cargo spaces intended for the carriage of dangerous goods,
(see 4-7-2/Table 1), except when carrying dangerous goods in limited quantities (see 4-7-2/Table 2
below) as referred in Part 3 Chapter 4 of the IMOs International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
(IMDG Code).
Specialized carriers, such as container carriers, ro-ro vessels and vehicle carriers, and bulk carriers
intended to carry dangerous goods are to comply with the applicable requirements of 4-7-2/7.3.1
through 4-7-2/7.3.10, as indicated in Part 5 for each of these specific vessel types. For general cargo
vessels, see 4-7-2/7.5.
7.3.1
478
Water Supplies 4-7-2/7.3.1

7.3.1(a) A v a i l a b i l i t y o f w a t e r . Arrangements are to be made to ensure immediate
availability of a supply of water from the fire main at the required pressure either by
permanent pressurization or by suitably placed remote starting arrangements for the fire
pumps. The total required capacity of fire water supply is to satisfy 4-7-2/7.3.1(b) and
4-7-2/7.3.1(c), simultaneously calculated for the largest designated cargo space.
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7.3.1(b) Q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r . The quantity of water delivered is to be capable of

supplying four nozzles of a size and at pressures as specified in 4-7-3/1.7 and 4-7-3/1.15,
capable of being trained on any part of the cargo space when empty. This amount of water
may be applied by equivalent means, the arrangements of which are to be submitted for
consideration. The capacity requirement is to be met by the total capacity of the main fire
pumps, not including the capacity of the emergency fire pump.
7.3.1(c) U n d e r d e c k c a r g o s p a c e c o o l i n g .
(1 July 2002) Means are to be
provided for effectively cooling the designated under deck cargo space by at least 5
liters/min/m2 (0.12 gal/min/ft2) of the horizontal area of cargo spaces, either by a fixed
arrangement of spraying nozzles, or flooding the cargo space with water
Hoses may be used for this purpose in small cargo spaces and in small areas of larger cargo
spaces. However, the drainage and pumping arrangements are to be such as to prevent the
build-up of free surfaces. The drainage system is to be sized to remove no less than 125% of
the combined capacity of both the water spraying system pumps and the required number of
nozzles. The drainage system valves are to be operable from outside of the protected space at
a position in the vicinity of the extinguishing system controls. Bilge wells are to be of
sufficient holding capacity and are to be arranged at the side shell of the vessel at a distance
from each other of not more than 40 m (131 ft) in each watertight compartment. If this is not
be taken into account for the approval of the stability information. Reference is to be made to
IMO Resolution A.123(V) Recommendations on Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems for
Special Category Spaces.
7.3.1(d) A l t e r n a t i v e t o c o o l i n g b y w a t e r .
(1 July 2002) Provision to flood a
designated under deck cargo space with suitable specified media may be substituted for the
requirements in 4-7-2/7.3.1(c). The total required capacity of the water supply is to satisfy
4-7-2/7.3.1(b) and 4-7-2/7.3.1(c), if applicable, simultaneously calculated for the largest
designated cargo space. The capacity requirements of 4-7-2/7.3.1(b) are to be met by the total
capacity of the main fire pump(s,) not including capacity of the emergency pump, if fitted. If a
drencher system is used to satisfy 4-7-2/7.3.1(c), the drencher pump is also to be taken into
account in this total capacity calculation.
7.3.2
Sources of Ignition (1 July 2002) 4-7-2/7.3.2

Electrical equipment and wiring are not to be fitted in enclosed cargo spaces or vehicle
spaces unless it is essential for operational purposes. However, if electrical equipment is
fitted in such spaces, it is to be of a certified safe type for use in the dangerous environments
to which it may be exposed unless it is possible to completely isolate the electrical system (by
removal of links in the system, other than fuses). Cable penetrations of the decks and
bulkheads are to be sealed against the passage of gas or vapor. Through runs of cables and
cables within the cargo spaces are to be protected against damage from impact. Any other
equipment which may constitute a source of ignition of flammable vapor is not to be
permitted.
7.3.3
Detection System (1 July 2002) 4-7-2/7.3.3

Ro-ro spaces are to be fitted with a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system of an approved
type complying with 4-7-3/11. All other types of cargo spaces are to be fitted with either a
fixed fire detection and fire alarm system of an approved type complying with 4-7-3/11 or a
sample extraction smoke detection system of an approved type complying with 4-7-3/13. If a
sample extraction smoke detection system is fitted, particular attention is to be made to
4-7-3/13.1.5 in order to prevent the leakage of toxic fumes into the occupied areas.
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7.3.4

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
Ventilation 4-7-2/7.3.4
7.3.4(a) Number of air changes. Adequate power ventilation is to be provided in
enclosed cargo spaces. The arrangement is to be such as to provide for at least six air
changes per hour in the cargo space based on an empty cargo space and for removal of
vapors from the upper or lower parts of the cargo space, as appropriate. If adjacent spaces
are not separated from cargo spaces by gastight bulkheads or decks, ventilation requirements
for such spaces apply as for the cargo space itself.
7.3.4(b) Fans. The fans are to be of non-sparking type (see 4-8-3/11) such as to avoid
the possibility of ignition of flammable gas air mixtures. Suitable wire mesh guards of a
maximum of 13 mm (0.5 in) square mesh is to be fitted over inlet and outlet ventilation
openings.
7.3.4(c) Natural ventilation. Natural ventilation is to be provided in enclosed cargo
spaces intended for the carriage of solid dangerous goods in bulk, where there is no provision
for mechanical ventilation.
7.3.5
Bilge Pumping (1 July 2002) 4-7-2/7.3.5

7.3.5(a) General. Where it is intended to carry flammable or toxic liquids in enclosed
cargo spaces the bilge pumping system is to be designed to ensure against inadvertent
pumping of such liquids through machinery space piping or pumps. Where large quantities of
such liquids are carried, consideration is to be given to the provision of additional means of
draining these cargo spaces. See 4-6-4/5.5.9 for bilge systems serving cargo spaces intended
to carry dangerous goods.
7.3.5(b) System capacity. If the bilge drainage system is additional to the system
served by pumps in the machinery space, the capacity of the system is to be not less than 10
m3/h (44 gpm) per cargo space served. If the additional system is common, the capacity need
not to exceed 25 m3/h (110 gpm). The additional bilge system need not be arranged with
redundancy.
7.3.5(c) System isolation. Whenever flammable or toxic liquids are carried, the bilge
line into the machinery space is to be isolated either by fitting a blank flange or by a closed
lockable valve.
7.3.5(d) Ventilation. Enclosed spaces outside machinery spaces containing bilge pumps
serving cargo spaces intended for carriage of flammable or toxic liquid are to be fitted with a
separate ventilation system giving at least 6 air changes per hour. If the space has access
from another enclosed space, the door is to be self-closing.
7.3.5(e) Bilge drainage. If bilge drainage of cargo spaces is arranged by gravity
drainage, the drainage is to be either led directly overboard or to a closed drain tank located
outside the machinery spaces. The tank is to be provided with a vent pipe to a safe location on
the open deck. Drainage from a cargo space into bilge wells in a lower space is only
permitted if that space satisfies the same requirements as the cargo space above.
7.3.6
Personnel Protection 4-7-2/7.3.6

7.3.6(a) Protective clothing.
Four sets of full protective clothing, resistant to
chemical attack, are to be provided in addition to the fireman's outfits required by
4-7-3/15.5.2. The protective clothing is to cover all skin, so that no part of the body is
unprotected.
7.3.6(b) Breathing apparatus. (1 July 2002) At least two self-contained breathing
apparatuses, additional to those required by 4-7-3/15.5.2, are to be provided. Two spare
charges suitable for use with the breathing apparatus are to be provided for each required
apparatus. Vessels that are equipped with suitably located means for fully recharging the air
cylinders free from contamination need carry only one spare charge for each required
apparatus. These spare bottles are to be in addition to the spare bottles required for the
firemans outfit.
480
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
7.3.7
Portable Fire Extinguishers 4-7-2/7.3.7

Portable fire extinguishers with a total capacity of at least 12 kg (26.4 lb) of dry powder or
equivalent are to be provided for the cargo spaces. These extinguishers are to be in addition
to any portable fire extinguishers required elsewhere in this section.
7.3.8
Insulation of Machinery Space Boundaries 4-7-2/7.3.8

Bulkheads forming boundaries between cargo spaces and machinery spaces of category A are
to be insulated to A-60 class standard, unless the dangerous goods are stowed at least 3 m
(10 ft) horizontally away from such bulkheads. Other boundaries between such spaces are to
be insulated to A-60 class standard.
7.3.9
Water Spray System (1 July 2002) 4-7-2/7.3.9

Each open ro-ro cargo space having a deck above it and each space deemed to be a closed
ro-ro cargo space not capable of being sealed is to be fitted with an approved fixed pressure
water-spray system for manual operation which is to protect all parts of any deck and vehicle
platform in such space, except that any other fixed fire extinguishing system that has been
shown by full-scale test to be no less effective may be permitted.
However, the drainage and pumping arrangements are to be such as to prevent the build-up
of free surfaces. The drainage system is to be sized to remove no less than 125% of the
combined capacity of both the water spraying system pumps and the required number of fire
hose nozzles. The drainage system valves are to be operable from outside of the protected
space at a position in the vicinity of the extinguishing system controls. Bilge wells are to be of
sufficient holding capacity and are to be arranged at the side shell of the vessel at a distance
from each other of not more than 40 m (131 ft) in each watertight compartment. If this is not
be taken into account to the extent deemed necessary in the approval of stability information
[see 4-7-2/7.3.1(c)].
7.3.10 Separation of Ro-Ro Spaces (1 July 2002)

In vessels having ro-ro spaces, a separation is to be provided between a closed ro-ro space
and an adjacent open ro-ro space. The separation is to be such as to minimize the passage of
dangerous vapours and liquids between such spaces. Alternatively, such separation need not
be provided if the ro-ro space is considered to be a closed cargo space over its entire length
and fully complies with the relevant special requirements of 4-7-2/7.
In vessels having ro-ro spaces, a separation is to be provided between a closed ro-ro space
and the adjacent weather deck. The separation is to be such as to minimize the passage of
dangerous vapours and liquids between such spaces. Alternatively, a separation need be
provided if the arrangements of the closed ro-ro spaces are in accordance with those
required for the dangerous goods on the adjacent weather deck.
7.5
General Cargo Vessels 4-7-2/7.5

For general cargo vessels whose cargo spaces are not specifically designed for the carriage of freight
containers but are intended for the carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form including goods in
freight containers and portable tanks, the following tables provide the applicable requirements under
of the provisions of 4-7-2/7.3:
4-7-2/Table 1 is provided for information and shows the list of dangerous goods, as defined in
IMDG Code.
4-7-2/Table 2 is provided for information on dangerous goods in limited quantities, as defined
in IMDG Code, for which the provisions of 4-7-2/7.3 need not be applied.
481
Part
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7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
4-7-2/Table 3 provides the applicability of the requirements specified in 4-7-2/7.3.1 through

4-7-2/7.3.9 to cargo spaces and weather deck of general cargo vessels.
4-7-2/Table 4 provides the applicability of these requirements to each class of the dangerous
goods.
7.7
Other Dry Cargo Spaces 4-7-2/7.7

Protection of dry cargo spaces of specific vessel types is provided in Part 5:
7.9
Bulk carriers:
see Section 5-3-7.
Container carriers:
see Section 5-5-7.
Vehicle carriers and ro-ro cargo space:
see Section 5-10-4.
Liquid Cargo Spaces and Related Spaces 4-7-2/7.9

Protection of liquid cargo spaces, cargo areas and cargo pump rooms and other fire safety
requirements are provided in Part 5 for each specific vessel type:
482
Oil carriers and fuel oil carriers:
see Section 5-1-7.
Chemical carriers:
see Section 5-9-11.
Liquefied gas carriers:
see Section 5-8-11.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
TABLE 1
Dangerous Goods Classes
Class
1
(1.1 through 1.6)
Substance
Explosives
2.1
Flammable gases (compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure)
2.2
Non flammable gases (compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure)
2.3
Toxic gases
3
(3.1 through 3.3)
Flammable liquids
4.1
Flammable solids
4.2
Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
4.3
Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
5.1
Oxidizing substances
5.2
Organic peroxides
6.1
Toxic substances
6.2
Infectious substances
Radioactive materials
Corrosives
Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles, that is any substance

which experience has shown, or may show, to be of such a dangerous
character that the provisions for dangerous substance transportation are to
be applied.
483
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Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
TABLE 2
Dangerous Goods in Limited Quantities
[Note: This is provided for information only, refers to Section 18 of General Introduction of IMDG Code for full details.]
Class
Packaging
group
2
Excluding gases (except aerosols) of
flammable, corrosive, oxidizing or toxic
risks.
3
II
Maximum quantity per inner packaging
Gas
120 ml (maximum inner volume in metal, plastic or

glass packaging) or 100 ml (aerosols)
Liquid
1 liter (metal); 500 ml for severe marine pollutants

500 ml (glass or plastic)
III
Liquid
5 liters; 500ml for severe marine pollutants
4.1
Excluding self-reactive and related
substances and desensitized explosives.
II
Solid
500 g
III
Solid
3 kg; 500 g for severe marine pollutants
4.3
II
Liquid
or
solid
500 g
500 g
III
Liquid
or
solid
5.2
The organic peroxide should be of type B
or C and should not require temperature
control.
II
Solid
100 g
II
Liquid
25 ml
5.2
The organic peroxide should be of type D,
E or F and should not require temperature
control.
II
Solid
500 g
II
Liquid
125 ml
6.1
II
Solid
500 g
Liquid
100 ml
III
5.1
II
III
8
II
III
9
Excluding asbestos, polychlorinated
biphenyls, polyhalogenated biphenyls,
polyhalogenated terphenyls
484
State
II
III
Solid
Liquid
1 liter; 500 ml for severe marine pollutants
Solid
Liquid
500 ml
Solid
2 kg; glass porcelain or stoneware inner packaging

should be enclosed in a compatible and rigid
intermediate packaging.
Liquid
Solid
Liquid
Solid
5kg; 500 g for severe marine pollutants
Liquid
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
TABLE 3
Applicability of the Requirements to Cargo Vessels Carrying
Dangerous Goods
General cargo spaces
(see 4-7-2/7.5)
Weather deck
4-7-2/7.3.1(a) Availability of water
4-7-2/7.3.1(b) Quantity of water
4-7-2/7.3.1(c) Under deck cargo space cooling
4-7-2/7.3.1(d) Alternative to cooling by water
Requirements
4-7-2/7.3.2 Source of ignition
4-7-2/7.3.3 Detection system
4-7-2/7.3.4(a) Ventilation air changes
4-7-2/7.3.4(b) Ventilation fans
4-7-2/7.3.5 Bilge pumping
4-7-2/7.3.6 Personnel protection
4-7-2/7.3.7 Portable fire extinguishers
4-7-2/7.3.8 Insulation of machinery space

boundaries
4-7-2/7.3.9 Water spray system
485
Part
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7
2

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-2
TABLE 4
Application of the Requirements in 4-7-2/7.3 to Different Classes of
Dangerous Goods Except Solid Dangerous Goods in Bulk (1 July 2002)
Dangerous
goods
class
4-7-2/paragraph:
7.3.1
7.3.3
(b)
x
1.4S
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1, 3.2
23C
3.3
4.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
4.2
4.3
5.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
5.2
6.1 liquids
6.1 liquids
23C
6.1 liquids
> 23C
61C
6.1 solids
(d)
x
7.3.4
(a)
x
1.1 1.6
(c)
x
7.3.2
(a)
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
x (2)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x (1)
x
x
x
x
x (3)
(1)
x (1)
x
x
7.3.10
(b)
x
x
7.3.9
x (1)
8 liquids
8 liquids
23C
8 liquids
> 23C
61C
8 solids
9
x
x
x
x
x
x (1)
x
x (4)
Notes
486
When mechanically ventilated spaces are required by the IMDG Code, as amended.
Stow 3 m (10 ft) horizontally away from the machinery space boundaries in all cases.
Refer to the IMDG Code.
As appropriate to the goods being carried.
PART
4
CHAPTER
Fire Safety Systems
SECTION
Fire-extinguishing Systems and

Equipment
4 - 7 - 3
Fire Main Systems
1.1
General 4-7-3/1.1
4-7-3/1
Every vessel is to be provided with fire pumps, fire mains, hydrants and hoses complying with the
provisions of this subsection, as applicable.
1.3
1.5
Capacity of Fire Pumps 4-7-3/1.3

1.3.1
Total Capacity 4-7-3/1.3.1

The required fire pumps are to be capable of delivering for fire fighting purposes a quantity
of water, at the pressure specified in 4-7-3/1.7 not less than four-thirds (4/3) of the quantity
required under 4-6-4/5.3.2 to be dealt with by each of the independent bilge pumps when
employed in bilge pumping, using in all cases L = length of the vessel, except that the total
required capacity of the fire pumps need not exceed 180 m3/h (792 gpm).
1.3.2
Minimum Capacity of Each Pump (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.3.2

Each of the required fire pumps (other than any emergency fire pump required in 4-7-3/1.5.3)
is to have a capacity not less than 80% of the total required capacity divided by the minimum
number of required fire pumps, but in any case not less than 25 m3/h (110 gpm) and each
such pump is to be capable, in any event, of delivering at least the two required jets of water.
These fire pumps are to be capable of supplying the fire main system under the required
conditions. Where more pumps than the minimum of required pumps are installed, such
additional pumps are to have a capacity of at least 25 m3/h (110 gpm) and are to be capable
of delivering at least the two jets of water in 4-7-3/1.9.
Arrangements of Fire Pumps and of Fire Mains 4-7-3/1.5

1.5.1
Number of Pumps 4-7-3/1.5.1

There are to be at least two independently driven fire pumps. The fire pumps are to be
certified in accordance with 4-6-1/7.3.1. For vessels less than 1000 gross tonnage, only one of
the required fire pumps need be independently driven.
487
Part
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7
3

Fire Safety Systems
Fire-extinguishing Systems and Equipment
4-7-3
1.5.2
Acceptable Pumps 4-7-3/1.5.2

Sanitary, ballast, bilge or general service pumps may be accepted as fire pumps, provided
that they are not normally used for pumping oil and that if they are subject to occasional duty
for the transfer or pumping of oil fuel, suitable changeover arrangements are fitted.
1.5.3
Emergency Fire Pump (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.5.3

The arrangement of sea connections, fire pumps and their sources of power are to be such as
to ensure that: if a fire in any one compartment could put all pumps required by 4-7-3/1.5.1
out of action, there is to be an alternative means consisting of a fixed independently driven
power-operated emergency pump which is to be capable of supplying two jets of water. The
pump and its location are to comply with the following requirements:
i)
The capacity of the pump is not to be less than 40% of the total capacity of the fire
pumps required by 4-7-3/1.3.1 and in any case not less than the following:
for cargo vessels of 2000 gross tonnage and upwards: 25 m3/h, and
for cargo vessels less than 2000 gross tonnage: 15 m3/h.
Where applicable, the emergency fire pump is also to be capable of supplying
simultaneously the amount of water needed for any fixed fire-extinguishing system
protecting the space containing the main fire pumps. The pump is to be self-priming.
ii)
When the pump is delivering the quantity of water required by 4-7-3/1.5.3i), the
pressure at any hydrant is to be not less than the minimum pressures given in
4-7-3/1.7.2.
iii)
Any diesel driven power source for the pump is to be capable of being readily started
in its cold condition down to a temperature of 0C (32F) by hand (manual) cranking.
If this is impracticable, or if lower temperatures are likely to be encountered, heating
arrangements are to be provided so that ready starting will be assured. If hand
(manual) starting is impracticable, other means of starting may be considered. These
means are to be such as to enable the diesel driven power source to be started at least
6 times within a period of 30 minutes, and at least twice within the first 10 minutes.
Diesel engines exceeding 15 kW are to be equipped with an approved auxiliary
starting device, e.g., starting battery, independent hydraulic starting system or
independent starting air system.
488
iv)
Any service fuel tank is to contain sufficient fuel to enable the pump to run on full
load for at least three hours and sufficient reserves of fuel are to be available outside
the machinery space of category A to enable the pump to be run on full load for an
additional 15 hours.
v)
The total suction head and net positive suction head of the pump are to be such that
the requirements of 4-7-3/1.5.3i), 4-7-3/1.5.3ii) and 4-7-3/1.7.2 are obtained under
all conditions of list, trim, roll and pitch likely to be encountered in service. The
ballast condition of a vessel on entering or leaving a dry dock need not be considered
a service condition.
vi)
The space containing the emergency fire pump is not to be contiguous to the
boundaries of machinery spaces of category A or those spaces containing main fire
pumps. Where this is not practicable, the common bulkhead between the two spaces
is to be insulated to a standard of structural fire protection equivalent to that
required for a control station. The common bulkhead is to be constructed to A-60
class standard and the insulation is to extend at least 450 mm (18 in.) outside the area
of the joint bulkheads and decks.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
3

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
The emergency fire pump, its seawater inlet, and suction and delivery pipes and
isolating valves are to be located outside of the machinery space containing the main
fire pump or pumps. The sea valve is to be operable from a position near the pump. If
this arrangement cannot be made, the sea-chest may be fitted in the machinery space
containing the main fire pump or pumps if the valve is remotely controlled from a
position near the pump in the same compartment as the emergency fire pump and the
suction pipe is to be as short as practicable. Short lengths of suction or discharge
piping may penetrate the machinery space containing the main fire pump or pumps,
provided they are enclosed in a substantial steel casing, or are insulated to A-60
class standard. The pipes are to have substantial wall thickness, but in no case less
than 11 mm (0.433 in.), and are to be welded, except for the flanged connection to the
sea inlet valve. For piping and pipe routing, see 4-7-3/1.11.3.
vii)
No direct access is to be permitted between the machinery space or a space

containing a main fire pump and the space containing the emergency fire pump and
its source of power. Where this is impractical, either of the following arrangements
may be considered.
An arrangement where the access is by means of an airlock. One of the doors of the
machinery spaces is to be of A-60 class standard and the other is to be of steel, both
reasonably gastight, self-closing and without any hold back arrangements, or.
An access through a watertight door. This door is to be capable of being operated
from a space remote from the machinery space of category A and the space
containing the emergency fire pump and is to be unlikely to be cut off in the event of
fire in those spaces.
In both such cases, a second means of access to the space containing the emergency
fire pump and its source of power is to be provided.
viii)
1.5.4
1.5.5
Ventilation arrangements to the space containing the independent source of power

for the emergency fire pump are to be such as to preclude, as far as practicable, the
possibility of smoke from a machinery space fire entering or being drawn into that
space. The space is to be well ventilated and power for mechanical ventilation is to
be supplied from the emergency source of power.
Alternative to Emergency Fire Pump 4-7-3/1.5.4

An emergency fire pump is not required if the two main fire pumps including their sources of
power, fuel supply, electric cables, lighting and ventilation for the space in which they are
located are in separate compartments so that a fire in any one compartment will not render
both main fire pumps inoperable. Only one common boundary is allowed between the two
compartments, provided the common boundary is A-0 class or higher. No direct access is
allowed between the two compartments, except that, where this is impracticable, an access
meeting the requirements of 4-7-3/1.5.3vii) may be considered. For piping and pipe routing,
see 4-7-3/1.11.3.
Machinery Spaces Intended for Centralized or Unattended Operation (1 July 2002)4-73/1.5.5
In vessels with a periodically unattended machinery space or when only one person is
required on watch, there is to be immediate water delivery from the fire main system at a
suitable pressure, either by remote starting of one of the main fire pumps with remote starting
from the navigating bridge and fire control station, if any, or permanent pressurization of the
fire main system by one of the main fire pumps. This requirement may be waived for cargo
vessels of less than 1,600 gross tonnage, provided the fire pump starting arrangement in the
machinery space is in an easily accessible position. See also 4-9-3/15.5.2 and 4-9-4/21.3
489
Part
Chapter
Section
1.7
4
7
3
4-7-3
1.5.6

Relief valves are to be provided in conjunction with all fire pumps if the pumps are capable of
developing a pressure exceeding the design pressure of the water service pipes, hydrants and
hoses. These valves are to be so placed and adjusted as to prevent excessive pressure in any
part of the fire main system.
1.5.7
Isolation Valves 4-7-3/1.5.7

In oil carriers and fuel oil carriers, flammable chemical carriers and gas carriers, isolation
valves are to be fitted in the fire main at poop front in a protected position and on the tank
deck at intervals of not more than 40 m (132 ft) to preserve the integrity of the fire main
system in case of fire or explosion.
1.5.8
Additional Machinery Space Pump Connection (2002)

In cargo ships where other pumps, such as general service, bilge and ballast, etc. are fitted in
a machinery space, arrangements are to be made to ensure that at least one of these pumps,
having the capacity and pressure required by 4-7-3/1.3.2 and 4-7-3/1.7.2, is capable of
providing water to the fire main.
Diameter and Pressure in the Fire Main 4-7-3/1.7

1.7.1
Fire Main Diameter 4-7-3/1.7.1

The diameter of the fire main and water service pipes is to be sufficient for the effective
distribution of the maximum required discharge from two fire pumps operating
simultaneously. However, the diameter need only be sufficient for the discharge of 140
m3/hour (616 gpm).
1.7.2
Fire Main Pressure (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.7.2

With the two pumps simultaneously delivering through nozzles specified in 4-7-3/1.15 the
quantity of water specified in 4-7-3/1.7.1, through any adjacent hydrants, the following
minimum pressures are to be maintained at all hydrants:
1.7.3
1.9

Fire Safety Systems
i)
vessels of 6,000 gross tonnage and upwards: 0.27 N/mm2 (2.8 kgf/cm2, 40 psi);
ii)
vessels less then 6,000 gross tonnage: 0.25 N/mm2 (2.6 kgf/cm2, 37 psi).
Fire Hose Handling 4-7-3/1.7.3

The maximum pressure at any hydrant is not to exceed that at which the effective control of a
fire hose can be demonstrated.
Number and Position of Hydrants (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.9

The number and position of hydrants are to be such that at least two jets of water not emanating from
the same hydrant, one of which is to be from a single length of hose, may reach any part of the vessel
normally accessible to the passengers or crew while the vessel is being navigated and any part of any
cargo space when empty, any ro-ro cargo space or any vehicle space in which latter case the two jets
are to reach any part of such space, each from a single length of hose. Furthermore, such hydrants
are to be positioned near the accesses to the protected spaces.
490
Part
Chapter
Section
1.11
4
7
3

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
Pipes and Hydrants (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.11

1.11.1 General 4-7-3/1.11.1
Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat are not to be used for fire mains and hydrants
unless adequately protected. The pipes and hydrants are to be so placed that the fire hoses
may be easily coupled to them. The arrangement of pipes and hydrants is to be such as to
avoid the possibility of freezing. Suitable drainage provisions are to be provided for the fire
main piping. Isolation valves are to be installed for all open deck fire main branches used for
purpose other than fire fighting. In vessels where deck cargo may be carried, the positions of
the hydrants are to be such that they are always readily accessible and the pipes are to be
arranged as far as practicable to avoid risk of damage by such cargo. Unless one hose and
nozzle is provided for each hydrant in the vessel, there are to be complete interchangeability
of hose couplings and nozzles.
1.11.2 Hydrant Valves 4-7-3/1.11.2
A valve is to be fitted to serve each fire hydrant so that any fire hose may be removed while
the fire pumps are in operation.
1.11.3 Isolating Valves and Pipes Routing 4-7-3/1.11.3
Isolating valves to separate the section of the fire main within the machinery space containing
the main fire pump or pumps from the rest of the fire main are to be fitted in an easily
accessible and tenable position outside of the machinery spaces. The fire main is to be so
arranged that when the isolating valves are shut, all of the hydrants on the vessel, except
those in the machinery space referred to above, can be supplied with water by another fire
pump or an emergency fire pump.
This requirement applies to a machinery space of category A only. Any part of the fire main
routed through a machinery space of category A is to be fitted with isolating valves outside of
the space.
1.13
Fire Hoses (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.13

1.13.1 Hose Material and Fittings 4-7-3/1.13.1
Fire hoses are to be of approved non-perishable material (certified to a recognized standard
by a competent independent testing laboratory) and are to be sufficient in length to project a
jet of water to any of the spaces in which they may be required to be used. Fire hoses are to
have a length of at least 10 m (33 ft), but not more than:
15 m (49 ft) in machinery spaces;
20 m (66 ft) in other spaces and open decks; and
25 m (82 ft) for open deck on vessels with a maximum breath in access of 30 m (98 ft)
Each hose is to be provided with a nozzle and the necessary couplings. Fire hoses together
with any necessary fittings and tools are to be kept ready for use in conspicuous positions
near the water service hydrants or connections.
491
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
3

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
1.13.2 Number of Hoses 4-7-3/1.13.2

In vessels of 1,000 gross tonnage and upwards, the number of fire hoses to be provided is to
be at least one for each 30 m (100 ft) length of the vessel and one spare, but in no case less
than five in all. This number does not include any hoses required in any engine or boiler
room. Vessels carrying dangerous goods, see 4-7-2/7.1.2, are to be provided with three hoses
and nozzles, in addition to these required above. (See also 4-7-3/1.11.1 for requirements
regarding interchangeability of hoses and nozzles and the requirement for additional hoses
and nozzles, as necessary.) In vessels of less than 1,000 gross tonnage, the number of fire
hoses to be provided is to be at least one for each 30 m (100 ft) length of the vessel and one
spare. However, the number of hoses is to be in no case less than three.
1.15
Nozzles 4-7-3/1.15
1.15.1 Standard Nozzles 4-7-3/1.15.1
Standard nozzle sizes are to be 12 mm (0.5 in), 16 mm (0.625 in) and 19 mm (0.75 in) or as
near thereto as possible. Larger diameter nozzles may be permitted, subject to compliance
with 4-7-3/1.7.2.
1.15.2 Nozzles for Accommodation and Service Spaces 4-7-3/1.15.2
For accommodation and service spaces, a nozzle size greater than 12 mm (0.5 in) need not be
used.
1.15.3 Nozzles for Machinery Spaces 4-7-3/1.15.3
For machinery spaces and exterior locations, the nozzle sizes are to be such as to obtain the
maximum discharge possible from two jets at the pressure mentioned in 4-7-3/1.7.2 from the
smallest pump, provided that a nozzle size greater than 19 mm (0.75 in) need not be used.
1.15.4 Dual Purpose Nozzles 4-7-3/1.15.4
All nozzles are to be of an approved dual purpose type (i.e., spray/jet type) incorporating a
shut-off. Nozzles of plastic material such as polycarbonate may be accepted, subject to
review of their capability and serviceability as marine use fire hose nozzles.
1.17
Water Pumps for Other Fire Extinguishing Systems (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.17

Pumps, other than those serving the fire main, required for the provision of water for other fire
extinguishing systems, their sources of power and their controls are to be installed outside the space
or spaces protected by such systems and are to be so arranged that a fire in the space or spaces
protected will not put any such system out of action.
1.19
International Shore Connection 4-7-3/1.19

1.19.1 General 4-7-3/1.19.1
All vessels are to be provided with at least one international shore connection, complying
with provisions of 4-7-3/1.19.3.
1.19.2 Availability on Either Side of the Vessel 4-7-3/1.19.2
Facilities are to be available enabling such a connection to be used on either side of the
vessel.
1.19.3 Dimensions 4-7-3/1.19.3
Standard dimensions of flanges for the international shore connection are to be in
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TABLE 1
Dimensions of International Shore Connection
SI & MKS units
US units
Outside diameter
178 mm
7 in
Inside diameter
64 mm
2.5 in.
132 mm
5.2 in
Bolt circle diameter

Slots in flange
4 holes 19 mm (0.75 in.) in diameters spaced equidistantly on a bolt

circle of the above diameter slotted to the flange periphery.
Flange thickness
14.5 mm minimum
0.57 in minimum
Bolts and nuts
4 each of 16 mm diameter,
50 mm in length
4 each of 0.63 in diameter, 1.97 in.

in length
1.19.4 Design (1 July 2002)4-7-3/1.19.4

The connection is to be of steel or other suitable material and is to be designed for 1.0 N/mm2
(10.5 kgf/cm2, 150 psi) services. The flange is to have a flat face on one side, and on the other
site, it is to be permanently attached to a coupling that will fit the vessel's hydrant and hose.
The connection is to be kept aboard the vessel together with a gasket of any material suitable
for 1.0 N/mm2 (10.5 kgf/cm2, 150 psi) services, together with four 16 mm (5/8 in) bolts, 50 mm
(2 in) in length, four 16 mm (5/8 in) nuts, and eight washers.
Fixed Gas Fire Extinguishing Systems
3.1
General4-7-3/3.1
4-7-3/3
3.1.1
Non-permitted Medium (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/3.1.1

Fire extinguishing systems using Halon 1211, 1301, and 2402 and perfluorocarbons is to be
prohibited. The use of a fire-extinguishing medium, which either by itself or under expected
conditions of use gives off toxic gases, liquids and other substances in such quantities as to
endanger persons, is not to be permitted. .
3.1.2
Distribution Piping and Nozzles (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/3.1.2

The necessary pipes for conveying fire-extinguishing medium into protected spaces are to be
provided with control valves, so marked as to indicate clearly the spaces to which the pipes
are led. Suitable provision is to be made to prevent inadvertent release of the medium to any
space. Where a cargo space fitted with a gas fire extinguishing system is used as a passenger
space, the gas connection is to be blanked during such use.
The pipes may pass through accommodations providing that they are of substantial thickness
and that their tightness is verified with a pressure test, after installation, at a pressure head
not less than 5 N/mm2 (51 kgf/cm2, 725 psi). In addition, pipes passing through
accommodation areas are to be joined only by welding and are not to be fitted with drains or
other openings within such spaces. The pipes are not to pass through refrigerated spaces.
The piping for the distribution of fire extinguishing medium is to be arranged and discharge
nozzles so positioned that a uniform distribution of medium is obtained.
The minimum wall thickness of the piping is to be in accordance with 4-7-3/Table 2. Column A is
for piping from storage containers to distribution station, and column B is for piping from
distribution station to nozzles.
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TABLE 2
Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness of Gas Medium Distribution Piping
Nominal
bore, mm
OD
mm
A
mm
B
mm
Nominal
bore, in
OD
in
A
in
B
in
15
21.3
2.8
2.6
1 /2
0.840
0.110
0.102
20
26.9
2.8
2.6
3 /4
1.050
0.110
0.102
25
33.7
4.0
3.2
1.315
0.157
0.126
32
42.4
4.0
3.2
11 / 4
1.660
0.157
0.126
40
48.3
4.0
3.2
11 / 2
1.9
0.157
0.126
50
60.3
4.5
3.6
2.375
0.177
0.142
65
76.1
5.0
3.6
21 / 2
2.875
0.197
0.142
80
88.9
5.5
4.0
3.5
0.220
0.157
90
101.6
6.3
4.0
31 / 2
4.0
0.248
0.157
100
114.3
7.1
4.5
4.5
0.28
0.177
125
139.7
8.0
5.0
5.563
0.315
0.197
150
168.3
8.8
5.6
6.625
0.346
0.22
The above minimum thicknesses are derived from those thicknesses available in ISO
4200 Series 1 (OD), JIS (N.P.S.), or ASTM (N.P.S.). Diameter and thickness according
to other recognized standards will be accepted.
For threaded pipes, where approved, the thickness is to be measured to the bottom of the
thread.
The internal surface of pipes outside of the engine room is to be galvanized.
3.1.3
Openings in Protected Space (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/3.1.3

Where a fixed gas fire-extinguishing system is used, openings which may admit air to, or
allow gas to escape from a protected space, are to be capable of being closed from outside of
the protected space.
3.1.4
Air Reservoirs (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/3.1.4

The volume of starting air receivers converted to free air volume is to be added to the gross
volume of the machinery space when calculating the necessary quantity of the extinguishing
medium. Alternatively, a discharge pipe from the safety relief valves or other pressure relief
devices may be fitted and led directly to the open air.
3.1.5
Medium Release Warning Alarm (1 July 2002)4-7-3/3.1.5

Means is to be provided for automatically giving audible warning of the release of fire
extinguishing medium into any ro-ro spaces and other spaces in which personnel normally
work or to which they have access. The pre-discharge alarm is to automatically activated,
e.g. by opening of the release cabinet door. The alarm is to operate for the length of time
needed to evacuate the space, but in no case less than 20 seconds before the medium is
released.
Conventional cargo spaces and small spaces (such as small compressor rooms, paint lockers,
lamp stores, etc.) with only a local release need not be provided with such an alarm.
However, ro-ro cargo spaces, holds in container ships equipped for integrated reefer
containers and other spaces where personnel can be expected to enter and where convenient
access, such as doors or hinged hatches are provided, are to comply with this requirement.
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Alarms may be pneumatically (by the extinguishing medium or by air) or electrically

operated. If electrically operated, the alarms are to be supplied with power from the main and
an emergency source of power. If pneumatically operated by air, the air supplied is to be dry
and clean and the supply reservoir is to be fitted with a low pressure alarm. The air supply
may be taken from the starting air receivers. Any stop valve fitted in the air supply line is to
be locked or sealed in the open position. Any electrical components associated with the
pneumatic system are to be powered from the main and an emergency source of electrical
power.
3.1.6
Location of Controls for Medium Release 4-7-3/3.1.6

The means of control of any fixed gas fire extinguishing system are to be readily accessible
and simple to operate and are to be grouped together in as few locations as possible at
positions not likely to be cut off by a fire in a protected space. There are to be at least two
locations where the release controls are provided, one of which is to be at the storage location
while the other is to be at a readily accessible location outside the protected space. At each
location, there are to be clear instructions relating to the operation of the system, having
regard to the safety of personnel. See also 4-7-3/3.3.5.
3.1.7
Automatic Release of Fire Extinguishing Medium (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/3.1.7

Automatic release of fire extinguishing medium is not permitted, except as may be specifically
approved based on the use of an extinguishing medium that does not give off toxic gases,
liquid or other substances that would endanger personnel, see 4-7-3/3.11.
3.1.8
Systems Protecting More than One Space 4-7-3/3.1.8

Where the quantity of extinguishing medium is required to protect more than one space, the
quantity of medium available need not be more than the largest quantity required for any one
space so protected.
3.1.9
Storage of Medium Containers (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/3.1.9

Except as otherwise permitted, pressure containers required for the storage of fire
extinguishing medium, other than steam, are to be located outside the protected spaces. When
the fire-extinguishing medium is stored outside a protected space, it is to be stored in a room,
which is located behind the forward collision bulkhead, and is used for no other purposes.
Any entrance to such a storage room is to preferably be from the open deck and is to be
independent of the protected space. If the storage space is located below deck, it is to be
located no more than one deck below the open deck and is to be directly accessible by a
stairway or ladder from the open deck. Spaces which are located below deck or spaces where
access from the open deck is not provided are to be fitted with a mechanical ventilation
system designed to take exhaust air from the bottom of the space, and is to be sized to provide
at least 6 air changes per hour. Access doors are to open outwards, and bulkheads and decks
including doors and other means of closing any opening therein which form the boundaries
between such rooms and adjoining enclosed spaces are to be gastight. The boundaries of the
room is to have fire-rated integrity equivalent to that of a control station (see Section 3-4-1).
The ventilation for the storeroom is to be independent of all other spaces.
3.1.10 Medium Quantity Check 4-7-3/3.1.10

Means are to be provided for the crew to safely check the quantity of medium in the
containers.
3.1.11 Fire Extinguishing Medium Containers Design 4-7-3/3.1.11
Containers for the storage of fire extinguishing medium and associated pressure components
are to be designed in accordance with requirements for pressure vessels in Section 4-4-1; see
in particular, 4-4-1/1.11.4.
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CO2 Systems 4-7-3/3.3

3.3.1
Quantity of CO2 for Cargo Spaces (1 July 2002)4-7-3/3.3.1

For cargo spaces, the quantity of carbon dioxide available is to be, unless otherwise
provided, sufficient to give a minimum volume of free gas equal to 30% of the gross volume of
the largest cargo space to be protected in the vessel.
3.3.2
Quantity of CO2 for Machinery Spaces (1 July 2002)4-7-3/3.3.2

For machinery spaces, the quantity of carbon dioxide carried is to be sufficient to give a
minimum volume of free gas equal to the larger of the following volumes, either:
i)
40% of the gross volume of the largest machinery space so protected, the volume to
exclude that part of the casing above the level at which the horizontal area of the
casing is 40% or less of the horizontal area of the space concerned taken midway
between the tank top and the lowest part of the casing; or
ii)
35% of the gross volume of the largest machinery space protected, including the
casing;
The above mentioned percentages may be reduced to 35% and 30%, respectively, for cargo
vessels of less than 2000 gross tonnage where two or more machinery spaces, which are not
entirely separate, are considered as forming one space.
3.5
3.3.3
CO2 Unit Volume 4-7-3/3.3.3

For the purpose of this paragraph, the volume of free carbon dioxide is to be calculated at
0.56 m3/kg (9 ft3/lb).
3.3.4
CO2 Discharge Rate 4-7-3/3.3.4

For machinery spaces, the fixed piping system is to be such that 85% of the gas can be
discharged into the space within 2 minutes. This may be verified by calculations.
3.3.5
Controls (1 July 2002)4-7-3/3.3.5

Precautions are to be made to prevent the inadvertent release of CO2 into spaces which are
normally manned. For this purpose, the following arrangements are to be complied with:
i)
Two separate controls are to be provided at each release location for releasing CO2
into a protected space and to ensure the activation of the alarm. One control is to be
used for opening the valve of the piping which conveys the gas into the protected
space and a second control is to be used to discharge the gas from its storage
containers.
ii)
The two controls are to be located inside a release box clearly identified for the
particular space. If the box containing the controls is to be locked, a key to the box is
to be in a break-glass type enclosure conspicuously located adjacent to the box.
Refrigerated Low-pressure CO2 Systems 4-7-3/3.5

The use of refrigerated CO2 as a fire-extinguishing medium at pressure range of 18 to 22 bar (260 to
320 lb/in2) in the storage condition is to be in accordance with 4-7-3/3.1 and 4-7-3/3.3 and the
following additional requirements.
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3.5.1

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
Plans and Data to be Submitted 4-7-3/3.5.1

System schematic arrangement
CO2 capacity and flow calculations
System control and alarm arrangement
Arrangement of CO2 containers and refrigerating plant
Construction details of CO2 containers
Manufacturers specifications for compressor, condenser, receiver, evaporator, etc.
Piping diagram for refrigerating system
Electrical wiring diagrams
3.5.2
CO2 Containers 4-7-3/3.5.2

3.5.2(a) Capacity. The capacity of CO2 containers is to be such as to provide sufficient
vapor space to allow for expansion of the liquid under the maximum expected storage
temperature that can be encountered without exceeding the relief valve setting. The amount of
liquid under such conditions is not to be in excess of 95% of the volume of the container.
3.5.2(b) Design and construction. CO2 containers are to be designed, constructed, and tested
in accordance with the requirements of Section 4-4-1; see in particular 4-4-1/1.11.4.
3.5.2(c) Instrumentation and alarms. Each container is to be fitted with the following
instruments and alarms at the storage location:
Pressure gauge
High pressure alarm set at not more than 22 bar (320 lb/in2) and not within 5% of
relief valve setting
Low pressure alarm set at not less than 18 bar (260 lb/in2)
Level indicator and low level alarm
A summary alarm for any of these alarm conditions is also to be given in the manned
propulsion machinery space or the centralized control station (see 4-9-3/7 and 4-9-4/9), as
appropriate. In the case of unattended propulsion machinery space, an additional summary
alarm is to be given in the engineers accommodation area (see 4-9-4/19).
3.5.2(d) Relief valves. Two relief valves are to be fitted on each container such that either
one but not both can be shut off. The relief valves are to be set at not less than 22 bar (22.5
kgf/cm2, 320 psi). The capacity of each valve is to be capable of preventing a pressure rise,
due to exposure to fire, in excess of 20% above the relief valve setting. The discharge from
the relief valve is to be led to the open air.
3.5.2(e) Insulation. The containers and piping which are always filled with liquid CO2 are to
be insulated so that the pressure will not exceed the relief valve setting when subjected to an
ambient temperature of 45C (113F) for a period of 24 hours after the refrigerating plant is
out of service. Where porous or fibrous insulation materials are used, they are to be protected
by impervious sheaths from deterioration by moisture.
3.5.2(f) Main Shutoff Valve. (2004) The container main shutoff valve is to be kept locked
open (LO) at all times. The valve is to be provided with a means to indicate whether the valve
is open or closed. The indicator is to rely on movement of the valve spindle.
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3.5.3

Fire Safety Systems
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Refrigerating Plant 4-7-3/3.5.3

3.5.3(a) Duplication of plant. The CO2 containers are to be served by two completely
independent and automated refrigerating units dedicated for this service; each comprising its
own compressor and prime mover, condenser, receiver, evaporator, etc. Provision is to be
made for local manual control of the refrigerating plant. Upon failure or stoppage of the unit
in operation, the other unit is to be put into operation automatically. This changeover is to be
alarmed at the manned propulsion machinery space or the centralized control station, as
appropriate; and, in the case of unattended propulsion machinery space, at the engineers
accommodation. See also 4-7-3/3.5.2(c). Each refrigerating unit is to be supplied from the
main switchboard by a separate feeder.
3.5.3(b) Performance criteria. Each refrigerating unit is to be capable of maintaining the
liquefaction of the required quantity of CO2 at the specified pressure, at a sea water
temperature of 32C (90F) and an ambient temperature of 45C (113F). See also insulation
requirement in 4-7-3/3.5.2(e).
3.5.3(c) Cooling water supply. Where sea water is utilized for cooling, two sea water pumps
are to be provided, one of which is to be standby and may be a pump used for other services.
Both pumps are to be capable of drawing from at least two sea chests.
3.5.4
Piping 4-7-3/3.5.4
3.5.4(a) General. Pipes, fittings, and pipe joints are to be designed, fabricated and tested,
and to be of materials according to the piping classes to be determined in accordance with
4-6-1/5.
3.5.4(b) CO2 distribution piping. CO2 flow from storage containers to the discharge nozzle
is to be in liquid phase. The design pressure at the nozzle is not to be less than 10 bar (145
lb/in2).
3.5.4(c) Safety relief valve. Safety relief devices are to be provided in each section of pipe
that may be isolated by valves and in which there could be a build-up of pressure in excess of
the design pressure of any of the components.
3.5.5
CO2 Release Control 4-7-3/3.5.5

In addition to the requirements in 4-7-3/3.1.6 and 4-7-3/3.3.5, the following are to be
complied with as appropriate.
3.5.5(a) Automatic regulation of gas. Where automatic means are provided to regulate the
quantity of CO2 discharged into the protected spaces, manual means of regulation are to be
provided also.
3.5.5(b) Disallowed types of control devices. (2004) Electrically operated controls for CO2
release and the quantity regulation are not permitted.
3.5.5(c) Emergency control. If an emergency release control is provided, in addition to the
normal release control, it must not by-pass the activation of alarm required by 4-7-3/3.1.5. It
may, however, by-pass the automatic gas regulator [see 4-7-3/3.5.5(a)], provided that it is
possible at the emergency release control position to control the amount of gas to be released
and to close the master valve, or equivalent, after the designated amount is released.
3.5.5(d) Multiple spaces. If the system serves more than one space, the quantities of CO2 to
be discharged to each space is to be provided with means of control, e.g., automatic timer or
accurate level indicators located at the control positions.
3.5.5(e) Instructions. Instructions for release control, as required by 4-7-3/3.1.6, are to be
posted at each location where gas can be released. This is to include instructions for manual
means of regulating the amount of gas to be released into each of the protected spaces.
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Steam Systems 4-7-3/3.7

In general, the use of steam as a fire-extinguishing medium in fixed fire extinguishing systems is not
permitted. In exceptional cases, the use of steam may be permitted in restricted areas as an addition
to the required fire extinguishing medium with the proviso that the boiler or boilers available for
supplying steam are to have an evaporation of at least 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) of steam per hour for each
0.75 m3 (27 ft3) of the gross volume of the largest space so protected.
3.9
Flue Gas Systems 4-7-3/3.9

Inert gas produced on the vessel by means of combustion of fuel may be used as a fire-extinguishing
medium, provided the oxygen content, the carbon monoxide content, the corrosive elements and any
solid combustible elements have been reduced to a permissible minimum. In general, if such gas is
used for the protection of the machinery space, it is to afford protection equivalent to that provided by
a fixed system using carbon dioxide as the medium. If used for the protection of cargo spaces, a
sufficient quantity of such gas is to be available to supply hourly a volume of free gas at least equal to
25% of the gross volume of the largest space protected in this way for a period of 72 hours.
3.11
Equivalent Fixed Gas Fire-Extinguishing Systems for Machinery Spaces and

Cargo Pump Rooms (1 July 2002)
Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems equivalent to those specified in 4-7-3/3.3 through 4-7-3/3.9 are
to be submitted for approval, based on the guidelines specified in the MSC/Circ. 848.
5
5.1
Fixed Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems
4-7-3/5
Fixed High-expansion Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems in Machinery Spaces 47-3/5.1
5.1.1
Foam Quantity 4-7-3/5.1.1

Any required fixed high-expansion foam system in machinery spaces is to be capable of
rapidly discharging through fixed discharge outlets a quantity of foam sufficient to fill the
greatest space to be protected at a rate of at least 1 m (3.3 ft) in depth per minute. The
quantity of foam-forming liquid available is to be sufficient to produce a volume of foam
equal to five times the volume of the largest space to be protected. The expansion ratio of the
foam is not to exceed 1,000:1.
Alternative arrangements and discharge rates may be accepted, provided that equivalent
protection is achieved.
5.1.2
Foam Distribution 4-7-3/5.1.2

Supply ducts for delivering foam, air intakes to the foam generator and the number of foamproducing units are to be such as to provide effective foam production and distribution.
5.1.3
Arrangement of Foam Equipment (1 July 2002)4-7-3/5.1.3

The arrangement of the foam generator delivery ducting is to be such that a fire in the
protected space will not affect the foam generating equipment. If the foam generators are
located adjacent to the protected space, foam delivery ducts are to be installed to allow at
least 450 mm (17.72 in.) of separation between the generators and the protected space. The
foam delivery ducts are to be constructed of steel having a thickness of not less than 5 mm
(0.197 in.). In addition, stainless steel dampers (single or multi-bladed) with a thickness of
not less than 3 mm (0.118 in.) are to be installed at the openings in the boundary bulkheads
or decks between the foam generators and the protected space. The dampers are to be
automatically operated (electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically) by means of remote
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control of the foam generator related to them. The foam generator, its sources of power
supply, foam-forming liquid and means of controlling the system are to be readily accessible
and simple to operate and are to be grouped in as few locations as possible at positions not
likely to be cut off by a fire in the protected space.
5.1.4
Foam Specifications (1 July 2002)4-7-3/5.1.4

5.1.4(a) General. Fixed foam fire-extinguishing systems are to be capable of generating
foam suitable for extinguishing oil fires
5.1.4(b) Performance testing and surveys. Reference is to be made to IMO
MSC/Circ.670 Guidelines for the performance and testing criteria and surveys of highexpansion foam concentrates for fixed fire extinguishing systems.
5.3
5.5
Fixed Low-expansion Foam Fire Extinguishing System in Machinery Spaces

5.3.1
System Characteristics (1 July 2002)4-7-3/5.3.1

Where in any machinery space a fixed low-expansion foam fire extinguishing system is fitted
in addition to the requirements of 4-7-2/1, such system is to be capable of discharging
through fixed discharge outlets in not more than five minutes a quantity of foam sufficient to
cover to a depth of 150 mm (6 in) the largest single area over which oil fuel is liable to
spread. The system is to be capable of generating foam suitable for extinguishing oil fires.
Means are to be provided for effective distribution of the foam through a permanent system of
piping and control valves or cocks to suitable discharge outlets, and for the foam to be
effectively directed by fixed sprayers on other main fire hazards in the protected space. The
expansion ratio of the foam is not to exceed 12:1. The means for effective distribution of the
foam is to be verified through calculation and submitted for approval, or by testing to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor.
5.3.2
Location of System Controls 4-7-3/5.3.2

The means of control of any such systems are to be readily accessible and simple to operate
and are to be grouped together in as few locations as possible at positions not likely to be cut
off by a fire in the protected space.
5.3.3
Foam Specifications 4-7-3/5.3.3

Reference is to be made to IMO MSC/Circ.582 and Corr. 1 Guidelines for the performance
and testing criteria and surveys of low-expansion foam concentrates for fixed fire
extinguishing systems.
Fixed Foam Fire Extinguishing System Outside Machinery Spaces 4-7-3/5.5

When a foam fire extinguishing system is installed in any other space than a machinery space, the
system should meet the requirements of 4-7-3/5.1 or 4-7-3/5.3.
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Fixed Pressure Water-spraying and Water-mist Fire

Extinguishing Systems in Machinery Spaces (1 July 2002)4-7-3/7
7.1
Fixed Pressure Water-spraying Fire Extinguishing System
7.3
7.1.1
Nozzle Type 4-7-3/7.1

Any required fixed pressure water-spraying fire extinguishing system in machinery spaces is
to be provided with spraying nozzles of an approved type.
7.1.2
Number and Arrangement of Nozzles /7.3

The number and arrangement of the nozzles are to be such as to ensure an effective average
distribution of water of at least 5 liters/min/m2 (0.12 gal/min/ft2) in the spaces to be protected.
The nozzles are to be fitted above bilges, tank tops and other areas over which oil fuel is
liable to spread and also above other specific fire hazards in the machinery spaces.
7.1.3
System Subdivision 4-7-3/7.5

The system may be divided into sections, the distribution valves of which are to be operated
from easily accessible positions outside the spaces to be protected and will not be readily cut
off by a fire in the protected space.
7.1.4
System Pressurization 4-7-3/7.7

The system is to be kept charged at the necessary pressure and the pump supplying the water
for the system is to be put automatically into action by a pressure drop in the system.
7.1.5
Pump Capability and Location 4-7-3/7.9

The pump is to be capable of simultaneously supplying at the necessary pressure all sections
of the system in any one compartment to be protected. The pump and its controls are to be
installed outside the space or spaces to be protected. It is to be avoided that a fire in the
space or spaces protected by the water-spraying system put the system out of action.
7.1.6
Pump Prime Mover 4-7-3/7.11

The pump may be driven by independent internal combustion machinery, but if it is dependent
upon power being supplied from the emergency generator, the generator is to be so arranged
as to start automatically in case of main power failure so that power for the pump is
immediately available. When the pump is driven by independent internal combustion
machinery, it is to be so situated that a fire in the protected space will not affect the air supply
to the machinery.
7.1.7
Precautions to Safeguard Nozzle Clogging 4-7-3/7.13

Precautions are to be taken to prevent the nozzles from becoming clogged by impurities in the
water or corrosion of piping, nozzles, valves and pump.
Equivalent Water-mist Fire-extinguishing Systems

Water-mist fire extinguishing systems for machinery spaces and cargo pump rooms are to be
submitted for approval by the Bureau. Reference is to be made to the Alternative arrangements for
halon fire-extinguishing systems in machinery spaces and pump rooms (MSC/Circ. 668) and the
Revised test method for equivalent water-based fire-extinguishing systems for machinery spaces of
category A and cargo pump rooms (MSC/Circ. 728)
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Fire Safety Systems
Automatic Sprinkler, Fire Detection and Fire Alarm

Systems 4-7-3/9
9.1
General (1 July 2002)4-7-3/9.1
9.3
502
4-7-3
9.1.1
Basic Sprinkler System Requirements 4-7-3/9.1.1

Any required automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm system is to be capable of
immediate operation at all times and no action by the crew is to be necessary to set it in
operation. It is to be of the wet pipe type (i.e., permanently filled with water under pressure
from the freshwater tank), but small exposed sections may be of the dry pipe type (i.e., not
permanently filled with water) where this is a necessary precaution. Saunas are to be fitted
with a dry pipe system, with sprinkler heads having an operating temperature up to 140C
(284F). Any parts of the system which may be subjected to freezing temperatures in service
are to be suitably protected against freezing. It is to be kept charged at the necessary pressure
and is to have provision for a continuous supply of water.
9.1.2
Basic Fire Alarm System Requirements 4-7-3/9.1.2

Each section of sprinklers is to include means for giving a visual and audible alarm signal
automatically at one or more indicating units whenever any sprinkler comes into operation.
Such alarm systems are to be such as to indicate if any fault occurs in the system. Such units
are to indicate in which section served by the system a fire has occurred and are to be
centralized on the navigating bridge or in the continuously manned central control station
and, in addition, visible and audible alarms from the unit are to be placed in a position other
than on the aforementioned spaces to ensure that the indication of fire is immediately
received by the crew.
9.1.3
Sprinkler Systems Equivalency

Automatic sprinkler systems equivalent to those specified in 4-7-3/9 are to be submitted for
approval by the Bureau. Reference is to be made to the Revised Guidelines for approval of
sprinkler systems equivalent to that refereed to in SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 as adopted by
the IMO by resolution A.800(19).
Sprinkler System Arrangements 4-7-3/9.3

9.3.1
Sprinkler Sections 4-7-3/9.3.1

Sprinklers are to be grouped into separate sections, each of which is to contain not more than
200 sprinklers.
9.3.2
Section Isolating Valves (1 July 2002)4-7-3/9.3.2

Each section of sprinklers is to be capable of being isolated by one stop valve only. The stop
valve in each section is to be readily accessible in a location outside of the associated section
or in cabinets within stairway enclosures. The valve's location is to be clearly and
permanently indicated. Means are to be provided to prevent the operation of the stop valves
by any unauthorized person.
9.3.3
Pressure Indicators 4-7-3/9.3.3

A gauge indicating the pressure in the system is to be provided at each section stop valve and
at a central station.
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7
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9.3.4
9.5

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
Information and Instructions for Crew 4-7-3/9.3.4

A list or plan is to be displayed at each indicating unit, showing the spaces covered and the
location of the zone in respect of each section. Suitable instructions for testing and
maintenance are to be available.
Sprinklers Characteristics 4-7-3/9.5

Sprinklers are to be resistant to corrosion by marine atmosphere. In accommodation and service
spaces, the sprinklers are to come into operation within the temperature range from 68C (154F) to
79C (174F), except that in locations such as drying rooms, where high ambient temperatures might
be expected, the operating temperature may be increased by not more than 30C (86F) above the
maximum deckhead temperature.
Sprinklers are to be placed in an overhead position and spaced in a suitable pattern to maintain an
average application rate of not less than 5 liters/m2/min (0.12 gal/min/ft2) over the nominal area (i.e.,
gross, horizontal projection of the area to be covered) covered by the sprinklers. However, the use of
sprinklers providing such an alternative amount of water suitably distributed as to be not less
effective may be considered.
9.7
Pressure Tank
9.7.1
Pressure Tank Characteristics

A pressure tank having a volume equal to at least twice that of the charge of water specified
in this subparagraph is to be provided. The tank is to contain a standing charge of fresh
water, equivalent to the amount of water which would be discharged in one minute by the
pump referred to in 4-7-3/9.9.2, and the arrangements are to provide for maintaining an air
pressure in the tank such as to ensure that where the standing charge of fresh water in the
tank has been used, the pressure will be not less than the working pressure of the sprinkler,
plus the pressure exerted by a head of water measured from the bottom of the tank to the
highest sprinkler in the system.
Suitable means of replenishing the air under pressure and of replenishing the fresh water
charge in the tank are to be provided. A glass gauge is to be provided to indicate the correct
level of the water in the tank.
9.7.2
9.9
Protection from Sea Water

Means are to be provided to prevent the passage of seawater into the tank.
Pumps and Piping Systems

9.9.1
Required Pump
An independent power pump is to be provided solely for the purpose of continuing
automatically the discharge of water from the sprinklers. The pump is to be brought into
action automatically by the pressure drop in the system before the standing fresh water
charge in the pressure tank is completely exhausted.
9.9.2
Pump and Piping Capacity (1 July 2002)

The pump and the piping system are to be capable of maintaining the necessary pressure at
the level of the highest sprinkler to ensure a continuous output of water sufficient for the
simultaneous coverage of a minimum area of 280 m2 (3050 ft2) at the application rate
specified in 4-7-3/9.5. The hydraulic capacity of the system is to be confirmed by the review of
hydraulic calculations, followed by a test of the system by the Surveyor.
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Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
9.9.3
Test Valve
The pump is to have fitted on the delivery side a test valve with a short open-ended discharge
pipe. The effective area through the valve and pipe is to be adequate to permit the release of
the required pump output while maintaining the pressure in the system specified in
4-7-3/9.7.1.
9.9.4
Sea Inlet
The sea inlet to the pump is to, wherever possible, be in the space containing the pump and is
to be so arranged that when the vessel is afloat, it will not be necessary to shut off the supply
of sea water to the pump for any purpose other than the inspection or repair of the pump.
Location of Sprinkler Pump and Tank

The sprinkler pump and tank are to be situated in a position reasonably remote from any machinery
space of category A and are not to be situated in any space required to be protected by the sprinkler
system.
9.13
Power Sources 4-7-3/9.13

There are to be not less than two sources of power supply for the sea water pump and automatic
alarm and detection system. If the pump is electrically driven, it is to be connected to the main source
of electrical power, which is to be capable of being supplied by at least two generators. The feeders
are to be so arranged as to avoid galleys, machinery spaces and other enclosed spaces of high fire
risk, except in so far as it is necessary to reach the appropriate switchboards. One of the sources of
power supply for the alarm and detection system is to be an emergency source. Where one of the
sources of power for the pump is an internal combustion engine, in addition to complying with the
provisions of 4-7-3/9.11, the source is to be so situated that a fire in any protected space will not
affect the air supply to the machinery.
9.15
Connection with the Fire Main 4-7-3/9.15

The sprinkler system is to have a connection from the vessels fire main by way of a lockable screwdown non-return valve at the connection, which will prevent a backflow from the sprinkler system to
the fire main.
9.17
Testing 4-7-3/9.17
9.17.1 Test Valve 4-7-3/9.17.1
A test valve is to be provided for testing the automatic alarm for each section of sprinklers by
a discharge of water equivalent to the operation of one sprinkler. The test valve for each
section is to be situated near the stop valve for that section.
9.17.2 Pump Operation Testing 4-7-3/9.17.2
Means are to be provided for testing the automatic operation of the pump on reduction of
pressure in the system.
9.17.3 Alarms and Indicators Testing 4-7-3/9.17.3
Switches are to be provided at one of the indicating positions referred to in 4-7-3/9.1.2 which
will enable the alarm and the indicators for each section of sprinklers to be tested.
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9.19
4
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Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
Spare Parts (1 July 2002)4-7-3/9.19

A quantity of spare sprinkler heads is to be provided for all types and ratings installed on the vessel,
as follows:
Total number of heads
Required number of spares
<300
300 - 1000
12
>1000
24
The number of spare sprinkler heads of any type need not exceed the total number of heads installed
of that type.
11
Fixed Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems
11.1
System Requirements 4-7-3/11.1
4-7-3/11
11.1.1 Readiness 4-7-3/11.1.1

Any required fixed fire detection and fire alarm system with manually operated call points is
to be capable of immediate operation at all times.
11.1.2 System Monitoring 4-7-3/11.1.2
Power supplies and electric circuits necessary for the operation of the system are to be
monitored for loss of power or fault conditions, as appropriate. Occurrence of a fault
condition is to initiate a visual and audible fault signal at the control panel which is to be
distinct from a fire signal.
11.1.3 Arrangements of Power Supplies 4-7-3/11.1.3
There are to be not less than two sources of power supply for the electrical equipment used in
the operation of the fixed fire detection and fire alarm system, one of which is to be an
emergency source. The supply is to be provided by separate feeders reserved solely for that
purpose. Such feeders are to run to an automatic changeover switch situated in or adjacent to
the control panel for the fire detection system.
The feeders from the main and the emergency switchboards are run to the changeover switch
without passing through any other distribution board.
11.1.4 System Arrangements 4-7-3/11.1.4
Detectors and manually operated call points are to be grouped into sections. The activation
of any detector or manually operated call point is to initiate a visual and audible fire signal at
the control panel and indicating units. If the signals have not received attention within two
minutes, an audible alarm is to be automatically sounded throughout the crew
accommodation and service spaces, control stations and machinery spaces of category A.
This alarm sounder system need not be an integral part of the detection system.
11.1.5 Location of Control Panel (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.1.5
The control panel is to be located on the navigating bridge or in the continuously manned
central control station.
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4-7-3
11.1.6 Indicating Units and Their Locations (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.1.6

Indicating units are to denote, as a minimum, the section in which a detector has been
activated or manually operated call point has been operated. At least one unit is to be so
located that it is easily accessible at all times to responsible members of the crew. One
indicating unit is to be located on the navigating bridge if the control panel is located in the
continuously manned central control station.
11.1.7 Information for Each Indicating Unit 4-7-3/11.1.7
Clear information is to be displayed on or adjacent to each indicating unit about the spaces
covered and the location of the sections.
11.1.8 Coverage Limitation of Each Section (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.1.8
Where the fixed fire detection and fire alarm system does not include means of remotely
identifying each detector individually, no section covering more than one deck within
accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations is normally to be permitted,
except a section which covers an enclosed stairway. See also zone address identification
capability in 4-7-3/11.1.14.
In order to avoid delay in identifying the source of fire, the number of enclosed spaces
included in each section is to be limited. In no case are more than fifty enclosed spaces to be
permitted in any section. If the detection system is fitted with remotely and individually
identifiable fire detectors, the sections may cover several decks and serve any number of
enclosed spaces.
11.1.9 Machinery Spaces of Category A (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/11.1.9
A section of fire detectors which covers a control station, a service space or an
accommodation space is not to include a machinery space of category A. For fixed fire
detection and fire alarm systems with remotely and individually identifiable fire detectors, a
loop covering sections of fire detectors in accommodation, service spaces and control station
is not to include sections of fire detectors in machinery spaces of category A.
11.1.10 Types of Detector 4-7-3/11.1.10
Detectors are to be operated by heat, smoke or other products of combustion, flame, or any
combination of these factors. Detectors operated by other factors indicative of incipient fires
may be considered, provided that they are no less sensitive than such detectors. Flame
detectors are only to be used in addition to smoke or heat detectors.
11.1.11 Instructions for Testing and Maintenance 4-7-3/11.1.11
Suitable instructions and component spares for testing and maintenance are to be provided.
11.1.12 Periodical Testing 4-7-3/11.1.12
The function of the detection system is to be periodically tested by means of equipment
producing hot air at the appropriate temperature, or smoke or aerosol particles having the
appropriate range of density or particle size, or other phenomena associated with incipient
fires to which the detector is designed to respond. All detectors are to be of a type such that
they can be tested for correct operation and restored to normal surveillance without the
renewal of any component.
11.1.13 Exclusiveness of Fire Detector Systems (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.1.13
The fixed fire detection and fire alarm system is not to be used for any other purpose, except
that closing of fire doors and similar functions may be permitted at the control panel.
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4-7-3
11.1.14 Zone Address Identification Capability (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.1.14

Fixed fire detection and fire alarm systems with a zone address identification capability are to
be so arranged that:
11.3
i)
means are provided to ensure that any fault (e.g., power break, short circuit; earth)
occurring in the loop will not render the whole loop ineffective (This requirement is
considered satisfied when a fault occurring in the loop only renders ineffective a part
of the loop not being larger than a section of a system without means of remotely
identifying each detector.);
ii)
all arrangements are made to enable the initial configuration of the system to be
restored in the event of failure (electrical, electronic, informatics);
iii)
the first initiated fire alarm will not prevent any other detector to initiate further fire
alarms;
iv)
no loop will pass through a space twice. When this is not practical (e.g., for large
public spaces), the part of the loop which by necessity passes through the space for a
second time is to be installed at the maximum possible distance from the other parts
of the loop.

11.3.1 Locations Requiring Manually Operated Call Points 4-7-3/11.3.1
Manually operated call points are to be installed throughout the accommodation spaces,
service spaces and control stations. One manually operated call point is to be located at each
exit. Manually operated call points are to be readily accessible in the corridors of each deck
such that no part of the corridor is more than 20 m (66 ft) from a manually operated call
point.
11.3.2 Locations Requiring Smoke Detectors 4-7-3/11.3.2
Smoke detectors are to be installed in all stairways, corridors and escape routes within
accommodation spaces. Consideration is to be given to the installation of special purpose
smoke detectors within ventilation ducting.
11.3.3 Other Locations 4-7-3/11.3.3
Where a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system is required for the protection of spaces
other than those specified in 4-7-3/11.3.2, at least one detector complying with 4-7-3/11.1.10
is to be installed in each such space.
11.3.4 Choice of Positions for Detectors (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/11.3.4
Detectors are to be located for optimum performance. Positions near beams and ventilation
ducts or other positions, where patterns of air flow could adversely affect performance and
positions where impact or physical damage is likely, are to be avoided. Detectors which are
located on the overhead are to be a minimum distance of 0.5 m (1.65 ft) away from
bulkheads, except in corridors, lockers and stairways.
11.3.5 Spacing of Fire Detectors 4-7-3/11.3.5
The maximum spacing of detectors is to be in accordance with 4-7-3/Table 3. Other spacing
may be permitted based upon test data which demonstrate the characteristics of the detectors.
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4-7-3
TABLE 3
Detector Spacing
Type of
detector
Heat
Smoke
Maximum floor area

per detector
Maximum distance apart

between centers
Maximum distance away

from bulkheads
37 m2
398 ft2
9m
29.5 ft
4.5 m
14.8 ft
796 ft2
11 m
36 ft
5.5 m
18 ft
74 m
11.3.6 Arrangement of Electrical Wiring (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.3.6

Electrical wiring which forms part of the system is to be so arranged as to avoid galleys,
machinery spaces of category A, and other enclosed spaces of high fire risk, except where it is
necessary to provide for fire detection or fire alarm in such spaces or to connect to the
appropriate power supply. A loop of fire detection systems with a zone address identification
capability is not to be damaged at more than one point by a fire.
11.5
Equipment Design Requirements 4-7-3/11.5

11.5.1 General 4-7-3/11.5.1
The system and equipment are to be suitably designed to withstand supply voltage variation
and transients, ambient temperature changes, vibration, humidity, shock, impact and
corrosion normally encountered in vessels.
11.5.2 Smoke Detectors 4-7-3/11.5.2
Smoke detectors required by 4-7-3/11.3.2 are to be certified to operate before the smoke
density exceeds 12.5% obscuration per meter (3.8% obscuration per feet), but not until the
smoke density exceeds 2% obscuration per meter (0.6% obscuration per feet). Smoke
detectors which are to be installed in other spaces are to operate within sensitivity limits
which are to be settled having regard to the avoidance of detector insensitivity or over
sensitivity.
11.5.3 Heat Detectors 4-7-3/11.5.3
Heat detectors are to be certified to operate before the temperature exceeds 78C (172F),
but not until the temperature exceeds 54C (129F), when the temperature is raised to those
limits at a rate less than 1C/min (1.8F/min). At higher rates of temperature rise, the heat
detector is to operate within temperature limits which are to be settled having regard to the
avoidance of detector insensitivity or over sensitivity.
11.5.4 Heat Detectors in Drying Rooms and Similar Spaces (1 July 2002)4-7-3/11.5.4
The operation temperature of heat detectors in drying rooms and similar spaces of a normal
high ambient temperature may be up to 130C (266F), and up to 140C (284F) in saunas.
13
Sample Extraction Smoke Detection Systems
13.1
General Requirements 4-7-3/13.1
4-7-3/13
13.1.1 Continuous Operation (1 July 2002)4-7-3/13.1.1

Any required system is to be capable of continuous operation at all times, except that systems
operating on a sequential scanning principle may be accepted, provided that the interval
between scanning the same position twice gives an overall response time which can be
considered adequate for alerting an inception of fire.
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13.1.2 Power Supply 4-7-3/13.1.2

Power supplies necessary for the operation of the system are to be monitored for the loss of
power. Any loss of power is to initiate a visual and audible signal at the control panel and the
navigation bridge which is to be distinct from the signal indicating smoke detection. An
alternative power supply for the electrical equipment used in the operation of the system is to
be provided.
13.1.3 Control Panel (1 July 2002)4-7-3/13.1.3
The control panel is to be located on the navigating bridge or in the continuously manned
central control station. The detection of smoke or other products of combustion is to initiate a
visual and audible signal at the control panel and the navigating bridge or continuously
manned central control station. Clear information is to be displayed at or adjacent to the
control panel, designating the spaces covered.
13.1.4 Sampling Pipes 4-7-3/13.1.4
The sampling pipe arrangements are to be such that the location of the fire can be readily
identified.
13.1.5 Safety Precautions 4-7-3/13.1.5
The system is to be designed, constructed and installed so as to prevent the leakage of any
toxic or flammable substances or fire extinguishing media into any accommodation and
service space, control station or machinery space.
13.1.6 Maintenance and Periodical Testing (1 July 2002)4-7-3/13.1.6
The system is to be of a type that can be tested for correct operation and restored to normal
surveillance without the renewal of any component. Suitable instructions and component
spares are to be provided onboard for the testing and maintenance of the system.
13.3

13.3.1 Smoke Accumulator 4-7-3/13.3.1
At least one smoke accumulator is to be located in every enclosed space for which smoke
detection is required. However, where a space is designed to carry oil or refrigerated cargo
alternatively with cargoes for which a smoke sampling system is required, means may be
provided to isolate the smoke accumulators in such compartments for the system. Such means
are to be submitted for consideration in each case.
13.3.2 Smoke Accumulator Spacing 4-7-3/13.3.2
Smoke accumulators are to be located for optimum performance and are to be spaced so that
no part of the overhead deck area is more than 12 m (40 ft) measured horizontally from an
accumulator. Where systems are used in spaces which are mechanically ventilated, the
positions of the smoke accumulators are to be considered having regard to the effect of
ventilation.
13.3.3 Protection from Damage 4-7-3/13.3.3
Smoke accumulators are to be positioned where impact or physical damage is unlikely to
occur.
13.3.4 Connection to Sampling Points 4-7-3/13.3.4
Not more than four accumulators are to be connected to each sampling point. Smoke
accumulators from more than one enclosed space are not to be connected to the same
sampling point.
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4-7-3
13.3.5 Sampling Pipe 4-7-3/13.3.5

Sampling pipes are to be self-draining and suitably protected from impact or damage from
cargo working.
13.5
Equipment Design Requirements 4-7-3/13.5

13.5.1 General 4-7-3/13.5.1
The system and equipment are to be suitably designed to withstand supply voltage variations
and transients, ambient temperature changes, vibration, humidity, shock, impact and
corrosion normally encountered in vessels and to avoid the possibility of ignition of
flammable gas/air mixture.
13.5.2 Sensing Unit 4-7-3/13.5.2
The sensing unit is to be certified to operate before the smoke density within the sensing
chamber exceeds 6.65% obscuration per meter (2% obscuration per foot).
13.5.3 Sampling Extraction Fan 4-7-3/13.5.3
Duplicate sampling extraction fans are to be provided. The fans are to be of sufficient
capacity to operate under the normal conditions or ventilation in the protected area and are
to give an overall response time which can be considered adequate for alerting an inception
of fire.
13.5.4 Control Panel 4-7-3/13.5.4
The control panel is to permit observation of smoke in the individual sampling pipe.
13.5.5 Flow Monitoring 4-7-3/13.5.5
Means are to be provided to monitor the airflow through the sampling pipes so designed as to
ensure that, as far as practicable, equal quantities are extracted from each interconnected
accumulator.
13.5.6 Sampling Pipes (1 July 2002)4-7-3/13.5.6
Sampling pipes are to be a minimum of 12 mm (0.5 in) internal diameter, except when used in
conjunction with fixed gas fire extinguishing systems when the minimum size of pipe should
be sufficient to permit the fire extinguishing gas to be discharged within the appropriate time.
Sampling pipes are to be provided with arrangement for periodically purging with
compressed air.
15
Miscellaneous Fire Fighting Equipment
15.1
Portable Fire Extinguishers4-7-3/15.1
4-7-3/15
15.1.1 Type and Capacity (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/15.1.1

All fire extinguishers are to be of approved types and designs. Each powder or carbon
dioxide extinguisher is to have a capacity of at least 5 kg (11 lb.), and each foam extinguisher
is to have a capacity of at least 9 liters (2.5 gallons). The mass of a portable fire extinguisher
is not to exceed 23 kg (50.7 lb), and they are to have a fire extinguishing capability at least
equivalent to that of a 9 liter (2.5 gallon) fluid extinguisher. 4-7-3/Table 4 may be used to
determine the equivalents of portable fire extinguishers:
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TABLE 4
Equivalent Fire Extinguishers (1 July 2002)
Classification
Water
Foam
Type
Size
liters
gallons
liters
gallons
II
9.5
2.5
9.5
2.5
9.5
2.5
II
II
Dry chemical
CO2
kg
lb
kg
lb
5.0
11
11
5.0
11
11
Type A: Suitable for use on fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper and
textiles (2001)
Type B: Suitable for use on fires involving flammable and combustible liquids (e.g. oils, oil based paints,
solvents, petroleum greases, etc.) (2001)
Type C: Suitable for use on e fires involving energized electrical equipment where electrical nonconductivity of the extinguishing medium is important (2001)
Fire extinguishers containing an extinguishing medium which, either by itself or under expected
conditions of use, gives off toxic gases in such quantities as to endanger persons are not permitted.
15.1.2 Spare Charges (1 July 2002) 4-7-3/15.1.2
Spare charge is to be provided for 100% of the first 10 extinguishers and 50% of the
remaining fire extinguishers capable of being recharged onboard. Not more than 60 total
spare charges are required. Instructions for recharging are to be carried onboard. Only
refills approved for the fire extinguisher in question is to be used for recharging
For fire extinguishers which cannot be recharged onboard, additional portable fire
extinguishers of the same quantity, type, capacity and number, as determined above, are to be
provided in lieu of spare charges.
15.1.3 Installation (2002)
See Section 4-7-2, 5-5-7/Table 2 and 5-5-7/Table 3 (container carriers), 5-9-11/3.14 (chemical
carriers) and 5-10-4/3.3.3 (ro-ro vessels) regarding the type, size, quantity and locations of
portable fire extinguishers required. Also, one of the portable fire extinguishers intended for
use in any space is to be stowed near the entrance to that space.
15.1.4 Arrangements (1 July 2002)
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are not to be placed in accommodation spaces. In control
stations and other spaces containing electrical or electronic equipment or appliances
necessary for the safety of the vessel, fire extinguishers are to be provided whose
extinguishing media are neither electrically conductive nor harmful to the equipment and
appliances.
15.3
Portable Foam Applicators (1 July 2002)4-7-3/15.3

A portable foam applicator unit is to consist of a foam nozzle of an inductor type capable of being
connected to the fire main by a fire hose, together with a portable tank containing at least 20 liters
(5 gallon) of foam-making liquid and one spare tank of foam making liquid. The nozzle is to be
capable of producing effective foam suitable for extinguishing an oil fire at the rate of at least
1.5 m3/min (3180 ft3/h). The foam applicator is subject to the same periodical examination as
described in 7-6-2/1.1.8(d).
511
Part
Chapter
Section
15.5
4
7
3

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
Fire-fighter's Outfit (1 July 2002)4-7-3/15.5

15.5.1 Constituents of the Outfit 4-7-3/15.5.1
A fire-fighter's outfit is to consist of a set of personal equipment and a breathing apparatus:
1 5 . 5 . 1 ( a ) P e r s o n a l e q u i p m e n t . Personal equipment is to consist of:
Protective clothing of material to protect the skin from the heat radiating from the
fire and from burns and scalding by steam. The outer surface is to be water-resistant.
Boots of rubber or other electrically non-conducting material.
A rigid helmet providing effective protection against impact.
An electric safety lamp (hand lantern) of an approved type with a minimum burning
period of three hours. Electric safety lamps on a tanker and those intended to be used
in hazardous areas are to be of an explosion-proof type; and
An axe with a handle provided with high-voltage insulation.
15.5.1(b) Breathing apparatus.
Breathing apparatus is to be a self-contained
compressed air-operated breathing apparatus, the volume of the air contained in the
cylinders of which is to be at least 1,200 liters (317 gal.), or other self-contained breathing
apparatus which is to be capable of functioning for at least 30 min. Two spare charges are to
be provided for each required breathing apparatus. All air cylinders for breathing apparatus
are to be interchangeable. Vessels that are equipped with suitably located means for fully
recharging the air cylinders free from contamination need carry only one spare charge for
each required apparatus.
1 5 . 5 . 1 ( c ) L i f e l i n e . For each breathing apparatus, a fireproof lifeline of at least 30 m
(98.5 ft) in length is to be provided. The lifeline is to successfully pass an approval test by
static load of 3.5 kN (360 kgf, 787 lbf) for 5 min without failure. The lifeline is to be capable
of being attached by means of a snap hook to the harness of the apparatus or to a separate
belt in order to prevent the breathing apparatus becoming detached when the lifeline is
operated.
15.5.2 Required Number of Fire-fighters Outfits 4-7-3/15.5.2
1 5 . 5 . 2 ( a ) M i n i m u m n u m b e r o f f i r e - f i g h t e r s o u t f i t s . All vessels are to carry
at least two fire-fighter's outfits, complying with the requirements of 4-7-3/15.5.1.
15.5.2(b) Additional fire-fighters outfits.
Additional sets of personal
equipment and breathing apparatus may be required, having due regard to the size and type
of the vessel.
15.5.3 Storage of Fire-fighters Outfits 4-7-3/15.5.3
The fire-fighters outfits or sets of personal equipment are to be kept ready for use in an
easily accessible location that is permanently and clearly marked and, where more than one
fire-fighters outfit or more than one set of personal equipment is carried, they are to be
stored in widely separated positions.
15.7
Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD) (1 July 2002)

15.7.1 Accommodation Spaces
All ships are to carry at least two emergency escape breathing devices within accommodation
spaces.
512
Part
Chapter
Section
4
7
3

Fire Safety Systems
4-7-3
15.7.2 Machinery Spaces

On all vessels, within the machinery spaces, emergency escape breathing devices are to be
situated ready for use at easily visible places, which can be reached quickly and easily at any
time in the event of fire. The location of emergency escape breathing devices is to take into
account the layout of the machinery space and the number of persons normally working in the
spaces. (See the Guidelines for the performance, location, use and care of emergency escape
breathing devices, MSC/Circ. 849). The number and location are to be indicated in the fire
control plan required in 4-7-1/9.
15.7.3 EEBD Specification
15.7.3(a) General. An EEBD is a supply-air or oxygen device only used for escape
from a compartment that has a hazardous atmosphere and is to be of an approved type.
EEBDs are not to be used for fighting fires, entering oxygen deficient voids or tanks, or worn
by fire-fighters. In these events, a self-containing breathing apparatus, which is specifically
suited for such applications, is to be used.
15.7.3(b) EEBD Particulars. The EEBD is to have duration of service for 10 minutes.
The EEBD is to include a hood or full face piece, as appropriate, to protect the eyes, nose and
mouth during escape. Hoods and face pieces are to be constructed of flame resistant
materials and include a clear window for viewing. An inactivated EEBD is to be capable of
being carried hands-free.
15.7.3(c) EEBD Storage. An EEBD, when stored, is to be suitably protected from the
environment.
15.7.3(d) EEBD Instructions and Markings. Brief instructions or diagrams clearly
illustrating their use are to be clearly printed on the EEBD. The donning procedures are to be
quick and easy, to allow for situations where there is little time to seek safety from a
hazardous atmosphere. Maintenance requirements, manufacturers trademarks and serial
number, shelf life with accompanying manufacture date and name of approving authority are
to be printed on each EEBD. All EEBD training units are to be clearly marked.
513
PART
4
CHAPTER
Electrical Systems
CONTENTS
SECTION 1

1
Organization of Requirements for Electrical Systems .......521
Applications........................................................................521

5.1
SECTION 2
System Plans ................................................................ 522
5.3
Installation Plans ........................................................... 523
5.5
Equipment Plans ........................................................... 524
Definitions ..........................................................................525
7.1
General ......................................................................... 525
7.3
Specific ......................................................................... 525
Basic Requirements...........................................................526
TABLE 1
Primary Essential Services ......................................527
TABLE 2
Secondary Essential Services .................................527
System Design ...................................................................529

1
Applications........................................................................529
Main Source of Electrical Power........................................529
3.1
Number and Capacity of Generators............................. 529
3.3
Power Supplied by Propulsion Generators ................... 530
3.5
Generators Driven by Propulsion Machinery................. 530
3.7
Transformers and Converters ....................................... 531
3.9
Location of Generators.................................................. 532
3.11
System Arrangement .................................................... 532
3.13
Main Switchboard.......................................................... 532
Emergency Source of Electrical Power .............................533

5.1
General ......................................................................... 533
5.3
Location ........................................................................ 533
5.5
Emergency Services ..................................................... 534
5.7
Vessels on Short Duration Voyages.............................. 535
5.9
Power Source................................................................ 535
5.11
Transitional Source of Power ........................................ 536
5.13
Emergency Switchboard ............................................... 536
515
11
SECTION 3
Starting Arrangements for Emergency Generator

Sets ...............................................................................537
5.17
Use of Emergency Generator in Port ............................538
Distribution System ............................................................539

7.1
General..........................................................................539
7.3
Hull Return Systems......................................................539
7.5
Earthed AC Distribution System ....................................539
7.7
Cable Sizing ..................................................................540
7.9
Segregation of Power Circuits .......................................541
7.11
Steering Gear Power Supply Feeders ...........................541
7.13
Lighting System.............................................................542
7.15
Ventilation System Circuits............................................542
7.17
Cargo Space Circuits ....................................................542
7.19
Electric Space Heater Circuits.......................................542
System Protection..............................................................542
9.1
General..........................................................................542
9.3
Protection Against Short-circuit .....................................543
9.5
Protection Against Overload..........................................543
9.7
Coordination of Protective Devices ...............................544
9.9
Load Shedding Arrangements.......................................544
9.11
Protection of Generators ...............................................545
9.13
Protection of Feeder Cables..........................................546
9.15
Protection for Accumulator Batteries .............................546
9.17
Protection of Motor Circuits ...........................................546
9.19
Protection of Transformer Circuits .................................547
9.21
Protection for Branch Lighting Circuits ..........................548
Specific Systems................................................................548
11.1
Shore Connection..........................................................548
11.3
Navigation Light System................................................549
11.5
Interior Communication Systems...................................549
11.7
Manually Operated Alarms ............................................550
11.9
Emergency Shutdown Systems.....................................551
11.11
Battery Starting Systems ...............................................552
Electrical Equipment ......................................................... 553

1
516
5.15
General ..............................................................................553
1.1
Application.....................................................................553
1.3
Standard of Compliance ................................................553
1.5
Certification of Equipment .............................................553
1.7
Materials and Design.....................................................554
1.9
Voltage and Frequency Characteristics.........................554
1.11
Enclosures.....................................................................554
1.13
Accessibility...................................................................554
1.15
Insulation Material .........................................................554
1.17
Ambient Temperatures ..................................................555
Rotating Machines .............................................................555

3.1
Application .................................................................... 555
3.3
Definitions ..................................................................... 555
3.5
Rating............................................................................ 556
3.7
Overload/Overcurrent Capability ................................... 556
3.9
Short Circuit Capability.................................................. 557
3.11
Construction .................................................................. 557
3.13
Generator Control ......................................................... 558
3.15
Testing .......................................................................... 560
3.17
Certification ................................................................... 562
Switchboards, Motor Controllers, etc.................................562

5.1
Application .................................................................... 562
5.3
Construction, Assembly and Components .................... 563
5.5
Main and Emergency Switchboards.............................. 565
5.7
Motor Controllers........................................................... 565
5.9
Battery Charging and Discharging Board...................... 566
5.11
Testing and Certification ............................................... 566
Transformers and Converters............................................567

7.1
Enclosures .................................................................... 567
7.3
Transformers for Essential Services ............................. 567
7.5
Semiconductor Converters............................................ 569
Cables................................................................................569
9.1
11
13
Standard of Compliance................................................ 569
9.3
Current Carrying Capacity............................................. 569
9.5
Flame Retardant Standard............................................ 570
9.7
Fire Resistant Standard ................................................ 570
9.9
Insulation Temperature Rating ...................................... 570
9.11
Armor for Single Core Cables ....................................... 570
9.13
Fiber Optic Cables ........................................................ 570
9.15
Mineral-insulated Metal-sheathed Cables ..................... 570
9.17
Test and Certification .................................................... 570
9.19
Cable Splices ................................................................ 570
9.21
Cable Junction Boxes ................................................... 571
Non-sparking Fans.............................................................571
11.1
Design........................................................................... 571
11.3
Materials ....................................................................... 571
11.5
Type Test ...................................................................... 572
Certified Safe Equipment...................................................572

13.1
General ......................................................................... 572
13.3
Acceptable Types of Certified Safe Equipment ............. 572
13.5
Flammable Gas Groups and Temperature Classes ...... 573
TABLE 1A
Degree of Protection of Electrical Equipment

(First IP Numeral).....................................................574
TABLE 1B
Degree of Protection of Electrical Equipment

(Second IP Numeral) ...............................................574
TABLE 2
Minimum Degree of Protection ................................575
517
SECTION 4
TABLE 3
Factory Test Schedule for Generators 100 kVA

and Motors of 100 kW (135 hp) ...............................576
TABLE 4
Limit of Temperature Rise for Air Cooled Rotating

Machines..................................................................577
TABLE 5
Equipment and Instrumentation for

Switchboards............................................................578
TABLE 6
Maximum Current Carrying Capacity for Cables .....580
Shipboard Installation and Tests ..................................... 583

1
1.1
Application.....................................................................583
1.3
Degree of Enclosure......................................................583
1.5
Hazardous Areas...........................................................583
1.7
Inclination ......................................................................583
1.9
Services Required to be Operable Under a Fire

Condition .......................................................................583
Generators and Motors ......................................................584
Accumulator Batteries........................................................584
11
13
518
General ..............................................................................583
5.1
General..........................................................................584
5.3
Lead-acid or Alkaline Battery Storage Locations...........585
5.5
Low-hydrogen-emission Battery Storage Locations ......586
Switchboard and Distribution Boards.................................586

7.1
Switchboard...................................................................586
7.3
Distribution Boards ........................................................587
Motor Controllers and Motor Control Centers....................587

9.1
Location.........................................................................587
9.3
Disconnecting Arrangements ........................................587
9.5
Resistors for Control Apparatus ....................................587
Lighting Systems................................................................588
11.1
General..........................................................................588
11.3
Lighting Installation in Cargo Spaces ............................588
Ventilating and Heating Equipment ...................................588

13.1
Electric Radiators ..........................................................588
13.3
Power Ventilation ..........................................................588
15
Magnetic Compasses ........................................................588
17
Portable Equipment and Outlets........................................588
19
Power Receptacles ............................................................589
21
Cable Installation ...............................................................589

21.1
General Requirements ..................................................589
21.3
Cable Current Carrying Capacity...................................589
21.5
Cable Voltage Drop .......................................................589
21.7
Single Conductor Cables...............................................590
21.9
Cable Support ...............................................................590
21.11
Cable Bending Radii......................................................591
21.13
Deck and Bulkhead Penetrations ..................................592
21.15
Mechanical Protection for Cables ..................................592
23
21.17
Installation of Cables and Apparatus for Emergency

and Essential Services................................................. 593
21.19
Mineral Insulated Cables............................................... 593
21.21
Fiber Optic Cables ........................................................ 593
21.23
Installation of Cable Splices .......................................... 594
21.25
Installation of Cable Junction Boxes ............................. 594
21.27
Cable Termination......................................................... 594
Equipment Earthing ...........................................................595

23.1
General Requirements .................................................. 595
23.3
Earthing Methods .......................................................... 595
25
System Earthing.................................................................595
27
Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas .........................596
29
31
27.1
General ......................................................................... 596
27.3
Hazardous Areas .......................................................... 596
27.5
Certified Safe Equipment in Hazardous Areas .............. 598
27.7
Intrinsically-safe Systems.............................................. 599
27.9
Cables in Hazardous Areas .......................................... 599
27.11
Lighting Circuits in Hazardous Areas ............................ 599
27.13
Permanent Notice and Booklet of Certified Safe

Equipment ..................................................................... 599
Shipboard Tests.................................................................599
29.1
General ......................................................................... 599
29.3
Generators .................................................................... 599
29.5
Switchboards................................................................. 600
29.7
Motors ........................................................................... 600
29.9
Interior Communications System .................................. 600
29.11
Voltage Drop Measurement .......................................... 600
29.13
Insulation Resistance Measurements ........................... 600
Guidance for Spare Parts ..................................................600

31.1
Spare Parts of Electrical Equipment.............................. 600
31.3
Measuring Instrument ................................................... 600
TABLE 1
SECTION 4
Size of Earthing Conductors (Equipment and

System Earthing) .....................................................596
Appendix 1 Guidance for Type Test Procedure for

Plastic Cable Tray and Protective Casing .......................601
1
General ..............................................................................601
General Design Requirements ..........................................601
3.1
Ambient Temperatures.................................................. 601
3.3
Test Temperature.......................................................... 601
3.5
Safe Working Load........................................................ 602
Mechanical Requirements .................................................602

5.1
Impact Resistance Test................................................. 602
5.3
Safe Working Load (SWL) Test..................................... 603
519
SECTION 5
7.1
Flame Retardant Test....................................................604
7.3
Smoke and Toxicity Test ...............................................604
Electrical Properties ...........................................................604

9.1
Resistivity Test ..............................................................604
FIGURE 1
SWL Loading Test Procedure..................................604
Special Systems................................................................. 605

1
Application .........................................................................605
High Voltage Systems........................................................605
520
Fire Properties ...................................................................604
3.1
Application.....................................................................605
3.3
System Design ..............................................................605
3.5
Circuit Protection ...........................................................606
3.7
Equipment Design .........................................................607
3.9
Cable Installation...........................................................610
3.11
Equipment Installation ...................................................611
3.13
Shipboard Installation and Tests ...................................611
Electric Propulsion Systems ..............................................612

5.1
Application.....................................................................612
5.3
Plans and Data to be Submitted....................................612
5.5
Electric Power Supply Systems.....................................612
5.7
Circuit Protection ...........................................................614
5.9
Protection for Earth Leakage.........................................614
5.11
Propulsion Control.........................................................615
5.13
Instrumentation at the Control Station ...........................616
5.15
Equipment Installation and Arrangements.....................616
5.17
Equipment Requirements ..............................................617
5.19
Trials .............................................................................621
Three-wire Dual-voltage DC Systems ...............................622

7.1
Three-wire DC Generators ............................................622
7.3
Neutral Earthing ............................................................622
PART
4
CHAPTER
Electrical Systems
SECTION
General Provisions
4 - 8 - 1
Organization of Requirements for Electrical Systems
4-8-1/1
Requirements for electrical systems are organized, as follows:

PART 4
Chapter 8
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
Section 1
Electrical Systems
General
PART 5
SPECIALIZED
VESSELS
Section 2
System
Design
Section 3
Electrical
Equipment
Section 4
Shipboard Installation
& Tests
Section 5
Special
Systems
Section 4-8-1 deals with general issues and provides, for example, the required submittals and
definitions for terms used throughout the electrical systems sections. Section 4-8-2, Section 4-8-3 and
Section 4-8-4 provide for system design, equipment design and tests, and shipboard installation and
tests. Section 4-8-5 provides special requirements for system design, equipment and installation of
high voltage systems and electric propulsion systems. Requirements applicable to specific types of
vessels are provided separately in Part 5 of the Rules.
Applications
4-8-1/3
Electrical systems and equipment of unrestricted ocean-going vessels are to be designed, constructed,
installed and tested in accordance with applicable requirements of Section 4-8-1, Section 4-8-2,
Section 4-8-3 and Section 4-8-4. Additional requirements for special systems, namely, high voltage
systems (see definition in 4-8-1/7.3) and electric propulsion systems, are provided in Section 4-8-5.
Requirements applicable to specialized vessel types, such as oil carriers, vehicle carriers, etc., are
provided in Part 5 of the Rules.
521
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
1

Electrical Systems
General Provisions
4-8-1
For vessels of less than 90 m (297 ft) in length, or where the installed aggregate generator capacity is
75 kVA or less, the requirements in Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels Under 90 m in
Length may be applied. Where generators are not arranged for parallel operation, the capacity of the
largest generator may be taken as the aggregate generator capacity.
Arrangements and details that can be shown to comply with other recognized standards that are not
less effective than the Rules may be considered, see 4-1-1/1.7.
5.1
System Plans 4-8-1/5.1
4-8-1/5
Three copies of the following plans and data are to be submitted.

5.1.1
One Line Diagram 4-8-1/5.1.1

One line diagram of main and emergency power distribution systems to show:
Generators: kVA rating, voltage, rated current, frequency, number of phases, power
factor.
Motors: kW or hp rating, voltage and current rating.
Motor controllers: type (direct-on-line, star-delta, etc.), disconnect devices, overload
and undervoltage protections, remote stops, as applicable.
Transformers: kVA rating, rated voltage and current, winding connection.
Circuits: designations, type and size of cables, trip setting and rating of circuit
protective devices, rated load of each branch circuit, emergency tripping and
preferential tripping features.
Batteries: type, voltage, rated capacity, conductor protection, charging and
discharging panel.
5.1.2
Schematic Diagrams 4-8-1/5.1.2

Schematic diagrams for the following systems are to be submitted. Each circuit in the
diagrams is to indicate type and size of cable, trip setting and rating of circuit protective
device, and rated capacity of the connected load.
General lighting, normal and emergency
Navigation lights
Interior communications
General emergency alarm
Intrinsically safe systems
Emergency generator starting
Steering gear system
5.1.3
Short-circuit Data 4-8-1/5.1.3

Maximum calculated short-circuit current values, both symmetrical and asymmetrical
values, available at the main and emergency switchboards and the down stream
distribution boards.
Rated breaking and making capacities of the protective devices.
522
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
1

Electrical Systems
General Provisions
4-8-1
Reference may be made to IEC Publication 60363 Short-circuit Current Evaluation with
Special Regard to Rated Short-circuit Capacity of Circuit Breakers in Installations in Ships.
5.1.4
Protective Device Coordination Study 4-8-1/5.1.4

This is to be an organized time-current study of all protective devices, taken in series, from
the utilization equipment to the source, under various conditions of short circuit. The timecurrent study is to indicate settings of long-time delay tripping, short-time delay tripping, and
instantaneous tripping, as applicable. Where an overcurrent relay is provided in series and
adjacent to the circuit protective devices, the operating and time-current characteristics of the
relay are to be considered for coordination. Typical thermal withstanding capacity curves of
the generators are to be included, as appropriate.
5.1.5
Load Analysis (2002)4-8-1/5.1.5

An electric-plant (including high voltage ship service transformers or converters, where
applicable per 4-8-2/3.7) load analysis is to cover all operating conditions of the vessel, such
as conditions in normal sea going, cargo handling, harbor maneuver and emergency
operations.
5.1.6
Other Information 4-8-1/5.1.6

A description of the power management system, including equipment fitted with preferential
trips, schedule of sequential start of motors, etc., as applicable.
Voltage-drop for the longest run of cable of each size.
5.3
Installation Plans 4-8-1/5.3

The following plans and data, as applicable, are to be submitted in triplicate for approval before
proceeding with the work.
5.3.1
Booklet of Standard Wiring Practice 4-8-1/5.3.1

This is to contain standard wiring practices and installation details. They are to include, but
not limited to, cable supports and retention, typical radii of cable bends, bulkhead and deck
penetrations, cable joints and sealing, cable splicing, earthing details, watertight and certified
safe connections, earthing and bonding connections, cable tray and bunch configurations
showing clearance and segregation of cables. For cable penetrations through watertight,
gastight, and fire-rated bulkheads and decks, evidence of penetration design approval is to be
submitted. For watertight and gastight cable penetrations, certificates issued by a competent
independent testing laboratory would be acceptable. For fire-rated cable penetrations,
certificates issued by an Administration signatory to SOLAS 1974 as amended would be
acceptable.
5.3.2
Hazardous Area Plan and Equipment Data 4-8-1/5.3.2

The plan is to show hazardous area delineation, along with a list of certified safe electrical
equipment and their locations in the hazardous areas. Particulars of the equipment are to
include manufacturers names, model designations, rating as to the type of flammable
atmosphere and surface temperature, the degree of protection, any restrictions in their use, and
document of certification. A copy of the list of equipment, as installed and approved, is to be
maintained on board.
5.3.3
Special Hull Penetrations 4-8-1/5.3.3

Details of hull penetrations for installations such as echo sounder, speed log and impressed
current cathodic protection system.
523
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
1
5.3.4

Electrical Systems
General Provisions
4-8-1
Arrangements of Electrical Equipment 4-8-1/5.3.4

Arrangement plans showing the locations of the following equipment and systems:
Generators, main switchboard, motor control centers, transformers/converters
Batteries and battery charging and discharging panels
Emergency source of power, emergency lights
Interior communication systems
Emergency alarm system, public addresses system, fire detection and alarm system
Locations of cable splices and cable junction boxes
5.5
Equipment Plans 4-8-1/5.5

The following plans and data, as applicable, are to be submitted in triplicate for approval before
proceeding with the work.
5.5.1
Essential Rotating Machines of 100 kVA/kW and Over 4-8-1/5.5.1

Plans showing assembly, seating arrangements, terminal arrangements, shafts, coupling,
coupling bolts, stator and rotor details together with data of complete rating, class of
insulation, designed ambient temperature and temperature rise, degree of protection for
enclosures, weights and speeds of rotating parts.
5.5.2
Essential Rotating Machines of Less Than 100 kVA/kW 4-8-1/5.5.2

Complete rating, class of insulation, designed ambient temperature and temperature rise, and
degree of protection for enclosures.
5.5.3
Switchboards, Distribution Boards 4-8-1/5.5.3

Plans showing arrangements and details as indicated below are to be submitted for main and
emergency switchboards, battery charging and discharging boards for emergency or
transitional source of power:
front view
schematic diagram
protective device rating and setting
emergency tripping and preferential tripping features
internal power for control and instrumentation
type and size of internal control and instrumentation wiring
size, spacing, bracing arrangements, rated current carrying capacity and rated short
circuit current of bus bars and bus bar disconnecting device
written description of automated functions and operations of the electrical plant.
5.5.4
524
Motor Controllers 4-8-1/5.5.4

For motor controllers of 100 kW (135 hp) and over for essential services, plans showing the
following particulars are to be submitted: front view, degree of protection for enclosure,
schematic diagram, current rating of running protection of motor, and type and size of internal
wiring.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
1
5.5.5

Electrical Systems
General Provisions
4-8-1
Motor Control Centers 4-8-1/5.5.5

For motor control centers with aggregate loads of 100 kW (135 hp) and over for essential
services, plans showing the following particulars are to be submitted: front view, degree of
protection for enclosure, schematic diagram, current rating of running protection of motor,
and type and size of internal wiring.
Definitions
7.1
General 4-8-1/7.1
4-8-1/7
The definitions of terms used are in agreement with SOLAS 1974, as amended, and IEC Publication
60092-101, paragraph 1.5, except as provided in 4-8-1/7.3.
7.3
Specific 4-8-1/7.3
The following terms are specifically defined for the purposes of Part 4, Chapter 8.
7.3.1
Low Voltage 4-8-1/7.3.1

Low Voltage in these Rules refers to voltages up to and including 1000 V AC and 1200 V DC.
7.3.2
High Voltage 4-8-1/7.3.2

High Voltage in these Rules refers to voltages above 1000 V up to and including 15 kV AC.
7.3.3
Essential Services (2004) 4-8-1/7.3.3

Essential Services are those considered necessary for:
continuous operation to maintain propulsion and steering (primary essential services);
non-continuous operation to maintain propulsion and steering and a minimum level of
safety for the vessels navigation and systems including safety for dangerous cargoes
to be carried (secondary essential services); and
emergency services as described in 4-8-2/5.5 (each service is either primary essential
or secondary essential depending upon its nature).
Examples of primary essential services and secondary essential services are as listed in
4-8-1/Table 1 and 4-8-1/Table 2, respectively.
7.3.4
Minimum Comfortable Condition of Habitability 4-8-1/7.3.4

A condition in which at least services such as cooking, heating, domestic refrigeration,
mechanical ventilation, sanitary and fresh water are adequately provided.
7.3.5
Cascade Protection 4-8-1/7.3.5

The application of protective devices in which the device nearest to the source of power has
short circuit ratings equal to or in excess of the maximum prospective short circuit current,
while devices in succeeding steps further from the source have lower short circuit ratings.
525
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Electrical Systems
General Provisions
Basic Requirements
4-8-1
4-8-1/9
The requirements of Part 4, Chapter 8, as a whole, are intended to assure the satisfactory operation of
electrical systems onboard a vessel through:
the provision of sufficient number of generators to allow for at least one standby;
the provision of an emergency source of power and its supply to services needed in an
emergency;
the continuity of supply in the event of an equipment fault or an overload by means of coordinated
tripping of protective devices, automatic shedding of non-essential loads, etc.;
observation of electrical safety; such as proper sizing and protection of electrical cables, fire
retarding properties of insulation materials, appropriate enclosure of equipment, proper
installation and tests, etc.; with a view to minimizing the risks of fire and hazard to personnel;
design assessment, testing and certification of critical equipment in the systems; and
providing judicious attention to the hazards of the cargoes carried and their implications on
electrical equipment and system design.
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General Provisions
4-8-1
TABLE 1
Primary Essential Services (2004)
(a)
Steering gears
(b)
Pumps for controllable pitch propellers
(c)
Scavenging air blower, fuel oil supply pumps, fuel valve cooling pumps, lubricating oil pumps and cooling water
pumps for main and auxiliary engines and turbines necessary for propulsion
(d)
Ventilation necessary to maintain propulsion
(e)
Forced draft fans, feed water pumps, water circulating pumps, vacuum pumps and condensate pumps for steam
plants on steam turbine ships, and also for auxiliary boilers on vessels where steam is used for equipment
supplying primary essential services
(f)
Oil burning installations for steam plants on steam turbine vessels and for auxiliary boilers where steam is used for
equipment supplying primary essential services
(g)
Azimuth thrusters which are the sole means for propulsion/steering with lubricating oil pumps, cooling water
pumps, etc.
(h)
Electrical equipment for electric propulsion plant with lubricating oil pumps and cooling water pumps
(i)
Electric generators and associated power sources supplying primary essential equipment
(j)
Hydraulic pumps supplying primary essential equipment
(k)
Viscosity control equipment for heavy fuel oil
(l)
Control, monitoring and safety devices/systems of equipment for primary essential services.
TABLE 2
Secondary Essential Services (2004)
(a)
Windlass
(b)
Fuel oil transfer pumps and fuel oil treatment equipment
(c)
Lubrication oil transfer pumps and lubrication oil treatment equipment
(d)
Pre-heaters for heavy fuel oil
(e)
Starting air and control air compressors
(f)
Bilge, ballast and heeling pumps
(g)
Fire pumps and other fire extinguishing medium pumps
(h)
Ventilating fans for engine and boiler rooms
(i)
Services considered necessary to maintain dangerous spaces in a safe condition (inert gas system of an oil carrier,
ventilation for Ro-Ro cargo spaces, etc.)
(j)
Navigation lights, aids and signals
(k)
Internal communication equipment required by 4-8-2/11.5
(l)
(m)
Lighting system
(n)
Electrical equipment for watertight and fire-tight closing appliances
(o)
Electric generators and associated power sources supplying secondary essential equipment
(p)
Hydraulic pumps supplying secondary essential equipment
(q)
Control, monitoring and safety systems for cargo containment systems
(r)
Control, monitoring and safety devices/systems of equipment for secondary essential services.
527
PART
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CHAPTER
Electrical Systems
SECTION
System Design
Applications
4 - 8 - 2
4-8-2/1
The provisions of this section apply to shipboard electrical power generation and distribution systems.
High voltage systems and electric propulsion systems are subject additionally to the provisions of
Section 4-8-5. For DC systems, unless specifically stated in this Section and 4-8-5/7, see IEC Publications
60092-201, 60092-202 and 60092-301.
Main Source of Electrical Power
3.1
Number and Capacity of Generators 4-8-2/3.1
4-8-2/3
3.1.1
General (2004)4-8-2/3.1.1
The number and capacity of generating sets is to be sufficient, under normal sea-going
conditions with any one generator in reserve, to carry those electrical loads for essential
services and for minimum comfortable conditions of habitability, as defined in 4-8-1/7.3.3
and 4-8-1/7.3.4, as applicable. See also 4-8-2/3.11. In addition, where electrical power is
necessary to restore propulsion, the capacity is to be sufficient to restore propulsion to the
vessel in conjunction with other machinery, as appropriate, from a dead ship condition, as
defined in 4-1-1/1.9.6, within thirty minutes after the blackout. See also 4-8-2/3.1.3.
3.1.2
Consideration for Motor Starting Current 4-8-2/3.1.2

In selecting the capacity of a generating set, particular attention is to be given to the starting
current of motors forming part of the system. With any one generator held in reserve as a
standby, the remaining generator sets, operating in parallel and initially carrying the loads in
4-8-2/3.1.1, are to have sufficient capacity with respect to the largest idle essential motor on
the vessel so that the motor can be started and the voltage drop occasioned by its starting
current will not cause any already running motor to stall or control equipment to drop out.
The limits of transient voltage variation under suddenly-applied loads are to be in accordance
with 4-8-3/3.13.2(c).
For vessels fitted with electric-motor-driven athwartship thrusters to assist maneuvering, the
starting and running of this motor may be supported by all of the installed generators,
provided arrangements are made such that its starting is conditional upon the requisite
generators being available and that it will not cause inadvertent load shedding.
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3.1.3

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
Starting from Dead Ship Condition (2004)4-8-2/3.1.3

In restoring the propulsion from a dead ship condition (see 4-1-1/1.9.6), no stored energy for
starting the propulsion plant, the main source of electrical power and other essential
auxiliaries is to be assumed available. It is assumed that means are available to start the
emergency generator at all times. The emergency source of electrical power may be used to
restore the propulsion, provided its capacity either alone or combined with other source of
electrical power is sufficient to provide at the same time those services required to be supplied
by 4-8-2/5.5.1 to 4-8-2/5.5.8.
The emergency generator and other means needed to restore the propulsion are to have a
capacity such that the necessary propulsion starting energy is available within 30 minutes of
blackout, as defined in 4-1-1/1.9.7. Emergency generator stored starting energy is not to be
directly used for starting the propulsion plant, the main source of electrical power and/or other
essential auxiliaries (emergency generator excluded).
For steam ships, the 30-minute time limit is to be taken as the time from blackout to light-off
of the first boiler.
See also 4-8-2/3.11 and 4-8-2/3.13 below.
3.3
Power Supplied by Propulsion Generators 4-8-2/3.3

For vessels propelled by electric power and having two or more constant voltage propulsion
generating sets, the vessels service electric power may be derived from this source. See 4-8-5/5.5.1.
3.5
Generators Driven by Propulsion Machinery (2004) 4-8-2/3.5

3.5.1
3.5.2
Constant Speed Drive 4-8-2/3.5.1

A generator driven by propulsion machinery capable of operating continuously at a constant
speed, e.g., those fitted with controllable-pitch propellers, may be considered one of the
generators required by 4-8-2/3.1.1, provided that the arrangements stated in i) to iii) below are
complied with:
i)
The generator and the generating systems are capable of maintaining the voltage and
frequency variation within the limits specified in 4-8-3/3.13.2 and 4-8-3/1.9 under all
weather conditions during sailing or maneuvering and also while the vessel is
stopped.
ii)
The rated capacity of the generator and the generating systems is safeguarded during
all operations given under i) and is such that the services required by 4-8-2/3.1.1 can
be maintained upon loss of any generator in service.
iii)
An arrangement is made for starting a standby generator and connecting it to the

switchboard, in accordance with 4-8-2/3.11.
Variable Speed Drive 4-8-2/3.5.2

A generator driven by propulsion machinery not capable of operating continuously at a
constant speed may be used for normal operational and habitable conditions of the vessel,
provided that the arrangements stated in i) to v) below are complied with. This type of
generator will not be counted as one of the generators required by 4-8-2/3.1.1.
i)
530
In addition to this type of generator, generators of sufficient and adequate rating are
provided, which constitute the main source of electrical power required by
4-8-2/3.1.1.
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ii)
3.7
4-8-2
When the frequency variations at the main bus bar exceeds the following limits due to
the speed variation of the propulsion machinery which drives the generator,
arrangements are made to comply with 4-8-2/3.11.
Permanent frequency variation:
5.5%
Transient frequency variation:
11% (5 sec)
iii)
The generators and the generating systems are capable of maintaining the voltage and
frequency variation within the limits specified in 4-8-3/3.13.2 and 4-8-3/1.9.
iv)
Where load-shedding arrangements are provided, they are fitted in accordance with
4-8-2/9.9.
v)
Where the propulsion machinery is capable of being operated from the navigating
bridge, means are provided or procedures are in place to ensure that power supply to
essential services are maintained during maneuvering conditions in order to avoid a
blackout situation.
Transformers and Converters (2002)4-8-2/3.7

3.7.1
Continuity of Supply (2004)

Where transformers and/or converters form a part of the vessels electrical system supplying
essential services and services necessary for minimum comfortable conditions of habitability,
as defined in 4-8-1/7.3.3 and 4-8-1/7.3.4, the number and capacity of the transformers and/or
converters are to be such that, with any one transformer or converter, or any one single phase
of a transformer out of service, the remaining transformers and/or converters or remaining
phases of the transformer are capable of supplying power to these loads under normal
seagoing conditions.
3.7.2
Arrangements (2004)
Each required transformer is to be located as a separate unit with separate enclosure or
equivalent, and is to be served by separate circuits on the primary and secondary sides. Each
primary circuit is to be provided with switchgear protective devices in each phase. Each of the
secondary circuits is to be provided with a multipole isolating switch. This multipole isolating
switch is not to be installed on the transformer casing or its vicinity, to preclude its damage by
fire or other incident at the transformer.
3.7.3
Transformers and Converters for Battery Charger (2004)

Where batteries connected to a single battery charger are the sole means of supplying DC
power to equipment for essential services, as defined in 4-8-1/7.3.3, failure of the single
battery charger under normal operating conditions should not result in total loss of these
services once the batteries are depleted. In order to ensure continuity of the power supply to
such equipment, one of the following arrangements is to be provided:
3.7.3(a) Duplicate battery chargers; or
3.7.3(b) A single battery charger and a transformer/rectifier (or switching converter) which is
independent of the battery charger, provided with a change-over switch; or
3.7.3(c) Duplicate transformer/rectifier (or switching converter) units within a single battery
charger, provided with a changeover switch.
The above requirements are not applicable for the following:
i)
The equipment for the essential services, which contains a single transformer/
rectifier with a single AC power supply feeder to such equipment.
ii)
The services which are not used continuously, such as battery chargers for engine
starting batteries, etc.
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4-8-2
Location of Generators 4-8-2/3.9

At least one generating station (one or more generators sufficient to supply to essential services) is to
be placed in the same space as the main switchboard (and transformers, as applicable) so that, as far as
practicable, the occurrence of a fire, flooding or similar casualty in not more than one space can not
completely disrupt the normal electrical supply. An environmental enclosure for the main switchboard
such as may be provided by a centralized control room situated within the main boundaries of the
space, is not to be considered as separating the switchboard from the generators.
3.11
System Arrangement 4-8-2/3.11

3.11.1 General (2004)
Where the main source of electrical power is necessary for propulsion and steering of the vessel,
the system is to be so arranged that, in the event of the loss of any one of the generators in
service, the electrical supply to equipment necessary for propulsion and steering and to ensure
safety of the vessel will be maintained or restored in accordance with the provision in
4-8-2/3.11.2 or 4-8-2/3.11.3.
Load shedding of non-essential services, and where necessary secondary essential services
(see 4-8-1/7.3.3) or other arrangements, as may be necessary, are to be provided to protect the
generators against sustained overload. See also 4-8-2/9.9.
3.11.2 Single Generator Operation (2004)
Where the electrical power is normally supplied by a single generator, provision is to be
made, upon loss of power, for automatic starting and connecting to the main switchboard of a
standby generator(s) of sufficient capacity with automatic restarting of the essential
auxiliaries in sequential operation, if necessary to permit propulsion and steering and to
ensure the safety of the vessel. Starting and connection to the main switchboard of the standby
generator is to be preferably within 30 seconds after loss of the electrical power supply but in
no case more than 45 seconds.
3.11.3 Multiple Generators Operation (2004)
Where the electrical power is normally supplied by more than one generator set
simultaneously in parallel operation, the system is to be so arranged that in the event of the
loss of any one of the generators in service, the electrical supply to equipment necessary for
propulsion and steering and to ensure the safety of the vessel will be maintained by the
remaining generator(s) in service.
3.13
Main Switchboard 4-8-2/3.13

Where the main source of electrical power is necessary for propulsion of the vessel, the main bus bar
is to be subdivided into at least two parts, which are normally to be connected by circuit breakers or
other approved means. So far as is practicable, the connection of generator sets and other duplicated
equipment is to be equally divided between the parts.
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System Design
Emergency Source of Electrical Power
5.1
General 4-8-2/5.1
5.3
4-8-2
4-8-2/5
5.1.1

A self-contained emergency source of electrical power is to be provided so that in the event of
the failure of the main source of electrical power, the emergency source of power will become
available to supply power to services that are essential for safety in an emergency. Passenger
vessels are subject to additional requirements in 5/13.5 of the Guide for Building and
Classing Passenger Vessels.
5.1.2
Scope of Provision 4-8-2/5.1.2

A self-contained emergency source of electrical power includes prime mover and its starting
equipment, generator, fuel tank, emergency switchboard, associated transforming equipment,
if any, transitional source of emergency power, if applicable, and emergency lighting
distribution board and associated transformers, if applicable.
5.1.3
Requirements by the Governmental Authority 4-8-2/5.1.3

Attention is directed to the requirements of governmental authority of the country, whose flag
the vessel flies, for emergency services and accumulator batteries required in various types of
vessels.
Location 4-8-2/5.3
5.3.1
General 4-8-2/5.3.1
The self-contained emergency source of electrical power is to be located above the uppermost
continuous deck, outside the machinery casing, and is to be readily accessible from the open
deck. It is not to be located forward of the collision bulkhead.
5.3.2
Separation from Machinery Space of Category A 4-8-2/5.3.2

The location of the self-contained emergency source of electrical power in relation to the
main source of electrical power is to be such that a fire or other casualty in the space
containing the main source of electrical power or in any machinery space of category A will
not interfere with the supply, control and distribution of emergency electrical power.
The space containing the self-contained emergency source of electrical power including
trunks to such spaces are not to be contiguous to the boundaries of machinery spaces of
category A or those spaces containing the main source of electrical power.
Where it can be shown that the arrangements of the spaces containing the self-contained
emergency source of power in relation to machinery space of category A are in compliance
with the requirements of the governmental authority of the country whose flag the vessel flies,
either of the following may be considered.
i)
Contiguous boundaries insulated to A-60 with the insulation extending at least

450mm (18 in.) beyond the boundary of the space containing the self-contained
emergency source of power.
ii)
Separation by a cofferdam having dimensions as required for ready access and

extending at least 150 mm (6 in.) beyond the boundaries of the space containing the
self-contained emergency source of power. Except for cables feeding services located
in the machinery space, emergency electrical cables are not to be installed in such
cofferdams unless the cofferdam is insulated to A-60.
533
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5.3.3
5.5

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
Separation from Other Spaces 4-8-2/5.3.3

Spaces containing the emergency sources of electrical power are to be separated from spaces
other than machinery space of category A by fire rated bulkheads and decks, in accordance
with Part 3, Chapter 4 of these Rules or Chapter II-2 of SOLAS.
Emergency Services 4-8-2/5.5

The emergency source of electrical power is to be sufficient to supply all those services that are
essential for safety in an emergency, due regard being paid to such services as may have to be
operated simultaneously. Due regard will be given to equipment not required to draw its rated load in
actual service, provided supporting details are submitted.
The emergency source of electrical power is to be capable, having regard to starting currents and the
transitory nature of certain loads, of supplying simultaneously at least the following services for the
period specified hereafter.
5.5.1
5.5.2
534
Emergency Lighting for Survival Craft 4-8-2/5.5.1

For a period of 3 hours, emergency lighting:
i)
at every muster and embarkation station and over the sides for preparation and
launching the survival craft, and its launching appliance.
ii)
for the area of water into which the survival craft is to be launched.
Other Emergency Lighting 4-8-2/5.5.2

For a period of 18 hours, emergency lighting:
i)
in all service and accommodation alleyways, stairways and exits, personnel lift cars
and personnel lift trunks;
ii)
in the machinery spaces and main generating stations including their control
positions;
iii)
in all control stations, machinery control rooms, and at each main and emergency
switchboard;
iv)
at all stowage positions for firemans outfits;
v)
at the steering gear;
vi)
at the emergency fire pump, at the sprinkler pump, and at the emergency bilge pump,
and at the starting positions of their motors; and
vii)
(1 July 2002) in all cargo pump-rooms of tankers which have their keel laid or are at a
similar stage of construction on or after 1 July 2002.
5.5.3
Navigation Lights 4-8-2/5.5.3

For period of 18 hours, the navigation lights and other lights required by the International
Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea.
5.5.4
Radio Communication 4-8-2/5.5.4

For a period of 18 hours; the radio equipment as required by Chapter IV of SOLAS.
5.5.5
Internal Communication 4-8-2/5.5.5

For a period of 18 hours, all internal communication equipment as required in an emergency,
which includes those required by 4-8-2/11.5.
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5.5.6

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
Navigation Aids 4-8-2/5.5.6

For a period of 18 hours, the navigational aids as below.
i)
Magnetic compass
ii)
Gyro compass
iii)
Radar
iv)
Echo-sounder
v)
Rudder angle indicator
vi)
Propeller revolution counter
vii)
Rate of turn indicator, if fitted
5.5.7
Fire Detection and Alarm System 4-8-2/5.5.7

For a period of 18 hours, the fire detection and alarm system.
5.5.8
Emergency Signals 4-8-2/5.5.8

For a period of 18 hours, intermittent operation of the daylight signaling lamp, the vessels
whistle, the manually operated call points, and all internal signals that are required in an
emergency, which includes those in 4-8-2/11.7.
5.5.9
Fire Pump 4-8-2/5.5.9

For period of 18 hours, one of the fire pumps required by 4-7-3/1.5.1 and 4-7-3/1.5.3, and
fixed pressure water spray system pump required by 4-7-2/1.1.1iii) if dependent upon the
emergency generator for its source of power.
5.5.10 Steering Gear 4-8-2/5.5.10

Steering gear which is required to comply with 4-3-4/11.9, for a period of 30 minutes
continuous operation on vessels of 10,000 gross tonnage and upwards, and 10 minutes
continuous operation on vessels of less than 10,000 gross tonnage, unless an independent
source of power is provided in the steering gear compartment.
5.5.11 Remote Propulsion Control and Monitoring System for ACC and ACCU Notations 4-82/5.5.11
For 30 minutes, the remote propulsion control and monitoring system for machinery spaces
intended for centralized control or unattended operation, as required by 4-9-3/3.5 and
4-9-4/3.7.
5.7
Vessels on Short Duration Voyages 4-8-2/5.7

In a vessel engaged regularly in voyages of short duration and an adequate standard of safety is
attained, a lesser period than the 18 hour period specified in 4-8-2/5.5 but not less than 12 hours may
be accepted.
5.9
Power Source 4-8-2/5.9

The emergency source of electrical power may be a generator, an accumulator battery or a
combination of these.
5.9.1
Generator 4-8-2/5.9.1
Where the emergency source of electrical power is a generator, it is to be:
i)
driven by a prime mover with an independent supply of fuel having a flash point
(closed cup test) of not less than 43C (110F);
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4-8-2
ii)
started automatically upon failure of the main source of electrical power supply; and
iii)
automatically connected to the emergency switchboard supplying those services

referred to in 4-8-2/5.5 in not more than 45 seconds.
Where the emergency generator, as specified above, is not provided with automatic starting, a
transitional source of emergency electrical power, as specified in 4-8-2/5.11, is to be fitted.
5.9.2
5.11
Accumulator Battery 4-8-2/5.9.2

Where the emergency source of electrical power is an accumulator battery it is to be capable
of:
i)
automatically connecting to the emergency switchboard in the event of failure of the

main source of electrical power;
ii)
immediately supplying at least those services specified in 4-8-2/5.11; and
iii)
carrying the emergency electrical load without recharging while maintaining the
voltage of the battery throughout the discharge period within 12% above or below its
nominal voltage.
Transitional Source of Power 4-8-2/5.11

The transitional source of emergency electrical power where required by 4-8-2/5.9.1 is to consist of an
accumulator battery which is to operate without recharging while maintaining the voltage of the
battery throughout the discharge period within 12% above or below its nominal voltage and be of
sufficient capacity and be so arranged as to supply automatically, in the event of failure of either the
main or the emergency source of electrical power, for half an hour at least the following services if
they depend upon an electrical source for their operation:
5.13
i)
the lighting required by 4-8-2/5.5.1, 4-8-2/5.5.2 and 4-8-2/5.5.3. For this transitional phase,
the required emergency electric lighting, in respect of the machinery space and
accommodation and service spaces may be provided by permanently fixed, individual,
automatically charged, relay operated accumulator lamps; and
ii)
all services required by 4-8-2/5.5.4, 4-8-2/5.5.5, 4-8-2/5.5.7 and 4-8-2/5.5.8 unless such
services have an independent supply for the period specified from an accumulator battery
suitably located for use in an emergency.
Emergency Switchboard 4-8-2/5.13

5.13.1 Location of Emergency Switchboard 4-8-2/5.13.1
The emergency switchboard is to be installed as near as is practicable to the emergency
source of electrical power.
Where the emergency source of electrical power is a generator, the emergency switchboard is
to be located in the same space unless the operation of the emergency switchboard would
thereby be impaired.
No accumulator battery fitted in accordance with 4-8-2/5.9.2 or 4-8-2/5.11 is to be installed in
the same space as the emergency switchboard. An indicator is to be mounted on the main
switchboard or in the machinery control room to indicate when these batteries are being
discharged.
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4-8-2
5.13.2 Interconnector Feeder between Emergency and Main Switchboards 4-8-2/5.13.2

The emergency switchboard is to be supplied during normal operation from the main
switchboard by an interconnector feeder which is to be protected at the main switchboard
against overload and short circuit and which is to be disconnected automatically at the
emergency switchboard upon failure of the main source of electrical power.
5.13.3 Feedback Operation 4-8-2/5.13.3
Where the emergency switchboard is arranged for feedback operation, the interconnector
feeder is also to be protected at the emergency switchboard at least against short circuit,
which is to be coordinated with the emergency generator circuit breaker.
In addition, this interconnector feeder protective device is to trip to prevent overloading of the
emergency generator which might be caused by the feedback operation.
5.13.4 Non-emergency Services and Circuits 4-8-2/5.13.4
The emergency generator may be used, exceptionally and for short periods, for services such
as routine testing (to check its proper operation), and dead ship (blackout) start-up provided
that measures are taken to safeguard the independent emergency operation as required in
4-8-2/5.9.1.
For ready availability of the emergency source of electrical power, arrangements are to be
made, where necessary, to disconnect automatically non-emergency circuits from the
emergency generator to ensure that electrical power is available automatically to the
emergency circuits upon main power failure.
5.13.5 Arrangements for Periodic Testing 4-8-2/5.13.5
Provision is to be made for the periodic testing of the complete emergency system and is to
include the testing of the automatic starting system.
5.15
Starting Arrangements for Emergency Generator Sets 4-8-2/5.15

5.15.1 General 4-8-2/5.15.1
The emergency generators are to be capable of being readily started in their cold condition at
a temperature of 0C (32F). If this is impracticable or if lower temperatures are likely to be
encountered, heating arrangements are to be fitted.
5.15.2 Number of Starts 4-8-2/5.15.2
Each emergency generator arranged to be automatically started is to be equipped with starting
devices with a stored energy capability of at least three consecutive starts. The source of
stored energy is to be protected to preclude critical depletion (i.e., not to be depleted beyond a
level where starting by manual intervention is still possible) by the automatic starting system,
unless a second independent means of starting is provided. In addition, another source of
energy is to be provided for an additional three starts within thirty minutes unless manual
starting can be demonstrated to be effective.
5.15.3 Stored Energy for Starting 4-8-2/5.15.3
The stored energy for starting the emergency generator set is to be maintained at all times, as
follows:
i)
Electrical and hydraulic starting systems are to be maintained from the emergency
switchboard.
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Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
ii)
Compressed air starting systems may be maintained by the main or auxiliary

compressed air receivers through a suitable non-return valve or by an emergency air
compressor which, if electrically driven, is supplied from the emergency switchboard.
iii)
All of these starting, charging and energy storing devices are to be located in the
emergency generator space; these devices are not to be used for any purpose other
than the operation of the emergency generating set. This does not preclude the supply
to the air receiver of the emergency generating set from the main or auxiliary
compressed air system through the non-return valve fitted in the emergency generator
space.
5.15.4 Manual Starting 4-8-2/5.15.4

Where automatic starting of the emergency generator in accordance with 4-8-2/5.9.1 is not
required, manual starting is permissible, such as manual cranking, inertia starters, manually
charged hydraulic accumulators, or power charge cartridges, where they can be demonstrated
as being effective.
When manual starting is not practicable, the requirements of 4-8-2/5.15.2 and 4-8-2/5.15.3
above shall be complied with, except that starting may be manually initiated.
5.17
Use of Emergency Generator in Port (2002)

Unless instructed otherwise by the Flag Administration, the emergency generator may be used during
lay time in port for supplying power to the vessel, provided the following requirements are complied
with.
5.17.1 Arrangements for the Prime Mover
5.17.1(a) Fuel oil tank. The fuel oil tank for the prime mover is to be appropriately sized and
provided with a level alarm, which is to be set to alarm at a level where there is still sufficient
fuel oil capacity for the emergency services for the period of time required by 4-8-2/5.5.
5.17.1(b) Rating. The prime mover is to be rated for continuous service.
5.17.1(c) Filters. The prime mover is to be fitted with fuel oil and lubricating oil filters in
accordance with 4-6-5/3.5.4 and 4-6-5/5.5.2, respectively.
5.17.1(d) Monitoring. The prime mover is to be fitted with alarms, displays and automatic
shutdown arrangements as required in 4-9-4/Table 8, except that for fuel oil tank low-level
alarm, 4-8-2/5.17.1(a) above is to apply instead. The displays and alarms are to be provided in
the centralized control station. Monitoring at the engineers quarters is to be provided as in
4-9-4/19.
5.17.1(e) Fire detection. The emergency generator room is to be fitted with fire detectors.
Where the emergency generator is located in a space separated from the emergency
switchboard, fire detectors are to be located in each space. The fire detection and alarm
system is to be in compliance with 4-7-2/1.15 and may be a part of another system.
5.17.2 System Arrangements
5.17.2(a) Independence. The power supply circuits, including control and monitoring
circuits, for the use of emergency generator in port are to be so arranged and protected that
any electrical fault, except for the emergency generator and the emergency switchboard, will
not affect the operation of the main and emergency services.
5.17.2(b) Changeover arrangement. Means are to be provided to readily change over to
emergency operation.
538
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Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
5.17.2(c) Overload prevention. The generator is to be safeguarded against overload by

automatically shedding such other loads so that the supply to the required emergency loads is
always available.
5.17.3 Operational Instruction
Operational instructions such as that on the fuel oil tank level, harbor/seagoing mode
changeover arrangements, etc. are to be provided on board. Before the vessel is under way, all
valves, switches, etc. are to be in the positions for the intended mode of operation of the
emergency generator and the emergency switchboard. Such instructions are to be distinctly
posted at the emergency generator room. Planned maintenance is to be carried out only while
in port.
Distribution System
7.1
General 4-8-2/7.1
4-8-2/7
The following are recognized as standard systems of distribution. Distribution systems other than
these will be considered.
Two-wire direct current
Two-wire single-phase alternating current
Three-wire three-phase alternating current
Four-wire three-phase alternating current
7.3
Hull Return Systems 4-8-2/7.3

7.3.1
General 4-8-2/7.3.1
A hull return system is not to be used, with the exception as stated below:
impressed current cathodic protection systems;
limited locally earthed system, provided that any possible resulting current does not
flow through any hazardous locations;
insulation level monitoring devices, provided the circulation current does not exceed
30 mA under all possible conditions.
7.3.2
7.5
Final Subcircuits and Earth Wires 4-8-2/7.3.2

Where the hull return system is used, all final subcircuits, i.e., all circuits fitted after the last
protective device, are to consist of two insulated wires, the hull return being achieved by
connecting to the hull one of the busbars of the distribution board from which they originate.
The earth wires are to be in accessible locations to permit their ready examination and to
enable their disconnection for testing of insulation.
Earthed AC Distribution System 4-8-2/7.5

7.5.1
General Earthing Arrangement 4-8-2/7.5.1

For earthed distribution systems, regardless of the number of power source, the neutral of
each power source, including that of the emergency generator where applicable, is to be
connected in parallel and earthed at a single point. Reference should be made to
manufacturer-specified allowable circulating currents for neutral-earthed generators.
539
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7.5.2
7.7

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
System Earthing Conductor 4-8-2/7.5.2

System earthing conductors are to be independent of conductors used for earthing of noncurrent carrying parts of electrical equipment. See 4-8-4/23.3 for installation details and earth
conductor sizing. Four-wire three-phase AC systems having an earthed neutral are not to have
protective devices fitted in the neutral conductors. Multipole switches or circuit breakers
which simultaneously open all conductors, including neutral, are allowed. In multiplegenerator installations, each generators neutral connection to earth is to be provided with a
disconnecting link for maintenance purpose.
Cable Sizing 4-8-2/7.7

This Paragraph applies to cables conforming to IEC Publication 60092-353 or IEC Publication 600923. Cables conforming to other standards are to be sized in accordance with corresponding provisions
of that standard. For marine cable standards acceptable to the Bureau, see 4-8-3/9.1.
7.7.1
Cables Current Carrying Capacity 4-8-2/7.7.1

7.7.1(a) General. Cable conductor size is to be selected based on the current to be carried
such that the conductor temperature, under normal operating conditions including any
overload condition that may be expected, does not exceed the maximum rated temperature of
the cable insulation material. The selected cable type is to have a maximum rated temperature
at least 10C (18F) higher than the maximum ambient temperature likely to exist at the
location where the cable is installed.
7.7.1(b) Current carrying capacities. The maximum current carrying capacities of cables are
to be obtained from 4-8-3/Table 6. These values are applicable, without correction factors for
cables installed either in single- or double-layer in cable tray, or in a bunch in cable trays, cable
conduits or cable pipes where the number of cables in the bunch does not exceed six. The
ambient temperature is to be 45C (113F) or less.
7.7.1(c) Current carrying capacity correction. Where more than six cables which may be
expected to operate simultaneously are laid close together in a bunch in such a way that there
is an absence of free air circulation around them a reduction factor is to be applied to the
current carrying capacity of the cables; this reduction factor is to be 0.85 for seven to twelve
cables in one bunch. The correction factor for cable bunches of more than twelve cables each
is to be specially considered in each case based on cable type and service duty.
7.7.1(d) Voltage drop. Voltage drop is to be taken in to account in determining cable size.
The voltage drop in the conductors while carrying the maximum current under normal steady
condition is not to exceed 6% of the nominal voltage at any point of the installation. For
cables connected to batteries with a voltage not exceeding 50 V this figure may be increased
to 10%.
7.7.1(e) Minimum conductor sizes. Conductor size is not to be less than those given in the
following table for each application as shown:
Size, mm2
1.0
1.5
0.5
0.375
540
Application
Power, lighting and control cables
Motor feeder cables
Signaling and communication cables for essential services,
except those assembled by the equipment manufacturer
Communication cables for non-essential services, except
those assembled by the equipment manufacturer
Part
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7.9
4
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2

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
7.7.2
Generator Cable 4-8-2/7.7.2

Generator cable is to have a current carrying capacity of not less than the rated current or the
rated continuous overload current of the generator.
7.7.3
Transformer Cable 4-8-2/7.7.3

Cables provided for primary and secondary circuits of transformers are to have current
carrying capacities not less than the rated primary and secondary currents, respectively.
7.7.4
Motor Control Center Feeder 4-8-2/7.7.4

Feeder cables supplying to motor control centers are to have a continuous current-carrying
capacity not less than 100% of the sum of the rated current of all motors connected to the
motor control center.
7.7.5
Distribution Panel Feeder 4-8-2/7.7.5

Feeder cables supplying to distribution panels or to any sub-distribution panels are to have
current-carrying capacity of not less than 100% of the sum of the rated currents of all
connected consumers. Where connected consumers are not operated simultaneously, feeder
cables of lesser current capacity are permitted provided, that they are protected in accordance
with 4-8-2/9 below.
7.7.6
Motor Branch Circuit 4-8-2/7.7.6

A separate circuit is to be provided for each motor having a full-load current of 6 A or more.
The cables are to have a carrying capacity of not less than 100% of the motor full-load current
rating. Branch circuit conductor for each motor is not to be less than 1.5 mm2.
7.7.7
Lighting Circuits 4-8-2/7.7.7

Cable for a branch lighting circuit is to have the current carrying capacity of not less than the
sum of the full load currents of the connected lighting fixtures. Where connected lighting
fixtures are not operated simultaneously, feeder cables of lesser current capacity are
permitted, provided that they are protected in accordance with 4-8-2/9 below.
7.7.8
Protection of Feeder Size Reduction 4-8-2/7.7.8

The size of feeder conductors is normally to be uniform for the total length, but may be
reduced beyond any intermediate distribution board, provided that the reduced size section of
the feeder is protected by the overload device at the board at which the feeder size is reduced.
Segregation of Power Circuits 4-8-2/7.9

Separate feeders are to be provided for normal vessels service loads and emergency service loads.
7.11
Steering Gear Power Supply Feeders 4-8-2/7.11

Each electric or electrohydraulic steering gear is to be served by at least two feeders fed directly from
the main switchboard; however, one of the feeders may be supplied through the emergency
switchboard. In the event that the steering gear operates a rudder with required upper rudder stock
diameter of 230 mm (9 in.) or more (see 4-3-4/11.9), one of these feeders must be supplied through
the emergency switchboard.
An electric or electrohydraulic steering gear fitted with duplicated power units is to have each of these
units served by one of the feeders supplying this steering gear. The feeders supplying an electric or
electrohydraulic steering gear are to have adequate rating for supplying all motors, control systems
and instrumentation which are normally connected to them and operated simultaneously.
The feeders are to be separated throughout their length as widely as is practicable.
541
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7.13
4
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Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
Lighting System 4-8-2/7.13

7.13.1 Main Lighting System 4-8-2/7.13.1
A main electric lighting system served by the main source of electric power is to be provided.
This lighting system is to provide illumination throughout the vessel.
7.13.2 System Arrangement 4-8-2/7.13.2
The main lighting system is not to render inoperative the lighting system served by the
emergency source of power (see 4-8-2/5.5.1 and 4-8-2/5.5.2) in the event of a fire or other
casualty occurring in the space containing the main source of electrical power and its
associated distribution equipment. Conversely, a fire or other casualty occurring in the space
containing the self-contained emergency source of electrical power, including the emergency
lighting switchboard (see 4-8-2/5.1), is not to render inoperative the main lighting system.
7.15
Ventilation System Circuits 4-8-2/7.15

Ventilation fans for cargo spaces are to have feeders separate from those for accommodations and
machinery spaces. In general, power ventilation is to be capable of being stopped from a location
outside the space ventilated, as indicated in 4-8-2/11.9. See also 4-8-4/13.3.
7.17
Cargo Space Circuits 4-8-2/7.17

All lighting and power circuits for cargo space are to be controlled by multiple-pole switches situated
outside the space. A light indicator or other means is to be provided on the multipole-linked switch to
show whether the circuit is live.
7.19
Electric Space Heater Circuits 4-8-2/7.19

Each heater is to be connected to a separate final branch circuit. However, a group of up to 10 heaters
with aggregate current not exceeding 16 A may be connected to a single final branch circuit.
System Protection
9.1
General 4-8-2/9.1
4-8-2/9
Each electrical system is to be protected against overload and short circuit by automatic protective
devices, so that in the event of an overload or a short circuit, the device will operate to isolate it from
the systems:
to maintain continuity of power supply to remaining essential circuits; and
to minimize the possibility of fire hazards and damage to the electrical system.
These automatic protective devices are to protect each non-earthed phase conductors (e.g., multipole
circuit breakers or fuses in each phase).
In addition, where the possibility exists for generators to be overloaded, load-shedding arrangements
are to be provided to safeguard continuity of supply to essential services
The following are exceptions:
Where it is impracticable to do so, such as engine starting battery circuits.
Where, by design, the installation is incapable of developing overload, in which case, it may
be protected against short circuit only.
Steering circuits; see 4-8-2/9.17.5.
542
Part
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9.3
9.5
4
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2

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
Protection Against Short-circuit 4-8-2/9.3

9.3.1
General 4-8-2/9.3.1
Protection against short-circuit is to be provided for each non-earthed conductor (multipole
protection) by means of circuit breakers, fuses or other protective devices.
9.3.2
Short Circuit Data 4-8-2/9.3.2

In order to establish that protective devices throughout the electrical system (e.g. on the main
and emergency switchboards and sub-distribution panels) have sufficient short circuit
breaking and making capacities, short circuit data as per 4-8-1/5.1.3 are to be submitted.
9.3.3
Rated Breaking Capacity 4-8-2/9.3.3

The rated breaking capacity of every protective device is not to be less than the maximum
prospective short circuit current value at the point of installation. For alternating current (AC),
the rated breaking capacity is not to be less than the root mean square (rms) value of the
prospective short-circuit current at the point of installation. The circuit breaker is to be
capable of breaking any current having an AC component not exceeding its rated breaking
capacity, whatever the inherent direct current (DC) component may be at the beginning of the
interruption.
9.3.4
Rated Making Capacity 4-8-2/9.3.4

The rated making capacity of every circuit breaker which may be closed on short circuit is to
be adequate for the maximum peak value of the prospective short-circuit current at the point
of installation. The circuit breaker is to be capable of closing onto a current corresponding to
its making capacity without opening within a time corresponding to the maximum time delay
required.
9.3.5
Backup Fuse Arrangements 4-8-2/9.3.5

Circuit breakers having breaking and/or making capacities less than the prospective short
circuit current at the point of application will be permitted, provided that such circuit breakers
are backed up by fuses which have sufficient short circuit capacity for that application.
Current-limiting fuses for short circuit protection may be without limitation on current rating,
see 4-8-2/9.5.
9.3.6
Cascade Protection 4-8-2/9.3.6

Cascade protection will be permitted where the combination of circuit protective devices has
sufficient short circuit capacity at the point of application. Where used in circuits of essential
services, such services are to be duplicated and provided with means of automatic transfer.
Protection Against Overload 4-8-2/9.5

Circuit breakers and fuses for overload protection are to have tripping characteristics (overcurrent trip
time) which adequately protect all elements in the system during normal and overload conditions
having regard to overload capacity of each of these elements.
Fuses of greater than 320 A are not to be used for overload protection. However, current-limiting
fuses may be used for short circuit protection without current rating limitation.
The rating or setting of the overload protective device for each circuit is to be permanently indicated
on or at the location of the protective device.
For earthed AC distribution system, see 4-8-2/7.5.2.
543
Part
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9.7
4
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2

Electrical Systems
System Design
4-8-2
Coordination of Protective Devices 4-8-2/9.7

9.7.1

Protective devices are to be selected such that, where considered in series, their tripping
characteristics will allow, in the event of a fault (overload or short circuit), the protective
device nearest to the fault to open first, thus eliminating the faulted portion from the system.
Protective devices upstream of the fault are to be capable of carrying for the necessary
duration the short circuit current and the overload current, without opening, to allow the
device nearest to the fault to open.
Coordination is to be provided for the following:
between generator protective device, bus tie, bus feeder protective device, and feeder
protective devices;
between feeder and branch circuit protective devices for essential services except for
cascade protection in 4-8-2/9.3.6; and
between protective devices of emergency generator, emergency feeders and branch
circuits.
For main and emergency generators, the circuit breakers are to open to prevent the generators
from damage by thermal stress due to the fault current.
9.7.2
9.9
Load Shedding Arrangements 4-8-2/9.9

9.9.1
9.9.2
544
Coordination Studies 4-8-2/9.7.2

For verification of compliance with the above, a protective device coordination study in
accordance with 4-8-1/5.1.4 is to be submitted for review.
Provision for Load Shedding Arrangements (2004)

In association with the provision of 4-8-2/3.11, and in order to safeguard continuity of the
electrical power supply, automatic load-shedding arrangements or other equivalent
arrangements are to be provided:
i)
where only one generating set is normally used to supply power for propulsion and
steering of the vessel, and a possibility exists that due to the switching on of additional
loads, whether manually or automatically initiated, the total load exceeds the rated
capacity of the running generator, or
ii)
where electrical power is normally supplied by more than one generator set
simultaneously in parallel operation for propulsion and steering of the vessel, upon the
failure of one of the parallel running generators, the total connected load exceeds the
total capacity of the remaining generator(s).
Services not Allowed for Shedding (2004)

Automatic load-shedding arrangements or other equivalent arrangements are not to
automatically disconnect the following services. See 4-8-1/7.3.3 for the definition of essential
services.
i)
Primary essential services that, when disconnected, will cause immediate disruption
to propulsion and maneuvering of the vessel,
ii)
Emergency services as listed in 4-8-2/5.5, and
Part
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2

Electrical Systems
System Design
iii)
4-8-2
Secondary essential services that, when disconnected will:
cause immediate disruption of systems required for safety and navigation of the
vessel, such as:
Lighting systems,
Navigation lights, aids and signals,
Internal communication systems required by 4-8-2/11.5, etc.
prevent services necessary for safety from being immediately reconnected when
the power supply is restored to its normal operating conditions, such as:
Fire pumps, and other fire extinguishing medium pumps,
Bilge pumps,
Ventilation fans for engine and boiler rooms.
9.11
Protection of Generators 4-8-2/9.11

9.11.1 Overload Protection 4-8-2/9.11.1
Generators are to be protected by circuit breakers providing long-time delay overcurrent
protection not exceeding 15% above either the full-load rating of continuous-rated machines
or the overload rating of special-rated machines. Alternatively, generators of less than 25
kVA not arranged for parallel operation may be protected by fuses.
9.11.2 Short Circuit Protection 4-8-2/9.11.2
Generators are to be protected for short circuit by circuit breakers provided with short-time
delay trips. For coordination with feeder circuit breakers, the short-time delay trips are to be
set at a suitable current and time which will coordinate with the trip settings of feeder circuit
breakers.
Where two or more AC generators are arranged for parallel operation, each generators circuit
breaker is, in addition, to be provided with instantaneous trip set in excess of the maximum
short-circuit contribution of the individual generator.
For generators of less than 200 kVA driven by diesel engines or gas turbines which operate
independently of the electrical system, consideration may be given to omission of the shorttime delay trip if instantaneous and long-time trips are provided.
9.11.3 Thermal Damage Protection 4-8-2/9.11.3
Generator circuit breakers at the main and emergency switchboard are to have tripping
characteristics and to be set such that they will open before the generator sustains thermal
damages due to the fault current. See 4-8-2/9.7.
9.11.4 Reverse Power Protection 4-8-2/9.11.4
A reverse power protection device is to be provided for each generator arranged for parallel
operation. The setting of the protective devices is to be in the range 2% to 6% of the rated
power for turbines and in the range 8% to 15% of the rated power for diesel engines.
9.11.5 Prime Mover Shutdown 4-8-2/9.11.5
The shutting down of the prime mover is to cause the tripping of the generator circuit breaker.
545
Part
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System Design
4-8-2
9.11.6 Undervoltage Protection 4-8-2/9.11.6

Generators arranged for parallel operation are to be provided with means to prevent the
generator circuit breaker from closing if the generator is not generating, and to open the same
when the generator voltage collapses.
In the case of an undervoltage release provided for this purpose, the operation is to be
instantaneous when preventing closure of the breaker, but is to be delayed for discrimination
purposes when tripping a breaker.
9.13
Protection of Feeder Cables 4-8-2/9.13

Each feeder conductor is to be protected by a circuit breaker, or fuse with disconnecting switchgear,
from short circuit and overload at the supply end.
Fuse ratings and rating of time-delay trip elements of circuit breakers are not to exceed the rated
current capacity of the feeder cables, except as otherwise permitted for motor and transformer circuits
where starting in-rush current need be taken into account.
If the standard rating or setting of the overload protective device does not correspond to the current
rating of the feeder cable, the next higher standard rating or setting may be used, provided it does not
exceed 150% of the allowable current carrying capacity of the feeder cable.
9.15
Protection for Accumulator Batteries 4-8-2/9.15

Accumulator batteries, other than engine starting batteries, are to be protected against overload and
short circuits by devices placed as near as practicable to the batteries. Fuses may be used for the
protection of batteries for emergency lighting instead of circuit breakers up to and including 320 A
rating. The charging equipment, except rectifiers, for all batteries is to be provided with reverse
current protection.
9.17
Protection of Motor Circuits 4-8-2/9.17

Overload and short circuit protection is to be provided for each motor circuit in accordance with the
following requirements.
9.17.1 Motor Branch Circuit Protection 4-8-2/9.17.1
9.17.1(a) General. Motor branch circuits are to be protected with circuit breakers or fuses
having both instantaneous and long-time delay trips or with fuses. The setting is to be such
that it will permit the passage of starting currents without tripping. Normally, the protective
device is to be set in excess of the motors full load current but not more than the limitations
given in the table below. If that rating or setting is not available, the next higher available
rating or setting may be used. In cases where the motor branch circuit cable has allowable
current capacity in excess of the motor full load current, the protective device setting may
exceed the applicable limitation, but not that given in 4-8-2/9.13.
Type of motor
Squirrel-cage and synchronous
full-voltage, reactor- or
resistor-starting
Autotransformer starting
Wound rotor
Rating or setting,
% motor full-load current
250
200
150
When fuses are used to protect polyphase motor circuits, they are to be arranged to protect
against single-phasing.
546
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System Design
4-8-2
9.17.1(b) Short circuit protection only. Where the motor branch circuit is protected with a
circuit breaker fitted with instantaneous trip only (e.g., 4-8-2/9.17.5), the motor controller is
to have a short circuit rating matching at least that of the circuit breaker instantaneous trip
setting, and the motor overload protection (see 4-8-2/9.17.2) is to be arranged to open all
conductors.
9.17.2 Motor Overload Protection 4-8-2/9.17.2
The overload protective devices of motors are to be compatible with the motor overload
thermal characteristics, and are to be set at 100% of the motor rated current for continuous
rated motor. If this is not practicable, the setting may be increased to, but in no case
exceeding, 125% of the motor rated current. This overload protective device may also be
considered the overload protection of the motor branch circuit cable.
9.17.3 Undervoltage Protection 4-8-2/9.17.3
Undervoltage protection is to be provided for motors over 0.5 kW (0.7 hp).
9.17.4 Undervoltage Release Protection 4-8-2/9.17.4
For motors of essential and emergency services, undervoltage release is to be provided unless
the automatic restart upon restoration of the normal voltage will cause hazardous conditions.
Special attention is to be paid to the starting currents due to a group of motors with
undervoltage-release controllers being restarted automatically upon voltage resumption after a
power blackout. Means such as sequential starting is to be provided to limit excessive starting
current, where necessary.
9.17.5 Protection of Steering Gear Circuits 4-8-2/9.17.5
9.17.5(a) AC motors. The steering gear feeder is to be provided with short-circuit protection
only, which is to be located at the main or emergency switchboard. However, overload
protection may be permitted if it is set at a value not less than 200% of the full load current of
the motor (or of all the loads on the feeder), and is to be arranged to permit the passage of the
starting current.
9.17.5(b) DC motors. The feeder circuit breaker on the main switchboard is to be set to trip
instantaneously between 300% and 375% of the rated full-load current of the steering-gear
motor. The feeder circuit breaker on the emergency switchboard may be set to trip
instantaneously between 200% and 375%.
9.17.5(c) Fuses. The use of fuses for steering gear motor circuits are not permitted.
9.19
Protection of Transformer Circuits 4-8-2/9.19

9.19.1 Protection at Primary Side Only 4-8-2/9.19.1
Each power and lighting transformer along with its feeder is to be provided with short circuit
and overload protection. The protective device is to be installed on the primary side of the
transformer and is to be set at 100% of the rated primary current of the transformer. If this
setting is not practicable, it may be increased to, but in no case exceeding 125% of the rated
primary current.
The instantaneous trip setting of the protective device is not to be activated by the in-rush
current of the transformer when switching into service.
9.19.2 Protection at Both Primary and Secondary Sides 4-8-2/9.19.2
Where the secondary side of the transformer is fitted with a protective device set at not more
than 125% of the rated secondary current, the transformer primary side protective device may
be set at a value less than 250% of the rated primary current.
547
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4-8-2
9.19.3 Parallel Operation 4-8-2/9.19.3

When the transformers are arranged for parallel operation, means are to be provided to
disconnect the transformer from the secondary circuit. Where power can be fed into
secondary windings, short-circuit protection (i.e., short-time delay trips) is to be provided in
the secondary connections.
9.21
Protection for Branch Lighting Circuits 4-8-2/9.21

Branch lighting circuits are to be protected against overload and short circuit. In general, overload
protective devices are to be rated or set at not more than 30 A. The connected load is not to exceed the
lesser of the rated current carrying capacity of the conductor or 80% of the overload protective device
rating or setting.
11
Specific Systems
11.1
Shore Connection 4-8-2/11.1
4-8-2/11
Where arrangements are made for the supply of electricity from a source onshore or other external
source, the following requirements apply.
11.1.1 Connection Box and Cable 4-8-2/11.1.1
A shore connection box is to be provided on the vessel for the reception of the flexible cable
from an external source. Fixed cables of adequate rating are to be provided between the shore
connection box and the main or emergency switchboard. The cable is to be protected by fuses
or a circuit breaker located at the connection box. Where fuses are used, a disconnecting
means is also to be provided. Trailing cable is to be appropriately fixed to avoid its imposing
excessive stress on the cable terminal.
11.1.2 Interlock Arrangements 4-8-2/11.1.2
An interlocking arrangement is to be provided between all generators, including the
emergency generator, and the shore power supply to prevent the shore power from being
inadvertently paralleled with the shipboard power.
11.1.3 Instrumentation 4-8-2/11.1.3
An indicator light is to be provided at the main or emergency switchboard to which shore
power is connected to show energized status of the cable. Means are to be provided for
checking the polarity (for DC) or the phase sequence (for three-phase AC) of the incoming
supply in relation to the vessels system.
11.1.4 Earth Connection 4-8-2/11.1.4
An earth terminal is to be provided for connecting the hull to an external earth.
11.1.5 Information Plate 4-8-2/11.1.5
An information plate is to be provided at or near the connection box giving full information
on the system of supply and the nominal voltage (and frequency if AC) of the vessels system
and the recommended procedure for carrying out the connection.
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Navigation Light System 4-8-2/11.3

11.3.1 Feeder 4-8-2/11.3.1
Navigation lights (mast head, side and stern lights) are to be fed by their own exclusive
distribution board located on the navigation bridge. The distribution board is to be supplied
from the main as well as from the emergency source of power (see 4-8-2/5.5.3). A means to
transfer the power source is to be fitted on the navigation bridge.
11.3.2 Branch Circuit 4-8-2/11.3.2
Each navigation light is to have its own branch circuit, and each branch circuit is to be fitted
with a protective device.
11.3.3 Duplicate Lamp 4-8-2/11.3.3
Each navigation light is to be fitted with duplicate lamps.
11.3.4 Control and Indication Panel 4-8-2/11.3.4
A control and indication panel for the navigation lights is to be provided on the navigation
bridge. The panel is to be fitted with the following functions:
A means to disconnect each navigation light.
An indicator for each navigation light.
Automatic visual and audible warning in the event of failure of a navigation light. If a
visual signal device is connected in series with the navigation light, the failure of this
device is not to cause the extinction of the navigation light. The audible device is to
be connected to a separate power supply so that the audible alarm may still be
activated in the event of power or circuit failure to the navigation lights.
11.5
Interior Communication Systems 4-8-2/11.5

11.5.1 General 4-8-2/11.5.1
Means of communication are to be provided between the navigation bridge and the following
interior locations:
i)
Radio room, if separated from the navigation bridge.
ii)
Centralized propulsion machinery control station, if fitted.
iii)
Propulsion machinery local control position.
iv)
Engineers accommodation, where propulsion machinery space is to be periodically

unattended.
v)
Steering gear compartment.
vi)
Any other positions where the speed and direction of thrust of the propellers may be
controlled, if fitted.
11.5.2 Engine Order Telegraph 4-8-2/11.5.2

An engine order telegraph system which provides visual indication of the orders and
responses both in the machinery space (the centralized control station, if fitted, otherwise
propulsion machinery local control position) and on the navigation bridge is to be provided.
A means of communication is to be provided between the centralized propulsion machinery
control station, if fitted, and the propulsion machinery local control position. This can be a
common talking means of voice communication and calling or an engine order telegraph
repeater at the propulsion machinery local control position
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11.5.3 Voice Communication 4-8-2/11.5.3

Means of voice communication are to be provided as follows. A common system capable of
serving all of the following will be acceptable.
i)
A common talking means of voice communication and calling is to be provided

among the navigation bridge, centralized control station, if fitted (otherwise the
propulsion machinery local control position), and any other position where the speed
and direction of thrust of the propellers may be controlled. Simultaneous talking
among these positions is to be possible at all times and the calling to these positions is
to be always possible, even if the line is busy.
ii)
A means of voice communication is to be provided between the navigation bridge and

the steering gear compartment.
iii)
For vessels intended to be operated with an unattended propulsion machinery space,

the engineers accommodation is to be included in the communication system in i).
11.5.4 Public Address System 4-8-2/11.5.4

A public address system is to be provided to supplement the general emergency alarm system
in 4-8-2/11.7.1, unless other suitable means of communication is provided. The system is to
comply with the following requirements:
i)
The system is to have loudspeakers to broadcast messages to muster stations and to

all spaces where crew are normally present.
ii)
The system is to be designed for broadcasting from the navigation bridge and at least
one other emergency alarm control station situated in at least one other location for
use when the navigation bridge is rendered inaccessible due to the emergency (see
4-8-2/11.7.1ii). The broadcasting stations are to be provided with an override function
so that emergency messages can be broadcast even if any loudspeaker has been
switched off, its volume has been turned down, or the public address system is used
for other purposes.
iii)
With the vessel under way, the minimum sound pressure level for broadcasting
messages in interior spaces is to be 75dB(A) and at least 20dB(A) above the
corresponding speech interference level, which is to be maintained without action
from addressees.
iv)
The system is to be protected against unauthorized use.
11.5.5 Power Supply 4-8-2/11.5.5

The above communication systems are to be supplied with power (not applicable to sound
powered telephones) from the emergency switchboard. The final power supply branch circuits
to these systems are to be independent of other electrical systems.
11.7
Manually Operated Alarms 4-8-2/11.7

11.7.1 General Emergency Alarm System 4-8-2/11.7.1
A general emergency alarm system for purpose of summoning crew to the muster stations is
to be provided. The system is to be supplemented by a public address system in 4-8-2/11.5.4
or other suitable means of communication. Any entertainment sound system is to be
automatically turned off when the general alarm system is activated. The system is to comply
with the following requirements:
i)
550
The system is to be capable of sounding the general emergency alarm signal

consisting of seven or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the vessels
whistle or siren and, additionally, on an electrically operated bell or klaxon or other
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equivalent system, which is to be powered from the vessels main supply and the
emergency source of power. The system is to be audible throughout all of the
accommodation and normal crew working spaces. The alarm is to continue to
function after it has been triggered until it is manually turned off or is temporarily
interrupted by a message on the public address system.
ii)
(2001) The system is to be capable of operation from the navigation bridge and,
except for the vessels whistle, also from at least one other strategic location from
which emergency situations are intended to be controlled. Fire control station,
muster station, or cargo control station, etc. are examples of spaces that may be
regarded as strategic locations, provided they are fitted with the means of operating
the general alarm system. Attention is drawn to the Flag Administration, which may
require additional stations.
iii)
The minimum sound pressure level for the emergency alarm tone in interior spaces is
to be 80 dB(A) and 10 dB(A) above ambient noise level existing during normal
equipment operation with the vessel under way in moderate weather. In cabins
without a loudspeaker, an electric alarm transducer is to be installed.
iv)
The sound pressure level at the sleeping position in cabins and in cabin bathrooms is
to be at least 75 dB(A) and at least 10 dB(A) above ambient noise level.
Reference is to be made to IMO Resolutions A.830(19) Codes on Alarms and Indicators.

11.7.2 Engineers Alarm 4-8-2/11.7.2
An engineers alarm operable at the centralized propulsion machinery control station or the
propulsion machinery local control position is to be provided. It is to be clearly audible in the
engineers accommodations.
11.7.3 Refrigerated Space Alarm 4-8-2/11.7.3
Each refrigerated space is to be fitted with means to activate an alarm in a normally manned
control station, operable from within such spaces for the protection of personnel.
11.7.4 Elevators Alarm 4-8-2/11.7.4
Each elevator car is to be fitted with means to activate an alarm in a normally manned control
station or with means of voice communication with that station.
11.7.5 Power Supply 4-8-2/11.7.5
The alarm systems in 4-8-2/11.7.2, 4-8-2/11.7.3 and 4-8-2/11.7.4 are to be supplied with
power from the emergency switchboard. The final power supply branch circuits to the alarm
systems in 4-8-2/11.7.1 and 4-8-2/11.7.2 are to be independent of other electrical systems.
11.9
Emergency Shutdown Systems 4-8-2/11.9

11.9.1 Ventilation Systems 4-8-2/11.9.1
11.9.1(a) Machinery spaces. Electrical ventilation systems installed in machinery spaces are
to be fitted with means for stopping the ventilation fan motors in the event of fire. This
stopping means is to be located in the passageway leading to, but outside of the space or at the
fire fighting station if fitted.
11.9.1(b) Cargo spaces. Electrical ventilation systems installed in cargo spaces are to be
fitted with remote means of control so that the ventilation fan motors can be stopped in the
event of a fire in the cargo space. These means are to be outside the cargo spaces and in a
location not likely to be cut off in the event of a fire in the cargo spaces. Particular attention is
to be directed to specific requirements applicable to the ventilation systems of cargo spaces of
each vessel type provided in Part 5.
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11.9.1(c) Other than machinery and cargo spaces. A control station for all other ventilation
systems is to be located on the navigation bridge, in fire fighting station, if fitted, or in an
accessible position leading to, but outside of the space ventilated.
11.9.2 Fuel Oil and Thermal Oil Systems 4-8-2/11.9.2
Fuel oil transfer pumps, fuel oil unit pumps and similar fuel pumps and thermal oil circulating
pumps are to be fitted with remote means of stopping. These means are to be located outside
the space where these pumps are installed or at the fire fighting station, if fitted, so that they
may be stopped in the event of a fire arising in that space.
11.9.3 Forced-draft Fans 4-8-2/11.9.3
Forced- or induced-draft fans for boilers, incinerators, thermal oil heaters and similar fired
equipment are to be fitted with remote means of stopping. These means are to be located
outside the space in which this equipment is located or at the fire fighting station, if fitted, so
that the fans may be stopped manually in the event of a fire arising in that space.
11.9.4 Unattended Machinery Spaces 4-8-2/11.9.4
For vessels intended to be operated with an unattended propulsion machinery space, the
emergency shutdowns of equipment in 4-8-2/11.9.1 through 4-8-2/11.9.3, associated with the
propulsion machinery space, are to be located in the fire-fighting station, as required by
4-9-4/21.3.
11.11 Battery Starting Systems 4-8-2/11.11

11.11.1 Propulsion Engine 4-8-2/11.11.1
Where the propulsion engine is arranged for electric starting, at least two separate batteries (or
separate set of batteries) are to be fitted. The arrangement is to be such that the batteries (or
set of batteries) cannot be connected simultaneously in parallel and each battery (or set) is to
be capable of starting the main engine. The combined capacity of the batteries is to be
sufficient without recharging to provide within 30 minutes the number of starts of the
propulsion engines required for the starting in 4-6-5/9.5.1, and, if arranged, also to supply
starting for the auxiliary engine, the number of starts require in 4-8-2/11.11.2.
11.11.2 Auxiliary Engines 4-8-2/11.11.2
Electric starting arrangements for auxiliary engines are to have at least two separate batteries
(or separate set of batteries) or may be supplied by separate circuits from the propulsion
engine batteries, when such are provided. Where one auxiliary engine is arranged for electric
starting, one battery (or set) may be accepted in lieu of two separate batteries (or sets). The
capacity of the batteries for starting the auxiliary engines is to be sufficient for at least three
starts for each engine.
11.11.3 Miscellaneous Requirements 4-8-2/11.11.3
The starting batteries (or set of batteries) are to be used for starting and for the engines own
control and monitoring purpose only. When the starting batteries are used for the engines
own control and monitoring purpose, the aggregate capacity of the batteries is to be sufficient
for continued operation of such a system in addition to the required number of starting
capacity. Provisions are to be made to continuously maintain the stored energy at all times.
Battery systems for engine starting may be of the one-wire type and the earth lead is to be
carried to the engine frame.
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CHAPTER
Electrical Systems
SECTION
Electrical Equipment
General
1.1
4 - 8 - 3
4-8-3/1
Provisions of this section apply to all equipment, in general. Additional requirements applicable to
high voltage systems and electric propulsion systems are given in Section 4-8-5. For DC systems,
unless specifically stated in this Section and 4-8-5/7, see IEC Publications 60092-201, 60092-202 and
60092-301. Requirements applicable to specific vessel types, particularly with regard to equipment in
hazardous areas, are given in Part 5.
1.3
Standard of Compliance 4-8-3/1.3

In general, electrical equipment is to be designed, constructed and tested to a national, international or
other recognized standard and in accordance with requirements of this section.
1.5
Certification of Equipment 4-8-3/1.5

The electrical equipment indicated below are required to be certified by the Bureau for complying
with the appropriate provisions of this section (see also 4-1-1/Table 3):
Generators and motors of 100 kVA/kW and over for essential services (see definition in
4-8-1/7.3.3). See 4-8-3/3.
Main, propulsion and emergency switchboards. See 4-8-3/5.
Motor controllers of 100 kW (135 hp) and over for essential services. See 4-8-3/5.7.
Motor control centers with aggregate load of 100 kW (135 hp) and over for essential services.
See 4-8-3/5.7.
Battery charging and discharging boards for emergency and transitional source of power. See
4-8-3/5.9.
Propulsion controls, propulsion semiconductors and propulsion cables. See 4-8-3/9 and
4-8-5/5.11.3, 4-8-5/5.17.9b and 4-8-5/5.17.12.
Other items are to be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with established industrial
practices, manufacturers specifications and applicable requirements in this Section. Acceptance will
be based on manufacturers documentation which is to be made available upon request and on
satisfactory performance after installation. Mass produced items may, at the discretion of the
manufacturers, be certified under the Type Approval Program, Appendix 1-1-A3 and 4-1-1/Table 3.
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4-8-3
Materials and Design 4-8-3/1.7

Electrical equipment is to be constructed of durable, flame-retardant, moisture resistant materials,
which are not subject to deterioration in the marine environment and at the temperatures to which it is
likely to be exposed.
Electrical equipment is to be designed such that current-carrying parts with potential to earth are
protected against accidental contact.
1.9
Voltage and Frequency Characteristics 4-8-3/1.9

The electrical characteristics of electrical equipment supplied from the main or emergency systems,
other than battery supplies, are to be capable of being operated satisfactorily under normally occurring
variations in voltage and frequency. Unless otherwise specified, the following variations from rated
value are to be assumed:
1.11
Permanent
Transient
Frequency
5%
10% (5 s)
Voltage
+6%, 10%
20% (1.5 s)
Enclosures 4-8-3/1.11
Electrical equipment is to have a degree of enclosure for protection against the intrusion of foreign
objects and liquids, appropriate for the location in which it is installed. The minimum degree of
protection is to be in accordance with 4-8-3/Table 2.
For the purpose of defining protection levels used in 4-8-3/Table 2, the following conventions apply.
The degree of protection by an enclosure with respect to the intrusion of foreign particles and water is
defined by the designation IP followed by two digits: the first digit signifies the protection degree
against particles, and the second digit signifies the protection degree against water. For complete
details, see 4-8-3/Table 1A and 4-8-3/Table 1B. These designations are identical to that specified in
IEC Publication 60529.
1.13
Accessibility 4-8-3/1.13
Electrical equipment is to be designed and arranged with a view to provide accessibility to parts
requiring inspection or adjustment.
1.15
Insulation Material 4-8-3/1.15

Insulating materials are to be classified by their maximum continuous operating temperatures in
accordance with the following table:
Class
A
E
B
F
H
554
Maximum continuous temperature

C
F
105
221
120
248
130
266
155
311
180
356
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Materials or combinations of materials which by experience or accepted tests can be shown to be

capable of satisfactory operation at temperature over 180C (356F) will also be considered. In this
regard, supporting background information, reports, tests conducted, etc. ascertaining their suitability
for the intended application and operating temperature are to be submitted for review.
1.17
Ambient Temperatures 4-8-3/1.17

For purposes of rating of equipment other than rotating machinery, a maximum ambient temperature
of 45C (113F) is to be assumed for boiler and engine rooms, while 40C (104F) may be assumed
for all other locations. Ambient temperature for rating of electrical rotating machines is to be in
accordance with 4-8-3/3.5. Where ambient temperatures in excess of these values are expected, the
total rated temperature of the equipment is not to be exceeded. Equipment which have been rated
based on maximum ambient temperatures less than these specified values may be permitted provided
the total rated temperature of the equipment is not exceeded.
Rotating Machines
3.1
Application (2002)4-8-3/3.1
4-8-3/3
All generators and motors of 100 kVA/kW and over for essential services are to be designed,
constructed and tested in accordance with the requirements of 4-8-3/3.
All other rotating electrical machines are to be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with
established industrial practices and manufacturers specifications. Manufacturers tests for rotating
electrical machines less than 100 kVA/kW for essential services are to include at least the tests
described in 4-8-3/3.15.2 through 4-8-3/3.15.11, regardless of the standard of construction. The test
certificates are to be made available when requested by the Surveyor. Acceptance of machines will be
based on satisfactory performance after installation.
3.3
3.3.1
Periodic Duty Rating 4-8-3/3.3.1

The periodic duty rating of a rotating machine is the rated load at which the machine can
operate repeatedly, for specified period (N) at the rated load followed by a specified period
(R) of rest and de-energized state, without exceeding the temperature rise given in
4-8-3/Table 4; where N + R = 10 minutes, and cyclic duty factor is given by N/(N + R) %.
3.3.2
Short Time Rating 4-8-3/3.3.2

The short time rating of a rotating electrical machine is the rated load at which the machine
can operate for a specified time period without exceeding the temperature rise given in
4-8-3/Table 4. A rest and de-energized period sufficient to re-establish the machine
temperature to within 2C (3.6F) of the coolant prior to the next operation is to be allowed.
At the beginning of the measurement, the temperature of the machine is to be within 5C
(9F) of the coolant.
3.3.3
Non-periodic Duty Rating 4-8-3/3.3.3

The non-periodic duty rating of a rotating electrical machine is the load which the machine
can operate continuously, for a specific period of time, or intermittently under the designed
variations of the load and speed within the permissible operating range, respectively; and the
temperature rise, measured when the machine has been run until it reaches a steady
temperature condition, is not to exceed those given in 4-8-3/Table 4.
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3.3.4
3.5

Electrical Systems
4-8-3
Continuous Rating 4-8-3/3.3.4

The continuous rating of a rotating electrical machine is the rated load at which the machine
can continuously operate without exceeding the steady state temperature rise given in
4-8-3/Table 4.
Rating 4-8-3/3.5
Generators are to be of continuous kVA rating. Motors are to be of continuous kW rating unless
utilized on an application which definitely imposes an intermittent duty on the motor.
Ratings of rotating electrical machines are to be based on the maximum expected ambient temperature
to which they are subjected. This temperature is not to be less than 50C (122F) for boiler and engine
rooms and 45C (113F) for other locations. Other ambient temperatures may also be considered. See
4-8-3/1.17.
To satisfy the requirements of 4-8-3/3.1, the required power output of gas turbine prime movers for
ships service generator sets is to be based on the maximum expected inlet air temperature.
3.7
Overload/Overcurrent Capability 4-8-3/3.7

Overload/overcurrent capabilities for AC and DC generators and motors are to be in accordance with
IEC Publication 60034-1. For convenience, the following requirements for AC generators and motors
are provided.
3.7.1
AC Generators (2003) 4-8-3/3.7.1

AC generators are to be capable of withstanding a current equal to 1.5 times the rated current
for not less than 30 seconds. The test may be performed in conjunction with the short circuit
testing, provided the electrical input energy to the machine is not less than that required for
the above overload capability.
3.7.2
AC Motors 4-8-3/3.7.2
3.7.2(a) Overcurrent capacity. (2003) Three phase induction motors having rated output not
exceeding 315 kW (422 hp) and rated voltage not exceeding 1 kV are to be capable of
withstanding a current equal to 1.5 times the rated current for not less than 2 minutes. For
three phase induction motors having rated outputs above 315 kW (422 hp), the overcurrent
capacity is to be in accordance with the manufacturers specification. The test may be
performed at a reduced speed.
3.7.2(b) Overload capacity for induction motors. (2003) Three phase induction motors,
regardless of duty, are to be capable of withstanding for 15 seconds without stalling, or abrupt
change in speed, an excess torque of 60% above the rated torque, the voltage and frequency
being maintained at the rated values. For windlass motors, see 4-5-1/5.1.3.
3.7.2(c) Overload capacity for synchronous motors. Three phase synchronous motors,
regardless of duty, are to be capable of withstanding an excess torque as specified below for
15 seconds without falling out of synchronism, the excitation being maintained at the value
corresponding to the rated load:
Synchronous (wound rotor) induction motors: 35% excess torque.
Synchronous (cylindrical rotor) motors: 35% excess torque.
Synchronous (salient pole) motors: 50% excess torque.
Synchronous motors fitted with automatic excitation are to meet the same excess torque
values with the excitation equipment operating under normal conditions.
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Electrical Systems
4-8-3
Short Circuit Capability 4-8-3/3.9

Short circuit capabilities of generators are to be in accordance with IEC Publication 60034-1. Under
short circuit conditions, generators are to be capable of withstanding the mechanical and thermal
stresses induced by a short circuit current of at least three times the full load current for at least
2 seconds.
3.11
Construction 4-8-3/3.11
3.11.1 Shafting 4-8-3/3.11.1
The design of rotating shaft, hollow shaft and coupling flange with bolts are to comply with
the following:
rotor shaft:
4-2-4/5.3.1 and 4-2-4/5.3.2
hollow shaft:
4-3-2/5.3
key:
4-3-2/5.7
coupling flanges and bolts:
4-3-2/5.19
3.11.2 Shaft Circulating Current 4-8-3/3.11.2

Means are to be provided to prevent circulating currents from passing between the journals
and the bearings, where the design and arrangement of the machine is such that damaging
current may be expected, due to the unbalance of magnetic fields.
3.11.3 Lubrication 4-8-3/3.11.3
Rotating machines shaft bearings are to have the required lubrication at all rated operating
conditions, and with the vessel inclined as specified in 4-1-1/7.9. Where forced lubrication is
employed, generators are to be fitted with means to shut down their prime movers
automatically upon failure of the generators lubricating system. Each self-lubricating sleeve
bearing is to be fitted with a means for visual indication of oil level.
3.11.4 Cooling 4-8-3/3.11.4
Where water cooling is used, the cooler is to be so arranged to avoid entry of water into the
machine, whether through leakage or condensation in the heat exchanger.
3.11.5 Moisture Condensation Prevention 4-8-3/3.11.5
When the weight of the generator and propulsion motor, excluding the shaft, is over 455 kg
(1000 lb), means are to be provided to prevent moisture condensation in the machine when
idle.
3.11.6 Stator Temperature Detection 4-8-3/3.11.6
AC propulsion generators and motors rated above 500 kVA/kW are to be provided with a
means of obtaining the temperatures at each phase of the stationary windings.
3.11.7 Enclosure and Terminal Box 4-8-3/3.11.7
Cable terminal boxes are to be fitted with means to secure the cables. Enclosures of rotating
machines including the cable terminal boxes are to be such as to eliminate mechanical injury
and the risk of damage from water, oil and shipboard atmosphere. The minimum degree of
protection is to be in accordance with 4-8-3/Table 2.
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3.11.8 Nameplate Data 4-8-3/3.11.8

Nameplates of corrosion-resistant material are to be provided and are to indicate at least the
following, as applicable:
The manufacturers serial number
(or identification mark)
Type of machine
Rating
The rated voltage
The rated speed
The rated ambient temperature
The rated frequency
Type of winding connections
Rated exciter current
3.13
The manufacturers name

The year of manufacture
Degree of protection by IP code
The rated output
The rated current
The class of insulation
Number of phase
The rated power factor
Rated exciter voltage
Generator Control 4-8-3/3.13

3.13.1 Operating Governors (2004) 4-8-3/3.13.1
An operating governor is to be fitted to each prime mover driving main or emergency
generator and is to be capable of automatically maintaining the speed within the following
limits.
3.13.1(a) Steam or gas turbine prime movers:
i)
The transient frequency variations in the electrical network when running at the
indicated loads below is to be within 10% of the rated frequency when:
In the case when a step load equivalent to the rated output of a generator is
thrown off, a transient frequency variation in excess of 10% of the rated
frequency may be acceptable provided the overspeed protective device, fitted in
addition to the governor, as required by 4-2-3/7.1 or 4-2-4/7.1, is not activated.
running at no load and 50% of the full load of the generator is suddenly thrown
on, followed by the remaining 50% after an interval sufficient to restore the
frequency to steady state.
In all instances, the frequency is to return to within 1% of the final steady state
condition in no more than 5 seconds.
558
ii)
The permanent frequency variation is to be within 5% of the rated frequency at any

iii)
For gas turbines driving emergency generators, the requirements of 4-8-3/3.13.1(a)i)

and 4-8-3/3.13.1(a)ii) above are to be met. However, for purpose of 4-8-3/3.13.1(a)i),
where the sum of all loads that can be automatically connected is larger than 50% of
the full load of the emergency generator, the sum of these loads is to be used.
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4-8-3
3.13.1(b) Diesel engine prime mover:

i)
The transient frequency variations in the electrical network when running at the
indicated loads below is to be within 10% of the rated frequency when:
In the case when a step load equivalent to the rated output of a generator is
thrown off, a transient frequency variation in excess of 10% of the rated
frequency may be acceptable, provided the overspeed protective device, fitted in
addition to the governor, as required by 4-2-1/7.5.3, is not activated.
running at no load and 50% of the full load of the generator is suddenly thrown
on, followed by the remaining 50% after an interval sufficient to restore the
frequency to steady state.
In all instances, the frequency is to return to within 1% of the final steady state
condition in no more than 5 seconds. Consideration can be given to alternative
methods of load application as provided in 4-2-1/7.5.1(b) for electrical systems fitted
with power management systems and sequential starting arrangements.
ii)
The permanent frequency variation is to be within 5% of the rated frequency at any

iii)
For emergency generators, the requirements of 4-8-3/3.13.1(b)i) and

4-8-3/3.13.1(b)ii) above are to be met. However, for the purpose of 4-8-3/3.13.1(b)i),
where the sum of all loads that can be automatically connected is larger than 50% of
the full load of the emergency generator, the sum of these loads is to be used.
3.13.2 Automatic Voltage Regulation System 4-8-3/3.13.2

The following requirements are for AC generators. For DC generators, refer to IEC
Publications 60092-202 and -301.
3.13.2(a) General. An automatic voltage regulator is to be fitted for each generator.
Excitation current for generators is to be provided by attached rotating exciters or by static
exciters deriving their source of power from the machines being controlled.
3.13.2(b) Variation from rated voltage steady state. The automatic voltage regulator is to
be capable of maintaining the voltage under steady conditions within 2.5% of the rated
voltage for all loads between zero and the rated load at the rated power factor, taking the
governor characteristics of generator prime movers into account. These limits may be
increased to 3.5% for generators for emergency services.
3.13.2(c) Variation from rated voltage transient. Momentary voltage variations are to be
within the range of 15% to +20% of the rated voltage, and the voltage is to be restored to
within 3% of the rated voltage in not more than 1.5 seconds when:
a load equal to the starting current of the largest motor or a group of motors, but in
any case, at least 60% of the rated current of the generator, and power factor of 0.4
lagging or less, is suddenly thrown on with the generator running at no load; and
a load equal to the above is suddenly thrown off.
3.13.2(d) Short circuit condition. Under short circuit conditions, the excitation system is to
be capable of maintaining a steady-state short circuit current for 2 seconds or for such
magnitude and duration as required to properly actuate the electrical protective devices. See
4-8-3/3.9.
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3.13.3 Parallel Operation 4-8-3/3.13.3

3.13.3(a) General. When it is intended that two or more generators be operated in parallel,
means are to be provided to divide the reactive power equally between the generators in
proportion to the generator capacity.
3.13.3(b) Reactive load sharing. The reactive loads of the individual generating sets are not
to differ from their proportionate share of the combined reactive load by more than 10% of
the rated reactive output of the largest generator, or 25% of the smallest generator, whichever
is the less.
3.13.3(c) kVA load sharing. In the range between 20% and 100% of the sum of the rated
loads of all generators, the load on any generator is not to differ more than 15% of the rated
output of the largest generator, or 25% of the rated output of the individual generator,
whichever is the less, from its proportionate share. The starting point for the determination of
the foregoing load-distribution requirements is to be at 75% load with each generator carrying
its proportionate share.
3.15
Testing 4-8-3/3.15
3.15.1 Machines to be Tested and Test Schedule 4-8-3/3.15.1
Each design of generator and motor of 100 kVA/kW and over, intended for essential services,
is to be assessed by testing in accordance with the type tests schedule indicated in
4-8-3/Table 3. Each subsequent production unit of an accepted design is to be tested in
accordance with the routine tests schedule indicated also in 4-8-3/Table 3.
3.15.2 Insulation Resistance Measurement 4-8-3/3.15.2
Immediately after the high voltage tests, the insulation resistance is to be measured using a
direct current insulation tester between:
i)
all current carrying parts connected together and earth;
ii)
all current carrying parts of different polarity or phase, where both ends of each
polarity or phase are individually accessible.
The minimum values of test voltage and corresponding insulation resistance are given in the
table below. The insulation resistance is to be measured close to the operating temperature. If
this is not possible, an approved method of calculation is to be used.
Rated voltage,
Un (V)
Minimum
test voltage
(V)
Un 250
2Un
Minimum
insulation
resistance (M)
1
250 < Un 1000
500
1000< Un 7200
1000
Un/1000 + 1
7200 < Un 15000
5000
Un/1000 + 1
3.15.3 Winding Resistance Measurement 4-8-3/3.15.3

The resistance of the machine winding is to be measured and recorded, using an appropriate
bridge method or voltage and current method.
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3.15.4 Verification of Voltage Regulation System 4-8-3/3.15.4

Tests are to be conducted on generators to verify that the automatic voltage regulation system
is capable of achieving the performance described in 4-8-3/3.13.2
3.15.5 Rated Load Test and Temperature Rise Measurements 4-8-3/3.15.5
The temperature rises are to be measured after running at the output, voltage, frequency and
duty for which the machine is rated. The limits of temperature rise are to be as specified in
4-8-3/Table 4.
3.15.6 Overload/Overcurrent Tests 4-8-3/3.15.6
Tests are to be conducted on generators and motors to demonstrate that their overload/
overcurrent capabilities are as described in 4-8-3/3.7.
3.15.7 Short Circuit Capability Tests 4-8-3/3.15.7
Tests are to be conducted on AC generators to demonstrate that the generator and its
automatic voltage regulation system are capable of sustaining without damage, under steadystate short circuit condition, a current of three times the rated current for 2 seconds. See
4-8-3/3.9 and 4-8-3/3.13.2(d).
3.15.8 Overspeed Test (2003) 4-8-3/3.15.8
AC generators and, where specified and agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer,
AC motors are to withstand without damage a test run at 1.2 times the rated speed for at least
2 minutes. This test is not applicable to squirrel cage motors.
Where specified and agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer, DC generators and
motors are to withstand a test run without damage for the following overspeed tests for at
least 2 minutes:
DC machine type
Overspeed requirements
Generators
1.2 times the rated speed
Shunt-wounded and separately

excited motors
1.2 times the highest rated speed, or

1.15 times the corresponding no-load speed, whichever is the
greater
Compound-wounded motors
having speed regulation of 35%
or less
1.2 times the higher rated speed, or

1.15 times the corresponding no-load speed, whichever is the
greater, but not exceeding 1.5 times the highest rated speed
Compound-wounded motors
having speed regulation greater
than 35% or and series-wounded
motors
The manufacturer is to assign a maximum safe operating speed

which is to be marked on the rating plate. The overspeed for
these motors is to be 1.1 times the maximum safe operating
speed.
3.15.9 Dielectric Strength Test (2003) 4-8-3/3.15.9

The dielectric strength of all rotating machines is to be tested with all parts assembled and in a
condition equivalent to a normal working condition. The following requirements apply to
those machines, other than high voltage systems covered by 4-8-5/3.13.1. The test voltage is
to be applied between the windings under test and the frame of the machine, with the
windings not under test and the core connected to the frame.
The test voltage is to be a voltage of sinusoidal wave form and a frequency of 25 Hz to 60 Hz.
It is to be applied continuously for 60 seconds. The standard test voltage for all rotating
machines is twice the rated voltage plus 1000 V, with a minimum of 1500 V, except for
machine parts specified in the table below:
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Machine part
Test voltage (rms)
Field windings of synchronous generators,

synchronous motors and synchronous condensers:
a) For all machines, except that in b)
a)
b)
b)
For motors started with field winding

connected across resistance of more than ten
times of the field winding resistance
Phase-wound rotors of induction motors:

a) For non-reversing motors or motors
reversible from standstill only
b) For motors reversible by reversing the
primary supply while running
a)
b)
Ten times the rated field voltage with a

minimum of 1500 V and a maximum of
3500 V
1000 V + twice the maximum value of
the voltage with a minimum of 1500 V
1000 V + twice the open-circuit standstill

secondary voltage
1000 V + four times the open-circuit
standstill secondary voltage
Where a temperature rise test is to be performed, such as when performing type tests, the
dielectric strength test is to be carried out immediately after this test.
Test voltage for other machines are to be in accordance with IEC Publication 60034-1, Clause
17.
3.15.10 Running Balance Test 4-8-3/3.15.10
Motors are to be operated at no load and at rated speed while being supplied with a rated
voltage and frequency; and in the case of a generator, driven by a suitable means and excited
to give rated terminal voltage. The vibration of the machine and operation of the bearing
lubrication system, where applicable, are to be checked and found satisfactory.
3.15.11 Bearings 4-8-3/3.15.11
Upon completion of tests in 4-8-3/3.15.10, machines having sleeve bearings are to be opened
to establish that the shaft is properly seated in the bearings.
3.17
Certification 4-8-3/3.17
Each generator and motor of 100 kVA/kW and over intended for essential services is to be certified
based on design review and type and routine tests performed in accordance with 4-8-3/Table 3 in the
presence of a Surveyor.
At the option of the manufacturer, each machine design or type may be maintained on record as a
design-assessed product in accordance with the provisions of 1-1-A3/5.1. In which case, each
production unit of the type may be certified based only on routine test carried out to the satisfaction of
a Surveyor at the manufacturers facilities.
Further, at the option of the manufacturer, the quality assurance system of the manufacturing facilities
may also be assessed in accordance with 1-1-A3/5.5. In which case, and along with approval of the
design, the machine may be deemed type approved, and each production unit may be certified based
on an audit by a Surveyor of the quality records maintained by the manufacturer. The machine may
also be listed in the Bureaus publication List of Type Approved Equipment.
Switchboards, Motor Controllers, etc.
5.1
4-8-3/5
Main and emergency switchboards, power and lighting distribution boards, motor control centers and
motor controllers, and battery charging panels are to be designed, constructed and tested in
accordance with the provisions of this Subsection.
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Construction, Assembly and Components 4-8-3/5.3

5.3.1
Enclosures 4-8-3/5.3.1
Enclosures and assemblies are to be constructed of steel or other suitable incombustible,
moisture-resistant materials and reinforced as necessary to withstand the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal stresses which may be encountered under both normal and short circuit
fault conditions.
Enclosures are to be of the closed type. The degree of the protection is to be in accordance
with 4-8-3/Table 2.
All wearing parts are to be accessible for inspection and be readily renewable.
5.3.2
Bus Bars 4-8-3/5.3.2

5.3.2(a) General. Bus bars are to be copper; bus bars of other materials will require special
consideration. Bus bars are to be sized and arranged such that the temperature rise will not
affect the normal operation of electrical devices mounted in the switchboard. The design
maximum ambient temperature is to be in accordance with 4-8-3/1.17.
5.3.2(b) Bracing of bus bars. Bus bars and circuit breakers are to be mounted, braced and
located so as to withstand thermal effects and magnetic forces resulting from the maximum
prospective short circuit current.
5.3.2(c) Bolted connections. Bolted bus bar connections are to be suitably treated (e.g.,
silver plating) to avoid deterioration of electrical conductivity over time. Nuts are to be fitted
with means to prevent loosening.
5.3.2(d) Cable connections. Soldered connections are not to be used for connecting or
terminating any cable of 2.5 mm2 or greater. These connections are to be made by the use of
crimp lugs or equivalent.
5.3.2(e) Clearance and creepage. Minimum clearances and creepage distances between live
parts of different potential, i.e., between phases and between phase and the ground, are to be
in accordance with the following table.
5.3.3
Rated insulation
voltage Un
(V)
Minimum
clearance
(mm)
Minimum
creepage distance
(mm)
Un 250
15
20
251 < Un 660
20
30
660 < Un 1000
25
35
Circuit Breakers 4-8-3/5.3.3

5.3.3(a) Compliance with a standard. Circuit breakers are to be designed, constructed and
tested to IEC Publication 60947-2 or other recognized standard. The certificates of tests are to
be submitted upon request by the Bureau.
5.3.3(b) Short circuit capacity. Circuit breakers are to have sufficient breaking and making
capacities, as specified in 4-8-2/9.3.
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5.3.3(c) Removable mounting. C ircuit breakers are to be mounted or arranged in such a

manner that the breakers may be removed from the front of the switchboard without first deenergizing the bus bars to which the breakers connect. Draw-out or plug-in type circuit
breakers are acceptable for this purpose. Alternatively, an isolation switch may be fitted
upstream (line or supply side) of the breaker. Consideration will be given to arrangements
where portions may be isolated to allow circuit breaker removal, provided that this will not
interrupt services for propulsion and safety of the vessel.
5.3.4
Fuses 4-8-3/5.3.4
Fuses are to be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with IEC Publication 60269 or
other recognized standard. The certificates of tests are to be submitted upon request from the
Bureau.
The requirements of 4-8-3/5.3.3(b) and 4-8-3/5.3.3(c) are to be complied with. Where
disconnecting means are fitted, they are to be on the line or supply side. Where voltage to
earth or between poles does not exceed 50 V DC or 50 V AC rms, fuses may be provided
without switches. All fuses, except for instrument and control circuits are to be mounted on or
accessible from the front of switchboard.
5.3.5
Disconnecting Device 4-8-3/5.3.5

The rating of the disconnecting devices is to be equal to or higher than the voltage and current
ratings of connected load. The device is to have an indicator for its open or closed position.
5.3.6
Internal Wiring 4-8-3/5.3.6

5.3.6(a) Wires. Internal instrumentation and control wiring is to be of the stranded type and
is to have flame-retarding insulation. They are to be in compliance with a recognized
standard.
5.3.6(b) Protection.
In general, internal instrumentation and control wiring is to be
protected by fuse or circuit breaker with the following exception:
generator voltage regulator circuits;
generator circuit breaker tripping control circuits; and
secondary circuit of current transformer.
These circuits, however, except that of the current transformer, may be fitted with short
circuit protection.
5.3.6(c) Terminals. Terminals or terminal rows for systems of different voltages are to be
clearly separated from each other and the rated voltage is to be clearly marked. Each terminal
is to have a nameplate indicating the circuit designation.
5.3.7
564
Circuit Identification 4-8-3/5.3.7

Identification plates for feeders and branch circuits are to be provided and are to indicate the
circuit designation and the rating or settings of the fuse or circuit breaker of the circuit.
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4-8-3
Main and Emergency Switchboards 4-8-3/5.5

In addition to the foregoing requirements, main and emergency switchboards are to comply with the
5.7
5.5.1
Bus Bars 4-8-3/5.5.1

Generator bus bars are to be designed to meet the maximum generator rating based on
ambient temperature of 45C (113F). Main bus bars are to be sized to the combined rated
generator current that can flow through. Distribution bus bars and bus-bar connections are to
be designed for at least 75% of the combined full-load rated currents of all loads they supply,
or the combined current of the generators that can supply to that part of the bus, whichever is
less. When a distribution bus bar supplies to one unit or one group of units in simultaneous
operation, it is to be designed for full load.
5.5.2
Subdivision of Bus Bars 4-8-3/5.5.2

Where the main source of electrical power is necessary for propulsion, the main bus bars are
to be subdivided into at least two parts which are normally to be connected by circuit breakers
or other approved means. As far as practicable, the connection of generating sets and any
other duplicated equipment is to be equally divided between the parts.
5.5.3
Hand Rails 4-8-3/5.5.3

Insulated handrail or insulated handles are to be provided for each front panel of the
switchboard. Where access to the rear is required, insulated handrails or insulated handles are
to be fitted to the rear of the switchboard also.
5.5.4
Instrumentation 4-8-3/5.5.4
Equipment and instrumentation are to be provided in accordance with 4-8-3/Table 5.
Motor Controllers 4-8-3/5.7

In addition to the applicable requirements in 4-8-3/5.3, motor controllers are to comply with the
following.
5.7.1
Overload and Undervoltage Protection 4-8-3/5.7.1

Overload protection and undervoltage protection where provided in the motor controllers are
to be in accordance with 4-8-2/9.17.2 and 4-8-2/9.17.3.
5.7.2
Disconnecting Means 4-8-3/5.7.2

A circuit-disconnecting device is to be provided for each branch circuit of motor rated 0.5 kW
or above so that the motor and the controller may be isolated from the power supply for
maintenance purposes. However, for a pre-assembled or ski-mounted unit having two or more
motors (e.g., fuel oil blender), a single disconnecting device in its feeder may be accepted in
lieu of individual disconnecting devices for the motors, provided that the full load current of
each motor is less than 6 A. The circuit-disconnecting device is to be operable externally. See
also 4-8-4/9.3.
5.7.3
Resistor for Control Apparatus 4-8-3/5.7.3

Resistors are to be protected against corrosion either by rust-proofing or embedding in a
protective material. Where fitted, the enclosure is to be well-ventilated and so arranged that
other electrical equipment and wiring within will not be exposed to a temperature in excess of
that for which they are designed.
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Battery Charging and Discharging Board 4-8-3/5.9

In addition to the applicable requirements in 4-8-3/5.3, battery charging and discharging boards for
essential, emergency and transitional sources of power are to comply with the following.
5.11
5.9.1
Battery Charger 4-8-3/5.9.1

Except when a different charging rate is necessary and is specified for a particular application,
the charging facilities are to be such that the completely discharged battery can be recharged
to 80% capacity in not more than 10 hours.
5.9.2
Reversal of Charging Current 4-8-3/5.9.2

An acceptable means, such as reverse current protection, for preventing a failed battery
charger component from discharging the battery, is to be fitted.
5.9.3
The following are to be provided:
i)
disconnect switch for power supply to the charge;
ii)
indicator light connected to the down stream side of the disconnect switch in i);
iii)
means for adjusting the voltage for charging;
iv)
voltmeter to indicate the charging voltage;
v)
ammeter to indicate the charging current.
vi)
current limiting constant voltage device.
Testing and Certification 4-8-3/5.11

5.11.1 Certification 4-8-3/5.11.1
5.11.1(a) Essential and emergency services. Switchboards and associated motor control
centers and distribution board, motor controllers of 100 kW and over and battery charging and
discharging boards, where required for essential services and for distribution of emergency
source of power, are to be inspected by, tested in the presence of and certified by the
Surveyor, preferably at the plant of the manufacturer. Small distribution boards required for
similar services, but not forming a part of the switchboards or the battery charging and
discharging boards referred to above, such as lighting distribution boards, may be treated as in
4-8-3/5.11.1(b). See also application of Type Approval Program in Appendix 1-1-A3 and
4-1-1/3.5 through 4-1-1/3.7.
5.11.1(b) Other services. Switchboards, distribution boards, motor controllers, etc., where
required for services other than essential or emergency, may be tested by the manufacturers.
Test certificates are to be submitted upon request by the Bureau.
5.11.2 Insulation Resistance Measurement 4-8-3/5.11.2
The insulation resistance between current-carrying parts and earth and between currentcarrying parts of opposite polarity is to be measured at a DC voltage of not less than 500 V
before and after the dielectric strength tests. The insulation resistance is not to be less than
1 M.
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5.11.3 Dielectric Strength Test 4-8-3/5.11.3

The dielectric strength of the insulation is to be tested for 60 seconds by an AC voltage
applied, in accordance with the voltage values given in the following table, between
each electric circuit, and
all other electric circuits and metal parts earthed.
Rated voltage Un (V)
AC test voltage rms (V)
Un 12
250
12 < Un 60
500
60 < Un 300
2000
300 < Un 690
2500
690 < Un 800
3000
800 < Un 1000
3500
1000 < Un 1500 (DC only)
3500
Equipment and apparatus produced in large quantities for which the standard test voltage is
2500 V or less may be tested for one second with a test voltage 20% higher than the
60-second test voltage.
5.11.4 Operational Tests 4-8-3/5.11.4
Operational tests are to be carried out including but not limited to the testing of protective
devices (overcurrent, undervoltage, and preferential trippings, etc.), electrical interlocks,
synchronization of generators, earth detection, alarms and measurement of bus bar
temperature rise [see 4-8-3/5.3.2 (a)].
Transformers and Converters
7.1
Enclosures 4-8-3/7.1
4-8-3/7
Transformers and converters are to be provided with enclosures with a minimum degree of protection,
as specified in 4-8-3/Table 2.
7.3
Transformers for Essential Services 4-8-3/7.3

Transformers for essential services and for emergency source of power are to be constructed in
accordance with the following requirements. Other transformers, including auto-transformers for
starting motors and isolation transformers, may be constructed in accordance with good commercial
practice.
7.3.1
Rating 4-8-3/7.3.1
Transformers are to be continuously rated based on the maximum expected ambient
temperature to which they are subjected, but not less than 45C (113F) for boiler and engine
rooms and 40C (104F) for other locations.
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Temperature Rise 4-8-3/7.3.2

The design temperature rise of insulated windings based on an ambient temperature of 40C
is not to exceed that in the following table:
Insulation
class
A
B
F
H
Note:
Copper temperature rise

by resistance, C (F)
55 (99)
80 (144)
115 (207)
150 (270)
Hottest spot temperature rise,

C (F)
65 (117)
110 (198)
145 (261)
180 (324)
Metallic parts in contact with or adjacent to insulation are not to attain a

temperature in excess of the hottest spot temperature rise.
If the ambient temperature exceeds 40C (104F), the transformer is to be derated so that the
total temperatures based on the table are not exceeded.
7.3.3
Cooling Medium 4-8-3/7.3.3

Transformers are to be of the dry and air cooled type. The use of liquid immersed type
transformers will be subject to special consideration. Where forced circulation of cooling
medium is employed, high temperature condition is to be alarmed.
7.3.4
Prevention of the Accumulation of Moisture (2002)

Transformers of 10 kVA/phase and over are to be provided with effective means to prevent
accumulation of moisture and condensation within the transformer enclosure where the
transformer is disconnected from the switchboard during standby (cold standby). Where it is
arranged that the transformer is retained in an energized condition throughout a period of
standby (hot standby), the exciting current to the primary winding may be considered as a
means to meet the above purpose. In case of hot standby, a warning plate is to be posted at or
near the disconnecting device for the primary side feeder to the transformer.
7.3.5
Testing 4-8-3/7.3.4
Single-phase transformers rated 1 kVA and above and three-phase transformers rated 5 kVA
and above, intended for essential or emergency services, are to be tested by the manufacturer
whose certificate of tests will be acceptable and are to be submitted upon request by the
Bureau. The tests are to include at least the following:
Measurement of winding resistance, voltage ratio, impedance voltage, short circuit
impedance, insulation resistance, load loss, no load loss and excitation current, phase
relation and polarity.
Dielectric strength.
Temperature rise (required for transformer of each size and type).
7.3.6
Nameplate 4-8-3/7.3.5
Nameplates of corrosion-resistant material are to be provided in an accessible position of the
transformer and are to indicate at least the following information:
The manufacturers serial number (or identification mark)
The year of manufacture
The number of phases
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The rated power

The rated frequency
The rated voltage in primary and secondary sides
The rated current in primary and secondary sides
The class of insulation or permissible temperature rise
The ambient temperature
7.5
Semiconductor Converters 4-8-3/7.5

7.5.1
General 4-8-3/7.5.1
The requirements in this Paragraph are applicable to static converters for essential and
emergency services using semiconductor rectifying elements such as diodes, reverse blocking
triodes, thyristors, etc. The tests may be carried out by the manufacturer whose certificate of
tests will be acceptable and is to be submitted upon request from the Bureau. All
semiconductor converters will be accepted, subject to a satisfactory performance test
conducted to the satisfaction of the Surveyor after installation.
7.5.2
Cooling Arrangements 4-8-3/7.5.2

Semiconductor converters are preferably to be of a dry and air cooled type. Where
semiconductor converters are of a liquid-immersed type, a liquid over-temperature alarm and
gas overpressure protection devices are to be provided. If provision is made for breathing, a
dehydrator is to be provided. Where arrangement for the forced cooling is provided, the
circuit is to be designed that power cannot be applied to, or retained on, converter stacks
unless effective cooling is maintained.
7.5.3
Accessibility 4-8-3/7.5.3
Semiconductor converter stacks or semiconductor components are to be mounted in such a
manner that they can be removed from equipment without dismantling the complete unit.
7.5.4
A nameplate or identification is to be provided on the semiconductor converter and is to
indicate at least the manufacturer's name and the identification number of the equipment.
Cables
9.1
Standard of Compliance 4-8-3/9.1
4-8-3/9
Electric cables constructed of stranded copper conductors, thermoplastic, elastomeric or other

insulation, moisture-resistant jackets, and, where applicable, armoring and outer-sheathing are to be in
accordance with IEC Publication 60092-353, IEEE Std-45 or other marine standards acceptable to the
Bureau.
9.3
Current Carrying Capacity 4-8-3/9.3

Maximum current carrying capacities of cables conforming to IEC Publications 60092-353 are to be
in accordance with the values given in 4-8-3/Table 6. These values are applicable for cables installed
double-banked on cable trays, in cable conduits or cable pipes. The values, however, are to be reduced
for installations where there is an absence of free air circulation around the cables. See 4-8-2/7.7.1 and
Note 4 of 4-8-3/Table 6.
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4-8-3
Flame Retardant Standard 4-8-3/9.5

Electrical cables are to be flame retardant and complying with any of the following:
i)
Depending on the intended installation, cables constructed to IEC Publication 60092

standards are to comply with the flammability criteria of IEC Publication 60332-3, Category
A/F or A/F/R, or
ii)
Cables constructed to IEEE Std 45 are to comply with the flammability criteria contained
therein.
iii)
Cables constructed to other standards, where accepted by the Bureau, are to comply with the
flammability criteria of IEC Publication 60332-3, category A/F or A/F/R (depending on the
intended installation), or other acceptable standards.
Flame retardant marine cables which have not passed the bunched cable flammability criteria as per
IEC Publication 60332-3 may be considered, provided that the cable is treated with approved flame
retardant material or the installation is provided with approved fire stop arrangements.
Consideration will be also given to the special types of cables such as radio frequency cable, which do
not comply with the above requirements.
9.7
Fire Resistant Standard 4-8-3/9.7

Where electrical cables are required to be fire resistant, they are to comply with the requirements of
IEC Publication 60331. See also 4-8-4/1.9 and 4-8-4/21.17.
9.9
Insulation Temperature Rating 4-8-3/9.9

All electrical cables for power and lighting circuits are to have insulation suitable for a conductor
temperature of not less than 60C (140F).
9.11
Armor for Single Core Cables 4-8-3/9.11

The armor is to be non-magnetic for single-conductor alternating-current cables. See also 4-8-4/21.7
for installation arrangements of single conductor cables.
9.13
Fiber Optic Cables 4-8-3/9.13

Fiber optic cables are to comply with a standard acceptable to the Bureau. The flame-retardant
standard for electrical cables is also applicable to fiber optic cables.
9.15
Mineral-insulated Metal-sheathed Cables 4-8-3/9.15

Mineral-insulated cable provided with approved fittings for terminating and connecting to boxes,
outlets and other equipment may be used for any service up to 600 V.
9.17
Test and Certification 4-8-3/9.17

Electrical cables are to be tested by the manufacturers in accordance with the standards of compliance.
Records of test are to be maintained and are to be submitted upon request by the Bureau. Preferably,
electrical cables are to be type approved; see 4-1-1/3.3 through 4-1-1/3.7. For propulsion cables, see
4-8-5/5.17.12.
9.19
Cable Splices 4-8-3/9.19

Cable splice is to be made of fire resistant replacement insulation equivalent in electrical and thermal
properties to the original insulation. The replacement jacket is to be at least equivalent to the original
impervious sheath and is to assure a watertight splice. Splices are to be made using the splice kit,
which is to contain the following:
Connector of correct size and number
570
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4-8-3
Replacement insulation
Replacement jacket
Instructions for use
All cable splices are to be typetested and approved, or type approved (see 1-1-A3/1) before use.
9.21
Cable Junction Boxes 4-8-3/9.21

Junction box is to be constructed of material as described in 4-8-3/1.7. Live parts within the box are to
be provided with suitable clearances and creepage distances, or with shielding by flame retarding
insulation material. Junction boxes having compartments for different voltage levels are to have each
compartment appropriately identified as to its rated voltage. Cables within the junction boxes are to be
well supported so as not to put stress on the cable contacts. In general, junction boxes are to comply
with a recognized standard or type approved (see 1-1-A3/1).
11
Non-sparking Fans
11.1
Design 4-8-3/11.1
4-8-3/11
11.1.1 Air Gap 4-8-3/11.1.1

The air gap between the impeller and the casing is to be not less than 10% of the shaft
diameter in way of the impeller bearing but, in any case, not to be less than 2 mm (0.08 in). It
need not be more than 13 mm (0.5 in.).
11.1.2 Protection Screen 4-8-3/11.1.2
Protection screens of not more than 13 mm (0.5 in) square mesh are to be fitted in the inlet
and outlet of ventilation ducts to prevent the entrance of object into the fan casing.
11.3
Materials 4-8-3/11.3
11.3.1 Impeller and its Housing 4-8-3/11.3.1
Except as indicated in 4-8-3/11.3.3, the impeller and the housing in way of the impeller are to
be made of alloys which, by means of appropriate test procedures, are deemed spark-proof.
11.3.2 Electrostatic Charges 4-8-3/11.3.2
Electrostatic charges both in the rotating body and the casing are to be prevented by the use of
anti-static materials. Furthermore, the installation of the ventilation fan is to ensure its
bonding to the hull.
11.3.3 Acceptable Combination of Materials 4-8-3/11.3.3
Type tests indicated in 4-8-3/11.5 will not be required for fans constructed of the following
combinations of materials:
i)
impellers and/or housings of nonmetallic material, due regard being paid to the
elimination of static electricity;
ii)
impellers and housings of non-ferrous materials;
iii)
impellers of aluminum alloys or magnesium alloys and a ferrous (including austenitic

stainless steel) housing on which a ring of suitable thickness of non-ferrous materials
is fitted in way of the impeller;
iv)
any combination of ferrous (including austenitic stainless steel) impellers and

housings with not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.) tip design clearance.
571
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11.3.4 Unacceptable Combination of Materials 4-8-3/11.3.4

The following impellers and housings are considered as spark-producing and are not
permitted:
11.5
i)
impellers of an aluminum alloy or magnesium alloy and a ferrous housing, regardless

of tip clearance;
ii)
housing made of an aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy and a ferrous impeller,

regardless of tip clearance;
iii)
any combination of ferrous impellers and housings with less than 13 mm (0.5 in.)
design tip clearance.
Type Test 4-8-3/11.5

Each model of fan is also to be evaluated based on a type test which is to be performed in accordance
with an acceptable national or international standard. Preferably, non-sparking fans are to be type
approved; see also 1-1-A3/1.
13
Certified Safe Equipment
13.1
General 4-8-3/13.1
4-8-3/13
Certified safe equipment is equipment intended for installation in hazardous areas where flammable or
explosive gases, vapors, or dust are normally or likely to be present. The equipment is to be typetested and certified by a competent, independent testing laboratory for complying with IEC
Publication 60079 or equivalent standard, and rated according to its enclosure and the types of
flammable atmosphere in which it is safe to install. If desired, the manufacturer may have such
equipment type approved (see 1-1-A3/1).
13.3
Acceptable Types of Certified Safe Equipment 4-8-3/13.3

The following type of electrical equipment, expressed in IEC Publication 60079 nomenclature, will be
acceptable for installation in hazardous areas identified in the Rules. Other types, as well as
equipment complying with an equivalent standard, will also be considered.
13.3.1 Intrinsically Safe Equipment Ex ia and Ex ib 4-8-3/13.3.1
An intrinsically safe equipment is one which is supplied by a low energy circuit which when
sparking, produced normally by breaking or making the circuit or produced accidentally (i.e.,
by short-circuit or earth-fault), is incapable under prescribed test conditions of causing
ignition of a prescribed gas or vapor.
13.3.2 Flameproof (Explosion-proof) Equipment Ex d 4-8-3/13.3.2
Flameproof equipment is one which possesses an enclosure capable of withstanding, without
damage, an explosion of a prescribed flammable gas or vapor within the enclosure and
prevent the transmission of flame or sparks which would ignite the external prescribed
flammable gas or vapor for which it is designed, and which normally operates at an external
temperature that will not ignite the external prescribed flammable gas or vapor. A flameproof
enclosure may not necessarily or ordinarily be weatherproof or dustproof.
13.3.3 Increased Safety Equipment Ex e 4-8-3/13.3.3
Increased safety equipment is designed with a method of protection in which measures
additional to those adopted on ordinary industrial practice are applied, so as to give increased
security against the possibility of excessive temperatures and the occurrence of arcs or sparks
in electrical apparatus which does not produce arcs or sparks in normal service.
572
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13.3.4 Pressurized or Purged Equipment Ex p 4-8-3/13.3.4

Pressured equipment is designed with an enclosure in which the entry of flammable gases or
vapors is prevented by maintaining the air (or other non-flammable gas) within the enclosure
at a specified pressure above that of the external atmosphere. Purged equipment is designed
with an enclosure in which a sufficient flow of fresh air or inert gas is maintained through the
enclosure to prevent the entry of any flammable gas or vapor which may be present in the
ambient atmosphere.
13.5
Flammable Gas Groups and Temperature Classes (2002)4-8-3/13.5

Certified safe equipment is to be rated for the flammable atmosphere in which it is safe to install.
Each flammable atmosphere is to be identified with respect to the flammable gas, vapor or dust and its
self ignition temperature; the latter is used to limit the maximum permissible external surface
temperature of the equipment. The following tables show the typical flammable gas groups and the
temperature classes as in IEC Publication 60079-20:
Gas group
Representative gas
Note:
Temperature
Class
Maximum surface temperature, C
Methane (see note below)
T1
450
IIA
Propane
T2
300
IIB
Ethylene
T3
200
IIC
Hydrogen
T4
135
T5
100
T6
85
While methane of firedamp and mining applications, such as methane generated from coal, is classified as Group I,
industrial methane, such as natural gas, is to be classified as Group IIA with temperature Class T1, if it does not
contain more than 15% (V/V) of hydrogen. A mixture of industrial methane with other compounds from Group
IIA, in any proportion, is also classified as Group IIA with temperature Class T1.
573
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TABLE 1A
Degree of Protection of Electrical Equipment (First IP Numeral)
First IP
numeral
Short description
Definition
Non-protected
No special protection
Protected against solid objects

greater than 50 mm (2 in.)
A large surface of the body, such as a hand (but no protection against deliberate
access). Solid object exceeding 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter.

greater than 12 mm (0.5 in.)
Fingers or similar objects not exceeding 80 mm (3.15 in.) in length. Solid objects
exceeding 12 mm (0.5 in.) in diameter.

greater than 2.5 mm (0.1 in.)
Tools, wires, etc. of diameter or thickness greater than 2.5 mm (0.1 in.). Solid
objects exceeding 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) in diameter

greater than 1 mm (0.04 in.)
Wires or strips of thickness greater than 1 mm (0.04 in.). Solid objects exceeding
1 mm (0.04 in.) in diameter.
Dust protected
Ingress of dust is not totally prevented, but dust does not enter in sufficient quantity
to interfere with satisfactory operation of the equipment
Dust-tight
No ingress of dust
TABLE 1B
Degree of Protection of Electrical Equipment (Second IP Numeral)
Second IP
numeral
Short description
Definition
Non-protected
No special protection.
Protected against dripping

water
Dripping water (vertically falling drops) is to have no harmful effect.
Protected against dripping

water when tilted up to 15.
Vertically dripping water is to have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at
any angle up to 15. from its normal position.
Protected against spraying

water
Water falling as spray at an angle up to 60. from the vertical is to have no harmful
effect.
Protected against splashing

water
Water splashed against the enclosure from any direction is to have no harmful
effect.
Protected against water jets
Water projected by a nozzle against the enclosure from any direction is to have no
harmful effect.
Protected against heavy seas
Water from heavy seas or water projected in powerful jets is not to enter the
enclosure in harmful quantities.
Protected against the effects

of immersion
Ingress of water in a harmful quantity is not to be possible when the enclosure is

immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time.
Protected against submersion
The equipment is suitable for continuous submersion in water under conditions

which are to be specified by the manufacturer.
Note: Normally this will mean that the equipment is hermetically sealed. However, with
certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only in such a manner that it
produces no harmful effects.
574
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4-8-3
TABLE 2
Minimum Degree of Protection
Switchboards, distribution boards, motor control
centers & controllers
Generators
Example
Condition
of
of
Location
Location
Motors
Transformers, Converters
Lighting fixtures
Heating appliances
Accessories (2)
Dry control rooms
Danger of touching live

parts only
Control rooms
Danger of dripping liquid
IP22
IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP22
Machinery spaces above floor plates
and/or moderate
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP44
Steering gear rooms
mechanical damage
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP44
Refrigerating machinery rooms
IP22
IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP44
Emergency machinery rooms
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP44
General store rooms
IP22
IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP22
Pantries
IP22
IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP44
Provision rooms
IP22
IP22
IP22 IP22 IP22
IP22
Dry accommodation space

(4)
IP20
IP20
IP20 IP20 IP20
IP20
IP20
IP20
IP20 IP20 IP20
IP20
Bathrooms & Showers
Increased danger of
IP34 IP44
Machinery spaces below floor plates
liquid and/or mechanical
IP44
IP34 IP44 IP55 (3)
Closed fuel oil or lubricating oil

separator rooms
Ballast pump rooms
Damage
IP44
IP44
IP34 IP44 IP55 (3)
Increased danger of
IP44
IP44
IP44 IP34 IP44
IP55
Refrigerated rooms
liquid and mechanical
IP44
IP34 IP44
IP55
Galleys and Laundries
damage
IP44
IP44
IP44 IP34 IP44
IP44
Shaft or pipe tunnels in double bottom
IP55
IP55
IP55 IP55 IP55
IP56
IP55
Open decks
Danger of liquid spray

presence of cargo dust,
serious mechanical damage,
and/or aggressive fumes
Exposure to heavy seas
IP56
IP56
IP55 IP56
IP56
Bilge wells
Exposure to submersion
IPX8
IPX8
Holds for general cargo
IP55
IP55
Notes
1
Empty spaces shown with -indicate installation of electrical equipment is not recommended.
Accessories include switches, detectors, junction boxes, etc.
Socket outlets are not to be installed in machinery spaces below the floor plate, enclosed fuel and lubricating oil
separator rooms or spaces requiring certified safe equipment.
For the purpose of this Table, the wheelhouse may be categorized as a dry control room and consequently, the
installation of IP20 equipment would suffice therein provided that: (a) the equipment is located as to preclude
being exposed to steam, or dripping/spraying liquids emanating from pipe flanges, valves, ventilation ducts and
outlets, etc., installed in its vicinity, and (b) the equipment is placed to preclude the possibility of being exposed to
sea or rain.
575
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4-8-3
TABLE 3
Factory Test Schedule for Generators 100 kVA
and Motors of 100 kW (135 hp) (2003)
Tests (see 4-8-3/3.15)
AC generators
Type
Routine
test (1)
test (2)
x
x
Visual inspection.
11
Insulation resistance measurement,

see 4-8-3/3.15.2.
Winding resistance measurement,
see 4-8-3/3.15.3.
(2003) Verification of voltage
regulation system, see 4-8-3/3.15.4.
Rated load test and temperature rise
measurement, see 4-8-3/3.15.5.
(2003) Overload/overcurrent test,
see 4-8-3/3.15.6.
Verification of steady short circuit
condition, see 4-8-3/3.15.7. (3)
(2003) Overspeed test,
see 4-8-3/3.15.8.
Dielectric strength test,
see 4-8-3/3.15.9.
Running balance test,
see 4-8-3/3.15.10 (7)
Verification of degree of protection.
12
Bearing check after test.
13
Air gap measurement.
14
Commutation check.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AC motors
Type
Routine
test (1)
test (2)
x
x
DC machines
Type
Routine
test (1)
test (2)
x
x
x (3)
x (4)
x (4)
x (4)
x (6)
x (6)
x (6)
x (6)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Notes
576
Type tests applies to prototype machines or to at least the first of a batch of machines.
(2003) Machines to be routine tested are to have reference to the machine of the same type that has passed a
type test. Reports of routine tested machines are to contain manufacturers serial numbers of the type tested
machines and the test results.
(2003) Only functional test of voltage regulator system.
(2003) Applicable only to generators 100 kVA and motors 100 kW (135 hp) for essential services.
(2003) Verification at steady short circuit condition applies to synchronous generators only.
(2003) Where so specified and agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer. Not required for squirrel cage
motors.
Static balance (machine rated 500 rpm or less) or dynamic balance (over 500 rpm) will be accepted in lieu of
the specified test on machines to be close-coupled to engines and supplied without shaft and/or bearings, or
with incomplete set of bearings.
Part
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4-8-3
TABLE 4
Limit of Temperature Rise for Air Cooled Rotating Machines
Ambient temperature = 50C (1)
Item
No.
Part of machine
A.C. windings of machines having rated
output of 5,000 kW (or kVA) or more
a)
1

output above 200 kW (or kVA) but less than
5,000 kW (or kVA)
outputs of 200 kW (or kVA) or less (2)
b)
c)
Windings of armatures having commutators

Field windings of A.C. and D.C. machines
having D.C. excitation, other than those in
item 4
Field winding of synchronous machines with
cylindrical rotors having D.C. excitation
winding embedded in slots, except
synchronous induction motors
a)
Stationary field windings of A.C. machines

having more than one layer
b)
4
c)
d)
5
6
A
50
Limit of temperature rise, C

for class of insulation
E
B
F
H
70
90
115
55
75
95
120
50
65
70
95
115
55
80
100
120
Resistance
50
65
70
95
115
Thermometer
40
55
60
75
95
Resistance
50
65
70
95
115
Thermometer
40
55
60
75
95
Resistance
50
65
70
95
115
Resistance
80
100
125
40
50
55
65
60
70
75
95
95
115
80
100
125
Thermometer
Resistance
Embedded temp.
detector.
Low resistance field winding of A.C. and

D.C. machines and compensating windings
of D.C. machines having more than one layer
Thermometer
50
65
70
90
115
Resistance
50
65
70
90
115
Single-layer windings of A.C. and D.C.

machines with exposed bare or varnished
metal surfaces and single layer compensating
windings of D.C. machines (3)
Permanently short-circuited windings
Magnetic cores and all structural
components, whether or not in direct contact
with insulation (excluding bearings)
Thermometer
55
70
80
100
125
Resistance
55
70
80
100
125
Commutators, slip-rings and their brushes

and brushing
Temperature
measuring
method
Resistance
Embedded temp.
detector
Resistance
Embedded temp.
detector.
The temperature rise of any parts is not to be detrimental to the

insulating of that part or to any other part adjacent to it.
The temperature rise of any parts is not to be detrimental to the
insulating of that part or to any other part adjacent to it.
Additionally, the temperature is not to exceed that at which the
combination of brush grade and commutator/slip-ring materials
can handle the current over the entire operating range.
Notes
1
The limit of temperature rise in the above Table is based on an ambient temperature of 50C in
accordance with IEC Publication 60092-101. For 40C ambient, the temperature rises may be increased
by 10C.
With application of the superposition test method to windings of machines rated 200 kW (or kVA) or
less with insulation classes A, E, B or F, the limits of temperature rise given for the resistance method
may be increased by 5C.
Also includes multiple layer windings provided that the under layers are each in contact with the
circulating coolant.
577
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4-8-3
TABLE 5
Equipment and Instrumentation for Switchboards
Instrumentation and
Equipment
Alternating-current (AC) Switchboard
Direct-current (DC) Switchboard
1.
Indicator light
An indicator light for each generator connected

between generator and circuit breaker. (3)
An indicator light for each generator connected

between generator and circuit breaker.
2.
Generator
Disconnect
A generator switch or disconnecting links in series

with the generator circuit breaker which is to
disconnect completely all leads of the generator
and the circuit breaker from the buses except the
earth lead. (1)
A generator switch, or disconnecting links, in

series with the circuit breaker which will open
positive, negative, neutral and equalizer leads,
except that for 3-wire generators equalizer poles
may be provided on the circuit breaker. For 3-wire
generators, the circuit breakers are to protect
against a short circuit on the equalizer buses. (1)
3.
Insulation Monitor
and Alarm
A means for continuously monitoring the electrical

insulation level to earth, and an audible or visual
alarm for abnormally low insulation values. (3)
A means for continuously monitoring the electrical

insulation level to earth, and an audible or visual
alarm for abnormally low insulation values. (3)
4.
Ammeter
An ammeter for each generator with a selector

switch to read the current of each phase. (3).
An ammeter for each 2-wire generator. For each

3-wire generator, an ammeter for each positive and
negative lead and a center-zero ammeter in the
earth connection at the generator switchboard.
Ammeters are to be so located in the circuit as to
indicate total generator current.
5.
Voltmeter
A voltmeter for each generator, with a selector

switch to each phase of the generator and to one
phase of the bus. (3)
A voltmeter for each generator with voltmeter

switch for connecting the voltmeter to indicate
generator voltage and bus voltage. For each 3-wire
generator, a voltmeter with voltmeter switch for
connecting the voltmeter to indicate generator
voltage, positive to negative, and bus voltage
positive to negative, positive to neutral, and neutral
to negative. Where permanent provisions for shore
connections are fitted, one voltmeter switch to
provide also for reading shore-connection voltage,
positive to negative
6.
Space heater
indicator light
Where electric heaters are provided for generators,

a heater indicator light is to be fitted for each
generator.
Where electric heaters are provided for generators,

a heater indicator light is to be fitted for each
generator.
7.
Synchroscope or
Lamps
A synchroscope or synchronizing lamps with

selector switch for paralleling in any combination(3)
Not applicable
8.
Prime mover Speed

Control
Control for prime mover speed for paralleling (3)
Not applicable
9.
Wattmeter
Where generators are arranged for parallel

operation, an indicating wattmeter is to be fitted for
each generator. (3)
Not applicable
10.
Frequency
Meter
A frequency meter with selector switch to connect

to any generator. (3)
Not applicable
11.
Field Switch
A double-pole field switch with discharge clips and

resistor for each generator. (2)
Not applicable
12.
Voltage
Regulator
A voltage regulator. (3)
Not applicable
continued...
578
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TABLE 5 (continued)
Equipment and Instrumentation for Switchboards
Instrumentation and
Equipment
13.
Stator Winding
Temperature
Indicator
Alternating-current (AC) Switchboard
Direct-current (DC) Switchboard
For alternating current propulsion generator above

500 kVA, a stator winding temperature indicator is
to be fitted for each generator control panel. (3) (4)
For direct current propulsion generator above 500

kVA, an interpole winding temperature indicator is
to be fitted for each generator control panel. (3) (4)
Notes
1
The switch or links may be omitted when draw-out or plug-in mounted generator breakers are furnished.
For generators with variable voltage exciters or rotary rectifier exciters, each controlled by voltage-regulator
unit acting on the exciter field, the field switch and the discharge resistor may be omitted.
Where vessels have centralized control systems in accordance with Part 4, Chapter 9 and the generators can be
paralleled from the main control station, this equipment may be mounted on the control console.
For high voltage systems, see also 4-8-5/3.7.3(c).
579
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4-8-3
TABLE 6
Maximum Current Carrying Capacity for Cables
Conductor
Size
1-core
mm2
103
circ
mils
V60
PVC/A
625
600
1000
500
950
900
850
800
400
750
700
650
600
300
335
550
500
240
290
450
400
185
250
350
300
150
220
250
120
190
212
95
165
168
70
135
133
106
50
105
83.7
35
87
66.4
52.6
25
71
41.7
33.1
V75
755
736
662
656
641
620
598
576
571
553
529
506
481
477
455
429
415
402
373
353
343
312
309
278
269
251
232
217
192
188
163
156
140
125
121
105
101
91
79
R85
XLPE
E85
EPR
894
872
784
778
760
734
709
682
677
655
628
599
570
565
540
509
492
476
442
418
407
370
367
330
319
297
276
257
228
222
193
184
166
148
144
124
120
108
93
Maximum current in amperes (see 4-8-3/9.3)

45C ambient; 750V and less, AC or DC; see Notes
2-core
R85
V60
M95
XLPE
V75
V60
M95
PVC/A
S95
E85
PVC/A
S95
EPR
1006
642
760
855
981
626
741
834
882
563
666
750
875
558
661
744
854
545
646
726
826
527
624
702
797
508
603
677
767
490
580
652
761
485
575
647
737
470
557
626
706
450
534
600
674
430
509
573
641
409
485
545
636
285
405
480
541
235
607
387
459
516
572
365
433
486
553
247
353
418
470
203
536
342
405
456
498
317
376
423
470
213
300
355
400
175
458
292
346
389
416
265
315
354
412
187
263
312
350
154
371
236
281
315
359
162
229
271
305
133
335
213
252
285
310
140
197
235
264
116
289
184
218
246
256
115
163
194
218
95
250
160
189
213
217
139
164
184
208
89
133
156
177
74
187
119
141
159
166
74
106
126
141
61
162
103
122
138
140
89
105
119
135
60
86
102
115
50
121
77
92
103
105
67
79
89
3- or 4-core
R85
XLPE
V75
E85
EPR
529
626
515
610
463
549
459
545
449
532
434
514
419
496
403
477
400
474
387
459
370
440
354
419
337
399
334
396
319
378
300
356
291
344
281
333
261
309
247
293
240
285
218
259
216
257
195
231
188
223
176
208
162
193
152
180
134
160
132
155
114
135
109
129
98
116
88
104
85
101
74
87
71
84
64
76
55
65
M95
S95
704
687
617
613
598
578
558
540
533
516
494
472
449
445
425
400
387
375
349
329
321
291
288
260
251
235
217
202
179
175
152
146
131
116
113
98
95
85
74
continued....
580
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
3

Electrical Systems
4-8-3
TABLE 6 (continued)
Maximum Current Carrying Capacity for Cables
Conductor
Size
1-core
mm2
103
circ
mils
16
V60
PVC/A
V75
54
76
68
59
57
51
41
38
32
28
24
21
17
15
13
26.3
20.8
10
40
16.5
29
10.4
22
6.53
2.5
17
4.11
1.5
1.25
1.0
12
8
R85
XLPE
E85
EPR
91
81
70
67
60
49
45
38
34
28
25
21
18
16
Maximum current in amperes (see 4-8-3/9.3)

45C ambient; 750V and less, AC or DC; see Notes
2-core
R85
V60
M95
XLPE
V75
V60
M95
PVC/A
S95
E85
PVC/A
S95
EPR
102
46
65
77
87
38
91
58
69
77
78
50
60
66
76
34
48
57
65
28
68
43
51
58
55
25
35
42
47
20
51
32
38
43
43
19
27
32
37
15
38
24
29
32
32
14
20
24
27
12
32
18
21
27
26
10
14
18
22
8
23
13
15
20
20
7
11
14
17
6
3- or 4-core
R85
XLPE
V75
E85
EPR
53
64
48
57
41
49
40
47
36
42
29
34
27
32
22
27
20
24
17
20
15
18
12
15
11
13
9
11
M95
S95
71
64
55
53
48
39
36
30
27
22
22
18
16
14
Notes to Table 6
(1) The nomenclature of cable insulation types used in 4-8-3/Table 6 is as follows:
Insulation type designation
IEC 60092-353
IEC 60092-3
PVC/A
V60
--V75
XLPE
R85
EPR
E85
--M95
S95
S95
Insulation materials
Polyvinyl chloride general purpose
Polyvinyl chloride heat resisting
Cross-linked polyethylene
Ethylene propylene rubber
Mineral (MI)
Silicone rubber
Maximum conductor
temperature, C
60
75
85
85
95
95
(2) The maximum current values given in 4-8-3/Table 6 have been derived from IEC Publication 60092-353 and are
based on ambient temperature of 45C and on the assumption that when a group of four cables bunched together and laid
in free air, the conductors will attain and operate continuously at a temperature equal to the maximum rated temperature
of the insulation.
(3) The maximum current values given in 4-8-3/Table 6 (and those derived therefrom) may be used, without correction
factors, for cables installed double-banked in cable conduits or cable pipes, except as noted in Note (4).
(4) Where more than six cables expected to be operated simultaneously are laid together in a bunch in such a way that
there is an absence of free air circulation around them, a correction factor of 0.85 is to be applied to the values given in
4-8-3/Table 6. Special consideration is necessary if the number of cables installed in this manner exceeds twelve.
(5) The maximum current values given in 4-8-3/Table 6 are applicable to both armored and unarmored cables.
581
Part
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4
8
3

Electrical Systems
4-8-3
(6) If ambient temperature differs from 45C, the maximum current values in 4-8-3/Table 6 are to be multiplied by the
following factors.
Maximum
conductor
temperature
60C
75C
80C
85C
95C
40C
50C
1.15
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
0.82
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.95
Ambient correction factor

55C
60C
65C
-0.82
0.85
0.87
0.89
-0.71
0.76
0.79
0.84
-0.58
0.65
0.71
0.77
70C
---0.53
0.61
0.71
(7) Where the number of conductors in a cable exceeds 4, the maximum current value is to be corrected by factors as
indicated in the following table.
No. of Conductors
56
7 24
25 42
43
Correction factor for 3- or

4-core values in Table 6
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
(8) When a mineral-insulated cable is installed in such a location that its copper sheath is liable to be touched when in
service, the current rating is to be multiplied by the correction factor 0.80 in order that the sheath temperature does not
exceed 70C.
(9) Cables being accepted based on approved alternate standard may have current carrying capacity of that standard
provided the cables are in full compliance with that standard.
582
PART
4
CHAPTER
Electrical Systems
SECTION
Shipboard Installation and Tests
General
1.1
4-8-4/1
Provisions of this section apply to all electrical installations onboard vessels. Additional requirements
applicable to high voltage systems and electric propulsion systems are given in Section 4-8-5.
Requirements applicable to specific vessel types, particularly with regard to installations in hazardous
areas, are given in Part 5.
1.3
Degree of Enclosure 4-8-4/1.3

Electrical equipment is to be protected from the intrusion of foreign matter during service. For this
purpose the degree of enclosure of electrical equipment is to be adequate for its location of
installation. The minimum degrees of enclosure required for typical locations onboard vessels are
given in 4-8-3/Table 2 and are to be complied with.
1.5
Hazardous Areas 4-8-4/1.5

Areas where flammable or explosive gases, vapors or dust are normally or likely to be present are
known as hazardous areas. Electrical equipment intended for installation in hazardous areas are to
have suitable enclosures or are to be of the low energy type. See 4-8-4/27.
1.7
Inclination 4-8-4/1.7
Electrical equipment is to be installed such that its inclination, in both the longitudinal and
athwartship directions, and in static and dynamic operating conditions, will not exceed that to which it
is designed, and in any case, is to operate satisfactorily up to the inclinations defined in 4-1-1/7.9.
1.9
Services Required to be Operable Under a Fire Condition (2001) 4-8-4/1.9

For the purpose of 4-8-4/21.17.2, services required to be operable under a fire condition include, but
not limited thereto, are the following:
i)
Fire and general alarm system
ii)
Fire extinguishing system including fire extinguishing medium release alarms
iii)
Fire detection system
iv)
Control and power systems for all power operated fire doors and their indicating systems
583
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
4

Electrical Systems
4-8-4
v)
Control and power systems for all power operated watertight doors and their indicating
systems
vi)
Emergency lighting
vii)
Public address system
Generators and Motors
4-8-4/3
Generators, motors and other rotating machines are to be installed preferably with their shafts in a
fore-and-aft direction of the vessel. Arrangements are to be made to protect generator and motors
from bilge water. Precautions are also to be taken to preclude any oil which may escape under
pressure from entering machine windings.
Accumulator Batteries
5.1
General 4-8-4/5.1
4-8-4/5
5.1.1
These requirements are applicable to batteries which emit hydrogen while in use. Installation
design of other battery types is to be submitted for consideration in each case along with
operational hazards of the batteries.
5.1.2
Battery Cells 4-8-4/5.1.2

Battery cells are to be so constructed as to prevent spillage of electrolyte due to motions of the
vessel at sea. Batteries are to be secured to their trays or shelves to prevent their movement.
5.1.3
Nameplates of corrosion-resistant material are to be provided in an accessible position of the
trays or shelves and are to indicate at least the following information:
The type designation
The rated voltage
The ampere-hour rating at a specific rate of discharge
The specific gravity of the electrolyte
(in the case of a lead-acid battery, the specific gravity when the battery is fully
charged)
5.1.4
Referenced Requirements 4-8-4/5.1.4

The following requirements are also applicable to battery installations:
Accumulator batteries as emergency source of electrical power
4-8-2/5.9.2
Accumulator batteries as transitional source of electrical power 4-8-2/5.11
584
Protection of accumulator batteries
4-8-2/9.15
Battery starting systems
4-8-2/11.11
Part
Chapter
Section
5.3
4
8
4

Electrical Systems
4-8-4
Lead-acid or Alkaline Battery Storage Locations 4-8-4/5.3

5.3.1
Battery Room 4-8-4/5.3.1

5.3.1(a) General. Where a group of accumulator batteries is connected to charging devices
with total output of more than 2 kW, it is to be installed in a battery room dedicated to
batteries only. No other electrical equipment is to be installed in the battery room except that
necessary for operational purposes. Each of such equipment is to be of a certified safe type for
battery room atmosphere.
5.3.1(b) Ventilation of battery room. Battery room is to be ventilated to avoid accumulation
of flammable gas. Natural ventilation may be employed if ducts can be led directly from the
top of the battery room to the open air above, with an opening for air inlet near the floor.
If natural ventilation is impractical, mechanical exhaust ventilation is to be provided with fan
intake at the top of the room. Fan motor is to be of certified safe type, and fan is to be of nonsparking construction (see 4-8-3/11). The fan is to be capable of completely changing the air
in the battery room in not more than two minutes. An alternative fan capacity may be
provided if it is able to maintain the flammable gases within the battery room to a level below
the lower explosive limit (L.E.L.) at the maximum battery charging current. Where the
ventilation capacity is based on low-hydrogen emission type batteries (see also 4-8-4/5.5), a
warning notice to this effect is to be displayed in a visible place in the battery room.
5.3.1(c) Corrosion protection in battery room. Interior of the battery room including
structural members, shelves, ventilation inlets and outlets are to be coated with paint resistant
to the electrolyte used in the batteries. Shelves for lead acid batteries are to have watertight
lining of sheet lead not less than 1.6 mm (1/8 in) thick, and carried up not less than 75 mm
(3 in.) on all sides; and that for alkaline batteries of sheet steel not less than 0.8 mm (1/16 in.)
thick. Alternatively, the entire battery room may be fitted with a watertight lead pan (or steel
for alkaline batteries), over the entire deck, carried up not less than 150 mm (6 in) on all sides.
5.3.1(d) Battery trays. For purposes of heat dissipation during equalizing charge, appropriate
air spaces are to be provided around each battery. Where placed in trays, batteries are to be
chocked with wood strips or equivalent to prevent movement and each battery is to be
supported in the tray with nonabsorbent insulator on the bottom and at the sides or with
equivalent provision to secure air-circulation space all around each tray.
5.3.2
Deck Boxes 4-8-4/5.3.2

5.3.2(a) General. Where a group of accumulator batteries is connected to a charging devices
with a total output of 0.2 kW up to and including 2 kW, they may be installed in the battery
room or, alternatively, in deck boxes. Deck boxes may be located in machinery spaces, or
other well ventilated locations.
5.3.2(b) Ventilation of deck boxes. Deck boxes are to be provided with a duct from the top
of the box, terminating with a means to prevent entrance of water such as goose-neck or
mushroom head. At least two air inlets are to be provided at the lower part and opposite sides
of the deck box. Louvers or equivalent are to be fitted at the air inlets at the lower part of the
box. Where located in the weather, deck boxes, including openings for ventilation, are to be
weathertight.
5.3.2(c) Corrosion protection in deck boxes. Deck boxes are to be fitted with watertight
trays with coaming heights not less than 150 mm (6 in.) as in 4-8-4/5.3.1(c).
585
Part
Chapter
Section
5.5
4
8
4

Electrical Systems
4-8-4
5.3.3
Small Battery Boxes 4-8-4/5.3.3

Batteries not covered in 4-8-4/5.3.1 and 4-8-4/5.3.2 are to be installed in battery boxes and
may be located as desired, except they are not to be located in sleeping quarters unless
hermetically sealed. Small battery boxes require no ventilation other than openings near the
top to allow escape of gas. For corrosion protection, the boxes are to be lined to a depth of
75 mm (3 in.) consistent with the method in 4-8-4/5.3.1(c).
5.3.4
Batteries for Engine Starting 4-8-4/5.3.4

Engine starting batteries are to be installed in the same space where the engine is installed,
and are to be located close to the engine.
5.3.5
Batteries of Different Electrolyte 4-8-4/5.3.5

Where batteries of different types, for which different electrolyte are used, are installed in the
same room, they are to be segregated and effectively identified.
Low-hydrogen-emission Battery Storage Locations 4-8-4/5.5

A battery is considered low-hydrogen-emission (LHE) if it does not emit more hydrogen under
similar charging condition than a standard lead-acid battery. LHE batteries connected to charging
devices with total output of more than 2 kW may be installed as in 4-8-4/5.3.2, provided calculations
are submitted demonstrating that under a similar charging condition, hydrogen emission does not
exceed that of standard lead-acid batteries connected to a 2 kW charging device. Similarly, LHE
batteries connected to charging device with total output of 2 kW or less may be installed as in
4-8-4/5.3.3, provided calculations are submitted demonstrating that under a similar charging
condition, hydrogen emission does not exceed that of standard lead-acid batteries connected to
charging device of 0.2 kW.
For such installations, a warning-notice is to be displayed to notify maintenance personnel that
additional batteries are not to be installed and any replacement battery is to be of the LHE type.
Switchboard and Distribution Boards
7.1
Switchboard (2004)
586
4-8-4/7
7.1.1
Location and Clearance for Maintenance

Switchboards are to be located in a dry place. Clear working space of at least 900 mm (35 in)
at the front of the switchboard and a clearance of at least 600 mm (24 in) at the rear are to be
provided. The clearance at the rear may be reduced in way of stiffeners or frames so long as
they do not impair the operability and serviceability of the switchboards. For switchboards
enclosed at the rear and fully serviceable from the front, clearance at the rear will not be
required, except that necessary for cooling.
7.1.2
Precaution Against Electrical Shock

Unless the switchboard is installed on an electrically insulated floor, non-conducting mats or
gratings are to be provided at the front and the rear of switchboards where operations or
maintenance are expected. Where the floor on which the switchboard is installed is of
electrically insulated construction, the insulation level of the floor to the earth is to be at least
50 M. A notice plate is to be posted at the entrance to the switchboard room or on the
switchboard front panel to state that the floor in the room is of electrically insulated
construction.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
4
7.1.3
7.3

Electrical Systems
4-8-4
Protection for Leakage of Liquid

Pipes are not to be routed in the vicinity of switchboards. Where this cannot be avoided, such
piping is to be of all welded joints or means are to be provided to prevent any joint leakage
under pressure to impinge on the switchboard.
Distribution Boards (2004)

Distribution boards are to be installed in accessible locations, but not in such spaces as bunkers,
storerooms, cargo holds or passengers spaces.
Distribution boards may be located behind panels/linings within accommodation spaces including
stairway enclosures, without the need to categorize the space for fire integrity standard, provided no
provision is made for storage.
Motor Controllers and Motor Control Centers
9.1
Location 4-8-4/9.1
4-8-4/9
Motor control centers are to be located in a dry place. Clear working space is to be provided around
motor control centers to enable doors to be fully opened and equipment removed for maintenance and
replacement.
9.3
9.5
Disconnecting Arrangements 4-8-4/9.3

9.3.1
General 4-8-4/9.3.1
A circuit-disconnecting device is to be provided for each branch circuit of motor rated 0.5 kW
or above so that the motor and the controller may be isolated from the power supply for
maintenance purposes. However, for a pre-assembled or skid-mounted unit having two or
more motors (e.g., fuel oil blender), a single disconnecting device in its feeder may be
accepted in lieu of individual disconnecting devices for the motors, provided that the full load
current of each motor is less than 6 A. See also 4-8-3/5.7.2.
9.3.2
Location of the Disconnecting Device 4-8-4/9.3.2

The disconnecting device may be in the same enclosure with the controller, in which case it is
to be externally operable. The branch-circuit switch or circuit breaker on the powerdistribution panel or switchboard may serve as the disconnect device if it is located in the
same compartment as the controller. In any case, if the disconnecting device is not within
sight of both the motor and the controller, or if it is more than 15 m (50 ft) from either, it is to
be arranged for locking in the open position. The disconnect switch, if not adjacent to the
controller, is to be provided with an identification plate.
9.3.3
Open/Close Indication 4-8-4/9.3.3

The disconnect device is to be provided with an indication of whether it is open or closed.
9.3.4
Supply Voltage of Indicating Light Circuit 4-8-4/9.3.4

Where the indicating light is fitted to a motor controller to indicate the availability of the
power supply, and if the required disconnecting device does not de-energize the indicating
light circuits, the voltage of indicating light circuits is not to exceed 150 V.
Resistors for Control Apparatus 4-8-4/9.5

Controllers fitted with resistors are to be located in well-ventilated compartments and are to be
mounted with ample clearances [about 300 mm (12 in.)] from vessel structures and unprotected
combustible materials.
587
Part
Chapter
Section
4
8
4

Electrical Systems
11
Lighting Systems
11.1
General 4-8-4/11.1
4-8-4
4-8-4/11
11.1.1 Hot Surfaces 4-8-4/11.1.1

Lighting fixtures are to be so installed as to prevent their hot surfaces from damaging cables
and wiring, and from igniting surrounding materials.
11.1.2 Referenced Requirements 4-8-4/11.1.2
The following referenced requirements are applicable:
11.3
Emergency lighting,
4-8-2/5.5.1 and 4-8-2/5.5.2
Lighting system arrangement,
4-8-2/7.13
Cable for branch lighting circuit,
4-8-2/7.7.7
Protection of branch lighting circuit,
4-8-2/9.21
Lighting Installation in Cargo Spaces 4-8-4/11.3

Fixed lighting circuits in cargo spaces are to be controlled by multipole-linked switches situated
outside the cargo spaces.
13
Ventilating and Heating Equipment
13.1
Electric Radiators 4-8-4/13.1
4-8-4/13
Electric radiators, if used, are to be fixed in position and be so constructed as to reduce fire risks to a
minimum. Electric radiators of the exposed-element type are not to be used.
13.3
Power Ventilation 4-8-4/13.3

Power ventilation of accommodation spaces, service spaces, cargo spaces, control stations and
machinery spaces is to be capable of being stopped from an easily accessible position outside of the
spaces served. This position is not to be readily cut off in the event of a fire in the spaces served. The
means for stopping the power ventilation of machinery spaces are to be entirely separate from the
means provided for stopping ventilation of other spaces. See 4-8-2/11.9 for details of the
requirements.
15
Magnetic Compasses
4-8-4/15
Precautions are to be taken in connection with apparatus and wiring in the vicinity of the magnetic
compass to prevent disturbance of the needle from external magnetic fields.
17
Portable Equipment and Outlets
4-8-4/17
Portables apparatus served by a flexible cord is not to be used in cargo oil pump rooms or other
hazardous areas.
588
Part
Chapter
Section
19
4
8
4

Electrical Systems
Power Receptacles
4-8-4
4-8-4/19
Receptacles and plugs of different voltage systems are not to be interchangeable, e.g., receptacles for
230 V system are to be of a type which will not permit attaching 115 V equipment.
21
Cable Installation
21.1
4-8-4/21
21.1.1 Continuity 4-8-4/21.1.1

Electrical cables are to be installed, as far as practicable, in continuous lengths between
termination points. Where necessary, the use of cable junction boxes will be permitted; see
4-8-4/21.25. Cable splices (see 4-8-4/21.23) will be permitted during construction for joining
cables between modules, or when extending or truncating the lengths of cables during repair
or alteration.
21.1.2 Restricted Locations 4-8-4/21.1.2
Cables are to be located with a view to avoiding, as far as practicable, spaces where excessive
heat and flammable gases may be encountered, and also spaces where they may be exposed to
mechanical damage. Where this cannot be avoided, special measures are to be made for
effective protection of cables. See also 4-8-4/21.15.
21.1.3 Choice of Insulation 4-8-4/21.1.3
The rated operating temperature of the insulating material is to be at least 10C higher than
the maximum ambient temperature in the space where the cable is installed.
21.1.4 High Voltage Cable 4-8-4/21.1.4
Cables serving systems above 1 kV are not to be bunched with cables serving systems of 1 kV
and below.
21.1.5 Signal Cables 4-8-4/21.1.5
Except for fiber optic cables, non-shielded signal cables for control, monitoring and safety
systems essential for propulsion and maneuvering of the vessel which may be affected by
electromagnetic interference are not to be run in the same bunch with power or lighting
cables.
21.3
Cable Current Carrying Capacity 4-8-4/21.3

Cables sized in accordance with the current carrying capacities of 4-8-3/Table 6, where installed on
cable trays, are not to exceed double-banked. Cables sized in accordance with the current carrying
capacities of 4-8-3/Table 6 are to be installed in such a manner as to provide sufficient air space
around each cable to allow for heat dissipation.
21.5
Cable Voltage Drop 4-8-4/21.5

Voltage drop at any point of the electrical installation is not to exceed 6% of the nominal voltage. For
supplies from batteries with a voltage not exceeding 50 V this figure may be increased to 10%. Where
the length of the cable installed is such that, while the conductors are carrying the maximum current
under steady state condition of service, this voltage drop limit is exceeded, the cable size is to be
increased appropriately to reduce the voltage drop. See also 4-8-2/7.7.1.
589
Part
Chapter
Section
21.7
4
8
4

Electrical Systems
4-8-4
Single Conductor Cables 4-8-4/21.7

As far as possible, twin or multi-conductor cables are to be used in AC power distribution systems.
However, where it is necessary to use single-conductor cables in circuits rated more than 20 A,
arrangements are to be made to account for the harmful effect of electromagnetic induction as
follows:
21.9
i)
the cable is to be supported on non-fragile insulators;
ii)
the cable armoring (to be non-magnetic, see 4-8-3/9.11) or any metallic protection (nonmagnetic) is to be earthed at mid span or supply end only;
iii)
there are to be no magnetic circuits around individual cables and no magnetic materials
between cables installed as a group; and
iv)
as far as practicable, cables for three-phase distribution are to be installed in groups, each
group is to comprise cables of the three phases (360 electrical degrees). Cables with runs of
30 m (100 ft) or longer and having cross-sectional area of 185 mm2 (365,005 circ. mils) or
more are to be transposed throughout the length at intervals of not exceeding 15 m (50 ft) in
order to equalize to some degree the impedance of the three phase circuits. Alternatively, such
cables are to be installed in trefoil formation.
Cable Support 4-8-4/21.9

21.9.1 General 4-8-4/21.9.1
Cables are to be installed and supported in ways to avoid chafing and undue stress in the
cable. Cable supports and associated accessories are to be robust and are to be of materials
that are corrosion-resistant or suitably treated to resist corrosion.
21.9.2 Spacing for Cable Support (2002)4-8-4/21.9.2
The distance between cable supports are to be suitably chosen according to the type of cable
and the degree of vibration the installation is likely to be subjected to. In general, cables are to
be supported and fixed at an interval not to exceed 400 mm (16 in.). For horizontal runs
where cables are laid on tray plates, individual support brackets or hanger ladders, the
distance between the fixing points may be up to 900 mm (36 in.), provided that there are
supports with maximum spacing, as specified above. This relaxation, however, does not apply
to cable runs on weather decks where forces from sea water washing over the deck is
expected.
Alternatively, cable support systems complying with a recognized standard other than IEC
60092-352 may be used where the installed cables also comply with that standard.
Specifically, cable support systems meeting the requirements of IEEE 45 may be used where
IEEE 45 cables are installed.
21.9.3 Clips, Saddles, Straps 4-8-4/21.9.3
21.9.3(a) Size. Clips, saddles and straps are to have a surface area so wide and shaped that
the cables are fixed tight without their covering being damaged.
21.9.3(b) Non-metallic materials. Cable clips, saddles or straps made from approved
materials other than metal (such as polyamide, PVC) may be used, provided that they are
flame-retardant in accordance with IEC Publication 60092-101. Where used for cables not
laid on top of horizontal cable trays or similar, suitable metal clips or straps are to be added at
regular intervals not exceeding 2 m (6.5 ft) in order to prevent the release of cables during a
fire. This requirement, however, need not apply to one or up to a few small diameter cables
connecting to lights, alarm transducers, etc.
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21.9.4 Plastic Cable Trays and Protective Casings (2004) 4-8-4/21.9.4

21.9.4(a) Installations. Cable trays and protective casings made of plastic materials are to be
supplemented by metallic fixing and straps such that, in the event of a fire, they and the cables
affixed are prevented from falling and causing an injury to personnel and/or an obstruction to
any escape route. See 4-8-4/21.9.3(b). Where plastic cable trays and protective casings are
used on open deck, they are additionally to be protected against UV light by such as anti-UV
coating or equivalent.
Note:
Plastic means both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials with or without reinforcement,
such as PVC and fiber reinforced plastics FRP. Protective casing means a closed cover in the form of
a pipe or other closed ducts of non-circular shape.
21.9.4(b) Safe Working Load. The load on the cable trays and protective casings is to be
within the Safe Working Load (SWL). The support spacing is to be not greater than the
manufacturers recommendation nor in excess of the spacing at the SWL test. In general, the
spacing is not to exceed 2 meters.
Note:
The selection and spacing of cable tray and protective casing supports are to take into account:
Dimensions of the cable trays and the protective casings;
mechanical and physical properties of their material;
mass of the cable trays/protective casings;
loads due to weight of cables, external forces, thrust forces and vibrations;
maximum accelerations to which the system may be subjected;
combination of loads .
21.9.4(c) Cable occupation ratio in protective casing. The sum of the total cross-sectional
area of all cables on the basis of their external diameter is not to exceed 40% of the internal
cross-sectional area of the protective casing. This does not apply to a single cable in a
protective casing.
21.9.4(d) Type Testing. Cable trays and protective casings made of plastic materials are to be
of the flame retardant type and type tested in accordance with a recognized standard. If no
adequate recognized standard is available, refer to Appendix 4-8-4A1 for guidance. The type
test report is to be submitted for review.
21.11 Cable Bending Radii 4-8-4/21.11

Cable bending radii may adhere to manufacturers recommendations or the cable construction
standard. Not withstanding that, the bending radii are to be in accordance with the following table:
Cable construction
Insulation
Outer covering
Thermoplastic or thermosetting
Unarmored or unbraided
with circular copper conductor
Thermoplastic or thermosetting
with shaped copper conductor
Mineral
Metal braid screened or armored

Metal wire or metal-tape armored or
metal-sheathed
Composite polyester/metal laminate tape
screened units or collective tape screening
Any
Hard metal-sheathed
Overall diameter, D
Minimum internal
bending radius
D 25 mm (1 in.)
D > 25 mm
Any
Any
4D
6D
6D
6D
Any
8D
Any
8D
Any
6D
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21.13 Deck and Bulkhead Penetrations 4-8-4/21.13

21.13.1 General 4-8-4/21.13.1
Where cables pass through watertight or fire-rated bulkheads or decks, the penetrations are to
be made through the use of approved stuffing tubes, transit devices or pourable materials
which will maintain the watertight or firetight integrity of the bulkheads or decks. These
devices or materials are not to cause damage to the cable.
Where cable conduit pipe or equivalent is carried through decks or bulkheads, arrangements
are to be made to maintain the integrity of the water or gas tightness of the structure
21.13.2 Structural Insulation 4-8-4/21.13.2
Cables are not to be installed behind, or imbedded in, structural insulation. They may,
however, pass through such insulation at approximately right angle. The penetration design is
to preserve the insulation rating. Cable conduit or recess integral with B or C class fire-walls
may be used for installing cables for accommodation purposes, subject to the following
conditions:
i)
such fire-walls are of an approved type (e.g., by an Administration for meeting

SOLAS), and
ii)
arrangements are made to prevent the propagation of smoke through the conduit.
21.13.3 Non-watertight Penetrations 4-8-4/21.13.3

When cables pass through non-watertight bulkheads, decks or structural members, the length
of the bearing surface for the cable is to be at least 6.4 mm (0.25 in.). All burrs and sharp
edges are to be removed in way of the penetration.
21.13.4 Collision Bulkhead 4-8-4/21.13.4
No cable is allowed to penetrate the collision bulkhead.
21.13.5 Refrigerated Spaces 4-8-4/21.13.5
For penetration through insulated, refrigerated space bulkheads, cables are to be installed in
phenolic pipes or similar heat-insulating material. The pipe may be inserted through the
bulkhead stuffing tube or joined directly to the bulkhead penetration piece.
21.15 Mechanical Protection for Cables 4-8-4/21.15

21.15.1 General 4-8-4/21.15.1
Electrical cables exposed to risk of mechanical damage during normal operation of the vessel
are to be of the type provided with metallic armor or otherwise suitably protected from
mechanical injury.
21.15.2 Additional Protection 4-8-4/21.15.2
Cables installed in locations such as within cargo holds, in way of cargo hatch openings, open
decks subjected to seas, etc., even of the armored type, are to be protected by substantial
metal shields, structural shapes, pipe or other equivalent means, which are to be of sufficient
strength to provide effective protection to the cables. Metallic protections are to be electrically
continuous and earthed to the hull. Non-metallic protections are to be flame retardant.
Expansion bellows or similar, where fitted, are to be accessible for maintenance.
21.15.3 Drainage 4-8-4/21.15.3
Cable protective casings, pipes and similar fixtures are to be provided with drainage.
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21.17 Installation of Cables and Apparatus for Emergency and Essential

Services (2001)4-8-4/21.17
21.17.1 Emergency and Essential Feeders 4-8-4/21.17.1
Cables emanating from the emergency switchboard and supplying power to equipment
located outside machinery spaces of category A are not to pass through the machinery space
of category A so as to maintain their functionality in the event of fire or other casualty
causing the main source of electrical power in the machinery space of category A to be
unavailable. As far as practicable, cables and wiring serving essential or emergency power,
lighting, internal communications or signals, are also to be routed clear of galleys, laundries,
the external boundaries of machinery space of category A and other high fire risk areas. These
cables and wiring are also to be run in such a manner as to preclude their being rendered
unserviceable by heating of the bulkheads that may be caused by a fire in an adjacent space.
21.17.2 Services Necessary Under a Fire Condition 4-8-4/21.17.2
21.17.2(a) Cables and apparatus for those services required to be operable under a fire
condition (see 4-8-4/1.9) including those for their power supplies are to be arranged so as to
minimize the possibility of loss of services due to any localized fire.
21.17.2(b) Where cables for such services cannot be routed clear of high fire risk areas or
zones, they are to be fire resistant in accordance with 4-8-3/9.7 where they pass through high
fire risk areas or fire zones other than those which they serve, unless exempted by
4-8-4/21.17.2(c).
21.17.2(c) Cables used in systems that are self monitoring, fail safe or duplicated with cable
runs separated as widely as is practicable, may be exempted from the fire resistant
requirement, provided the functionality of the system is maintained.
21.17.2(d) The fire resistant cables are to extend from the control/monitoring panel, or for
power supply cables from the distribution point within the space containing the emergency
source of electrical power, to the nearest local distribution panel serving the relevant
area/zone. In all instances, the run of cables is to be as straight as is practicable.
21.17.2(e) This item does not alleviate the requirements for emergency feeders in
4-8-4/21.17.1.
21.19 Mineral Insulated Cables 4-8-4/21.19

At all points where a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed cable terminates, an approved seal is to be
provided immediately after stripping to prevent entrance of moisture into the mineral insulation and,
in addition, the conductors extending beyond the sheath are to be insulated with an approved
insulating material. When a mineral-insulated cable is connected to boxes or equipment, the fittings
are to be approved for the conditions of service. The connections are to be in accordance with the
manufacturers installation recommendation.
21.21 Fiber Optic Cables 4-8-4/21.21

The installation of fiber optic cables is to be in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations
to prevent sharp bends where the fiber optic cables enter the equipment enclosure. Consideration is to
be given to the use of angled stuffing tubes. The cables are to be installed so as to avoid abrading,
crushing, twisting, kinking or pulling around sharp edges.
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21.23 Installation of Cable Splices 4-8-4/21.23

All splices are to be made with an approved splice kit, see 4-8-3/9.19. No splice is permitted in
hazardous areas, except for cables of intrinsically safe circuits. Neither is splice permitted in
propulsion cables. Where permitted, the following installation details are to be complied with:
i)
All splices are to be made after the cables are in place and are to be in locations accessible for
inspection.
ii)
The conductor splice is to be made using a pressure type butt connector by means of a onecycle compression tool.
iii)
Armored cables having splices are not required to have the armor replaced, provided that the
armor is made electrically continuous.
iv)
Splices are to be so arranged that mechanical stresses are not carried by the splice.
Splicing of fiber optic cables is to be by means of mechanical or fusion methods, as recommended by

the manufacturer.
21.25 Installation of Cable Junction Boxes 4-8-4/21.25

Junction boxes may be employed to connect cables, provided they are of approved design, see
4-8-3/9.21. Junction boxes are not to be used in propulsion cables, however. Where permitted, the
following installation details are to be complied with:
i)
The junction box enclosures are to be suitable for the locations of installation.
ii)
Junction boxes are to be in locations accessible for inspection.
iii)
For low voltage systems (50 V, 110 V, etc. up to 1 kV AC, see 4-8-1/7.3.1), each voltage
level is to be provided with its own junction box or separated by physical barriers within the
same junction box. For high voltage systems (> 1 kV), a separate junction box is to be used
for each of the voltage levels.
iv)
Emergency circuits and normal circuits are not to share the same junction box.
v)
Armored cables are to have their armoring made electrically continuous.
vi)
Cables arranged for connection at a junction box are to be well-supported and fastened so that
conductor contacts are not subjected to undue stress.
21.27 Cable Termination 4-8-4/21.27

Cables stripped of moisture-resistant insulation are to be sealed against the admission of moisture by
methods such as taping in combination with insulating compound or sealing devices. Cable
conductors for connection to terminals are to be fitted with crimp lugs of corresponding current rating,
or equivalent. Soldered lugs are permitted for conductors up to 2.5 mm2 only. Cables are to be secured
to the terminal box or other sturdy structure in such a manner that stresses are not transmitted to the
terminal. Cables moisture resistant jacket is to extend through the outermost cable clamp of the
terminal box. Where applicable, other properties of the cable, e.g., flame retarding, fire resistant, etc.
are to be retained through to the terminal box.
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23
Equipment Earthing
23.1
4-8-4
4-8-4/23
23.1.1 Equipment 4-8-4/23.1.1

For protection against electrical shock, exposed metal parts of electrical machine or
equipment which are not intended to be live but which are liable under fault conditions to
become live are to be earthed unless the machine or equipment is:
i)
supplied at a voltage not exceeding 50 V (DC or AC rms) between conductors (autotransformers are not to be used for the purpose of achieving this voltage); or
ii)
supplied at a voltage not exceeding 250 V (AC) by safety isolating transformers

supplying only one consuming device; or
iii)
constructed in accordance with the principle of double insulation.
23.1.2 Cables 4-8-4/23.1.2

Metallic armor of cables and metallic sheath of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed cables are
to be electrically continuous and are to be earthed to the metal hull at each end of the run,
except that final sub-circuits may be earthed at the supply end only.
23.1.3 Receptacles 4-8-4/23.1.3
Receptacles operating at more than 50 V are to have an earthing pole. Attachment plugs for
non-permanently fitted equipment operating at more than 50 V are to have an earthing pole
and an earthing conductor in the portable cord to earth the dead metal parts of the equipment.
23.3
Earthing Methods 4-8-4/23.3

The metal frames or enclosure of permanently installed electrical equipment may be earthed through
metallic contact with the vessels structure where the arrangement and method of installation assure
positive earthing. Otherwise, they are to be connected to the hull by a separate conductor, as follows:
25
i)
Earthing conductor is to be of copper or other corrosion resistant material.
ii)
The nominal cross-sectional area of every copper earthing conductor is to be not less than that
required by 4-8-4/Table 1.
iii)
Connection of an earthing conductor to the hull is to be made in an accessible location,

protected from mechanical damage, and secured by a screw of corrosion-resistant material
having a cross-sectional area equivalent to the required earthing conductor but, in any case,
not less than 4 mm (0.16 in) in diameter.
System Earthing
4-8-4/23
System earthing is to be in accordance with 4-8-2/7.5 for low voltage system, and with 4-8-5/3.3.3 for
high voltage system. Earthing method, as described in 4-8-4/23.3, is to be complied with.
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TABLE 1
Size of Earthing Conductors (Equipment and System Earthing) (2003)
Earth-continuity conductor
A1
Cross-sectional area, A, of
associated current carrying
conductor
A 16 mm2
in flexible cable or
A2
16 mm2 < A 32 mm2
16 mm2
flexible cord
A3
A > 32 mm2
A/2
Type of earthing connection
Minimum cross-sectional area of

copper earthing connection
A
For cables having an insulated earth-continuity conductor

B1a
A 1.5 mm2
1.5 mm2
B1b
1.5 mm2 < A 16 mm2
Earth-continuity conductor
B1c
16 mm2 < A 32 mm2
16 mm2
incorporated in fixed cable
B1d
A > 32 mm2
A/2
For cables with bare earth wire in direct contact with the lead sheath
B2a
A 2.5 mm2
1 mm2
B2b
2.5 mm2 < A 6 mm2
1.5 mm2
C1a
A 3 mm2
Separate fixed earthing conductor
C1b
C2
3 mm2 < A 6 mm2
C3
6 mm2 < A 125 mm2
C4
A > 125 mm
Stranded earthing connection:

1.5 mm2 for A 1.5 mm2
A for A > 1.5 mm2
Unstranded earthing connection:
3 mm2
3 mm2
A/2
2
64 mm , see Note (1)
Note (1): For earthed distribution systems, the size of earthing conductor is not to be less than A/2.
27
Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas
27.1
General 4-8-4/27.1
4-8-4/27
Hazardous areas are spaces where flammable or explosive gases, vapors or dust are normally present,
or likely to be present. Hazardous areas are to be classified based on the likelihood of presence and
the concentration and type of flammable atmosphere, as well as in terms of the extent of the space.
Electrical equipment is not to be installed in hazardous areas unless it is essential for safety or for
operational purposes. Where the installation of electrical equipment in such location is necessary, it is
to be selected based on its suitability for the hazardous area so classified. Such equipment is to be as
specified in the appropriate sections of the Rules, as indicated below.
27.3
Hazardous Areas 4-8-4/27.3

27.3.1 General 4-8-4/27.3.1
The following spaces are, in general, to be regarded as hazardous areas:
596
i)
Tanks containing flammable liquids having a flash point of 60C (140F) or below.
ii)
Holds containing solid bulk cargoes liable to release flammable gases or dust.
iii)
Holds or enclosed cargo spaces containing cargoes that are likely to emit flammable
gases or vapors, e.g., dangerous goods, vehicles with fuel in their tanks, etc.
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iv)
4-8-4
An enclosed or semi-enclosed space:

having a direct access or opening into the hazardous areas defined in i), ii) or iii),
through a door, a ventilation opening, etc.;
immediately adjacent to the hazardous areas defined in i); or
containing pumps or piping used for conveying liquid described in i).
v)
A defined zone in open space:

3 m (10 ft) from an opening to the hazardous areas defined in i), ii), iii) or iv), such as
a door, a ventilation opening, a tank vent, etc., unless as otherwise indicated in
4-8-4/27.3.2 and 4-8-4/27.3.3;
immediately adjacent to the hazardous area defined in i); or
in way of pumps or piping used for conveying liquid described in i).
27.3.2 Specific Vessel Types 4-8-4/27.3.2

Due to the nature of the cargoes carried, or the types of operation performed at sea, hazardous
areas are defined for the following vessel types in the appropriate sections of the Rules:
i)
Oil carriers carrying crude oil or refined oil products having a flash point of 60C
(140F) or below. See 5-1-7/31.
ii)
Bulk carriers carrying coal or other dangerous cargoes in bulk. See 5-3-7/3.
iii)
Container carriers or dry cargo vessels carrying dangerous goods or vehicles with fuel
in their tanks. See 5-5-7/3.
iv)
Roll-on/roll-off vessels carrying vehicles with fuel in their tanks. See 5-10-4/3 and
5-10-4/5.
v)
Liquefied gas carriers carrying flammable gases. See 5-8-1/3.17.
vi)
Chemical carriers carrying flammable liquid having a flash point of 60C or below.
See 5-9-10/2.
vii)
Drilling vessels performing exploratory or production drilling of hydrocarbon

deposits. See 4-1-3/3 of the Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit Rules.
viii)
Floating hydrocarbon production facilities. See the Guide for Building and Classing
Floating Production Installations.
27.3.3 Miscellaneous Spaces 4-8-4/27.3.3

The following spaces are to be regarded as hazardous areas:
27.3.3(a) Paint stores. Within the paint store; open deck area within 1 m (3 ft) from
ventilation inlet and natural ventilation outlet; and open deck area within 3 m (10 ft) from
power ventilation outlet. Enclosed spaces giving access to the paint store may be considered
as non-hazardous, provided that:
i)
the door to the paint store is gastight with self-closing devices without holding back
arrangements,
ii)
the paint store is provided with an acceptable, independent, natural ventilation system
ventilated from a safe area, and
iii)
warning notices are fitted adjacent to the paint store entrance stating that the store
contains flammable liquids.
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27.3.3(b) Battery rooms. Within the battery room; open deck area within 1m (3 ft) from
natural ventilation outlet, and open area within 3 m (10 ft) from power ventilation outlet. See
4-8-4/5.3.1.
27.3.3(c) Helicopter refueling facilities. Enclosed space containing components of the
refueling pump/equipment; and open deck area within 3 m (10 ft) from ventilation outlet of
enclosed space containing refueling pump/equipment, 3 m (10 ft) from tank vent outlet, and
3 m from refueling pump/equipment.
27.3.3(d) Oxygen-acetylene storage rooms. Within the storage room; open deck area within
1 m (3 ft) from natural ventilation outlet, and open area within 3 m (10 ft) from power
ventilation outlet. See 4-6-7/7.3.
27.5
Certified Safe Equipment in Hazardous Areas 4-8-4/27.5

27.5.1 General 4-8-4/27.5.1
Only electrical equipment of the following types complying with IEC Publication 60079, or
other recognized standards, as described in 4-8-3/13, is to be considered for installation in
hazardous areas.
Intrinsically safe type (Ex i)
Flameproof (explosion-proof) type (Ex d)
Increased safety type (Ex e)
Pressurized or purged type (Ex p)
Consideration is to be given to the flammability group and the temperature class of the
equipment for suitability for the intended hazardous area, see IEC Publication 60079-20.
27.5.2 Paint Stores 4-8-4/27.5.2
Electrical equipment installed in paint stores may be any of the types indicated in 4-8-4/27.5.1
and is to be at least IEC Publication 60079 group IIB class T3. In defined hazardous areas on
open deck outside paint stores, electrical equipment with IP 55 enclosure or better, whose
surfaces do not reach unacceptable high temperature, may also be accepted.
27.5.3 Battery Room 4-8-4/27.5.3
Electrical equipment installed in battery room is to be Ex i or Ex d only and is to be IEC
Publication 60079 group IIC class T1.
27.5.4 Oxygen-acetylene Storage Room 4-8-4/27.5.4
Electrical equipment installed in oxygen-acetylene storage room is to be Ex i or Ex d only and
is to be IEC Publication 60079 group IIC class T2.
27.5.5 Helicopter Refueling Facilities 4-8-4/27.5.5
Electrical equipment installed in areas defined for helicopter refueling facilities may be any of
the types in 4-8-4/27.5.1 and is to be at least IEC Publication 60079 group IIA class T3.
27.5.6 Other Spaces 4-8-4/27.5.6
Electrical equipment allowable in hazardous areas defined in 4-8-4/27.3.2 is given in
appropriate sections in Part 5 of these Rules and the Rules for Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
and the Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production Installations.
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4-8-4
Intrinsically-safe Systems 4-8-4/27.7

27.7.1 Separation from Other Electrical Systems 4-8-4/27.7.1
Intrinsically-safe systems are to be completely separated and independent of all other
electrical systems. Intrinsically-safe cables are to have shielded conductors or are to be
installed a minimum of 50 mm (2 in.) from other electrical cables and are not to occupy an
enclosure (such as a junction box or terminal cabinet) with non-intrinsically-safe circuits.
27.7.2 Arrangements of Common Enclosure 4-8-4/27.7.2
When intrinsically-safe components are located by necessity within enclosures that contain
non-intrinsically-safe systems, such as control consoles and motor starters, such components
are to be effectively isolated in a subcompartment by physical barriers having a cover or panel
secured by bolts, locks, Allen-screws, or other approved methods. The physical barrier is not
intended to apply to the source of power for the intrinsically-safe circuit interface.
The sub-compartment is to have an identifying nameplate indicating that the equipment
within is intrinsically-safe and that unauthorized modification or repairs are prohibited.
27.9
Cables in Hazardous Areas 4-8-4/27.9

Cables in hazardous areas are to be armored or mineral-insulated metal-sheathed. Where these cables
pass through boundaries of such locations, they are to be run through gastight fittings. No splices are
allowed in hazardous areas, except in intrinsically safe circuits.
27.11 Lighting Circuits in Hazardous Areas (2002)4-8-4/27.11

All switches and protective devices for lighting fixtures in hazardous areas are to interrupt all poles or
phases and are to be located in a non-hazardous area. However, a switch may be located in a
hazardous area if the switch is of a certified safe type for the hazardous location in which it is to be
installed. On solidly grounded distribution systems, the switches need not open the grounded
conductor. The switches and protective devices for lighting fixtures are to be suitably labeled for
identification purposes.
27.13 Permanent Notice and Booklet of Certified Safe Equipment 4-8-4/27.13

A booklet containing the list of certified safe equipment, as installed, along with the particulars of the
equipment (see 4-8-1/5.3.2), is to be maintained onboard. Permanent notices are to be posted in the
vicinity of hazardous areas in which such electrical equipment is installed to advise crew of the
availability of the booklet so that it can be referenced during repair or maintenance.
29
Shipboard Tests
29.1
General 4-8-4/29.1
4-8-4/29
Upon completion of the installation, electrical systems are to be tested under working conditions to
29.3
Generators 4-8-4/29.3
Each generator is to be operated for a time sufficient to show satisfactory operation, individually and
in parallel, and with all possible load combinations.
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Switchboards 4-8-4/29.5
Generator protective devices e.g., overload protection, reverse power protection, undervoltage
protection, preferential trip and auxiliary motor sequential starting, as applicable, are to be tested.
29.7
Motors 4-8-4/29.7
Each motor is to be operated for a time sufficient to show satisfactory performance at such load as can
readily be obtained.
29.9
Interior Communications System 4-8-4/29.9

Satisfactory operation of the interior communications system, as required by 4-8-2/11.5, is to be
demonstrated. Particular attention is to be paid to the voice communication system for its audibility
while the vessel is under way.
29.11 Voltage Drop Measurement 4-8-4/29.11

Voltage drop along power and lighting cables is to be measured. Voltage drop at any part of the
installation is not to exceed the limits specified in 4-8-2/7.7.1(d).
29.13 Insulation Resistance Measurements 4-8-4/29.13

Insulation resistance of power and lighting cables is to be measured. Appliances connected to the
circuits may be disconnected for this test. Each power and each lighting circuit is to have an insulation
resistance between conductors and between each conductor and earth of not less than the following
values.
Load
(A)
31
Insulation
Resistance (M)
2
10
25
0.4
50
0.25
100
0.10
200
> 200
0.05
0.025
Guidance for Spare Parts

While spare parts are not required for class, the spare parts listed below are for unrestricted service
and are provided as a guidance to assist in ordering spare parts which may be appropriate for the
intended service. The maintenance of spare parts aboard each vessel is the responsibility of the
owner.
31.1
Spare Parts of Electrical Equipment-8-4/1

One complete set of bearings for each size and type of generator and motor.
31.3
Measuring Instrument 4-8-4/3

A 500 V insulation-resistance measuring instrument (megger).
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SECTION
Appendix 1 Guidance for Type

Test Procedure for Plastic Cable
Tray and Protective Casing (2004)
General
Where no adequate recognized standard for the design and testing of plastic cable trays and protective
casings in 4-8-4/21.9.4 is available, the following guidance for design requirements and type test
procedures may be used.
General Design Requirements
3.1
Ambient Temperatures
Cable trays and protective casings are to be designed for the following ambient temperatures:
25C to 90C for outdoor use
+5C to 90C for indoor use.
Note:
3.3
Consideration will be given to the use of plastic cable trays and protective casings in cold environments where the
ambient temperature is below 25C provided the mechanical properties of the plastics required for the intended
purpose and location of installation can be maintained at such temperatures. In this particular instance, the cold
bend and cold impact properties of the material are also to be considered.
Test Temperature
3.3.1
Impact Test
Impact tests are to be carried out at the lowest (coolest) of the following temperatures:
i)
lowest (coolest) range of the outdoor ambient, where applicable,
ii)
lowest (coolest) range of the indoor ambient, where applicable, or
iii)
any other temperature the manufacturer may wish to specify.
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3.3.2

Electrical Systems
Appendix 1 Guidance for Type Test Procedure for Plastic Cable Tray
and Protective Casing
4-8-4A1
Safe Working Load (SWL) Test

At the option of the manufacturer, the SWL tests may be carried out in any of the following
conditions:
i)
at any temperature within the declared range if documentation is available which

states that the relevant structural properties of the materials as used within the system
do not differ by more than 5% of the average between the maximum and minimum
property values,
ii)
only at the maximum temperature within the range if documentation is available

which states that the relevant structural properties of the materials, as used within the
system, decrease when the temperature is increasing, or
iii)
at the maximum and minimum temperature only.
In all instances, the tests are to be carried out for the smallest and largest sizes of cable trays
lengths or cable ladder lengths, having the same material, joint and topological shape.
3.5
Safe Working Load

Cable tray and protective casings are to be assigned a Safe Working Load, in accordance with
4-8-4A1/5.3.
Mechanical Requirements
5.1
Impact Resistance Test

The test is to be performed in accordance with IEC 60068-2-75 using the pendulum hammer.
602
i)
The test is to be carried out on test samples of cable tray lengths or cable ladder lengths of
250 mm 5 mm long. Test samples of ladder are to consist of two side-members with one
rung positioned centrally. Test sample of mesh trays is to be prepared in such a way that there
will be a wire in the center.
ii)
Before the test, plastic components are to be aged at a temperature of 90C 2C for 240
hours continuously.
iii)
The test sample is to be mounted on wooden fiberboard of thickness 20 mm 2 mm.
iv)
The test sample to be tested is to be placed in a refrigerator, the temperature within which is
maintained at the test temperature in accordance with 4-8-4A1/3.3.1 above with a tolerance of
2C.
v)
After 2 h, the test sample is to be removed from the refrigerator and immediately placed in the
test apparatus.
vi)
At 10 s 1 s after removal of each test sample from the refrigerator, the hammer is to be
allowed to fall with impact energy, the mass of the hammer and the fall height:
Approximate Energy (J)
Mass of Hammer (kg)
Fall Height (mm)
10
5.0
200 2
vii)
The impact is to be applied to the base, or the rung, in the first test sample, to one of the side
members in the second test sample, and to the other side member in the third test sample. In
each case, the impact is to be applied to the center of the face being tested.
viii)
After the test, the test sample is to show no signs of disintegration and/or deformation that
will impair the safety.
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4-8-4A1
Safe Working Load (SWL) Test

i)
ii)
Cable trays and protective casings and joints are to be assigned a Safe Working Load (SWL)
satisfying the following criteria and to be tested at the test temperatures according to
4-8-4A1/3.1 and 4-8-4A1/3.3.2 above:
the maximum deflection under SWL is not to exceed L/100 where L is the distance
between the supports, and
no mechanical defects or failures are observed when tested to 1.7 SWL.
All loads are to be uniformly distributed over the length and width of the test samples, as
shown in 4-8-4A1/Figure 1.
The loads are to be applied in such a way that a uniform distribution is ensured even in the
case of extreme deformation of the test samples.
To allow for settlement of the test samples, a pre-load of 10% of SWL, unless otherwise
specified, is to be applied and held for at least 5 min, after which the measurement apparatus
is to be calibrated to zero.
iii)
Then, the load is to be gradually increased evenly, longitudinally and transversely up to the
SWL continuously. When a continuous increase is impractical, the load may be increased by
increments. These increments are not to exceed about a quarter of the SWL. The load
increments are to be distributed through the load plates longitudinally and transversely as
evenly as is practical.
iv)
After loading, the deflection is to be measured at the points specified to give a practical midspan deflection.
v)
The test sample with load is to be left and the deflections measured every 5 minutes until the
difference between two consecutive sets of readings becomes less than 2% of the first set of
the two readings. The maximum deflection for the purpose of 4-8-4A1/5.3i) is the first set of
the readings measured at this point under the test load.
vi)
When subject to SWL, the test sample, their joints and internal fixing devices, are to show no
damage or crack visible to normal view or corrected vision without magnification.
vii)
Then, the load is to be increased to l.7 times SWL.

The test sample with the load are to be left and the deflections measured every 5 min until the
difference between two consecutive sets of readings becomes less than 2% of the first set of
the two readings. The test sample is to sustain the increased loading without collapsing.
However, buckling and deformation of the test sample are allowable at this excess loading.
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4-8-4A1
FIGURE 1
SWL Loading Test Procedure
L
L
:
:
:
:
L/5
Supporting Distance
Support
Cable Tray Joint
Cable Tray
L/2
0.4L
L/2
Measurement
of Deflection
Ref.: IEC Pub. 61537 "Cable Tray Systems and

Cable Ladder Systems for Cable Management"
Fire Properties
7.1
Flame Retardant Test

The cable trays and protective casings are to be at least flame retardant. They are to be tested in
accordance with the following Table.
Procedure According To
IEC Publication
60092-101, or
IEC Publication
60695-2-2
7.3
Test Parameters
Flame application:
5 times 15 sec each.
Interval between each
application:
15 sec., or
1 time 30 sec.
Test criteria based upon
application.
Other Information
The burnt out or damaged part of the test sample by

not more than 60 mm long.
Equipment design and the choice of materials are to

reduce the likelihood of fire, ensuring that the
surfaces of the test sample do not contribute to the
fire growth where they are exposed to the flame.
Smoke and Toxicity Test

The cable tray and protective casings are to be tested in accordance with the IMO Fire Test
Procedures Code (FTPC), Resolution MSC.61(67), Part 2 Smoke and Toxicity Test, or any
international or national standard.
Electrical Properties
9.1
Resistivity Test
Cable trays and protective casings passing through a hazardous area are to be electrically conductive.
The volume resistivity level of the cable trays and protective casings and fittings are to be below 100
k and the surface resistivity is to be below 1 M. The cable tray and protective casings are to be
tested in accordance with IEC 60093.
Note
604
The resistance to earth from any point in these appliances is not to exceed 1 M.
PART
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CHAPTER
Electrical Systems
SECTION
Special Systems
Application
4 - 8 - 5
4-8-5/1
This section applies to (a) high voltage systems; (b) electric propulsion systems; and (c) three-wire
dual-voltage DC systems. Unless stated otherwise, the applicable requirements of Section 4-8-1
through Section 4-8-4 are to be complied with.
High Voltage Systems
3.1
Application (2003)
4-8-5/3
The following requirements in this subsection are applicable to AC systems with nominal voltage
(phase to phase) exceeding 1 kV. Unless stated otherwise, the applicable requirements of Section
4-8-1, Section 4-8-2, Section 4-8-3 and Section 4-8-4 are to be complied with.
3.3
System Design
3.3.1
Standard Voltages (2003)

The nominal standard voltage is not to exceed 15 kV. A higher voltage may be considered for
special application.
3.3.2
Earthed Neutral Systems

3.3.2(a) Neutral earthing. (2003) The current in the earth fault condition is to be not in
excess of full load current of the largest generator on the switchboard or relevant switchboard
section and in no case less than three times the minimum current required for operation of any
device in the earth fault condition.
At least one source neutral to ground connection is to be available whenever the system is in
the energized mode.
3.3.2(b) Equipment. (2003) Electrical equipment in directly earthed neutral or other neutral
earthed systems is to be able to withstand the current due to a single phase fault against earth
for a period necessary to trip the protection device.
3.3.2(c) Neutral disconnection. Each generator neutral is to be provided with means for
disconnection for maintenance purposes.
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3.3.2(d) Hull connection of earthing impedance (2003) All earthing impedances are to be
connected to the hull. The connection to the hull is to be so arranged that any circulating
currents in the earth connections will not interfere with radio, radar, communication and
control equipment circuits. In systems with neutral earthed, connection of the neutral to the
hull is to be provided for each generator switchboard section.
3.5
3.3.3
Earth Fault Detection (2003)

An earth fault is to be indicated by visual and audible means. In low impedance or direct
earthed systems, provision is to be made to automatically disconnect the faulty circuits. In
high impedance earthed systems, where outgoing feeders will not be isolated in case of an
earth fault, the insulation of the equipment is to be designed for the phase-to-phase voltage.
3.3.4
Number and Capacity of Transformers (2002)

The number and capacity of transformers is to be sufficient, under seagoing conditions, with
any three-phase transformer or any one transformer of three single phase transformer bank out
of service to carry those electrical loads for essential service and for minimum comfortable
conditions of habitability .For this purpose, and for the purpose of immediate continuity of
supply, the provision of a single-phase transformer carried onboard as a spare for a three
phase transformer bank or V-V connection by two remaining single-phase transformers is not
acceptable.
Circuit Protection 4-8-5/3.5

3.5.1
Protection of Generator (2003)

Protection against phase-to-phase fault in the cables connecting the generators to the
switchboard and against inter-winding faults within the generator is to be provided. This is to
trip the generator circuit breaker and automatically de-excite the generator. In distribution
systems with a low impedance earthed neutral, phase to earth faults are to be likewise treated.
3.5.2
Protection of Power Transformers (2003)

Power transformers are to be provided with overload and short circuit protection. Each highvoltage transformer intended to supply power to the low-voltage ship service switchboard is
to be protected in accordance with 4-8-2/9.19. In addition, the following means for protecting
the transformers or the electric distribution system are to be provided:
3.5.2(a) Coordinated trips of protective devices. Discriminative tripping is to be provided for
the following. See 4-8-2/9.7.
i)
between the primary side protective device of the transformer and the feeder
protective devices on the low-voltage ship service switchboard, or
ii)
between the secondary side protective device of the transformer, if fitted, and the
feeder protective devices on the low-voltage ship service switchboard.
3.5.2(b) Load shedding arrangement. (2002) Where the power is supplied through a single
set of three-phase transformer to a low-voltage ship service switchboard, automatic load
shedding arrangements are to be provided when the total load connected to the low voltage
ship service switchboard exceeds the rated capacity of the transformer. See 4-8-1/5.1.5 and
4-8-2/9.9.
3.5.2(c) Protection from electrical disturbance. (2002) Means or arrangements are to be
provided for protecting the transformers from voltage transients generated within the system
due to circuit conditions, such as high-frequency current interruption and current suppression
(chopping) as the result of switching, vacuum cartridge circuit breaker operation, or thyristerswitching.
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An analysis or data for the estimated voltage transients is to be submitted to show that the
insulation of the transformer is capable of withstanding the estimated voltage transients. See
4-8-5/3.7.5(b).
3.5.2(d) Detection of phase-to-phase internal faults. (2002) For three-phase transformers of
100 kVA or more, means for detecting a phase-to-phase internal fault are to be provided. The
detection of the phase-to-phase internal fault is to activate an alarm at the manned control
station or to automatically disconnect the transformer from the high-voltage power
distribution network.
3.5.2(e) Protection from earth-faults. (2002) Where a Y-neutral of three-phase transformer
windings is earthed, means for detecting an earth-fault are to be provided. The detection of
the earth fault is to activate an alarm at the manned control station or to automatically
disconnect the transformer from the high-voltage power distribution network.
3.5.2(f) Transformers arranged in parallel. (2002) When transformers are connected in
parallel, tripping of the protective devices at the primary side is to automatically trip the
switch or protective devices connected at the secondary side.
3.5.3
Voltage Transformers for Control and Instrumentation (2003)

Voltage transformers are to be provided with overload and short circuit protection on the
secondary side.
3.5.4
Fuses (2003)
Fuses are not to be used for overload protection.
3.5.5
Overvoltage Protection (2003)

Lower voltage systems supplied through transformers from high voltage systems are to be
protected against overvoltages. This may be achieved by:
3.5.6
3.7
i)
direct earthing of the lower voltage system,
ii)
appropriate neutral voltage limiters, or
iii)
earthed screen between primary and secondary winding of transformers
Coordination of Protective Devices 4-8-5/3.5.6

Regardless of the neutral arrangement, coordination of protective devices, in accordance with
the intent of 4-8-2/9.7, is to be provided.
Equipment Design 4-8-5/3.7

3.7.1
Air Clearance and Creepage Distance 4-8-5/3.7.1

3.7.1(a) Air clearance.
(2003) Phase-to-phase air clearances and phase-to-earth air
clearances between non-insulated parts are to be not less than the minimum, as specified
below.
Nominal Voltage
kV
3 - 3.3
6 - 6.6
10 - 11
15
Minimum air
clearance mm (in.)
55 (2.2)
90 (3.6)
120 (4.8)
160 (6.3)
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Where intermediate values of nominal voltages are accepted, the next higher air clearance is
to be observed. In the case of smaller distances, an appropriate voltage impulse test is to be
applied.
3.7.1(b) Creepage distance. Creepage distances between live parts and between live parts
and earthed metal parts are to be adequate for the nominal voltage of the system, due regard
being paid to the comparative tracking index of insulating materials under moist conditions
according to the IEC Publication 60112 and to the transient overvoltage developed by
switching and fault conditions.
3.7.2
Circuit Breakers and Switches Auxiliary Circuit Power Supply Systems (2004)
3.7.2(a) Source and Capacity of Power Supply. Where electrical energy or mechanical
energy is required for the operation of circuit breakers and switches, a means of storing such
energy is to be provided with a capacity at least sufficient for two on/off operation cycles of
all the components. However, the tripping due to overload or short-circuit, and undervoltage
is to be independent of any stored electrical energy sources. This does not preclude the use of
stored energy for shunt tripping, provided alarms are activated upon loss of continuity in the
release circuits and power supply failures. The stored energy may be supplied from within the
circuit in which the circuit breakers or switches are located.
3.7.2(b) Number of External Sources of Stored Energy. Where the stored energy is supplied
from a source external to the circuit, such supply is to be from at least two sources so
arranged that a failure or loss of one source will not cause the loss of more than one set of
generators and/or essential services. Where it will be necessary to have the source of supply
available for dead ship startup, the source of supply is to be provided from the emergency
source of electrical power.
3.7.3
Rotating Machines 4-8-5/3.7.3

3.7.3(a) Protection. Rotating machines are to have a degree of protection, as per 4-8-3/Table
2, but not less than IP23; for terminal box, IP44; and for motors accessible to unqualified
personnel, IP43.
3.7.3(b) Windings. (2003) Generator stator windings are to have all phase ends brought out
for the installation of the differential protection.
3.7.3(c) Temperature detectors. Rotating machines are to be provided with temperature
detectors in their stator windings to actuate a visual and audible alarm in a normally attended
position whenever the temperature exceeds the permissible limit. If embedded temperature
detectors are used, means are to be provided to protect the circuit against overvoltage.
3.7.3(d) (2004) (No text.)
3.7.3(e) Space heater. Effective means are to be provided to prevent the accumulation of
moisture and condensation within the machines when they are idle.
3.7.4
Switchgear and Control-gear Assemblies 4-8-5/3.7.4

Switchgear and control gear assemblies are to be constructed according to the IEC Publication
60298 and the following additional requirements:
3.7.4(a) Protection. (2003) Switchgear, control-gear assemblies and static converters are to
have a degree of protection in accordance with 4-8-3/Table 2 but not less than IP32. For those
installed in a space accessible to unqualified personnel, the protection is to be increased to
IP4X.
3.7.4(b) Mechanical construction. (2003) Switchgear is to be of metal-enclosed type in
accordance with IEC Publication 60298 or of the insulation-enclosed type in accordance with
IEC Publication 60466.
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3.7.4(c) Configuration. (2003) The main bus bars are to be subdivided into at least two
independent parts which are to be connected by at least one circuit breaker or other approved
means, each part being supplied by at least one generator. The connection of generating sets
and any other required duplicated equipment is to be equally divided, as far as possible,
between the parts.
3.7.4(d) Locking facilities. Withdrawable circuit breakers and switches are to be provided
with mechanical locking facilities in both service and disconnected positions. For
maintenance purposes, key locking of withdrawable circuit breakers, switches and fixed
disconnectors are to be possible. Withdrawable circuit breakers, when in the service position,
are to have no relative motion between fixed and moving parts.
3.7.4(e) Shutters. The fixed contacts of withdrawable circuit breakers and switches are to be
so arranged that in the withdrawn position, the live contacts of the bus bars are automatically
covered.
3.7.4(f) Earthing and short-circuiting facilities. For maintenance purposes, an adequate
number of earthing and short circuiting facilities is to be provided to enable equipment and
cables to be earthed or short-circuited to earth before being worked upon.
3.7.5
Transformers (2002)4-8-5/3.7.5
3.7.5(a) Application. (2003) Provisions of 4-8-5/3.7.5 are applicable to power transformers
for essential services. See also 4-8-3/7.3. Items 4-8-5/3.7.5(c) and 4-8-5/3.7.5(d) are
applicable to transformers of the dry type only. These requirements are not applicable to
transformers intended for the following services:
Instrument transformers.
Transformers for static converters.
Starting transformers.
Dry type transformers are to comply with IEC Publication 60726. Liquid cooled transformers
are to comply with IEC Publication 60076. Oil immersed transformers are to be provided with
the following alarms and protections:
liquid level (Low) alarm
liquid temperature (High) alarm
liquid level (Low) trip or load reduction
liquid temperature (High) trip or load reduction
gas pressure relay (High) trip
3.7.5(b) Plans. (2002) In addition to the details required in 4-8-3/7, the applicable standard
of construction and the rated withstanding voltage of the insulation are also to be submitted
for review.
3.7.5(c) Enclosure. (2003) Transformers are to have a degree of protection, in accordance
with 4-8-3/Table 2, but not less than IP23. However, when installed in spaces accessible to
unqualified personnel, the degree of protection is to be increased to IP44. For transformers not
contained in enclosures, see 4-8-5/3.11.
3.7.5(d) Space heater.
Effective means to prevent accumulation of moisture and
condensation within the transformers (when de-energized) is to be provided.
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4-8-5
3.7.5(e) Testing. Three-phase transformers or three-phase bank transformers of 100 kVA

and above are to be tested in the presence of the Surveyor. The test items are to be in
accordance with the standard applicable to the transformer. In addition, the tests required in
4-8-3/7.3.5 are also to be carried out in the presence of the Surveyor for each individual
transformer. Transformers of less than 100 kVA will be accepted, subject to a satisfactory
performance test conducted to the satisfaction of the Surveyor after installation.
Specific requirements are applicable for the following tests:
i)
In the dielectric strength test, the short duration power frequency withstand voltage to
be applied is to follow the standard applicable to the transformer, but not less than the
estimated voltage transient generated within the system. If the short duration power
frequency withstand voltage is not specified in the applicable standard, IEC 60076-3
is to be referred to. For the voltage transient, see 4-8-5/3.5.2(c).
ii)
The induced overvoltage withstand test (layer test) is also to be carried out in
accordance with the standard applicable to the transformers in the presence of the
Surveyor. This test is intended to verify the power-frequency withstand strength along
the winding under test and between its phase (strength between turns and between
layers in the windings). If the induced overvoltage withstand test is not specified in
the applicable standard, IEC 60076-3 is to be referred to.
3.7.5(f) Nameplate. In addition to the requirements in 4-8-3/7.3.5, the following information

is also to be indicated on the nameplate:
Applicable standard
Short duration power frequency withstand voltage for verification of insulation level
of each winding
3.7.6
3.9
Cables (2003) 4-8-5/3.7.6

3.7.6(a) Standards. Cables are to be constructed to IEC Publication 60092-353, 60092-354,
or other equivalent standard. See also 4-8-3/9.
Cable Installation 4-8-5/3.9

3.9.1
Runs of Cables (2003)

In accommodation spaces, high voltage cables are to be run in enclosed cable transit systems.
3.9.2
Segregation (2003)
High voltage cables of different voltage ratings are not to be installed in the same cable
bunch, duct, pipe or box.
Where high voltage cables of different voltage ratings are installed on the same cable tray, the
air clearance between cables is not to be less than the minimum air clearance for the higher
voltage side in 4-8-5/3.7.1(a). However, high voltage cables are not to be installed on the
same cable tray for the cables operating at the nominal system voltage of 1 kV or less.
3.9.3
610
Installation Arrangements (2003)

High voltage cables are to be installed on cable trays or equivalent when they are provided
with a continuous metallic sheath or armor which is effectively bonded to earth; otherwise,
they are to be installed for their entire length in metallic casings effectively bonded to earth.
Part
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8
5
3.9.4

Electrical Systems
Special Systems
4-8-5
Termination and Splices (2003)

Terminations in all conductors of high voltage cables are to be, as far as practicable,
effectively covered with suitable insulating material. In terminal boxes, if conductors are not
insulated, phases are to be separated from earth and from each other by substantial barriers of
suitable insulating materials. High voltage cables of the radial field type, i.e., having a
conductive layer to control the electric field within the insulation, are to have terminations
which provide electric stress control.
Terminations are to be of a type compatible with the insulation and jacket material of the
cable and are to be provided with means to ground all metallic shielding components (i.e.,
tapes, wires etc).
3.9.5
3.11
Marking 4-8-5/3.9.5
High voltage cables are to be readily identifiable by suitable marking.
Equipment Installation 4-8-5/3.11

3.11.1 Voltage Segregation 4-8-5/3.11.1
Higher voltage equipment is not to be combined with lower voltage equipment in the same
enclosure, unless segregation or other suitable measures are taken to ensure safe access to
lower voltage equipment.
3.11.2 Large Equipment Enclosure 4-8-5/3.11.2
Where high voltage equipment is not contained in an enclosure but a room forms the
enclosure of the equipment, the access doors are to be so interlocked that they cannot be
opened until the supply is isolated and the equipment earthed down. At the entrance of such
spaces, a suitable marking is to be placed which indicates danger of high voltage and the
maximum voltage inside the space. For high voltage equipment installed outside these spaces,
a similar marking is to be provided.
3.13
Shipboard Installation and Tests 4-8-5/3.13

3.13.1 Rotating Machine Tests (2003)
In addition to the tests normally required for rotating machinery, a high frequency high
voltage test in accordance with IEC Publication 60034-15 is to be carried out on the
individual coils in order to demonstrate a satisfactory withstand level of the inter-turn
insulation to steep fronted switching surges.
3.13.2 Switchgear Tests (2003)
A power frequency voltage test is to be carried out on high voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies. The test procedure and voltages are to be in accordance with IEC Publication
60298.
3.13.3 Cable Test after Installation (2003)
A voltage withstand test is to be carried out on each completed cable and its accessories
before a new high voltage installation, including additions to an existing installation, is put
into service.
The test is to be carried out after an insulation resistance test.
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When a DC voltage withstand test is carried out, the voltage is to be not less than:
1.6(2.5Uo +2 kV)
for cables of rated voltage (Uo) up to and including 3.6 kV, or
4.2Uo
for higher rated voltages,
where Uo is the rated power frequency voltage between conductor and earth or metallic screen
for which the cable is designed.
The test voltage is to be maintained for a minimum of 15 minutes.
After completion of the test, the conductors are to be connected to earth for a sufficient period
in order to remove any trapped electric charge.
An insulation resistance test is then repeated.
Alternatively, an AC voltage withstand test may be carried out upon advice from the high
voltage cable manufacturer at a voltage not less than the normal operating voltage of the cable
and it is to be maintained for a minimum of 24 hours.
Note: Tests in accordance with IEC Publication 60502 will also be considered adequate.
Electric Propulsion Systems
5.1
4-8-5/5
The requirements in this Subsection are applicable to electric propulsion systems. Electric propulsion
systems complying with other recognized standard will be considered.
5.3
Plans and Data to be Submitted 4-8-5/5.3

In addition to the plans and data to be submitted in accordance with 4-8-1/5, as applicable, the
following plans and data are to be submitted for review.
One-line diagrams of propulsion control system for power supply, circuit protection, alarm,
monitoring, safety and emergency shutdown systems including list of alarm and monitoring
points.
Plans showing the location of propulsion controls and its monitoring stations.
Arrangements and details of the propulsion control console or panel including schematic
diagram of the system therein.
Arrangements and details of electric coupling.
Arrangements and details of the semiconductor converter enclosure for propulsion system,
including data for semiconductor converter, cooling system with its interlocking arrangement.
5.5
Electric Power Supply Systems 4-8-5/5.5

5.5.1
612
Propulsion Generators 4-8-5/5.5.1

5.5.1(a) Power supply. The power for the propulsion equipment may be derived from a
single generator. If a vessel service generator is also used for propulsion purposes other than
for boosting the propulsion power, such generator and power supply circuits to propulsion
systems are also to comply with the applicable requirements in this Subsection. See also
4-8-2/3.3.
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5.5.1(b) Single system. If a propulsion system contains only one generator and one motor
and cannot be connected to another propulsion system, more than one exciter set is to be
provided for each machine. However, this is not necessary for self-exited generators or for
multi-propeller propulsion vessels where any additional exciter set may be common for the
vessel.
5.5.1(c) Multiple systems. Systems having two or more propulsion generators, two or more
semiconductor converters, or two or more motors on one propeller shaft are to be so arranged
that any unit may be taken out of service and disconnected electrically without preventing the
operation of the remaining units.
5.5.1(d) Excitation systems. Arrangements for electric propulsion generators are to be such
that propulsion can be maintained in case of failure of an excitation system or failure of a
power supply for an excitation system. Propulsion may be at reduced power under such
conditions where two or more propulsion generators are installed, provided such reduced
power is sufficient to provide for a speed of not less than 7 knots or 1/2 of the design speed,
whichever is the lesser.
5.5.1(e) Features for other services. If the propulsion generator is used for other purposes
than for propulsion, such as dredging, cargo oil pumps and other special services, overload
protection in the auxiliary circuit and means for making voltage adjustments are to be
provided at the control board. When propulsion alternating-current generators are used for
other services for operation in port, the port excitation control is to be provided with a device
that is to operate just below normal idling speed of the generator to remove excitation
automatically.
5.5.2
Propulsion Excitation 4-8-5/5.5.2

5.5.2(a) Excitation circuits. Every exciter set is to be supplied by a separate feeder.
Excitation circuits are not to be fitted with overload circuit-interrupting devices, except those
intended to function in connection with the protection for the propulsion generator. In such
cases, the field circuit breaker is to be provided with a discharge resistor unless a permanent
discharge resistor is provided.
5.5.2(b) Field circuits. Field circuits are to be provided with means for suppressing voltage
rise when a field switch is opened. Where fuses are used for excitation circuit protection, it is
essential that they do not interrupt the field discharge resistor circuit upon rupturing.
5.5.2(c) Ship service generator connection. Where the excitation supply is obtained from
the ship service generators, the connection is to be made to the generator side of the generator
circuit breaker with the excitation supply passing through the overload current device of the
breaker.
5.5.3
Semiconductor Converters 4-8-5/5.5.3

Semiconductor converter circuits are to be able to withstand the transient overcurrents to
which the system is subject during maneuvering. Where semiconductor converters are
connected in parallel, the current for each semiconductor converter is to be equally
distributed, as far as practicable. If several elements are connected in parallel and a separate
fan is fitted for each parallel branch, arrangements are to be made for disconnecting the circuit
for which ventilation is not available. Where semiconductor converters are connected in
series, the voltage between the semiconductor devices are to be equally distributed, as far as
practicable. In case of failure of the cooling system, an alarm is to be given or the current is to
be reduced automatically.
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Circuit Protection 4-8-5/5.7

5.7.1
Setting 4-8-5/5.7.1
Overcurrent protective devices, if any, in the main circuits are to be set sufficiently high so as
not to operate on overcurrents caused by maneuvering or normal operation in heavy seas or in
floating broken ice.
5.7.2
Direct-current (DC) Propulsion Circuits 4-8-5/5.7.2

5.7.2(a) Circuit protection. Direct-current propulsion circuits are not to have fuses. Each
circuit is to be protected by overload relays to open the field circuits or by remote-controlled
main-circuit interrupting devices. Provision is to be made for closing circuit breakers
promptly after opening.
5.7.2(b) Protection for reversal of the rotation. Where separately driven DC generators are
connected electrically in series, means shall be provided to prevent reversal of the rotation of
a generator upon failure of the driving power of its prime mover.
5.7.3
Excitation Circuits 4-8-5/5.7.3

An overload protection is not to be provided for opening of the excitation circuit.
5.7.4
Reduction of Magnetic Fluxes 4-8-5/5.7.4

Means are to be provided for selective tripping or rapid reduction of the magnetic fluxes of
the generators and motors so that overcurrents do not reach values which may endanger the
plant.
5.7.5
Semiconductor Converters 4-8-5/5.7.5

5.7.5(a) Overvoltage protection. Means are to be provided to prevent excessive overvoltages
in a supply system to which converters are connected. Visual and audible alarms are to be
provided at the control station for tripping of the protective fuses for these devices.
5.7.5(b) Overcurrent protection. Arrangements are to be made so that the permissible
current of semiconductor elements cannot be exceeded during normal operation.
5.7.5(c) Short-circuit protection. Fuses are to be provided for protection of short-circuit of
semiconductor converters. Visual and audible alarms are to be provided at the control station
for tripping of these semiconductor protective fuses. In case of a blown fuse, the respective
part of the plant is to be taken out of operation.
5.7.5(d) Filter circuits. Fuses are to be provided for filter circuits. Visual and audible
alarms are to be provided at the control station for tripping of the fuse.
5.9
614
Protection for Earth Leakage 4-8-5/5.9

5.9.1
Main Propulsion Circuits 4-8-5/5.9.1

Means for earth leakage detection are to be provided for the main propulsion circuit and be
arranged to operate an alarm upon the occurrence of an earth fault. When the fault current
flowing is liable to cause damage, arrangements for opening the main propulsion circuit are
also to be provided.
5.9.2
Excitation Circuits 4-8-5/5.9.2

Means are to be provided for earth leakage detection in excitation circuits of propulsion
machines, but may be omitted in circuits of brushless excitation systems and of machines
rated up to 500 kW.
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5.9.3
Alternating-current (AC) Systems 4-8-5/5.9.3

Alternating-current propulsion circuits are to be provided with an earthing detector alarm or
indicator. If the neutral is earthed for this purpose, it is to be through an arrangement which
will limit the current at full-rated voltage so that it will not exceed approximately 20 A upon a
fault to earth in the propulsion system. An unbalance relay is to be provided to open the
generator and motor-field circuits upon the occurrence of an appreciable unbalanced fault.
5.9.4
Direct-current (DC) Systems 4-8-5/5.9.4

The earthing detector may consist of a voltmeter or lights. Provision is to be made for
protection against severe overloads, excessive currents and electrical faults likely to result in
damage to the plant. Protective equipment is to be capable of being so set as not to operate on
the overloads or overcurrents experienced in a heavy seaway or when maneuvering.
Propulsion Control 4-8-5/5.11

5.11.1 General 4-8-5/5.11.1
Failure of a control signal is not to cause an excessive increase in propeller speed. The
reference value transmitters in the control stations and the control equipment are to be so
designed that any defect in the desired value transmitters or in the cables between the control
station and the propulsion system will not cause a substantial increase in the propeller speed.
5.11.2 Automatic and Remote Control Systems 4-8-5/5.11.2
Where two or more control stations are provided outside the engine room, or where the
propulsion machinery space is intended for centralized control or unattended operation, the
provisions of Part 4, Chapter 9 are to be complied with.
5.11.3 Testing and Inspection 4-8-5/5.11.3
Controls for electric propulsion equipment are to be inspected when finished and dielectric
strength tests and insulation resistance measurements made on the various circuits in the
presence of the Surveyor, preferably at the plant of manufacture. The satisfactory tripping and
operation of all relays, contactors and the various safety devices are also to be demonstrated.
5.11.4 Initiation of Control 4-8-5/5.11.4
The control of the propulsion system can be activated only when the delegated control lever is
in zero position and the system is ready for operation.
5.11.5 Emergency Stop 4-8-5/5.11.5
Each control station shall have an emergency stop device which is independent of the control
lever.
5.11.6 Prime Mover Control 4-8-5/5.11.6
Where required by the system of control, means are to be provided at the control assembly for
controlling the prime mover speed and for mechanically tripping the throttle valve.
5.11.7 Control Power Failure 4-8-5/5.11.7
If failure of the power supply occurs in systems with power-aided control (e.g., with electric,
pneumatic or hydraulic aid), it is to be possible to restore control in a short time.
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5.11.8 Protection 4-8-5/5.11.8

Arrangements are to be made so that opening of the control system assemblies or
compartments will not cause inadvertent or automatic loss of propulsion. Where steam and oil
gauges are mounted on the main-control assembly, provision is to be made so that the steam
or oil will not come in contact with the energized parts in case of leakage.
5.11.9 Interlocks 4-8-5/5.11.9
All levers for operating contactors, line switches, field switches and similar devices are to be
interlocked to prevent their improper operation. Interlocks are to be provided with the field
lever to prevent the opening of any main circuits without first reducing the field excitation to
zero, except that when the generators simultaneously supply power to an auxiliary load apart
from the propulsion, the field excitation need only be reduced to a low value.
5.13
Instrumentation at the Control Station 4-8-5/5.13

5.13.1 Indication, Display and Alarms 4-8-5/5.13.1
The necessary instruments to indicate existing conditions at all times are to be provided and
mounted on the control panel convenient to the operating levers and switches. Instruments
and other devices mounted on the switchboard are to be labeled and the instruments provided
with a distinguishing mark to indicate full-load conditions. Metallic cases of all permanently
installed instruments are to be permanently earthed. The following instruments, where
applicable, are to be provided.
i)
For AC systems: ammeter, voltmeter, indicating wattmeter and field ammeter (not
required for brushless generators) for each propulsion generator and for each
synchronous motor. See also 4-9-4/Table 6.
ii)
For DC systems: an ammeter for each main circuit and one or more voltmeters with
selector switches for reading voltage on each propulsion generator and motor. See
also 4-9-4/Table 6.
iii)
For electric slip couplings: an ammeter for the coupling excitation circuit.
5.13.2 Indication of Propulsion System Status 4-8-5/5.13.2

The control stations of the propulsion systems are to have at least the following indications
for each propeller:
5.15
i)
Ready for operation: power circuits and necessary auxiliaries are in operation.
ii)
Faulty: propeller is not controllable.
iii)
Power limitation: in case of disturbance, for example, in the ventilators for

propulsion motors, in the converters, cooling water supply or load limitation of the
generators.
Equipment Installation and Arrangements 4-8-5/5.15

5.15.1 General 4-8-5/5.15.1
The arrangement of bus bars and wiring on the back of propulsion-control assemblies is to be
such that all parts, including the connections, are accessible. All nuts and connections are to
be fitted with locking devices to prevent loosening due to vibration. Clearance and creepage
distances are to be provided between parts of opposite polarity and between live parts and
earth to prevent arcing; see 4-8-3/5.3.2 for low voltage systems and 4-8-5/3.7.1 for high
voltage systems.
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5.15.2 Accessibility and Facilities for Repairs 4-8-5/5.15.2

5.15.2(a) Accessibility. For purposes of inspection and repair, provision is to be made for
access to the stator and rotor coils, and for the withdrawal and replacement of field coils.
Adequate access is to be provided to permit resurfacing of commutators and slip-rings, as
well as the renewal and bedding of brushes.
5.15.2(b) Facility for supporting. Facilities are to be provided for supporting the shaft to
permit inspection and withdrawal of bearings.
5.15.2(c) Slip-couplings. Slip-couplings are to be designed to permit removal as a unit
without axial displacement of the driving and driven shaft, and without removing the poles.
5.15.3 Semiconductor Converters 4-8-5/5.15.3
Converters are to be installed away from sources of radiant energy in locations where the
circulation of air is not restricted to and from the converter and where the temperature of the
inlet air to air-cooled converters will not exceed that for which the converter is designed.
Immersed-type converters are to use a non-flammable liquid. Where forced cooling is
utilized, the circuit is to be so designed that power cannot be applied to or retained on
converters unless effective cooling is maintained. Converter stacks are to have at least IP22
protection and mounted in such a manner that they may be removed without dismantling the
complete unit.
5.15.4 Propulsion Cables 4-8-5/5.15.4
Propulsion cables are not to have splices or joints, except terminal joints, and all cable
terminals are to be sealed against the admission of moisture or air. Similar precautions are to
be taken during installation by sealing all cable ends until the terminals are permanently
attached. Cable supports are to be designed to withstand short- circuited conditions. They are
to be spaced less than 900 mm (36 in.) apart and are to be arranged to prevent chafing of the
cable. See 4-8-4/21.9.2 for cable hangers and cable straps.
5.17
Equipment Requirements 4-8-5/5.17

5.17.1 Material Tests 4-8-5/5.17.1
The following materials intended for main propulsion installations are to be tested in the
presence of a Surveyor: thrust shafts, line shafts, propeller shafts, shafting for propulsion
generators and motors, coupling bolts, and in the case of direct-connected turbine-driven
propulsion generators, fan shrouds, centering and retaining rings. Major castings or built-up
parts such as frames, spiders and end shields are to be surface inspected and the welding is to
be in accordance with the requirements of Part 2, Chapter 4.
5.17.2 Temperature Rating 4-8-5/5.17.2
When generators, motors or slip-couplings for electric propulsion are fitted with an integral
fan and will be operated at speeds below the rated speed with full-load torque, full-load
current or full-load excitation, temperature rise limits, according to 4-8-4/Table 4, are not to
be exceeded.
5.17.3 Protection Against Moisture Condensation 4-8-5/5.17.3
Means for preventing moisture condensation, as specified in 4-8-3/3.11.5, is applicable for
rotating machines and converters, regardless of the weight of the machines.
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5.17.4 Prime Movers 4-8-5/5.17.4

5.17.4(a) Capability. The prime mover rated output is to have adequate overloading and
build-up capacity for supplying the power which is necessary during transitional changes in
operating conditions of the electrical equipment. When maneuvering from full propeller speed
ahead to full propeller speed astern with the vessel making full way ahead, the prime mover is
to be capable of absorbing a proportion of the regenerated power without tripping due to
overspeed.
5.17.4(b) Speed control. Prime movers of any type are to be provided with a governor
capable of maintaining the pre-set steady speed within a range not exceeding 5% of the rated
full-load speed for load changes from full-load to no-load.
5.17.4(c) Manual controls. Where the speed control of the propeller requires speed variation
of the prime mover, the governor is to be provided with means for local manual control as
well as for remote control. For turbines driving AC propulsion generators, where required by
the system of control, the governor is to be provided with means for local hand control, as
well as remote adjustment from the control station.
5.17.4(d) Parallel operation. In case of parallel operation of generators, the governing
system is to permit stable operation to be maintained over the entire operational speed range
of the prime movers.
5.17.4(e) Protection for regenerated power. Braking resistors or ballast consumers are to be
provided to absorb excess amounts of regenerated energy and to reduce the speed of rotation
of the propulsion motor. These braking resistors or ballast consumers are to be located
external to the mechanical and electric rotating machines. Alternatively, the amount of
regenerated power may be limited by the action of the control system.
5.17.5 Rotating Machines for Propulsion 4-8-5/5.17.5
The following requirements are applicable to propulsion generators and propulsion motors.
5.17.5(a) Ventilation and protection. Electric rotating machines for propulsion are to be
enclosed ventilated or be provided with substantial wire or mesh screen to prevent personnel
injury or entrance of foreign matter. Dampers are to be provided in ventilating air ducts,
except when recirculating systems are used.
5.17.5(b) Fire-extinguishing systems. Electric rotating machines for propulsion which are
enclosed or in which the air gap is not directly exposed are to be fitted with fire-extinguishing
systems suitable for fires in electrical equipment. This will not be required where it can be
established that the machinery insulation is self-extinguishing.
5.17.5(c) Air coolers. (2004) Air cooling systems for propulsion generators are to be in
accordance with 4-6-5/7.5 for sea chest and 4-6-5/7.7 for two means of circulation. Water-air
heat exchangers of rotating propulsion machines for single systems (single generator and
single motor), as specified in 4-8-5/5.5.1(b), are to have double wall tubes and be fitted with a
leak detector feature to monitor for any water leakage. A visual and audible alarm is to be
provided at a normally manned location to indicate detection of such water leakage.
5.17.5(d) Temperature sensors. Stator windings of AC machines and interpole windings of
DC machines, rated above 500 kW, are to be provided with temperature sensors. See
4-9-4/Table 6.
5.17.6 Propulsion Generators 4-8-5/5.17.6
Excitation current for propulsion generators may be derived from attached rotating exciters,
static exciters, excitation motor-generator sets or special purpose generating units. Power for
these exciters may be derived from the machine being excited or from any ship service,
emergency or special purpose generating units.
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5.17.7 Direct-current (DC) Propulsion Motors 4-8-5/5.17.7

5.17.7(a) Rotors. The rotors of DC propulsion motors are to be capable of withstanding
overspeeding up to the limit reached in accordance with the characteristics of the overspeed
protection device at its normal operational setting.
5.17.7(b) Overspeed protection. An overspeed protection device is to be provided to prevent
excessive overspeeding of the propulsion motors due to light loads, loss of propeller, etc.
5.17.8 Electric Couplings 4-8-5/5.17.8
5.17.8(a) General. Couplings are to be enclosed ventilated or be provided with wire or mesh
screen to prevent personnel injury or the entrance of foreign material. All windings are to be
specially treated to resist moisture, oil and salt air.
5.17.8(b) Accessibility for repairs. The coupling is to be designed to permit removal as a
unit without moving the engine. See also 4-8-5/5.15.2(a).
5.17.8(c) Temperature rating. The limits of temperature rise are to be the same as for
alternating-current generators given in 4-8-3/Table 4, except that when a squirrel-cage
element is used, the temperature of this element may reach such values as are not injurious.
Depending upon the cooling arrangements, the maximum temperature rise may occur at other
than full-load rating so that heat runs will require special consideration; for this purpose,
when an integral fan is fitted, the coupling temperatures are not to exceed the limits in
4-8-3/Table 4 when operated continuously at 70% of full-load rpm, full excitation and rated
torque. Temperature rises for insulation materials above 180C will be considered, provided
they are in accordance with a recognized standard.
5.17.8(d) Excitation. Excitation is to be provided, as required, for propulsion generators. See
4-8-5/5.17.6.
5.17.8(e) Control equipment. Electric-coupling control equipment is to be combined with
the prime mover speed and reversing control and is to include a two-pole disconnect switch,
short-circuit protection only, ammeter for reading coupling current, discharge resistor and
interlocking to prevent energizing the coupling when the prime mover control levers are in an
inappropriate position.
5.17.8(f) Nameplates. Nameplates of corrosion-resistant material are to be provided in an
accessible position of the electric coupling and are to contain the following typical details:
manufacturers name, serial number and frame designation
rated output and type of rating
ambient temperature range
rated voltage, speed and temperature rise
rated exciter voltage and current
5.17.9 Semiconductor Converters for Propulsion 4-8-5/5.17.9
5.17.9(a) General. Converter enclosures and other parts subject to corrosion are to be made
of corrosion-resistant material or of a material rendered corrosion resistant. Ambient air
temperature is to be in accordance with 4-8-3/1.17. In the case of water-cooled converters, the
inlet cooling water temperature is assumed to be 30C (86F), unless otherwise approved. In
all cases, the temperature rise under all conditions is to be limited to such a value as will
permit the converter to meet the specified performance criteria. Schematic and one-line
diagrams are to be submitted for review.
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5.17.9(b) Testing and inspection. Semiconductor converters for propulsion systems are to be
tested in the presence of and inspected by the Surveyor, preferably at the plant of the
manufacturer. Duplicate units of previously tested semiconductor converters are to be tested
only as deemed necessary by the Surveyor to demonstrate successful operation.
5.17.9(c) Insulation test. The insulation of semiconductor converters is to be tested with all
of the parts completely assembled, not withstanding previous tests carried out by the
manufacturer on individual parts. The dielectric strength is to be tested by the continuous
application for 60 seconds of an alternating voltage having a crest value equal to 2 times the
specified test voltage and a frequency of 20 Hz to 60 Hz. The standard test voltage is to be
twice the normal voltage of the circuit to which it is applied plus 1000 V, except that where
the secondary circuit operates below 60 V, the test voltage is to be 600 V rms, and where in
the range of 60 V to 90 V, the test voltage is to be 900 V rms. The dielectric test voltage is to
be applied between each circuit and earthed metal parts. Alternative test procedures will be
considered where the above requirement could result in damage to sensitive components.
5.17.9(d) Design data. The following limiting repetitive peak voltages, URM, are to be used
as a base for the semiconductor device:
when connected to a supply specifically for propeller drives: URM = 1.5UP;

when connected to a common main supply: URM = 1.8UP;
where UP is the peak value of the rated voltage at the input of the semiconductor converter. If
the semiconductors are connected in series, the above values may be increased by 10%.
5.17.9(e) Watertight enclosures. Converter units having a watertight enclosure are to meet
successfully the insulation test specified in 4-8-5/5.17.9(c) after being subjected to a stream of
water from a nozzle not less than 25 mm (1 in) in diameter under a head of 10.5 m (35 ft),
played on the enclosure for at least 15 minutes from a distance of 3 m (10 ft).
5.17.9(f) Terminals. The alternating current terminals are to be marked with the letters AC.
The direct current terminals are to be marked with a plus (+) on the positive terminal and a
minus () on the negative terminal.
5.17.9(g) Nameplates. Nameplates of corrosion-resistant material are to be provided in an
accessible position of the semiconductor converter or its enclosure and are to indicate at least
the following information:
manufacturers name and serial number

type (silicon, copper oxide, etc.)
rated AC and DC voltages and amperes
number of phases and frequency
ambient temperature range and cooling medium
5.17.10 Reactors and Transformers for Semiconductor Converters 4-8-5/5.17.10
5.17.10(a) General.
Interphase reactors and transformers used with semiconductor
converters are to conform with the requirements of 4-8-3/7 and the following.
5.17.10(b) Voltage regulation. Means to regulate transformer output voltage are to be
provided to take care of increase in converter forward resistance and, in addition, to obtain the
necessary performance characteristics of the converter unit in which the transformer is used.
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5.17.10(c) High temperature alarm. Interphase reactors and transformers used with the
semiconductor converters for main and auxiliary propulsion systems are to be provided with a
high temperature alarm at the switchboard or the propulsion control station. The setting value
of the alarm is to be determined by their specific insulation class and is not to exceed the
temperature corresponding to the limit listed in 4-8-3/7.3.2.
5.17.11 Switches 4-8-5/5.17.11
5.17.11(a) General design. All switches are to be arranged for manual operation and so
designed that they will not open under ordinary shock or vibration; contactors, however, may
be operated pneumatically, by solenoids, or other means in addition to the manual method
which is to be provided unless otherwise approved.
5.17.11(b) Generator and motor switches. Switches for generators and motors are
preferably to be of the air-break type, but for alternating-current systems, where they are to be
designed to open full-load current at full voltage, oil-break switches using nonflammable
liquid may be used if provided with leak-proof, nonspilling tanks.
5.17.11(c) Field switches. Where necessary, field switches are to be arranged for discharge
resistors, unless discharge resistors are permanently connected across the field. For
alternating-current systems, means are to be provided for de-energizing the excitation circuits
by the unbalance relay and earth relay.
5.17.12 Propulsion Cables 4-8-5/5.17.12
5.17.12(a) Conductors. The conductors of cables external to the components of the
propulsion plant, other than cables and interconnecting wiring for computers, data loggers or
other automation equipment requiring currents of very small value, are to consist of not less
than seven strands and have a cross-sectional area of not less than 1.5 mm2 (2,960 circ. mils).
5.17.12(b) Insulation materials. Ethylene-propylene rubber, cross-linked polyethylene, or
silicone rubber insulated cables are to be used for propulsion power cables, except that
polyvinyl chloride insulated cables may be used where the normal ambient temperature will
not exceed 50C (122F).
5.17.12(c) Impervious metallic sheath. Impervious metallic sheaths will be considered but
are not to be used with single-conductor alternating-current cables.
5.17.12(d) Inner wiring. The insulation of internal wiring in main control gear, including
switchboard wiring, shall be of flame-retardant quality.
5.17.12(e) Testing. All propulsion cables, other than internal wiring in control gears and
switchboards, are to be subjected to dielectric and insulation tests in the presence of the
Surveyor.
5.19
Trials 4-8-5/5.19
Complete tests are to be carried out including duration runs and maneuvering tests which should
include a reversal of the vessel from full speed ahead to full speed astern, tests for operation of all
protective devices and stability tests for control. All tests necessary to demonstrate that each item of
plant and the system as a whole are satisfactory for duty are to be performed. Immediately prior to
trials, the insulation resistance is to be measured and recorded.
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Three-wire Dual-voltage DC Systems
7.1
Three-wire DC Generators 4-8-5/7.1
4-8-5/7
Separate circuit-breaker poles are to be provided for the positive, negative, neutral and also for the
equalizer leads, unless protection is provided by the main poles. When equalizer poles are provided
for the three-wire generators, the overload trips are to be of the algebraic type. No overload trip is to
be provided for the neutral pole, but it is to operate simultaneously with the main poles. A neutral
overcurrent relay and alarm system is to be provided and set to function at a current value equal to the
neutral rating.
7.3
622
Neutral Earthing 4-8-5/7.3

7.3.1
Main Switchboard 4-8-5/7.3.1

The neutral of three-wire dual-voltage direct-current systems is to be solidly earthed at the
generator switchboard with a zero-center ammeter in the earthing connection. The zero-center
ammeter is to have a full-scale reading of 150% of the neutral-current rating of the largest
generator and be marked to indicate the polarity of earth. The earth connection is to be made
in such a manner that it will not prevent checking the insulation resistance of the generator to
earth before the generator is connected to the bus. The neutrals of three-wire DC emergency
power systems are to be earthed at all times when they are supplied from the emergency
generator or storage battery. The earthed neutral conductor of a three-wire feeder is to be
provided with a means for disconnecting and is to be arranged so that the earthed conductor
cannot be opened without simultaneously opening the unearthed conductors.
7.3.2
Emergency Switchboard 4-8-5/7.3.2

No direct earth connection is to be provided at the emergency switchboard; the neutral bus or
buses are to be solidly and permanently connected to the neutral bus of the main switchboard.
No interrupting device is to be provided in the neutral conductor of the bus-tie feeder
connecting the two switchboards.
7.3.3
Size of Neutral Conductor 4-8-5/7.3.3

The capacity of the neutral conductor of a dual-voltage feeder is to be 100% of the capacity of
the unearthed conductors.
PART
4
CHAPTER
Remote Propulsion Control and

Automation
CONTENTS
SECTION 1

1
11
13
Application .........................................................................629
1.1
Vessel Size ................................................................... 629
1.3
Propulsion and Maneuvering ........................................ 629
Class Notations..................................................................629
3.1
ACC Notation ................................................................ 629
3.3
ACCU Notation ............................................................. 630
3.5
Periodical Survey .......................................................... 630
Definitions ..........................................................................630
5.1
General Definitions........................................................ 630
5.3
Definitions for Computerized Systems .......................... 632
Plans and Data ..................................................................632

7.1
Specifications ................................................................ 632
7.3
System Design Plans .................................................... 632
7.5
Control Console Plans .................................................. 635
7.7
Installation Plans ........................................................... 635
Conceptual Requirements for System Design...................635

9.1
Fail-safe ........................................................................ 635
9.3
System Independence .................................................. 635
9.5
Local Control ................................................................. 635
9.7
Monitoring Systems....................................................... 635
9.9
Safety Systems ............................................................. 636
9.11
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) .................... 637
Power Supply.....................................................................637
11.1
General ......................................................................... 637
11.3
Electric .......................................................................... 637
11.5
Hydraulic ....................................................................... 637
11.7
Pneumatic ..................................................................... 637
Automatic Safety Shutdown...............................................637
623
SECTION 2
Remote Propulsion Control .............................................. 639

1
Application .........................................................................639
System Requirements........................................................639
3.1
General..........................................................................639
3.3
System Design ..............................................................639
3.5
System Power Supply ...................................................639
Remote Propulsion Control on Navigation Bridge .............640

5.1
General..........................................................................640
5.3
Propeller Control ...........................................................640
5.5
Ordered Speed and Direction........................................640
5.7
Emergency Shutdown ...................................................640
5.9
Starting of Propulsion Machinery...................................640
5.11
Transfer Between Remote Control Stations ..................640
5.13
Local Manual Control ....................................................641
5.15
Communications Systems .............................................641
Remote Propulsion Control Station Other than

Navigation Bridge...............................................................641
7.1
General..........................................................................641
7.3
Propulsion Machinery Space.........................................641
Safety System....................................................................642
9.1
11
9.3
Safety System Alarms ...................................................642
9.5
Override of Safety System Functions ............................642
9.7
Restart of Propulsion Machinery ...................................642
Equipment..........................................................................643
11.1
Computer Based Equipment .........................................643
11.5
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment ..........................643
11.7
Acceptance Tests..........................................................643
Instrumentation and Controllers on Remote

Propulsion Control Stations .....................................644
ACC Notation...................................................................... 645

1
Application .........................................................................645
3.1
General..........................................................................645
3.3
System Design ..............................................................645
3.5
System Power Supply ...................................................646
Location of Centralized Control Station .............................646
Remote Controls from Centralized Control Station ...........646
Monitoring in Centralized Control Station ..........................646
11
624
Electrical Equipment......................................................643
11.3
TABLE 1
SECTION 3
General..........................................................................642
9.1
Instrumentation..............................................................646
9.3
Visual Display Unit ........................................................647
9.5
Engineers Alarm ...........................................................647
Safety System....................................................................647
13
15
17
Specific Requirements for Propulsion and Auxiliary

Machinery ..........................................................................647
13.1
Propulsion Diesel Engines ............................................ 647
13.3
Propulsion Gas Turbines............................................... 647
13.5
Propulsion Steam Turbines ........................................... 647
13.7
Electric Propulsion ........................................................ 648
13.9
Generators and Electrical Systems ............................... 648
13.11
Boilers and Fired Equipment ......................................... 648
13.13
Propulsion Auxiliaries.................................................... 649
Propulsion Machinery Space .............................................649

15.1
Fuel Oil System Arrangements ..................................... 649
15.3
Bilge Level Monitoring................................................... 650
15.5
Fire Safety..................................................................... 650
Equipment..........................................................................650
TABLE 2
SECTION 4
Instrumentation and Controllers in Centralized

Control Station All Propulsion and Auxiliary
Machinery.................................................................651
ACCU Notation ...................................................................653

1
Application .........................................................................653
3.1
General ......................................................................... 653
3.3
Duration of Unattended Operation ................................ 653
3.5
System Criteria.............................................................. 654
3.7
System Power Supply ................................................... 654
Navigation Bridge...............................................................654
Location of Centralized Control Station .............................654
Remote Control from Centralized Control Station .............654
11
Monitoring in Centralized Control Station ..........................654
13
Safety Systems ..................................................................654
15
13.1
General ......................................................................... 654
13.3
System Design .............................................................. 654
13.5
Automatic Start and Changeover ................................ 655
13.7
Automatic Slowdown..................................................... 655
13.9
Automatic Shutdown ..................................................... 655

Machinery ..........................................................................655
15.1
Automatic Starting of Propulsion Auxiliaries.................. 655
15.3
Propulsion Steam Turbine............................................. 655
15.5
Boilers ........................................................................... 656
17
Propulsion Machinery Space .............................................656
19
Monitoring Station in the Engineers Quarters...................657

19.1
Engineers Public Space and Engineers Cabins .......... 657
19.3
Muting the Audible Alarms ............................................ 657
19.5
Communication ............................................................. 657
625
21
23
SECTION 5
Fire Safety..........................................................................657
21.1
Fire Fighting Station ......................................................657
21.3
Controls at Fire Fighting Station ....................................657
21.5
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems ................................658
21.7
Portable Fire Extinguishers ...........................................658
Equipment..........................................................................658
TABLE 3A
Instrumentation and Safety System Functions in

Centralized Control Station Slow Speed
(Crosshead) Diesel Engines ....................................659
TABLE 3B

Centralized Control Station Medium and
High Speed (Trunk Piston) Diesel Engines .............661
TABLE 4

Centralized Control Station Propulsion Steam
Turbines ...................................................................662
TABLE 5

Centralized Control Station Propulsion Gas
Turbines ...................................................................663
TABLE 6

Centralized Control Station Electric Propulsion ....664
TABLE 7A

Centralized Control Station Propulsion Boiler.......666
TABLE 7B

Centralized Control Station Auxiliary Boiler ..........667
TABLE 8

Centralized Control Station Auxiliary Turbines
and Diesel Engines ..................................................668
Installation, Tests and Trials............................................. 669

1
General ..............................................................................669
Equipment Locations .........................................................669
3.1
Electromagnetic Avoidance ...........................................669
3.3
Moisture Condensation..................................................669
3.5
Signal Cables Installation ..............................................669
Sea Trials ...........................................................................669

5.1
SECTION 6
626
Propulsion Remote Control ...........................................670
5.3
Local Manual Control ....................................................670
5.5
Vessels Receiving ACC Notation ..................................670
5.7
Vessels Receiving ACCU Notation ...............................671
Computerized Systems ..................................................... 673

1
Application .........................................................................673
Systems Requirements......................................................673
3.1
System Security ............................................................673
3.3
Program and Memory Data ...........................................673
3.5
Start-up After Power Failure ..........................................673
3.7
Self Monitoring ..............................................................673

3.9
Power Supply ................................................................ 673
3.11
System Independence .................................................. 674
3.13
Response Time ............................................................. 674
3.15
Fail-safe ........................................................................ 674
Additional Requirements for Integrated Systems ..............674

5.1
SECTION 7
General ......................................................................... 674
5.3
Component Independence............................................ 674
5.5
Data Communication..................................................... 674
Hardware ...........................................................................675
7.1
Design for Ease of Maintenance ................................... 675
7.3
User Interface and Input Devices .................................. 675
7.5
Visual Display Unit ........................................................ 675
7.7
Graphical Display .......................................................... 676
7.9
Type Test ...................................................................... 676
Equipment...........................................................................677
1
Application .........................................................................677
Environmental Test Conditions..........................................677
Environmentally Controlled Space.....................................677
Electric and Electronic Equipment .....................................677
Hydraulic Equipment..........................................................678
11
Pneumatic Equipment........................................................678
13
Equipment Tests ................................................................678

13.1
Prototype Environmental Testing .................................. 678
13.3
Production Unit Certification.......................................... 678
13.5
Type Approval Program ............................................... 678
TABLE 9
Type Tests for Control, Monitoring and Safety

Equipment ................................................................679
TABLE 10
Tests for Unit Certification of Control, Monitoring

and Safety Equipment..............................................685
627
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
General Provisions
Application
1.1
Vessel Size 4-9-1/1.1
4 - 9 - 1
4-9-1/1
This section applies to self-propelled vessels 90 meters in length and over. For vessels less than
90 meters in length, Section 4-7-1 of Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters
may be applied.
1.3
Propulsion and Maneuvering 4-9-1/1.3

Provisions of this section are applicable:
where it is intended that the propulsion machinery be directly controlled from the navigation
bridge or from any remote propulsion control station within or outside the propulsion
machinery space;
where, in lieu of manning the propulsion machinery space locally, it is intended to monitor it
and to control and monitor the propulsion and auxiliary machinery from a continuously
manned centralized control station; or
where it is intended that the propulsion machinery space be periodically unmanned.
Provisions for remote control of steering gear and of athwartship or positioning thrusters are given in
Class Notations
3.1
ACC Notation 4-9-1/3.1
4-9-1/3
Where, in lieu of manning the propulsion machinery space locally, it is intended to monitor it and to
control and monitor the propulsion and auxiliary machinery from a continuously manned centralized
control station, the provisions of Section 4-9-3 are to be complied with. And upon verification of
compliance, the class notation ACC will be assigned.
629
Part
Chapter
Section
3.3
4
9
1

Remote Propulsion Control and Automation
General Provisions
4-9-1
ACCU Notation 4-9-1/3.3

Where it is intended that propulsion machinery space be periodically unmanned and that propulsion
machinery be controlled primarily from the navigation bridge, the provisions of Section 4-9-4 are to
be complied with. And upon verification of compliance, the class notation ACCU will be assigned.
3.5
Periodical Survey 4-9-1/3.5

The continuance of validity of these notations is subject to periodical survey of the propulsion remote
control and automation systems as outlined in Part 7, Chapter 8.
Definitions
5.1
General Definitions
630
4-9-1/5
4-9-1/5.1
5.1.1
Alarm 4-9-1/5.1.1
Visual and audible signals indicating an abnormal condition of a monitored parameter.
5.1.2
Control 4-9-1/5.1.2
The process of conveying a command or order to enable the desired action be effected.
5.1.3
Control System 4-9-1/5.1.3

An assembly of devices interconnected or otherwise coordinated to convey the command or
order.
5.1.4
Automatic Control 4-9-1/5.1.4

A means of control that conveys predetermined orders without action by an operator.
5.1.5
A system designed to measure and to display the state of a monitored parameter and which
may include one of more of sensors, read-outs, displays, alarms and means of signal
transmission.
5.1.6
Local Control 4-9-1/5.1.6

A device or array of devices located on or adjacent to a machine to enable it be operated
within sight of the operator.
5.1.7
Remote Control 4-9-1/5.1.7

A device or array of devices connected to a machine by mechanical, electrical, pneumatic,
hydraulic or other means and by which the machine may be operated remote from, and not
necessarily within sight of, the operator.
5.1.8
Remote Control Station 4-9-1/5.1.8

A location fitted with means of remote control and monitoring.
5.1.9
Monitoring System 4-9-1/5.1.9

A system designed to supervise the operational status of machinery or systems by means of
instrumentation, which provides displays of operational parameters and alarms indicating
abnormal operating conditions.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
1

General Provisions
4-9-1
5.1.10 Safety System 4-9-1/5.1.10

An automatic control system designed to automatically lead machinery being controlled to a
predetermined less critical condition in response to a fault which may endanger the machinery
or the safety of personnel and which may develop too fast to allow manual intervention.
To protect an operating machine in the event of a detected fault, the automatic control system
may be designed to automatically:
slow down the machine or to reduce its demand;
start a standby support service so that the machine may resume normal operation; or
shut down the machine.
For the purposes of this Chapter, automatic shutdown, automatic slow down and automatic
start of standby pump are all safety system functions. Where safety system is stated
hereinafter, it means any or all three automatic control systems.
5.1.11 Fail-safe 4-9-1/5.1.11
A designed failure state which has the least critical consequence. A system or a machine is
fail-safe when, upon the failure of a component or subsystem or its functions, the system or
the machine automatically reverts to a designed state of least critical consequence.
5.1.12 Systems Independence 4-9-1/5.1.12
Systems are considered independent where they do not share components such that a single
failure in any one component in a system will not render the other systems inoperative.
5.1.13 Propulsion Machinery 4-9-1/5.1.13
Propulsion machinery includes the propulsion prime mover, reduction gear, clutch, and
controllable pitch propellers, as applicable.
5.1.14 Unmanned Propulsion Machinery Space 4-9-1/5.1.14
Propulsion machinery space which can be operated without continuous attendance by the
crew locally in the machinery space and in the centralized control station.
5.1.15 Centralized Control Station 4-9-1/5.1.15
A propulsion control station fitted with instrumentation, control systems and actuators to
enable propulsion and auxiliary machinery be controlled and monitored, and the state of
propulsion machinery space be monitored, without the need of regular local attendance in the
propulsion machinery space.
5.1.16 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) 4-9-1/5.1.16
A failure analysis methodology used during design to postulate every failure mode and the
corresponding effect or consequences. Generally, the analysis is to begin by selecting the
lowest level of interest (part, circuit, or module level). The various failure modes that can
occur for each item at this level are identified and enumerated. The effect for each failure
mode, taken singly and in turn, is to be interpreted as a failure mode for the next higher
functional level. Successive interpretations will result in the identification of the effect at the
highest function level, or the final consequence. A tabular format is normally used to record
the results of such a study.
5.1.17 Vital Auxiliary Pumps 4-9-1/5.1.17
Vital auxiliary pumps are those directly related to and necessary for maintaining the operation
of propulsion machinery. For diesel propulsion engines, fuel oil pump, lubricating oil pump,
cooling water pumps are examples of vital auxiliary pumps.
631
Part
Chapter
Section
5.3
4
9
1

General Provisions
Definitions for Computerized Systems
4-9-1
4-9-1/5.3
5.3.1
Computer Based System 4-9-1/5.3.1

A system of one or more microprocessors, associated software, peripherals and interfaces.
5.3.2
Integrated System 4-9-1/5.3.2

A combination of computer based systems, which are interconnected in order to allow
communication between computer systems; between computer systems and monitoring,
control, and vessel management systems; and to allow centralized access to information
and/or command/control. For example, an integrated system may consist of systems capable
of performing passage execution (e.g., steering, speed control, traffic surveillance, voyage
planning); machinery management and control (e.g., power management, machinery
monitoring, fuel oil/lubrication oil transfer); cargo operations (e.g., cargo monitoring, inert
gas generation, loading/discharging); etc.
5.3.3
Interface 4-9-1/5.3.3
A transfer point at which information is exchanged. Examples of interfaces include:
input/output interface (for interconnection with sensors and actuators); communications
interface (to enable serial communications/networking with other computers or peripherals).
5.3.4
Peripheral 4-9-1/5.3.4
A device performing an auxiliary function in the system, e.g., printer, data storage device.
Plans and Data
4-9-1/7
The following plans and data are to be submitted for review, as applicable.
7.1
Specifications 4-9-1/7.1
A general description of the operation of the system is to be given. This is to include a list of
monitoring points, their alarm settings and their normal ranges.
7.3
System Design Plans 4-9-1/7.3

7.3.1
Propulsion Remote Control System 4-9-1/7.3.1

Schematic diagrams and operational descriptions for the following items:
Propulsion control (e.g., from navigation bridge, centralized control station, etc.)
Control transfer
Independent local manual control
Starting of propulsion machinery
Critical speeds
Shaft turning gear
Propulsion manual emergency shutdown
Navigation bridge instrumentation
Communications systems
632
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
1
7.3.2

General Provisions
4-9-1
Propulsion Machinery Control from the Centralized Control Station 4-9-1/7.3.2

Operational descriptions for the following items:
Propulsion steam turbines
Propulsion gas turbines
Propulsion diesel engines
Electric propulsion
7.3.3
Propulsion Machinery Safety System 4-9-1/7.3.3

Operational descriptions for the following items:
Initiation of automatic shutdown
Initiation of automatic slowdown
Initiation of automatic starting of standby units
Override of automatic shutdown
Override of automatic slow down
Re-start of propulsion machinery
7.3.4
Propulsion Machinery Monitoring System 4-9-1/7.3.4

D escription of monitoring systems including a list of alarms and displays including preset
parameters for the following items:
Centralized control station alarm and instrumentation
Monitoring station in the engineers accommodation
Navigation bridge instrumentation
7.3.5
Propulsion Boiler 4-9-1/7.3.5

Schematic diagrams and operational descriptions for the following:
Prevention of excessive steam
Automatic shut down
Automatic ignition
Trial-for-ignition period
Automatic burner light off
Burner primary-air or atomizing steam
Post purge
Boiler limit systems
Modulated air-fuel ratio
7.3.6
Generator Prime Mover Remote Control Systems 4-9-1/7.3.6

Schematic diagrams and operational descriptions for remote control, monitoring and safety
systems of generator prime movers including, but not limited to, a list of alarms and displays,
initiation of automatic shutdown, automatic changeover of prime mover auxiliaries, preset
parameter, etc., at each of the following control stations, as applicable:
633
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
1

General Provisions
4-9-1
Centralized control station

Navigation bridge
Monitoring station in engineer's accommodation
7.3.7
Electrical Power Generating System 4-9-1/7.3.7

Schematic diagrams and operational descriptions for remote control and monitoring and
displays at each of the control stations indicated in 4-9-1/7.3.6, as applicable, along with a
description of the power management systems.
7.3.8
Remote Auxiliary Machinery Control Systems 4-9-1/7.3.8

Schematic diagrams and operational descriptions for the following auxiliary machinery
controls:
Controls from centralized control station
Control of electric generators, including automatic starting of electric generator and
electric power management system
Control of auxiliary machinery
Automatic starting of vital auxiliary pumps
7.3.9
Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) 4-9-1/7.3.9

Information containing at least the following is to be submitted for review:
System block diagrams showing system breakdown and components of interests.
A tabulation of the following:
Systems and components of interests
Potential failures
Failure detection
Responses of the system to the failures
Possible consequences of failure
Conclusions, comments or recommendations
7.3.10 Fire Safety Arrangements 4-9-1/7.3.10

Schematic diagrams and descriptions of the fire detection and alarm systems, fire precautions,
fire extinguishing equipment, and fire fighting station arrangements.
7.3.11 Communication Systems 4-9-1/7.3.11
Schematic diagrams and arrangements of internal communication systems.
7.3.12 Power Supply Arrangements 4-9-1/7.3.12
Schematic diagrams and operational descriptions of power supply to the control, monitoring
and safety systems.
7.3.13 Computer-based Systems 4-9-1/7.3.13
The following are to be submitted, as appropriate:
Block diagram showing system configuration including user interface, description of
hardware specifications, hardware FMEA, fail-safe features, security arrangements,
power supply, systems (control, monitoring and safety shutdown) independence.
634
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
1

General Provisions
4-9-1
Software logic flow chart, description of software functions, self-test features,

response time in respect of design data volume and CPU capability, data
communication protocol (for integrated systems), documentation on quality standard
of software development and testing.
7.5
Control Console Plans 4-9-1/7.5

Schematic diagrams, parts list (including manufacturers names and model names), function
descriptions, construction plans and outline view of the following equipment:
Navigation bridge console
Centralized control and monitoring console
7.7
Installation Plans 4-9-1/7.7

7.7.1
Installation Arrangements 4-9-1/7.7.1

Locations of centralized control station and remote control stations on the navigation bridge;
arrangements of the centralized control station containing control consoles and other
equipment, including glass windows, doors, and ventilation fitting, as applicable.
7.7.2
Electrical One-line Diagrams 4-9-1/7.7.2

Type, size and protection of cables between control and monitoring equipment.
Conceptual Requirements for System Design
4-9-1/9
The following are conceptual requirements for control system design in general and are to be
complied with, except where specially exempted.
9.1
Fail-safe
4-9-1/9.1
Fail-safe concept is to be applied to the design of all remote control system, manual emergency
control system and safety system. In consideration of its application, due regard is to be given to
safety of individual machinery, the system of which the machinery forms a part and the vessel as a
whole.
9.3
System Independence 4-9-1/9.3

Systems performing different functions, e.g., monitoring systems, control systems, and safety
systems, are to be, as much as practicable, independent of each other such that a single failure in one
will not render the others inoperative. Specifically, the shutdown function of the safety system is to be
independent of control and monitoring systems.
9.5
Local Control 4-9-1/9.5

In general, local manual controls are to be fitted to enable safe operation during commissioning and
maintenance, and to allow for effective control in the event of an emergency or failure of remote
control. The fitting of remote controls is not to compromise the level of safety and operability of the
local controls
9.7
Monitoring Systems 4-9-1/9.7

Monitoring systems are to have the following detail features.
635
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
1

General Provisions
4-9-1
9.7.1
Independence of Visual and Audible Alarm Circuits 4-9-1/9.7.1

As much as practicable, a fault in the visual alarm circuits is not to affect the operation of the
audible alarm circuits.
9.7.2
Audible Alarms 4-9-1/9.7.2

Audible alarms associated with machinery are to be distinct from other alarms such as firealarm, general alarm, gas detection alarm, etc., and are to be of sufficient loudness to attract
the attention of duty personnel. For spaces of unusually high noise level, a beacon light or
similar, installed in a conspicuous place, may supplement the audible alarm in such spaces;
however, red light beacons are only to be used for fire alarms.
9.7.3
Visual Alarms 4-9-1/9.7.3

Visual alarms are to be a flashing signal when first activated. The flashing display is to
change to a steady display upon acknowledgment. The steady display is to remain activated,
either individually or in the summarized fashion, until the fault condition is rectified. Other
arrangements capable of attracting the operators attention to an alarm condition in an
effective manner will be considered.
9.7.4
Acknowledgment of Alarms 4-9-1/9.7.4

Newly activated alarms are to be acknowledged by manual means. This means is to mute the
audible signal and change the flashing visual display to steady display. Other alarm
conditions, occurring during the process of acknowledgment, are to be alarmed and displayed.
The latter alarm is not to be suppressed by the acknowledgment of the former alarm.
The acknowledgment of the alarm at an associated remote control station is not to mute and
steady the same alarm signals at the centralized control station.
9.9
9.7.5
Temporarily Disconnecting Alarms 4-9-1/9.7.5

Alarm circuits may be temporarily disabled, for example, for maintenance purposes, provided
that such action is clearly indicated at the associated station in control and at the centralized
control station, if fitted. However, such alarm is to be automatically re-activated after a preset
time period.
9.7.6
Built-in Alarm Testing 4-9-1/9.7.6

Audible alarms and visual alarm indicating lamps are to be provided with means of testing
that can be operated without disrupting the normal operation of the monitoring systems.
9.7.7
Self Monitoring 4-9-1/9.7

Monitoring system is to include a self-monitoring mechanism such that a fault, e.g., power
failure, sensor failure, etc. may be detected and alarmed.
Safety Systems 4-9-1/9.9

In addition to complying with 4-9-1/9.1 through 4-9-1/9.7, safety systems are also to comply with the
following:
636
i)
Means are to be provided to indicate the cause of the safety action.
ii)
Alarms are to be given on the navigation bridge, at the centralized control station and at local
manual control position, as applicable, upon the activation of safety system.
iii)
Propulsion machinery shutdown by safety system is not to be designed to restart

automatically, unless first actuated by a manual reset.
iv)
Safety system for the protection of one machine unit is to be independent of that of the other
units.
Part
Chapter
Section
9.11
4
9
1

General Provisions
4-9-1
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) 4-9-1/9.11

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) may be carried out during system design to investigate if
any single failure in control systems would lead to undesirable consequences such as loss of
propulsion, loss of propulsion control, etc. The analysis may be qualitative or quantitative.
11
Power Supply
11.1
General 4-9-1/11.1
4-9-1/11
Power source for control, monitoring and safety systems may be electric, hydraulic or pneumatic or a
combination thereof. Each power supply is to be monitored and its failure is to be alarmed.
11.3
Electric 4-9-1/11.3
Where power supply is electric, each of the control, monitoring and safety systems is to be supplied
by a separate circuit. Each of these circuits is to be protected for short circuit and monitored for
voltage failure.
11.5
Hydraulic 4-9-1/11.5
Where power supply is hydraulic, hydraulic pumps are to be fitted in duplicate. The reservoir is to be
of sufficient capacity to contain all of the fluid when drained from the system, maintain the fluid level
at an effective working level and allow air and foreign matter to separate out. The pump suctions are
to be sized and positioned to prevent cavitation or starvation of the pump. A duplex filter, which can
be cleaned without interrupting the oil supply, is to be fitted on the discharge side of pumps. The
hydraulic fluid is to be suitable for its intended operation. Hydraulic supplies to safety and control
systems may be derived from the same source but are to be by means of separate lines.
11.7
Pneumatic 4-9-1/11.7
Where power supply is pneumatic, pneumatic air is to be available from at least two air compressors.
The starting air system, where consisting of two air compressors, may be used for this purpose. The
required air pressure is to be automatically maintained. Means are to be provided to assure that the
pneumatic air is clean, dry and oil-free to a specification compatible with the control equipment.
Pneumatic air supplies to safety system and control system may be derived from the same source, but
are to be by separate lines incorporating shutoff valves.
13
Automatic Safety Shutdown
4-9-1/13
To avert rapid deterioration of propulsion and auxiliary machinery, the following automatic
shutdowns are to be provided, regardless of the mode of control: manual, remote or automatic. These
shutdowns are not to be fitted with manual override.
i)
For all diesel engines:

Overspeed
ii)
For all gas turbines (see 4-2-3/Table 1):

Failure of lubricating oil system
Failure of flame or ignition
High exhaust gas temperature
High compressor vacuum
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General Provisions
4-9-1
Overspeed
Excessive vibration
Excessive axial displacement of rotors
iii)
For all steam turbines:

Failure of lubricating oil system
Overspeed
Back-pressure for auxiliary turbines
iv)
For all boilers:

Failure of flame
Failure of flame scanner
Low water level
Failure of forced draft pressure
Failure of control power
v)
For propulsion reduction gears:

Shutdown prime movers upon failure of reduction gear lubricating oil system.
For manned operation, where prime movers are diesel engines, shutdown is
mandatory only for multiple high speed or medium speed diesel engines coupled to a
reduction gear (see 4-6-5/5.3.4).
vi)
For generators:
For generators fitted with forced lubrication system only: shutdown prime movers
upon failure of generator lubricating oil system (see 4-8-3/3.11.3).
vii)
For propulsion DC motor

Overspeed [see 4-6-7/5.17.7(b)]
638
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
Remote Propulsion Control
Application
4 - 9 - 2
4-9-2/1
The provisions of 4-9-2/1 apply whenever remote control of propulsion machinery is provided.
System Requirements
3.1
General 4-9-2/3.1
4-9-2/3
The remote propulsion control station is to be:
3.3
i)
as effective as local control;
ii)
provided with control of speed and direction of thrust of the propeller; and
iii)
provided with instrumentation sufficient to provide the operator with information about the
state of the propulsion machinery and the control system itself.

In general, conceptual requirements in 4-9-1/9 are to be applied. Further requirements are provided in
4-9-2/5 through 4-9-2/9 hereunder
3.5
System Power Supply 4-9-2/3.5

3.5.1
General 4-9-2/3.5.1
Power supply requirements provided in 4-9-1/11, as applicable, are to be complied with. If
electric, the power supply to each of the control, monitoring and safety systems is to be
individually monitored.
3.5.2
Power Supply Failure (2002)4-9-2/3.5.2

In the event of failure of the power supply, the following are to be effected:
operate an alarm at the navigation bridge and at the local manual station or the centralized
control station, if fitted; and
the propulsion prime movers are to continue to operate at the last ordered speed and the
propellers at the last ordered direction of thrust until local control is in operation or control
power is safely resumed.
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Remote Propulsion Control on Navigation Bridge
5.1
General 4-9-2/5.1
4-9-2
4-9-2/5
Where propulsion machinery is to be controlled from the navigation bridge, means for control and
monitoring are to be as provided in 4-9-2/Table 1. The following control and monitoring features are
also to be provided. These requirements do not apply to bridge wing propulsion control stations.
5.3
Propeller Control 4-9-2/5.3

The speed, direction of thrust and, where applicable, the pitch of the propeller are to be fully
controllable from the navigation bridge under all sailing conditions, including maneuvering. The
control is to be performed by a single control device for each independent propeller with automatic
performance of all associated services including, where necessary, means of preventing overload of
the propulsion machinery. Where multiple propellers are designed to operate simultaneously, they
may be controlled by one control device.
5.5
Ordered Speed and Direction 4-9-2/5.5

When under navigation bridge control, ordered speed and direction of propulsion machinery,
including pitch of propellers, where applicable, are to be indicated at the local propulsion machinery
control position, and at the centralized control station, if fitted.
5.7
Emergency Shutdown 4-9-2/5.7

A manually operated emergency-stopping device for the propulsion machinery is to be provided on
the navigation bridge. This device is to be independent of the remote propulsion control system. The
shutdown may only be activated by the deliberate action of the operator, and is to be so arranged as to
prevent its inadvertent operation.
5.9
Starting of Propulsion Machinery 4-9-2/5.9

Where it is necessary to restart the propulsion machinery in order to reverse it to go astern, means to
start the propulsion machinery is to be provided on the navigation bridge. In such cases, and in other
cases where propulsion machinery can be started from a remote control station, the following are to be
provided:
5.11
i)
An alarm to indicate a low level starting medium energy condition, e.g., a low starting air
pressure, which is to be set at a level to permit further starting operation.
ii)
A display to indicate starting medium energy level, e.g., starting air pressure.
iii)
Where automatic starting of the propulsion machinery is fitted, the number of consecutive
automatic attempts is to be limited in order to safeguard sufficient capacity for local manual
starting.
iv)
Starting of the propulsion machinery is to be automatically inhibited where conditions exist

which may damage the propulsion machinery, e.g., shaft-turning gear engaged, insufficient
lubricating oil pressure, etc. The activation of such inhibition is to be alarmed at the remote
control station.
Transfer Between Remote Control Stations 4-9-2/5.11

Remote control of the propulsion machinery is to be possible only from one location at a time. At
each location, there is to be an indicator showing which location is in control of the propulsion
machinery. The following protocol is to be observed for transfer of control between stations:
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4
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4-9-2
i)
The transfer of propulsion control between stations is to take effect only with
acknowledgment by the receiving station. This, however, does not apply to transfer of control
between the centralized control station and the local manual control.
ii)
The transfer of propulsion control between the navigation bridge and the propulsion
machinery space is to be possible only in the propulsion machinery space, i.e., at either the
centralized control station or the local manual control position.
iii)
The centralized control station is to be capable of assuming propulsion control at any time or
blocking orders from other remote control stations. However, where special operating
requirements of the vessel prevail, override control over the centralized control station will be
considered.
iv)
Propeller speed and direction of thrust are to be prevented from altering significantly when
propulsion control is transferred from one control station to another.
Local Manual Control 4-9-2/5.13

Means are to be provided for local manual control so that satisfactory operation of the propulsion
machinery can be exercised for lengthy periods in the event of the failure of the remote propulsion
control system. For this purpose, indicators for propeller speed and direction of rotation (for fixed
pitch propellers) or pitch position (for controllable pitch propellers) are to be provided at this local
manual control station. The means of communication, as required by 4-8-2/11.5, is to be fitted also at
this manual control station.
It is also to be possible to control auxiliary machinery, which are essential for propulsion and safety of
the vessel, at or near the machinery concerned.
5.15
Communications Systems 4-9-2/5.15

For communication systems associated with propulsion control stations, the requirements in
4-8-2/11.5 are applicable.
Remote Propulsion Control Station Other than Navigation

Bridge 4-9-2/7
7.1
General 4-9-2/7.1
Where the remote propulsion control station is provided at a location other than the navigation bridge,
such station is to comply with requirements applicable to that at the navigation bridge, with the
exception of the provision of telegraph.
7.3
Propulsion Machinery Space 4-9-2/7.3

Where a remote propulsion control station is provided in or in the vicinity of the propulsion
machinery space to supplement the operation of a locally manned propulsion machinery space, such a
station is to be fitted with:
remote propulsion control station, as in 4-9-2/7.1;
alarms, displays and controls, as required in 4-9-3/Table 2; and
alarms and displays of 4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8, as applicable.
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Safety System
9.1
General 4-9-2/9.1
4-9-2
4-9-2/9
In all cases, automatic safety shutdowns in 4-9-1/13 are to be provided. Other safety system functions,
such as automatic startup of standby pump or automatic slowdown, as appropriate, may be provided.
9.3
Safety System Alarms 4-9-2/9.3

9.3.1
Threshold Warning for Safety System Activations (1 July 2004)

Where the propulsion machinery is capable of remote control from the navigation bridge
regardless of manned or unmanned machinery space, automation systems are to be designed
in a manner such that a threshold warning of impending or imminent slowdown or shutdown
of the propulsion system is given to the officer in charge of the navigational watch in time to
assess navigational circumstances in an emergency.
In particular, the systems are to control, monitor, report, alert and take safety action to
slowdown or shutdown propulsion while providing the officer in charge of the navigational
watch an opportunity to manually intervene (override), except for those cases where manual
intervention will result in total failure of the engine and/or propulsion equipment within a
short time, for example in the case of over speed.
9.3.2
9.5
Alarms for Safety System Activations

Activation of safety system to automatic slowdown or automatic shutdown of propulsion
machinery is each to be arranged with individual alarm at remote propulsion control station.
Audible alarm may be silenced at the control station, however, visual alarm is to remain
activated until it is acknowledged in the machinery space.
Override of Safety System Functions 4-9-2/9.5

Automatic slowdowns and automatic shutdowns indicated in 4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8
may be provided with override, except that specified in 4-9-1/13. Automatic slowdowns and
automatic shutdowns where provided in excess of those indicated in 4-9-4/Table 3A through
4-9-4/Table 8 are to be provided with override. Overrides are to be as follows:
9.7
i)
The activation of the override is to be alarmed and clearly identifiable at the remote
propulsion control station and is to be so designed that it cannot be left activated.
ii)
Overrides fitted on the navigation bridge are to be operable only when the propulsion control
is from the navigation bridge.
iii)
The override actuator is to be arranged to preclude inadvertent operation.
Restart of Propulsion Machinery 4-9-2/9.7

Propulsion machinery shutdown by safety system is not to resume operation until it is reset manually.
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11
4
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2

Equipment
4-9-2
4-9-2/11
Remote propulsion controls fitted on vessels not receiving notations are to be in accordance with the
11.1
Electrical Equipment 4-9-2/11.1

Requirements in 4-9-7/7 are applicable.
11.3
Computer Based Equipment 4-9-2/11.3

Requirements in Section 4-9-6 are applicable. Equipment type tests in 4-9-6/7.9, duplication of
equipment and duplication of data links in integrated systems in 4-9-6/5 and duplication of monitor in
centralized control station in 4-9-6/7.5 are not applicable.
11.5
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment
4-9-2/11.5
The requirements of 4-9-7/9 and 4-9-7/11 are applicable in general. However, flash point limitation
on hydraulic fluids is applicable only to vessels to be assigned with ACC or ACCU notations.
11.7
Acceptance Tests 4-9-2/11.7

All equipment is to be performance tested in the presence of a Surveyor in accordance with
4-9-7/Table 10 either in the shop or after installation. All installations are to be functionally tested to
the satisfaction of the surveyor on board and during sea trials, see Section 4-9-5.
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2

4-9-2
TABLE 1
Instrumentation and Controllers on Remote
Propulsion Control Stations (2003)
System
Propulsion
control &
monitoring
Monitored/controlled parameter
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
System
monitoring
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Others
C1
C2
ACCU
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
644
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Propeller speed
Propeller direction
Propeller pitch
Telegraph
Emergency shutdown of propulsion engine
Starting of propulsion engine
Stored starting energy level low
Inhibition of starting of propulsion engine

Automatic shutdown activated
Automatic slowdown activated
Safety system override
x
x
x
x
Shaft turning gear engaged

Operating in barred speed range
(1 July 2004) Threshold warning for safety
system activations
Power source fails
Individual power supply to control, monitoring
and safety systems fails
Alarm system disconnected
Integrated computerized system: data highway
abnormal conditions
Integrated computerized system: duplicated data
link failure of one link
Control station transfer
x
x
x
x
x
Notes
[ A= Alarm; D= Display;
C= Controller/actuator ]
[ x= applies ]
As applicable
To be protected from accidental tripping
For reversible engines only
For reversible engines and engines fitted
with means of starting at remote control
station
Where remote engine starting is fitted
If provided
If fitted (see 4-9-2/9.5). To be of a design
that cannot be left activated
To automatically inhibit starting of engine
For navigation bridge only
(see 4-9-2/9.3.2).
Alarm may be common.
x
x
Alarm is to be activated before critical data

overload.
x
x
Display: to indicate the station in control.

Control: to provide 1) transfer switch & 2)
acknowledgment switch.
Air conditioning system fails
x
If necessary for equipment environment
control
Additional requirements for Navigation Bridge for vessels assigned with ACCU
Summary alarms activated by alarm
x
conditions in 4-9-3/Table 2 and 4-9-4/Table 3A
through 4-9-4/Table 8.
High voltage rotating machine Stationary
x
4-8-5/3.7.3(c)
windings temperature high
Controllable pitch propeller hydraulic power
x
x If standby unit is provided with automatic
unit run/start/stop
starting, such starting is to be alarmed.
Steam turbine automatic shaft rollover
x
x Control: to deactivate automatic shaft
activated
rollover.
Steam turbine shaft stopped in excess of set
x
period
(2003) Boiler steam pressure low
x
For propulsion and associated electric
power generating machinery
(2003) Boiler control power failure
x
For propulsion and associated electric
power generating machinery
System power source: main and emergency
x
x
feeder status and failure
Propulsion machinery space fire detected
x
Start main fire pump and pressurize fire main
x
x
Propulsion machinery space bilge level high
x
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
ACC Notation
Application
4 - 9 - 3
4-9-3/1
Where, in lieu of manning the propulsion machinery space locally, it is intended to monitor the
propulsion machinery space and to control and monitor the propulsion and auxiliary machinery from a
continuously manned centralized control station, such a station is to meet the provisions of 4-9-3/3.
These provisions cover propulsion machinery during start-up, navigating and maneuvering, and do
not cover operations in port or at mooring or anchorage.
The notation ACC will be assigned upon verification of compliance and upon satisfactory tests and
trials carried out in accordance with the provisions of 4-9-3/9 in the presence of a Surveyor.
For purposes of assigning ACC, remote propulsion control from the navigation bridge is not
mandatory. However, if fitted, requirements of 4-9-3/3, as applicable to navigation bridge, are to be
met.
System Requirements
3.1
General 4-9-3/3.1
4-9-3/3
In general, the centralized control station is to be:
3.3
i)
as effective as a propulsion machinery space under local supervision and operation;
ii)
provided with remote control of propulsion machinery;
iii)
provided with means to monitor the states of the propulsion machinery space, the propulsion,
auxiliary and other machinery, as appropriate; and
iv)
provided with means to effect, manually or automatically, corrective actions, such as starting
of a standby pump, in the event of a fault in the machinery plant.

In general, conceptual requirements in 4-9-1/9 are applicable. Specific details are provided in
4-9-3/7 through 4-9-3/15. FMEA (4-9-1/9.11) is to be conducted to demonstrate that control,
monitoring and safety systems are so designed that any single failure will not result in the loss of
propulsion control, the loss of propulsion or other undesirable consequences. The FMEA report is to
be submitted for review.
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3.5
4
9
3

ACC Notation
4-9-3

3.5.1
Power Source 4-9-3/3.5.1

Electrical power supply is to meet the requirements of 4-9-1/11.3. In addition, power for
control, monitoring and safety systems is to be fed from two feeders, one from the main
switchboard or other suitable distribution board, and the other from the emergency
switchboard or an emergency distribution board. The supply status of these feeders is to be
displayed and their failure is to be alarmed at the centralized control station.
3.5.2
Power Transfer 4-9-3/3.5.2

The two feeders are to be connected to a transfer switch in the centralized control station.
Power supply to controls, monitoring and safety systems may be commonly connected to the
transfer switch. The transfer between the power supplies is to be effected automatically upon
failure of a supply and by manual means at the centralized control station. Power transfer is to
be achieved without a break in power supply.
Location of Centralized Control Station
4-9-3/5
The centralized control station is to be located within, or adjacent to, the propulsion machinery space.
Consideration will be given to this station being located away from the propulsion machinery space,
provided its operation and monitoring of the propulsion machinery and propulsion machinery space is
to be as effective as if it were located either within or adjacent to the propulsion machinery space.
Where this station is in an enclosure located in or adjacent to machinery space, at least two means of
access, separated as remote from each other as practicable, are to be provided. Where fitted, glass
windows forming parts of the boundaries, are to be of shatter-resistance type (e.g., laminated glass or
wire mesh embedded glass).
Remote Controls from Centralized Control Station
4-9-3/7
Necessary controls to operate the propulsion machinery and its associated auxiliary systems are to be
provided in the centralized control station. This includes the following control functions.
i)
Remote propulsion control, as provided in Section 4-9-2
ii)
Put on-line a standby generator, as described in 4-9-3/13.9.1
iii)
Start, stop and transfer auxiliaries necessary for the operation of propulsion and power
generation machinery, as described in 4-9-3/13.13
All required controls are shown in the C column of 4-9-3/Table 2.
Monitoring in Centralized Control Station
9.1
Instrumentation 4-9-3/9.1
4-9-3/9
Alarms and displays for monitoring propulsion and auxiliary machinery and for propulsion machinery
space are to be provided in the centralized control station, as specified in A and D columns of
4-9-3/Table 2 and in A and D columns of 4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8, as applicable.
Alternative monitored parameters, which may provide equal effectiveness, will be considered.
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9.3
4
9
3

ACC Notation
4-9-3
Visual Display Unit 4-9-3/9.3

Where a visual display unit (computer monitor) is used to display monitoring information, unless
display means other than computer monitor display are provided therein, the centralized control
station is to be provided with at least two computer monitors, including keyboards.
9.5
Engineers Alarm 4-9-3/9.5

Where alarms are not acknowledged at the centralized control station in a pre-set period of time (e.g.,
2 minutes), the system is to activate the engineers alarm audible in the engineers accommodations
(see also 4-9-4/19.1).
11
Safety System
4-9-3/11
Safety system functions are to be in accordance with 4-9-2/9. As a minimum, safety shutdowns
specified in 4-9-1/13 are to be provided. Where desired, safety system functions specified in Auto
start, Auto slowdown and Auto shutdown columns in 4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8
may be provided. Override of safety system functions is to be as in 4-9-2/9.5.
13

Machinery 4-9-3/13
The following are requirements for control, monitoring and safety systems applicable to individual
propulsion and auxiliary machinery plant supplemental to those of 4-9-3/7 through 4-9-3/11 above.
13.1
Propulsion Diesel Engines 4-9-3/13.1

Alarms and displays (A and D columns) in 4-9-4/Table 3A and 4-9-4/Table 3B are applicable.
Safety system functions (Auto start, Auto shutdown, and Auto slowdown columns) in these tables are
not mandatory for assigning ACC notation, except for automatic shutdowns required in 4-9-1/13.
13.3
Propulsion Gas Turbines 4-9-3/13.3

Alarms and displays (A and D columns) in 4-9-4/Table 5 are applicable. Safety system functions
(Auto start, Auto shutdown, and Auto slowdown columns) in these tables are not mandatory for
assigning ACC notation, except for automatic shutdowns required in 4-9-1/13.
13.5
Propulsion Steam Turbines
4-9-3/13.5
assigning ACC notation, except for automatic shutdowns required in 4-9-1/13. The following are also
to be complied with.
13.5.1 Guardian Valve Operation 4-9-3/13.5.1
The astern guardian valve is to open automatically as a result of a throttle trip or a
maneuvering signal, such as the actuation of a specific switch or by movement of the throttle
control into the maneuvering range. Failure of the guardian valve to open is to be alarmed at
the centralized control station.
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ACC Notation
4-9-3
13.5.2 Sea Water Main Circulating Pump 4-9-3/13.5.2

Where scoop circulation is provided for the main condenser, a low water supply situation is to
be alarmed to allow manual starting of the main circulating pump. Alternatively, the pump
may be automatically started as vessel speed reduces or as required by the design of the
cooling system for satisfactory operation of the propulsion machinery.
13.7
Electric Propulsion 4-9-3/13.7

assigning ACC notation, except for automatic shutdowns required in 4-9-1/13.
13.9
Generators and Electrical Systems 4-9-3/13.9

Alarms and displays (A and D columns) in 4-9-3/Table 2 and 4-9-4/Table 8 are applicable. Safety
system functions (Auto shutdown column) in 4-9-4/Table 8 are not mandatory for assigning ACC
notation, except for automatic shutdowns required in 4-9-1/13. The following are also to be complied
with.
13.9.1 Starting of Generators 4-9-3/13.9.1
In addition to complying with 4-8-2/3.11 for automatically restoring power to equipment
necessary for propulsion, steering and safety, arrangements are to be provided to enable
manually starting and placing in service any generator from a single location. This location
may be at the main switchboard or in the centralized control station.
13.9.2 Monitoring of Generators 4-9-3/13.9.2
Where the main switchboard is not located in the centralized control station, alarms and
displays for monitoring the generators and main switchboard, as indicated in 4-9-3/Table 2,
are to be provided in the centralized control station.
13.11 Boilers and Fired Equipment 4-9-3/13.11

13.11.1 Propulsion Boilers and Auxiliary Boilers Supporting Propulsion 4-9-3/13.11
In addition to the safety shutdowns required in 4-9-1/13 and 4-4-1/11.5.1 and 4-4-1/11.5.2,
the following provisions are to be complied with:
i)
For propulsion boilers alarms and displays (A and D columns) in 4-9-4/Table 7A.
ii)
For auxiliary boilers necessary to support operation of propulsion (including power

generation) alarms and displays (A and D columns) in 4-9-4/Table 7B.
iii)
For boilers fitted with automatic control, the provisions of 4-4-1/11.5.3.
Except when in local control, remote override of safety shutdowns specified in 4-9-1/13 and
4-4-1/11.5.1 is not permitted.
13.11.2 Other Fired Equipment 4-9-3/13.11
Fired auxiliary boilers not related to supporting the operation of propulsion machinery are to
comply with the requirements in 4-4-1/11.5.1 and 4-4-1/11.5.2. If the boiler is fitted with
automatic control, 4-4-1/11.5.3 is also to be complied with.
Thermal oil boilers and incinerators are to meet 4-4-1/13.3.2 and 4-4-1/15.3, respectively.
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ACC Notation
13.13 Propulsion Auxiliaries
4-9-3
4-9-3/13.13
The centralized control station is to be provided with means to remotely start and stop auxiliary
pumps associated with the operation of the following:
Propulsion engine
Electrical power generators
Controllable pitch propellers
Propulsion boilers and boilers supporting propulsion (including power generation)
Machinery space bilge system
Fuel oil transfer system
Automatic transferring of vital auxiliary pumps, where fitted, is to be alarmed at the centralized
control station.
15
Propulsion Machinery Space
15.1
Fuel Oil System Arrangements 4-9-3/15.1
4-9-3/15
15.1.1 Fuel Oil Settling and Service Tanks 4-9-3/15.1.1

Low level conditions of fuel oil settling and daily service tanks are to be alarmed at the
centralized control station. Where automatic filling is provided, the arrangements are to
include automatic pump shutdown and start-up at predetermined high and low levels,
respectively. In such cases, fuel oil high level alarm is also to be provided.
15.1.2 Fuel Oil Overflow and Drain Tanks 4-9-3/15.1.2
Fuel oil overflow tanks and fuel oil drain tank receiving fuel oil from drip pans, spill trays and
other leakage containment facilities are to be fitted with a high level alarm at the centralized
control station.
15.1.3 Fuel Oil Heating (2003)
Fuel oil tanks provided with heating arrangements and fuel oil heaters are to be fitted with the
following alarms at the centralized control station. See also 4-6-4/13.5.7 and 4-6-4/13.7.4.
i)
High temperature alarm and temperature display for the heated fuel oil in the settling
and service tanks.
ii)
Fuel oil high temperature (or low viscosity) alarm, or a low flow alarm at the heater
outlet.
This alarm may be omitted if a fuel oil high temperature alarm required by
4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8 monitors the fuel oil high temperature for the
heaters also.
iii)
High temperature alarm for the fluid heating medium (steam, thermal oil, etc.) for
fuel oil tanks or fuel oil heater, where the maximum temperature of the heating
medium would exceed 220C (428F).
15.1.4 Use of Cargo as Propulsion Fuel 4-9-3/15.1.4

Vessels carrying liquefied natural gases that utilize methane as fuel in propulsion machinery
spaces are to meet the provisions of Section 5-8-16. The monitoring of gas supply, shut-off
valve and propulsion machinery space ventilation, as required therein, are to be fitted at the
centralized control station.
649
Part
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Section
15.3
4
9
3

ACC Notation
4-9-3
Bilge Level Monitoring 4-9-3/15.3

15.3.1 Bilge Level 4-9-3/15.3.1
The propulsion machinery space is to be provided with two independent systems to detect
excessive rise of bilge water in the bilges or bilge wells. The arrangements including the
number of sensors and locations are to be such that accumulation of bilge water may be
detected at the various angles of vessels heel and trim. The alarm is to be given in the
centralized control station.
15.3.2 Bilge Pump 4-9-3/15.3.2
Where the bilge pumps are arranged for automatic operation, means are to be provided to
indicate, at the centralized control station, when the pump is operating more frequently than
would normally be expected, or when the pump is operating for an excessive length of time.
Additionally, attention is to be given to oil pollution prevention requirements.
15.5
Fire Safety 4-9-3/15.5

15.5.1 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems 4-9-3/15.5.1
Propulsion machinery space is to be provided with a fixed fire detection and alarm system
complying with 4-7-2/1.15 (or Regulation II-2/14 of SOLAS 1974). This fixed fire detection
and alarm system may be combined with other fire detection and alarm systems required on
board the vessel. The fire control panel is to be located on the navigation bridge or in the fire
fighting station, if fitted. If located in the fire fighting station, a repeater panel is to be fitted
on the navigation bridge. Propulsion machinery space fire is to be alarmed in the centralized
control station.
15.5.2 Fire Main System 4-9-3/15.5.2
In order to provide immediate water delivery from the fire main system at a suitable pressure,
provisions are to be made to remotely start one of the main fire pumps at the navigation
bridge, unless the fire main is permanently pressurized. See 4-7-3/1.5.5 (or Regulation
II-2/4.3.4.3 of SOLAS).
The remote starting is to be provided also at the fire control station, if fitted. Alternatively,
means provided at fire fighting station to start the emergency fire pump, as in 4-9-4/21.3viii),
may be considered as satisfying this requirement.
17
Equipment
4-9-3/17
Components, equipment, subsystems, etc. used in control, monitoring and safety systems of
propulsion machinery, propulsion boilers and vital auxiliary pumps are to be designed and tested in
accordance with the provisions in Section 4-9-7.
650
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ACC Notation
4-9-3
TABLE 2
Instrumentation and Controllers in Centralized Control Station
All Propulsion and Auxiliary Machinery (2003)
System
Propulsion
control and
monitoring
A1 As in 4-9-2/Table 1 items A1 through C2, with

follow additional features
A2 System power supply main and emergency

feeders: failure, status and transfer
A3 Propulsion engine auxiliaries and boiler
auxiliaries status and start/stop
A4 Controllable pitch propeller (CPP) hydraulic

power unit start/stop
A5 CPP hydraulic oil pressure low and high
Electric
Power
Generating
Plant
A6 CPP hydraulic oil temperature high

A7 CPP hydraulic oil tank level low
A8 Steam turbine shaft stopped excess of set
period
A9 Steam turbine shaft rollover activated
B1 Starting, paralleling & putting generator on line
B2 Generator running
B3 Voltage high and low
B4 Current high
B5 Frequency high and low
B6 Failure of on-line generator
B7 Generator engine auxiliaries start/stop
B8 Bearing lub oil inlet pressure low
B9 Generator cooling inlet pump or fan motor

fails
B10 Generator cooling medium temp. high
High voltage C1 Stationary windings temperature high
rotating
machine
Fuel oil
D1 Settling and service tank level low and high
system
D2 Overflow tank and drain tank level high
D3 Transfer pump start/stop
D4 (2003) Heated fuel oil in settling and service
tank, fuel oil temperature high
D5 (2003) Fuel oil tank heating medium
temperature high
D6 (2003) Fuel oil heater, fuel oil temperature
high (or viscosity low) or flow low
D7 (2003) Fuel oil tank heating control and temp.
display and alarm high
Stern tube
E1 Tank level low
lub. oil
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
To be activated automatically for ACCU

Not required if main switchboard
is located in the centralized
control station
x
x
x
Automatic start/stop, if fitted, is to be

alarmed.
Applicable to propulsion boilers and boilers
supporting propulsion.
High-pressure alarm is required only if
required by design. See 4-3-3/5.13.4(b)
If it is a system design feature
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Notes
[ x= applies ]
Following items of 4-9-2/Table 1 are to be
modified:
- Item A4: additional telegraph is not
required for centralized control station.
- Item A6: starting of propulsion engine
is required for all engine types
- Item C1: acknowledgement switch for
transfer of control station is not required
in centralized control station
Automatic start/stop, if fitted, is to be

alarmed
Automatic shutdown prime mover.
4-8-3/3.11.3.
4-8-3/3.11.4
4-8-3/3.11.4
4-8-5/3.7.3(c)
High level alarm required only if automatic

filling is provided, or if ACCU
x
x
x
x
Start/stop may be automatic.

4-6-4/13.5.7, 4-9-3/15.1.3i)
4-6-4/13.5.7, 4-9-3/15.1.3iii)
4-6-4/13.7.4, 4-9-3/15.1.3ii)
4-6-4/13.7.4, 4-9-3/15.1.3iii)
651
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ACC Notation
4-9-3
TABLE 2 (continued)
Instrumentation and Controllers in Centralized Control Station
All Propulsion and Auxiliary Machinery
System
Boiler,
thermal oil
heater,
incinerator,
etc.
Propulsion
machinery
space
652
F1 Automatic shutdown
G1 Bilge level high

G2 Bilge pump status
x
x
G3 Fire detected
G4 Air condition system fails
x
x
Notes
[ x= applies ]
Propulsion boilers and auxiliary boilers
supporting propulsion are to meet
4-9-4/Table 7A and 4-9-4/Table 7B
Alarm applicable to automatically started

bilge pump that starts/stops excessively or
running unduly long
If necessary for equipment environmental
control
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
ACCU Notation
Application
4 - 9 - 4
4-9-4/1
Where it is intended that the propulsion machinery space be periodically unattended and that
propulsion machinery be controlled primarily from the navigation bridge, the provisions of 4-9-4/3
and 4-9-4/5 are to be complied with. These provisions cover propulsion machinery during start-up,
navigating and maneuvering, but do not cover operations in port or at mooring or anchorage.
The notation ACCU will be assigned upon verification of compliance and upon satisfactory tests and
trials carried out in accordance with the provisions of Section 4-9-5 in the presence of a Surveyor.
System Requirements
3.1
General 4-9-4/3.1
4-9-4/3
In general, the vessel is to be fitted with:

i)
a remote propulsion control station on the navigation bridge complying with 4-9-4/1 with
capability to monitor the propulsion machinery space and the machinery plant;
ii)
a centralized control station complying with Section 4-9-3, which is to be further provided
with safety system functions capable of taking automated corrective actions in the event of a
fault in the machinery plant; such a station may be periodically unattended;
iii)
a monitoring station in the engineers quarters capable of alarming any undesirable state of
the propulsion machinery space and of the machinery plant; and
iv)
a fire fighting station with means to effect rapid response to control fire in the propulsion
machinery space.
These stations are to comply also with the provisions of 4-9-4/5 through 4-9-4/21 hereunder.
3.3
Duration of Unattended Operation 4-9-4/3.3

The extent of automation, monitoring and remote control is to be such as to allow unattended
propulsion machinery space operations for at least 24 hours. For duration less than 24 hours, the
limitation will be noted in the classification record.
653
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4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
System Criteria 4-9-4/3.5

In general, conceptual requirements in 4-9-1/9 are applicable. Specific details are provided in 4-9-4/5
through 4-9-4/21. FMEA (4-9-1/9.11) is to be conducted to demonstrate that control, monitoring and
safety systems are so designed that any single failure will not result in the loss of propulsion control,
the loss of propulsion or other undesirable consequences. The FMEA report is to be submitted for
review.
3.7

System power supply is to comply with 4-9-3/3.5, except that the power supply status display and the
alarm of the failure of either power source are also to be provided at the navigation bridge.
Navigation Bridge
4-9-4/5
Remote propulsion control is to be provided on the navigation bridge. The required controls and
associated alarms and displays are to comply with 4-9-2/5 and 4-9-2/Table 1. Additional alarms,
displays and controls, as specified at the lower half of 4-9-2/Table 1, are also to be provided.
Location of Centralized Control Station
4-9-4/7
Location of centralized control station is to comply with 4-9-3/5.
Remote Control from Centralized Control Station
4-9-4/9
Remote controls of propulsion and auxiliary machinery from the centralized control station are to
comply with 4-9-3/7. See also C column of 4-9-3/Table 2.
11
Monitoring in Centralized Control Station
4-9-4/11
Monitoring in centralized control station is to comply with 4-9-3/9. Alarms and displays (A and
D columns) in 4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8 and 4-9-3/Table 2, as applicable, are to be
provided. Engineers alarms are to comply with 4-9-4/19 hereunder.
13
Safety Systems
13.1
General 4-9-4/13.1
4-9-4/13
To allow for unattended operation, the centralized control station is to be provided with safety system
functions specified in Auto start, Auto slowdown and Auto shutdown columns of
4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 8. The following features are also applicable.
13.3

In addition to complying with 4-9-1/9.9, the following are applicable in order to safeguard continued
operation of machinery:
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ACCU Notation
4-9-4
i)
Safety system is to be designed to take the least drastic action first in response to a fault, and
when this fails to avert the situation, to intervene sequentially with more drastic actions. The
system is to incorporate ability to automatically start a standby pump, or automatic slowdown
or automatic shutdown of propulsion machinery, as applicable.
ii)
For propulsion machinery (4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 7A), automatic

start/changeover, automatic slowdown and automatic shutdown systems are to be independent
of monitoring and control systems. However, common sensors as specifically indicated in
these tables may be allowed.
iii)
In lieu of automatic slowdown, illuminated warning sign reduced power with audible alarm
may be provided on the navigation bridge to allow manual slowdown to be effected.
iv)
Overrides for safety system actions are to comply with 4-9-2/9.5.
Automatic Start and Changeover
4-9-4/13.5
In the event of detecting low or the loss of system pressure, as specified in 4-9-4/Table 3A through
4-9-4/Table 5 and 4-9-4/Table 7A (in Auto start column), automatic startup of and changeover to
the standby pumps, which are essential to maintain the running of the propulsion machinery, are to be
provided.
13.7
Automatic Slowdown 4-9-4/13.7

Automatic slowdown, where indicated in 4-9-4/Table 3A, 4-9-4/Table 3B and 4-9-4/Table 4, is to be
provided in order to maintain the continuous operation of the propulsion machinery in the event of
specified alarm conditions.
13.9
Automatic Shutdown 4-9-4/13.9

Automatic shutdowns are to be provided, where indicated in 4-9-4/Table 3A through 4-9-4/Table 7A,
to protect the propulsion machinery from serious damage. Where automatic shutdown is indicated in
these tables as a requirement along with 4-9-4/13.5 or 4-9-4/13.7 or both, the intent is that either
4-9-4/13.5 or 4-9-4/13.7 or both is to be activated first; and if the state of the propulsion machinery
does not improve, then 4-9-4/13.9 is to be activated.
15

Machinery 4-9-4/15
The following are requirements for control, monitoring and safety systems of individual propulsion
and auxiliary machinery plant supplemental to those of 4-9-4/9 through 4-9-4/13 above.
15.1
Automatic Starting of Propulsion Auxiliaries 4-9-4/15.1

Where power is automatically restored following a blackout as per 4-8-2/3.11, auxiliaries that are
essential for propulsion and maneuvering are to be automatically started. In order not to overload the
generator while the motors are starting, means such as sequential starting are to be provided where
necessary.
15.3
Propulsion Steam Turbine 4-9-4/15.3

In addition to the safety system functions in 4-9-4/Table 4 and in the event of loss of lubricating oil,
automatic or manual means are to be provided to allow braking steam to be applied to the turbine.
655
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9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
Boilers 4-9-4/15.5
15.5.1 Propulsion Boilers 4-9-4/15.5.1
Propulsion boilers are to be capable of automatically and safely satisfying the steam
requirements demanded from the boiler under normal evaporation between minimum and
maximum firing rates and be able to maintain complete and stable combustion at the
minimum rate of firing or during any sudden change in steam demand. In addition to
4-4-1/11.5.1 through 4-4-1/11.5.3 and 4-9-4/Table 7A, the following are to be complied with.
15.5.1(a) Prevention of excessive steam. To prevent a build-up of excessive propulsion
boiler steam which might occur when all burners are in service and the burners are at the
minimum firing rate, one of the following arrangements, or equivalent, is to be provided.
i)
Burner sequencing, which may require automatic control of one or more, but not
necessarily all, burners in the boiler.
ii)
An automatic steam dump system unloading to a condenser of adequate size.
iii)
For long-term port operation at low loads, the excess burner capacity may be secured.
15.5.1(b) Starting inhibition. Means are to be provided to prevent boiler start up whenever
unsafe firing conditions (e.g., forced draft failure, low water level) exist. Such conditions are
to be alarmed. Means are also to be provided to prevent startup following a shutdown, unless
manually reset.
15.5.1(c) Boiler control program. Automatically started boilers are to be provided with a
programmed control. The programmed control is to be designed to cycle the boiler in
accordance with a predetermined sequence and, in addition to the automatic boiler purge in
4-9-4/15.5.1(b), is to include the following events:
i)
Ignition timing: ignition (spark coming on) is to precede the opening of the fuel
valve.
ii)
Modulated air fuel ratio: where it is necessary to cut burners in and out to handle the
load on the boiler, and controls are provided to modulate the air-fuel ratio, the
automatic boiler purge period is to start with the modulating control in the high-firing
position (air registers in maximum opening position) and ignition is not to be turned
on until the modulating control has returned to the low-firing position (air registers in
minimum opening position).
15.5.2 Other Boilers and Fired Equipment 4-9-4/15.5.2

Fired auxiliary boilers necessary to support operation of propulsion (including power
generation) are to comply with 4-9-3/13.11.1ii) and 4-9-3/13.11.1iii). Other boilers and fired
equipment are to comply with 4-9-3/13.11.2.
17
Propulsion Machinery Space
4-9-4/17
The provisions of 4-9-3/15 are to be met. In addition, where automatic filling is provided, each of the
fuel oil settling or service tanks is to be of a capacity sufficient for at least eight (8) hours operation at
normal power.
Where automatic filling is not provided, the capacity of each of these tanks is to be sufficient for at
least 24 hours operation at normal power. Otherwise, a time limitation will be noted in the
classification record.
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ACCU Notation
19
Monitoring Station in the Engineers Quarters
19.1
Engineers Public Space and Engineers Cabins 4-9-4/19.1
4-9-4
4-9-4/19
At least one alarm monitoring station is to be provided in the engineers public space. In addition, an
alarm monitoring station is to be provided in each engineers cabin through a selector switch so
arranged as to ensure connection to at least one of these cabins. Each station is to be provided with:
an alarm for fire in the propulsion machinery space;
an alarm for high bilge water level in the propulsion machinery space; and
a summary-alarm to be activated by any of the alarm conditions listed in 4-9-4/Table 3A
through 4-9-4/Table 8 and 4-9-3/Table 2.
The fire alarm is to have a separate visual display and a distinct sound from the summary alarm, and
other alarms, where fitted. Selector switch is not to be provided for fire alarm.
19.3
Muting the Audible Alarms 4-9-4/19.3

All alarms in 4-9-4/19.1 are to be silenced only at the centralized control station. Alternatively,
arrangements may be made to silence the summary and the bilge alarms at the alarm monitoring
stations in the engineers public space or at a selected engineers cabin, provided the associated visual
alarm is not extinguished. The arrangements are to be such that if the audible alarm is not also
silenced manually at the centralized control station in a preset period of time (e.g., two (2) minutes),
the system is to activate the engineers alarm (see 4-8-2/11.7.2).
19.5
Communication 4-9-4/19.5
The communication system required by 4-8-2/11.5.1 is to include the engineers accommodation area.
21
Fire Safety
21.1
Fire Fighting Station 4-9-4/21.1
4-9-4/21
A fire-fighting station is to be provided and to be located outside the propulsion machinery space.
However, consideration may be given to the installation of the fire-fighting control station within the
room housing the centralized control station, provided that the rooms boundary common with the
propulsion machinery space, including glass windows and doors, is insulated to A-60 standard. The
doors opening into the propulsion machinery space are to be self-closing. The ventilation system to
the room is to be separate from other systems serving the propulsion machinery space and the
ventilation inlet is to be taken from a safe space outside the propulsion machinery space. There is to
be a protected access, insulated to A-60 standard, from the room to the open deck.
21.3
Controls at Fire Fighting Station 4-9-4/21.3

The fire-fighting station is to be provided with remote manual controls for the operations detailed in
the following list:
i)
Shutdown of ventilation fans serving the machinery space.
ii)
Shutdown of fuel-oil transfer pumps, fuel oil unit pumps, and other similar fuel pumps.
iii)
Shutdown of forced draft blowers of boilers, inert gas generators and incinerators, and of
auxiliary blowers of propulsion diesel engines.
iv)
Closing of propulsion machinery space fuel oil tanks suction valves. This is to include other
forms of fuel supply, such as gas supply valves in LNG carriers
v)
Closing of propulsion machinery space skylights, openings in funnels, ventilator dampers and
other openings.
657
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4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
vi)
Closing of propulsion machinery space watertight and fire-resistant doors. Doors normally
closed and self-closing doors may be excluded.
vii)
Starting of emergency generator where it is not arranged for automatic starting.
viii)
(2004) Starting of a fire pump located outside the propulsion machinery space, including
operation of all necessary valves, to pressurize the fire main. However, valves located near
the pump need not be provided with remote operation from the fire fighting station, if they are
kept locked open (LO), or closed (LC), as appropriate, to provide immediate water supply to
the fire main. The position of the valves (open or closed) is to be clearly marked. Where the
sea chest valve is located in the same compartment as the fire pump and the sea chest valve is
kept locked open, a high-level bilge alarm is to be fitted in the fire pump space. If the sea
chest is located in a different space than the compartment containing the fire pump, then a
high-level bilge alarm is to be fitted in the fire pump space, as well as the compartment
containing the sea chest, in order to detect possible flooding in each of these spaces. The highlevel bilge alarm is to sound in the centralized control station. Starting of one of the main fire
pumps is also to be provided on the navigating bridge (see 4-9-3/15.5.2).
ix)
Actuation of the fixed fire extinguishing system for the propulsion machinery space.
x)
Stopping of circulating pumps for thermal oil heating systems. [See 5-1-7/9.5.3(v)].
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
4-9-4/21.5
21.5.1 General 4-9-4/21.5.1

The propulsion machinery space is to be provided with a fixed fire detection and alarm
system complying with 4-7-2/1.15. This fixed fire detection and alarm system may be
combined with other fire detection and alarm systems required onboard the vessel. The fire
control panel is to be located on the navigation bridge or in the fire fighting station. If located
in the fire fighting station, a repeater panel is to be fitted on the navigation bridge. Propulsion
machinery space fire is to be alarmed in the centralized control station.
21.5.2 Fire Alarm Call Points 4-9-4/21.5.2
Manually operated fire alarm call points are to be provided at the following locations:
Centralized control station
Passageways leading to the propulsion machinery spaces
Navigation bridge
21.7
Portable Fire Extinguishers 4-9-4/21.7

In addition to the portable fire extinguishers located in the machinery space, as required by 4-7-2/1,
and the spare charges, as required by 4-7-3/15.1.2, an equal number of portable extinguishers, as
required by 4-7-2/1, are to be provided. These extinguishers are to be stored in or in the vicinity of the
fire-fighting station, or at the entrance to the propulsion machinery space
Where, in lieu of spare charges, duplicated portable extinguishers are provided to satisfy the
requirement of 4-7-3/15.1.2, these duplicated extinguishers may be considered to have satisfied the
above requirement, provided that they are stored as indicated above.
23
Equipment
4-9-4/23
Components, equipment, subsystems, etc. used in control, monitoring and safety systems of
propulsion machinery, propulsion boilers and vital auxiliary pumps are to be designed and tested in
accordance with the provisions of Section 4-9-7.
658
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ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 3A
Instrumentation and Safety System Functions in Centralized Control
Station Slow Speed (Crosshead) Diesel Engines (2003)
Systems
Sensors
Fuel oil
Common or separate
A1 Fuel oil after filter (engine inlet),
pressure low
A2 Fuel oil before injection pumps, temp.
high (or viscosity low)
low (or viscosity high)
A4 Leakage from high pressure pipes
A5 Fuel oil service tank, level low
c
x
c
x
Notes
Auto Auto Auto
slow start shut
[ A = alarm. D = display. x = apply. ]
down
down
c
s
s c = common; s = separate
x
x
x
x
x
Lubricating oil B1 Lub. oil to main bearing and thrust

bearing, pressure low
B2 Lub. oil to crosshead bearing, pressure
low
B3 Lub. oil to camshaft, pressure low
B4 Lub. oil to camshaft, temp. high
B5 Lub. oil inlet, temp. high
B6 Thrust bearing pads temp. or bearing
outlet temp. high
B7 Main, crank, crosshead bearing oil
outlet temp. high; or oil mist in
crankcase, mist concentration high
B8 Each cylinder lubricator, flow rate
low
B9 Lub. oil tanks, level low
High level alarm is also required if without

suitable overflow arrangements.
.
If of a different system.
Turbocharger
C1 Lub. oil inlet, pressure low
x
x
Piston cooling
C2 Lub. oil outlet (each bearing), temp.

high
C3 Speed
D1 Coolant inlet, pressure low
D2 Coolant outlet (each cylinder), temp.

high
D3 Coolant outlet (each cylinder), flow
low
D4 Coolant in expansion tank, level low

E1 Sea water cooling, pressure low
x
x
Sea water
cooling
x
x
x
x
x
For engines having power > 2250 kW
(3000 hp) or cylinder bore > 300 mm (11.8
in.).
Where separate lubricating oil systems are

installed (e.g. camshaft, rocker arms, etc.),
individual level alarms are required for all
the tanks.
(2003) Not required for self-contained
lubricating oil system
(2003) Not required for self-contained
lubricating oil system
x
The slow down is not required if the

coolant is oil taken from the main cooling
system of the engine.
Where due to the design of the engine the

flow of piston coolant outlet cannot be
monitored, this item may be reconsidered.
x
659
Part
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4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 3A (continued)
Station Slow Speed (Crosshead) Diesel Engines (2003)
Systems
Cylinder
fresh water
cooling
F1
F2
F3
Water inlet, pressure low

Water outlet from each cylinder, temp.
high; or common water outlet, temp.
high
x
x
Auto Auto Auto

slow start shut
down
down
x
x
x
Notes
Sensing at common water outlet is

permitted for cylinder jackets fitted with
common cooling space without intervening
stop valves.
Where engine cooling water is used in fuel
and lubricating oil heat exchangers.
x
Oily contamination of engine cooling
water system.
F4 Cooling water expansion tank, level
x
low
x
Compressed G1 Starting air before main shut-off valve, x
air
pressure low
G2 Control air, pressure low
x
G3 Safety air, pressure low
x
Scavenge
H1 Scavenge air receiver, pressure
x
air
H2 Scavenge air box, temp. high (fire)
x
x
H3 Scavenge air receiver water level
x
high
Exhaust gas
I1 Exhaust gas after each cylinder, temp. x
x
x
high
I2 Exhaust gas after each cylinder,
x
deviation from average, temp. high
I3 Exhaust gas before each turbocharger, x
x
temp. high
I4 Exhaust gas after each turbocharger,
x
x
temp. high
Fuel valve
J1 Coolant, pressure low
x
x
Coolant
J2 Coolant, temp. high
x
J3 Coolant expansion tank, level low
x
Engine
K1 Speed/direction of rotation
x
K2 Rotation wrong way
x
K3 Engine overspeed
x
x
Power
L1 Control, alarm or safety system, power x
supply failure
Auto slow down = automatic slow down of diesel engine, along with activation of suitable alarm.
Auto start
= automatic starting of a standby pump, along with activation of suitable alarm.
Auto shut down = automatic stopping of the diesel engines, along with activation of suitable alarm.
660
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4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 3B
Station Medium and High Speed (Trunk Piston) Diesel Engines
Systems
Sensors
Fuel oil
Common or separate
A1 Fuel oil after filter (engine inlet),
pressure low
high (or viscosity low)
low (or viscosity high)
A4 Leakage from high pressure pipes
A5 Fuel oil service tank, level low
Lubricating oil B1 Lub. oil to main bearing and thrust

(Diesel engine)
bearing, pressure low
B2 Lub. oil filter differential, pressure
high
B3 Lub. oil inlet, temp. high
B4 Oil mist in crankcase, mist
concentration high
Lubricating oil
(other than
diesel engine)
Sea water
cooling
Cylinder fresh
water
cooling
B5 Each cylinder lubricator, flow rate

low
B6 Reduction gear lub. oil inlet pressure
low
B7 Turbo-charger lub. oil inlet pressure
low
C1 Sea water cooling system pressure
low
D1 Water inlet, pressure low or
flow low
D2 Water outlet (general), temp. high
c
x
c
x
Notes
Auto Auto Auto
slow start shut
down
down
c
s
s c = common; s = separate
x
For heavy fuel oil burning engines only.
For heavy fuel oil burning engines only.
x
x
High level alarm is also required if without

suitable overflow arrangements.
x
x
Only for medium speed engines having

power > 2250 kW (3000 hp) or cylinder bore
> 300 mm (11.8 in.). Single sensor having
two independent outputs for initiating alarm
and for shutdown will satisfy independence of
alarm and shutdown.
If necessary for the safe operation of the
engine.
Shutdown is to affect all power input to gear
If without integrated self-contained oil
lubrication system.
x
x
Two separate sensors are required for alarm
and slowdown.
D3 Cooling water expansion tank, level x

low
Compressed air E1 Starting air before shut-off valve,
x
x
pressure low
E2 Control air pressure low
x
x
Scavenge air
F1 Scavenge air receiver temp. high
x
Exhaust gas
G1 Exhaust gas after each cylinder, temp. x
x
x
For engine power > 500 kW/cylinder
high
G2 Exhaust gas after each cylinder,
x
For engine power > 500 kW/cylinder
deviation from average, temp. high
Engine
H1 Speed
x
H2 Overspeed
x
x
Power
J1 Control, alarm or safety system, power x
supply failure
Auto slow down = automatic slow down of diesel engine, along with activation of suitable alarm.
Auto start
= automatic starting of a standby pump, along with activation of suitable alarm.
Auto shut down = automatic stopping of the diesel engines, along with activation of suitable alarm.
661
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 4
Station Propulsion Steam Turbines
Systems
Sensors
Lubricating
oil
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Lubricating oil B1
Cooling
B2
medium
B3
Sea water
C1
C2
C3
Steam
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Condensate
Turbine
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Common or separate
Pressure at bearing inlets low
Temp. at bearing inlet high
Bearing temp. or bearing oil outlet
temp. high
Filter differential pressure high
Gravity tank and sump levels low
Pressure or flow low
Temp. at outlet high
Expansion tank level low
Pump auto starting and running
Scoop valve open/close
Pressure at throttle low
Pressure, ahead chest
Pressure, astern chest
Pressure, gland seal
Gland seal exhaust fan failure
Astern guardian valve position
Astern guardian valve fail to open
Condenser level high
Condenser level low
Condensate pump pressure low
Condenser vacuum low
Salinity high
Vibration Level high
Axial Displacement large
Speed
Overspeed
Shaft rollover activated
Shaft stopped excess of set period
c
x
x
x
c
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Auto
Auto
slow Auto shut
down start down
c
s
s
x
x
x
x
Notes (see also bottom of table)

[A = alarm. D = display. x = apply ]
c = common; s = separate
For turbines, gears and thrust bearings.
x
x
x
x
x
For vessels fitted with sea inlet scoops
For vessels fitted with sea inlet scoops.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
In response to throttle trip or maneuvering

signal.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Shaft rollover to be activated manually or

automatically
Power
G1 Throttle control system power failure x
Auto slow down = automatic slow down of turbine, with activation of suitable alarm.
Auto start
= automatic starting of standby pump in the system, with activation of suitable alarm.
Auto shut down
= automatic closing of ahead steam throttle valve, with activation of suitable alarm; but to
allow admission of steam to astern turbine for braking purposes.
662
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 5
Station Propulsion Gas Turbines
System
c
x
x
c
x
x
B2 Inlet temperature high
B3 Main bearing temp. or main bearing oil

outlet temp. high
B4 Filter differential pressure high
B5 Tank level low
C1 Pressure or flow low
C2 Temperature high
D1 Stored starting energy level low
D2 Automatic starting failure
E1 Combustion or flame failure
F1 Temperature high
G1 Vibration level high
G2 Rotor axial displacement large
Sensors
Fuel oil
Common/separate
A1 Pressure or flow low
A2 Temperature high and low
(or viscosity low and high)
Lubricating oil B1 Inlet pressure low
Cooling
medium
Starting
Combustion
Exhaust gas
Turbine
Auto Auto
start shut
down
Monitored parameter
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Notes (see also bottom of table)

[ A = Alarm; D = display, x =apply ]
c = common sensor; s = separate sensor
For heavy fuel oil.
For turbines, reduction gears and thrust

bearings
bearings
bearings
x
x
x
x
Auto shutdown may be omitted for rotors

fitted with roller bearings
G3 Overspeed
x
x
G4 Vacuum at compressor inlet high
x
x
Auto start
Auto shut down
= automatic closing of main fuel valve, with activation of suitable alarm.
663
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 6
Station Electric Propulsion
System
Propulsion
Generator
Monitored parameter
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Bearing lub. oil inlet pressure low

Voltage off-limits
Frequency off-limits
Current
Stationary windings temperature high
A6
Main generator circuit breakers

open/close
Generator running
Failure of on-line generator
Transfer of standby generator
Generator cooling medium temperature
high
Failure of generator cooling pump or
fan motor
Field voltage and current
Inter-pole winding temperature high
Bearing, lub. oil inlet pressure low
Armature voltage off-limits
Field voltage
Frequency off-limits
Armature current
Field current
Ground lights or similar
Stationary windings temperature high
Motor circuit breakers open/close
Motor running
Failure of on-line motor
Transfer of standby motor
Motor cooling medium temperature
high
Failure of cooling pump or fan motor
Bearing lub. oil inlet pressure low
Armature voltage off-limits
Field voltage
Armature current
Field current
Ground lights or similar
Motor circuit breakers open/close
Motor running
Motor overspeed
Failure of on-line motor
Transfer of standby motor
Motor cooling medium temperature
high
Failure of cooling pump or fan motor
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
Propulsion
Motor - AC
Propulsion
Motor - DC
A12
A13
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
664
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Auto
shut
down
x
Notes
[A = Alarm; D = Display; x =apply]
Prime mover automatic shutdown
To read all phases and at least one bus
To read all phases
To read all phases; for generators
> 500 kW
x
x
x
x
x
If applicable
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
If applicable
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
For DC generator
For DC generator
x
To read all phases and at least one bus
To read all phases

For synchronous motors
To read all phases; for motors > 500 kW
If applicable
If applicable
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
If applicable
If applicable
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 6 (continued)
Station Electric Propulsion
System
Propulsion
SCR
Monitored parameter
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Transformer
D7
E1
Voltage
Current
Overload (high current)
Open/close position for assignment
switches
SCR cooling medium temperature
high
Failure of SCR cooling pump or fan
motor
Inter-phase reactor temperature, high
Transformer winding temperature
high
Auto
shut
down
Notes
x
x
x
Alarms before protective device is activated

x
x
x
x
If applicable
If applicable
x
x
For each phase
665
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 7A
Station Propulsion Boiler
System
Sensors
Feed water
Common/separate
A1 Atmospheric drain tank level high and
low
A2 Dearator level high and low
A3 Dearator pressure high and low
A4 Feed water pump pressure low
A5 Feed water temperature high
A6 Feed water outlet salinity high
B1 Water level high and low
B2 Water level low-low
C1 Pressure high and low
C2 Superheater outlet temperature high
D1 Forced draft pressure failure
D2 Rotating air heater motor failure
D3 Air register open/close
D4 Fire in boiler casing
E1 Pump pressure at outlet low
E2 Heavy fuel oil temperature high (or
viscosity low)
E3 Heavy fuel oil temperature low (or
viscosity high)
E4 Master fuel oil valve open/close
F1 Burner valve open/close
F2 Atomizing medium pressure off-limits
F3 Ignition or flame of burners fails
c
x
c
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Boiler Drum
Steam
Air
Fuel oil
Burner
Power
666
x
x
x
x
x
x
F5 Uptake gas temperature high

G1 Control system power supply fails
x
x
Auto start
Auto shut down
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
F4 Flame scanner fails
Notes
Auto Auto
[
A
=
Alarm;
D = Display]
start shut
[ x = applies ]
down
s
s c = common sensor; s = separate sensor
Individual
x
See 4-9-1/13iv)
If provided
For multiple burners, flame failure of a

single burner is to shutdown the
corresponding burner fuel valves.
Shutdown is to be achieved within 6
seconds following flame extinguishment.
For multiple burners fitted with individual
flame scanner, failure of flame scanner is
to shutdown the corresponding burner fuel
valves.
For fire detection
Automatic closing of fuel valve(s)
= automatic closing of fuel valve, with activation of suitable alarm.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 7B
Station Auxiliary Boiler (2002)
System
Feedwater
Boiler
drum
Steam
Air
Fuel oil
Burner
Monitored parameter
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
Power
Feedwater outlet salinity high

Water level high
Water level low
Pressure high and low
Superheater outlet temperature high
Supply air pressure failure
Fire in boiler casing
Pump outlet pressure low
Temperature high and low (or viscosity
low and high)
Fuel oil valves open/close
Ignition or flame fails
Flame scanner fails
Uptake gas temp. high
Control system power supply fails
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Auto
shut
down
x
x
x
x
x
Notes
See 4-9-1/13iv)
For heavy fuel oil only
x
x
Individual valves (see Note 1)

Individual; see 4-9-4/Table 7A
Individual; see 4-9-4/Table 7A
Notes:
1
Applicable only to auxiliary boilers with multiple burners.
667
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
4

ACCU Notation
4-9-4
TABLE 8
Station Auxiliary Turbines and Diesel Engines (2002)
Engine
Diesel
Engine
Monitored system & parameter

Lubricating
oil
Cooling
medium
Fuel oil
Starting
medium
Exhaust
Steam
Turbine
Speed
Lubricating
oil
Lub. oil
Cooling
medium
Sea water
Steam
Condensate
Rotor
Gas
Turbine
Lubricating
oil
Cooling
medium
Fuel oil
Exhaust gas
Combustion
Starting
Turbine
668
Auto
shut
down
x
Notes
[ A = Alarm; D = Display; x = apply ]
Automatic engine shutdown for engines having a

power of more than 2250 kW (3000 hp) or having a
cylinder bore over 300 mm (11.8 in).
Bearing oil inlet pressure low

Bearing inlet oil temperature high
Crankcase oil mist concentration
high
x
x
x
x
x

Temperature at outlet high
Expansion tank level low
Fuel oil leakage from injection pipe
Fuel oil temp. high and low (or
viscosity low and high)
A9 Service tank level low
A10 Energy level low
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
A11 Exhaust gas temperature after each

cylinder high
A12 Overspeed
B1 Bearing oil inlet pressure low
B2 Bearing oil inlet temperature high
B3 Bearing temperature or bearing oil
outlet temperature high
B4 Pressure or flow low
B5 Temperature at outlet high
B6 Expansion tank level low
B7 Pressure or flow low
B8 Pressure at inlet low
B9 Condenser vacuum low
B10 Condensate pump pressure low
B11 Axial displacement large
B12 Overspeed
C1 Inlet pressure inlet low
C2 Inlet temperature high
C3 Bearing temp. or oil outlet temp.
high
C4 Filter differential pressure
C5 Pressure or flow low
C6 Temperature high
C7 Pressure, inlet low
C8 Temp. high and low (or viscosity
low and high)
C9 Temperature high
C10 Combustion or flame failure
C11 Ignition failure
C12 Stored starting energy level low
C13 Vibration level high
C14 Axial displacement high
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C15 Overspeed
C16 Vacuum at compressor inlet high
x
x
x
x
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
For engines having a power of more than
500 kW/cyl.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Auto shutdown may be omitted for rotors fitted

with roller bearings
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
General
4 - 9 - 5
4-9-5/1
Control equipment and instrumentation are to be so placed or protected as to minimize the likelihood
of sustaining damage from the accumulation of dust, oil vapors, steam or dripping liquids, or from
activities around their location.
Equipment Locations
3.1
Electromagnetic Avoidance 4-9-5/3.1
4-9-5/3
In general, the installation of equipment in areas of unusual electromagnetic sources is to be avoided.
3.3
Moisture Condensation 4-9-5/3.3

Installation of equipment in locations where ambient temperature fluctuations can lead to
accumulation of moisture condensation inside equipment enclosure is to be avoided unless the
equipment is protected by, for instance, space heaters, or such equipment is to be designed and
constructed to function in this environment.
3.5
Signal Cables Installation 4-9-5/3.5

To avoid electromagnetic noise caused by circulating currents, the conductive shield and cable armor
is to be grounded only at one end of the cable.
To avoid possible signal interference, signal cables occupying the same cable tray, trunk or conduit
with power cables are to be effectively shielded.
Sea Trials
4-9-5/5
During sea trial, the following tests, as appropriate, are to be carried out to the satisfaction of the
Surveyor.
669
Part
Chapter
Section
5.1
4
9
5

4-9-5
Propulsion Remote Control 4-9-5/5.1

5.1.1
Control Functions 4-9-5/5.1.1

The ability to effectively control the propulsion from the remote propulsion control station is
to be demonstrated during sea trials, or at dockside. These trials are to include:
propulsion control transfer
propulsion starting
verification of propulsion control responses
response to propulsion control power failure
automatic propulsion shutdown
automatic propulsion slow-down
actuation of propulsion emergency stop devices
for turbine-driven vessel, actuation of the shaft turning device.
5.1.2
5.3
5.5
Throttle Response 4-9-5/5.1.2

Response of propulsion machinery to throttle control demands is to be tested during sea-trial
to demonstrate that no part of the plant or engine is jeopardized by the rate at which the
throttle is moved from one extreme position to the other.
Local Manual Control
4-9-5/5.3
5.3.1
Propulsion Machinery 4-9-5/5.3.1

Independent manual local control of the propulsion machinery is to be demonstrated during
trials. This is to include demonstration of independent manual control through the full
maneuvering range and transfer from automatic control.
5.3.2
Propulsion Boiler 4-9-5/5.3.2

Independent manual local control of the boilers is to be demonstrated during the tests or trial
to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. This is to include demonstration of independent manual
control through the full maneuvering range and transfer from automatic control.
Vessels Receiving ACC Notation 4-9-5/5.5

In addition to the tests required in 4-9-5/5.1 and 4-9-5/5.3, vessels with a centralized control station
are to be tested, as follows, during sea trial or during the dock trial as appropriate.
After the propulsion machinery has been running for at least two (2) hours, the machinery is to be
operated over its full range of power to demonstrate the adequacy of all control systems. The
propulsion machinery is to be run for at least an additional four (4) hours, for a total minimum of six
(6) hours duration. The following tests are to be included:
all alarm points and displays
operations of automatic controlled machinery
transfer of standby auxiliary
remote control of auxiliary machinery
fire detection system
bilge alarm
670
Part
Chapter
Section
5.7
4
9
5

4-9-5
Vessels Receiving ACCU Notation 4-9-5/5.7

In addition to the tests required in 4-9-5/5.1, 4-9-5/5.3 and 4-9-5/5.5, vessels intended to be operated
with periodically unattended machinery space are to be tested, as follows.
5.7.1
Loss of Generator Tests 4-9-5/5.7.1

The loss of electric power (see 4-9-4/15.1) is to be simulated with the main engine running
and simulated loss of generator to test:
automatic restoration of electric power by standby generator(s);
automatic starting of vital auxiliaries; and
starting and restoration of control of propulsion prime mover from the centralized
control station or the navigation bridge, as appropriate.
5.7.2
Fire Fighting Control Function Tests 4-9-5/5.7.2

All controls provided at the fire fighting station (4-9-4/21.3) are to be functionally tested.
5.7.3
Full Functional Test 4-9-5/5.7.3

After the propulsion machinery has been running for at least two (2) hours, the machinery is
to be operated over its full range of power to demonstrate the adequacy of all control systems.
The propulsion machinery is to be run for at least four (4) more hours; in total a minimum
duration of six (6) hours. During this period, the ability to control the machinery functions
correctly for all loads and engine maneuvers without any manual intervention in the
propulsion machinery space for four (4) hours is to be demonstrated.
671
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
Computerized Systems
Application
4 - 9 - 6
4-9-6/1
Computer systems where used for control, monitoring and safety systems are to comply with the
provisions of Section 4-9-6.
Systems Requirements
3.1
System Security 4-9-6/3.1
4-9-6/3
Computer-based systems are to be protected against unintentional or unauthorized modification of

software.
3.3
Program and Memory Data 4-9-6/3.3

To preclude the possible loss or corruption of data as a result of power disruption, programs and
associated memory data considered to be essential for the operation of the specific system are to be
stored in non-volatile memory.
3.5
Start-up After Power Failure 4-9-6/3.5

The systems software and hardware is to be designed so that upon restoration of power supply after
power failure, automatic or remote control and monitoring capabilities can immediately be available
after the pre-established computer control access (sign-in) procedure has been completed.
3.7
Self Monitoring 4-9-6/3.7

Computer-based systems are to be self-monitoring and any incorrect operation or abnormal condition
is to be alarmed at the computer workstation.
3.9
Power Supply 4-9-6/3.9

The power supply is to be monitored for voltage failure and protected for short circuit. Where
redundant computer systems are provided to satisfy 4-9-6/3.11, they are to be separately fed.
673
Part
Chapter
Section
3.11
4
9
6

4-9-6
System Independence 4-9-6/3.11

Control, monitoring and safety systems are to be arranged such that a single failure or malfunction of
the computer equipment will not affect more than one of these system functions. This is to be
achieved by dedicated equipment for each of these functions within a single system, or by the
provision of redundancy, or by other suitable means considered not less effective.
3.13
Response Time 4-9-6/3.13

Computer systems memory is to be of sufficient capacity to handle the operation of all computer
programs as configured in the computer system. The time response for processing and transmitting
data is to be such that an undesirable chain of events may not arise as a result of unacceptable data
delay or response time during the computer systems worst data overload operating condition. For
propulsion related system applications, the time limit on response delays for safety and alarm displays
is not to exceed two (2) seconds. (The response delay is to be taken as the time between detection of
an alarm or safety critical condition and the display of the alarm or actuation of the safety system.)
3.15
Fail-safe 4-9-6/3.15
Computer-based system is to be designed such that failure of any of the systems components will not
cause unsafe operation of the process or the equipment it controls. FMEA is to be used to determine
that any component failure will not result in the complete loss of control, the shutdown of the process
or equipment, or other undesirable consequences.
Additional Requirements for Integrated Systems
5.1
General 4-9-6/5.1
4-9-6/5
Common hardware in an integrated system serving many subsystems, e.g., monitor, keyboard,
microprocesor, etc., is to be duplicated or otherwise provided with a means of backup.
5.3
Component Independence 4-9-6/5.3

Failure of one part (individual module, equipment or subsystem) of the integrated system is not to
affect the functionality of other parts, except for those functions directly dependent upon information
from the defective part.
5.5
Data Communication 4-9-6/5.5

5.5.1
Data Link 4-9-6/5.5.1

The data link (data highway) is to be continuously monitored to detect failures on the link
itself and data communication failure on nodes. Any detected abnormal condition is to be
alarmed at the centralized control station and on the navigation bridge.
Safeguards are to be provided to prevent unacceptable data transmission delays (overloading
of network). Alarm is to be activated prior to a critical data overload condition.
5.5.2
674
Duplicated Data Link 4-9-6/5.5.2

When the same data link is used for two or more essential functions (e.g., propulsion control
and generator control), this link is to be duplicated, and each is to be routed as far apart from
the other as practical. The duplicate link is for standby purpose only and not to be used to
reduce traffic in the online link.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
6

4-9-6
Duplicated data link is to be arranged so that upon the failure of the on-line link, the standby
link is automatically connected to the system. Switching between duplicated links is not to
disturb data communication or continuous functioning of the system. The failure of one link is
to be alarmed at the centralized control station and on the navigation bridge.
5.5.3
Connection Failure 4-9-6/5.5.3

A complete failure in connectivity between component systems and the data highway is not to
affect individual functionality of the component systems.
Hardware
7.1
Design for Ease of Maintenance 4-9-6/7.1
4-9-6/7
The design and layout of the hardware is to ensure ease of access to interchangeable parts for repairs
and maintenance. Each replaceable part is to be simple to replace and is to be constructed for easy and
safe handling. All replaceable parts are to be so designed that it is not possible to connect them
incorrectly or to use incorrect replacements. Where this is not practicable, the replaceable parts and
their mounting location, including their means of electrical connection, are to be clearly marked.
7.3
User Interface and Input Devices 4-9-6/7.3

7.3.1
General 4-9-6/7.3.1
Input devices are to have clearly marked functions and, as far as practicable, are to be
arranged to avoid conceivable inadvertent errors in their operations.
7.3.2
Security 4-9-6/7.3.2
Input devices, such as keyboard, which can be used to effect changes to equipment or
processes under control, are to be provided with security arrangement, such as password, so
as to limit access to authorized personnel only.
Where a single action of, for example, pressing of a key is able to cause dangerous operating
conditions or malfunctions, measures such as use of two or more keys are to be taken to
prevent execution by a single action.
7.3.3
7.5
Control Status 4-9-6/7.3.3

Where control action can be effected from more than one station, conflicting control station
actions are to be prevented by means of interlock or warning. Control status is to be indicated
at all stations.
Visual Display Unit 4-9-6/7.5

7.5.1
General 4-9-6/7.5.1
The size, color and density of text and graphic information displayed on a visual display unit
are to be such that it may be easily read from the normal operator position under all
operational lighting conditions. The brightness and contrast are to be capable of being
adjusted.
7.5.2
Alarm Display 4-9-6/7.5.2

Where alarms are displayed by means of visual display unit, they are to appear in the
sequence as the incoming signals are received. Alarming of the incoming fault signals is to
appear on the screen, regardless of the mode the computer or the visual display unit is in.
675
Part
Chapter
Section
7.7
7.9
4
9
6

4-9-6
7.5.3
Propulsion Monitoring 4-9-6/7.5.3

Where visual display unit is used to display monitored parameters, unless other display means
are provided capable of displaying the same information, the centralized control station is to
be provided with at least two computer monitors.
7.5.4
Color Monitor 4-9-6/7.5.4

The failure of a primary color is not to prevent an alarm from being distinctly indicated.
Graphical Display 4-9-6/7.7

7.7.1
General 4-9-6/7.7.1
Information is to be presented clearly and intelligibly, according to its functional relations.
Display presentations are to be restricted to the data which is directly relevant for the user.
7.7.2
Alarms 4-9-6/7.7.2
Alarms are to be clearly distinguishable from other information and are to be visually and
audibly presented with priority over other information, regardless of the mode the computer
or the visual display unit is in.
Type Test 4-9-6/7.9

All computer hardware for monitoring, control and safety systems of propulsion machinery,
propulsion boilers and vital auxiliary pumps are to be qualified in accordance with Section 4-9-7,
except for printer, data recording, logging device or similar.
676
PART
4
CHAPTER

Automation
SECTION
Equipment
Application (2003)
4 - 9 - 7
4-9-7/1
Requirements of Section 4-9-7 apply to equipment that are components of the control, monitoring and
safety systems of propulsion machinery, propulsion boilers, vital auxiliary pumps and the electrical
power generating plant including its prime mover for vessels to be assigned with ACC or ACCU
notation.
Environmental Test Conditions (2003)
4-9-7/3
Control, safety and monitoring equipment is to be designed such that it will successfully withstand the
test conditions stipulated in 4-9-7/Table 9, as applicable.
Upon request by the manufacturer, equipment designed to environmental conditions in excess of those
in 4-9-7/Table 9 may be tested to such conditions and certified accordingly.
Environmentally Controlled Space
4-9-7/5
Where equipment is designed to operate only in a temperature-regulated environment, the temperature

regulating system (such as air-conditioner) is to be backed up by a stand-by unit. Failure of the system
is to be alarmed.
Electric and Electronic Equipment (2003)
4-9-7/7
Electric and electronic equipment that are components of control, safety and monitoring systems are
to be designed and constructed in accordance with the provisions of Section 4-8-3, and specifically as
follows:
Material design
as per 4-8-3/1.7
Electrical characteristics
as per 4-8-3/1.9
Enclosures
as per 4-8-3/1.11
Accessibility
as per 4-8-3/1.13
Insulation material
as per 4-8-3/1.15
677
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
Hydraulic Equipment (2003)
4-9-7
4-9-7/9
Hydraulic equipment is to be suitable for the intended service, compatible with the working fluid and
is to be in accordance with the provisions of 4-6-7/3. The hydraulic fluid is to be non-flammable or
have a flash point above 157C (315F).
11
Pneumatic Equipment (2003)
4-9-7/11
Pneumatic equipment is to be suitable for the intended service and is to be in accordance with the
provisions of 4-6-7/5.
13
Equipment Tests
13.1
Prototype Environmental Testing (2003) 4-9-7/13.1
4-9-7/13
The following tests are to be carried out as a prototype testing in the presence of the Surveyor:
i)
Power supply variation test (item 1 in 4-9-7/Table 9)
ii)
Vibration test (item 5 in 4-9-7/Table 9)
iii)
Inclination test (item 6 in 4-9-7/Table 9)
Other prototype environmental tests specified in 4-9-7/Table 9 are to be conducted by the

manufacturers; acceptance will be based on review of manufacturers certified test reports by the
Bureau. Omission of certain tests may be considered, taking into consideration the location of
installation, functionality, contained devices, etc. of the equipment.
In general, field sensors (e.g., pressure transmitters) and field devices (e.g., solenoid valves), circuit
breakers and cables may be exempted from tests specified in 4-9-7/Table 9.
For computer-based systems, the equipment to be tested includes microprocessors, storage devices,
power supply units, signal conditioners, analog/digital converters, computer monitors (visual display
units), keyboards, etc. but may exclude printer, data recording or logging device not required in this
section.
13.3
Production Unit Certification (2003)

After assembled to a complete assembly unit or subassembly unit, each production unit of equipment
used in control, monitoring and safety systems is to be tested at the manufacturers shop in the
presence of the Surveyor to verify the tests in 4-9-7/Table 10.
13.5
Type Approval Program (2003) 4-9-7/13.5

At the request of the manufacturer, equipment, subassemblies, or complete assemblies of control,
monitoring and safety systems may be considered for Type Approval, in accordance with the
provisions of 1-1-A3/5.3 (AQS or RQS) or 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA). Where qualified, they may be listed on
the ABS website as Type Approved Products.
Those products type-approved under 1-1-A3/5.5 (PQA) will be acceptable, subject to renewal and
updating of the certificates, for the purposes of Part 4, Chapter 9 without the need for the Surveyors
attendance at the tests and inspections specified in 4-9-7/13.1 and the production unit certification
specified in 4-9-7/13.3 and as described in 1-1-A3/5.7.1(a). For those products type-approved under
1-1-A3/5.3 (AQS or RQS), the production unit certification for complete assembly or subassembly
units is to be carried out in the presence of the Surveyor, as specified in 4-9-7/13.3 and as described in
1-1-A3/5.7.1(b).
For the updating or renewal of type approval, please refer to 1-1-A3/5.7.2 and 1-1-A3/5.7.4.
678
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 9
Type Tests for Control, Monitoring
and Safety Equipment (2003)
No
1.
TEST
Power supply
variations
(a) electric
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note 7]
TEST PARAMETERS
AC Supply
Combination
OTHER INFORMATION
Voltage
variation
permanent
(%)
Frequency
variation
permanent
(%)
+6
+5
+6
-5
- 10
-5
- 10
+5
Combination
Voltage
transient
1.5 s (%)
Frequency
transient
5 s (%)
+ 20
+ 10
- 20
- 10
DC Supply
Power supply
variations
(Continued)
(b) Pneumatic
and hydraulic
3.
Dry heat
IEC Publication
60068-2-2
Voltage tolerance continuous
10%
Voltage cyclic variation
5%
Voltage ripple
10%
Electric battery supply:

+30% to 25% for equipment connected to
charging battery or as determined by the
charging / discharging characteristics,
including ripple voltage from the charging
device;
+20% to 25% for equipment not
connected to the battery during charging
Pressure: 20%
Duration: 15 minutes
Temperature: 55C (131F) 2C (3.6F)

Duration: 16 hours
Or
Temperature: 70C (158F) 2C (3.6F)
Duration: 2 hours
[See Note 1]
Equipment operating during

conditioning and testing;
functional test during the last hour
at the test temperature;
679
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 9 (continued)
No
TEST
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note 7]
TEST PARAMETERS
OTHER INFORMATION
4.
Damp heat
IEC Publication
60068-2-30 - Test
Db
Temperature: 55C (131F)

Humidity: 95%
Duration: 2 cycles 2 x (12 + 12 hours)
Measurement of insulation
resistance before test;
Equipment operating during the
complete first cycle and switched
off during second cycle, except
for functional test;
Functional test during the first 2
hours of the first cycle at the test
temperature and during the last 2
hours of the second cycle at the
test temperature;
Recovery at standard atmosphere
conditions;
Insulation resistance
measurements and performance
test.
5.
Vibration
IEC Publication
60068-2-6, Test Fc
2.0 (+3/-0) Hz to 13.2 Hz amplitude

1 mm (0.039 in)
Note:
More severe conditions may exist for example
on exhaust manifolds of diesel engines
especially for medium and high speed engines.
Values may be required to be in these cases
40 Hz to 2000 Hz acceleration 10.0g at
600 0C duration 90 min.
Duration: 90 minutes at 30 Hz in
case of no resonance conditions;
Duration: 90 minutes for each
resonance frequency at which Q
2 is recorded;
During the vibration test,
operational conditions are to be
demonstrated;
Tests to be carried out in three
mutually perpendicular planes;
It is recommended as guidance
that Q does not exceed 5;
If sweep test is chosen in case of
several resonance frequencies are
detected close to each other,
duration of test is to be 120
minutes.
Static 22.5
a)
13.2 Hz to 100 Hz acceleration 0.7 g

For severe vibration conditions, e.g., on
diesel engines, air compressors, etc.:
2.0 Hz to 25 Hz amplitude 1.6 mm
(0.063 in)
25.0 Hz to 100 Hz acceleration 4.0 g
6.
680
Inclination
IEC Publication
60092-504
Inclined at an angle of at
least 22.5 to the vertical;
b) Inclined to at an angle of at
least 22.5 on the other side
of the vertical and in the
same plane as in (a);
c)
Inclined to at an angle of at
least 22.5 to the vertical
and in plane at right angles
to that used in (a);
d) Inclined to at an angle of at
least 22.5 on the other side
of the vertical and in the
same plane as in (c)
Note: The duration of testing in
each position should be sufficient
to fully evaluate the behavior of
the equipment.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 9 (continued)
No
TEST
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note 7]
TEST PARAMETERS
6.
Inclination
(Continued)
IEC Publication
60092-504
Dynamic 22.5
7.
Insulation
resistance
Rated
supply
voltage
(V)
Using the directions defined in a)

to d) above, the equipment is to
be rolled to an angle of 22.5 each
side of the vertical with a period
of 10 seconds.
The test in each direction is to be
carried out for not less than 15
minutes
Note: These inclination tests are
normally not required for
equipment with no moving parts.
Test
voltage (V)
Un 65
OTHER INFORMATION
2 Un
Min. Insulation
Resistence
Before
test
After
test
(M)
(M)
10
1.0
100
10
(min. 24 V)
Un > 65
8.
9.
High voltage
Cold
IEC Publication
60068-2-1
500
Rated voltage
Un (V)
Test voltage [A.C. voltage

50 or 60 Hz] (V)
Up to 65
2 Un + 500
66 to 250
1500
251 to 500
2000
501 to 690
2500
Temperature: +5C (41F) 3C (5.4F)

Duration: 2 hours
Or
Temperature: -25C (-13F) 3C (5.4F)
Duration: 2 hours
[See Note 2]
Insulation resistance test is to be

carried out before and after: damp
heat test, cold test, salt mist test,
and high voltage test;
between all circuits and

earth;
on the supply terminals

where appropriate.
Un is the rated (nominal) voltage.
Note: Certain components e.g.,
for EMC protection may be
required to be disconnected for
this test. For high voltage
equipment, reference is made to
4-8-5/3.
Separate circuits are to be tested
against each other and all circuits
connected with each other tested
against earth;
Printed circuits with electronic
components may be removed
during the test;
Period of application of the test
voltage: 1 minute
Initial measurement of insulation
resistance;
Equipment not operating during
conditioning and testing, except
for operational test;
Operational test during the last
hour at the test temperature;
measurement and the operational
test after recovery
681
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 9 (continued)
No
TEST
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note 7]
TEST PARAMETERS
OTHER INFORMATION
10.
Salt mist
IEC Publication
60068-2-52 Test Kb
Four spraying periods with a storage of 7

days after each.
Initial measurement of insulation

resistance and initial functional
test;
Equipment not operating during
conditioning of the test specimen;
Functional test on the 7th day of
each storage period;
measurement and performance
test: 4 to 6 hours after recovery
[See Note 3]
11.
Electrostatic
discharge
IEC Publication
61000-4-2
Contact discharge: 6 kV
Air discharge: 8 kV
Interval between single discharges: 1 sec.
Number of pulses: 10 per polarity
According to level 3 severity standard
To simulate electrostatic
discharge as may occur when
persons touch the appliance;
The test is to be confined to the
points and surfaces that can
normally be reached by the
operator;
Performance Criterion B [See
Note 4].
12.
Electromagnetic field
IEC Publication
61000-4-3
Frequency range: 80 MHz to 2 GHz

Modulation*: 80% AM at 1000 Hz
Field strength: 10 V/m
To simulate electromagnetic
fields radiated by different
transmitters;
The test is to be confined to the
appliances exposed to direct
radiation by transmitters at their
place of installation.
Performance criterion A (See
Note 5)
*
If for tests of equipment, an
input signal with a modulation
frequency of 1000 Hz is
necessary, a modulation
frequency of 400 Hz may be
chosen.
Frequency sweep rate: 1.5 10-3

decades/s (or 1% / 3 sec)
According to level 3 severity standard.
13
Conducted
Low
Frequency
IEC Publication
60533
AC:
Frequency range: rated frequency to 200th
harmonic;
Test voltage (r.m.s.): 10% of supply to 15th
harmonic reducing to 1% at 100th harmonic
and maintain this level to the 200th
harmonic, maximum 2 W
To stimulate distortions in the

power supply system generated
for instance, by electronic
consumers and coupled in as
harmonics;
Performance criterion A [See
Note 5]
DC:
Frequency range: 50 Hz 10 kHz;
Test voltage (rms): 10% of supply,
maximum 2 W
682
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 9 (continued)
No
14.
TEST
Conducted
Radio
Frequency
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note 7]
IEC Publication
61000-4-6
TEST PARAMETERS
AC, DC, I/O ports and signal/control
lines:
Frequency range: 150 kHz - 80 MHz
Amplitude: 3 V r.m.s. [See Note 6]
Modulation ** : 80% AM at 1000 Hz
Frequency sweep range: 1.5 10-3
decades/sec. (or 1% / 3 sec.)
According to level 2 severity standard
OTHER INFORMATION
Equipment design and the choice
of materials are to stimulate
electromagnetic fields coupled as
high frequency into the test
specimen via the connecting lines.
Performance criterion A [See
Note 5].
** If for tests of equipment, an
input signal with a modulation
frequency of 1000 Hz is
necessary, a modulation
frequency of 400 Hz should be
chosen.
15.
Burst/Fast
Transients
IEC Publication
61000-4-4
Single pulse time: 5ns (between 10% and

90% value)
Single pulse width: 50 ns (50% value)
Amplitude (peak): 2 kV line on power
supply port/earth;
1kV on I/O data control and
communication ports (coupling clamp);
Pulse period: 300 ms;
Burst duration: 15 ms;
Duration/polarity: 5 min
Arcs generated when actuating

electrical contacts;
Interface effect occurring on the
power supply, as well as at the
external wiring of the test
specimen;
Performance criterion B [See
Note 4].
16.
Surge Voltage
IEC Publication
61000-4-5
Pulse rise time: 1.2 Vs (between 10% and

90% value)
Pulse width: 50 Vs (50% value)
Amplitude (peak): 1 kV line/earth;
0.5 kV line/line
Repetition rate: 1 pulse/min
Number of pulses: 5 per polarity
Application: continuous
Interference generated for

instance, by switching ON or
OFF high power inductive
consumers;
Test procedure in accordance
with figure 10 of the standard for
equipment where power and
signal lines are identical;
Performance criterion B [See
Note 4].
17.
Radiated
Emission
CISPR 16-1, 16-2
For equipment installed in the bridge

and deck zone.
Frequency range:
Limits:
0.15 - 0.3 MHz
80 - 52 dBV/m
0.3 - 30 MHz
50 - 34 dBV/m
30 - 2000 MHz
54 dBV/m
except for:
Procedure in accordance with the

standard but distance 3 m (10 ft)
between equipment and antenna
156 - 165 MHz
24 dBV/m
For equipment installed in the general

power distribution zone.
Frequency range:
Limits:
0.15 - 30 MHz
80 - 50 dBV/m
30 - 100 MHz
60 - 54 dBV/m
100 - 2000 MHz
54 dBV/m
except for:
156 - 165 MHz
24 dBV/m
683
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 9 (continued)
No
TEST
18.
Conducted
Emission
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note 7]
CISPR 16-1, 16-2
TEST PARAMETERS
OTHER INFORMATION
For equipment installed in the bridge

and deck zone.
Frequency range:
Limits:
10 - 150kHz
96 - 50 dBV
150 - 350 kHz
60 - 50 dBV
350 kHz - 30 MHz
50 dBV
For equipment installed in the general
power distribution zone.
Frequency range:
Limits:
10 - 150 kHz
120 - 69 dBV
150 - 500 kHz
79 dBV
0.5 - 30 MHz
73 dBV
19.
Flame
retardant
IEC Publication
60092-101 or IEC
Publication 606952-2
Flame application: 5 times 15 sec each.

Interval between each application: 15 sec.
or 1 time 30 sec.
Test criteria based upon application.
Notes:
1
2
3
4
6
7
684
The burnt out or damaged part of

the specimen by not more than 60
mm long.
Equipment design and the choice
of materials is to reduce the
likelihood of fire ensuring that:
a)
where the electrical
energized part can cause
ignition and fire, it is
contained within the bounds
of the enclosure of the
electrotechnical product;
b) the design, material(s) and
construction of the
enclosure minimizes, as far
as is practicable, any
internal ignition causing
ignition of adjacent
materials; and
c)
where surfaces of the
electrotechnical products
can be exposed to external
fire, they do not contribute
to the fire growth.
Equipment to be mounted in consoles, housing, etc. together with other equipment are to be tested with 70C (158F).
For equipment installed in non-weather protected locations or cold locations, test is to be carried out at -25C (-13F).
Salt mist test is to be carried out for equipment installed in weather exposed areas.
Performance criterion B (for transient phenomena): The equipment under test is to continue to operate as intended after
the tests. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed as defined in the technical specification published
by the manufacturer. During the test, degradation or loss of function or performance which is self-recoverable is,
however, allowed but no change of actual operating state or stored data is allowed.
Performance criterion A (for continuous phenomena): The equipment under test is to continue to operate as intended
during and after test. No degradation of performance or loss is allowed as defined in relevant equipment standard and the
technical specification published by the manufacturer.
For equipment installed on the bridge and deck zone, the test levels are to be increased to 10 V rms for spot frequencies,
in accordance with IEC 60945 at 2, 3, 4, 6.2, 8.2, 12.6, 16.5, 18.8, 22, 25 MHz.
Alternative equivalent testing procedures may be accepted, provided the requirements in the other columns are complied
with.
Part
Chapter
Section
4
9
7

Equipment
4-9-7
TABLE 10
Tests for Unit Certification of Control, Monitoring
No
TEST
1.
Visual
inspection
2.
Performance
test
3.
Note:
External
Power supply
failure
PROCEDURE
ACCORDING. TO:
[See Note]
TEST PARAMETERS
OTHER INFORMATION
---
---
Conformance to drawings, design

data
Quality of workmanship and
construction
Manufacturers
performance test
program based upon
specification and
relevant Rule
requirements
---
Standard atmosphere conditions

Temperature: 25C (77F) 10C (18F)
Relative humidity: 60% 30%
Air pressure: 96 kPa (0.98 kgf/cm2, 13.92
psi) 10 kPa (0.10 kgf/cm2, 1.45 psi)
Confirmation that operation is in

accordance with the requirements
specified for particular system or
equipment;
Checking of self-monitoring
features;
Checking of specified protection
against an access to the memory;
Checking against effect of
unerroneous use of control
elements in the case of computer
systems.
3 interruptions during 5 minutes;

switching-off time 30 s each case
Verification of:
the specified action of
equipment upon loss and
restoration of supply;
possible corruption of program
or data held in programmable
electronic systems, where
applicable.
Alternative equivalent testing procedures may be accepted, provided the requirements in the other columns are complied
with.
685
PART
4
CHAPTER
10 Remote Control and Monitoring for

Auxiliary Machinery and Systems
Other Than Propulsion
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
Watertight Bulkhead Doors, Shell Doors and External

Doors...................................................................................689
1
Application .........................................................................689
1.1
Sliding Watertight Doors that are Used While at Sea,

Meeting the Requirements in 3-2-9/9.1 ......................... 689
1.3
Watertight Access Doors and Access Hatch Covers,

Normally Closed at Sea, Meeting the Requirements
in 3-2-9/9.3 and 3-2-15/17.3.......................................... 689
1.5
Bow Doors, Inner Doors, Side Shell Doors and Stern

Doors Meeting the Requirements in 3-2-16/3 ............... 689
1.7
External Doors Meeting the Requirements in

3-2-15/17.1 and 3-2-16/1 .............................................. 689
Doors Used While at Sea ..................................................690

3.1
Control of Doors ............................................................ 690
3.3
Monitoring of Doors....................................................... 690
3.5
Closing Alarm of Doors ................................................. 690
3.7
Electrical Power Supply ................................................ 690
3.9
Arrangements of Electric Power, Control and

Monitoring Circuits ........................................................ 690
3.11
Electrical Equipment ..................................................... 690
3.13
Hydraulic System .......................................................... 691
Access Doors/Hatches Normally Closed at Sea ...............691
Bow Doors, Inner Doors, Side Shell Doors and Stern

Doors .................................................................................691
7.1
Securing Arrangement .................................................. 691
7.3
Remote Control ............................................................. 691
7.5
Monitoring ..................................................................... 692
7.7
Leakage Monitoring....................................................... 692
7.9
Door Surveillance.......................................................... 693
7.11
Electrical Equipment ..................................................... 693
7.13
Hydraulic System .......................................................... 693
687
688
External Doors/Openings...................................................693
9.1
External Openings Below Damaged Waterline..............693
9.3
Cargo, Gangway or Fueling Ports .................................693
PART
4
CHAPTER
SECTION
10 Remote Control and Monitoring for

Auxiliary Machinery and Systems
Other Than Propulsion
1
Watertight Bulkhead Doors, Shell

Doors and External Doors (2001)
4-10-1
Application
4-10-1/1
This section provides requirements for monitoring and control of the doors and hatches, as indicated
below.
1.1
Sliding Watertight Doors that are Used While at Sea, Meeting the Requirements
in 3-2-9/9.1 4-10-1/1.1
The requirements in 4-10-1/3 are to be complied with.
1.3
Watertight Access Doors and Access Hatch Covers, Normally Closed at Sea,
Meeting the Requirements in 3-2-9/9.3 and 3-2-15/17.3 4-10-1/1.3
1.5
Bow Doors, Inner Doors, Side Shell Doors and Stern Doors Meeting the
Requirements in 3-2-16/3 4-10-1/1.5
1.7
External Doors Meeting the Requirements in 3-2-15/17.1 and 3-2-16/1 4-10-1/1.7

The requirements for monitoring and control of the doors in passenger vessels are given in 5-7-2/9.
689
Part
Chapter
Section
4
10
1

Remote Control and Monitoring for Aux. Mach. and Systems Other than Propulsion
Watertight Bulkhead Doors, Shell Doors and External Doors
4-10-1
Doors Used While at Sea
3.1
Control of Doors 4-10-1/3.1
4-10-1/3
Where designed for power operation, doors are to be capable of being remotely closed from the bridge
and are also to be operable locally from each side of the bulkhead. Each power-operated sliding door
is to be provided with an individual hand-operated mechanism.
Where designed for power operation, a single failure in the electric or hydraulic power-operated
system, excluding the hydraulic actuator, is not to prevent the hand operation of any door. Where
necessary for power operation of the door, means to start hydraulic unit, or equivalent arrangement, is
to be provided at the navigation bridge, and at each remote control position, if provided, and local
control position.
3.3
Monitoring of Doors 4-10-1/3.3

Displays are to be provided at control position showing whether the doors are open or closed. Display
and alarm systems are to be self-monitoring such that any failure in the system (e.g., power failure,
sensor failure, etc.) will be detected and alarmed at the navigation bridge control position.
Effective means of testing of monitoring systems are to be provided.
3.5
Closing Alarm of Doors 4-10-1/3.5

Each power-operated sliding door is to be provided with an audible alarm which will sound whenever
the door is closed remotely and which is to sound for at least five seconds but no more than ten
seconds before the door begins to move and is to continue sounding until the door is completely
closed.
3.7
Electrical Power Supply 4-10-1/3.7

The electrical power required for power-operated doors is to be supplied from the emergency
switchboard either directly or through a distribution board situated above the bulkhead deck. The
associated control and monitoring circuits are to be supplied from the emergency switchboard, either
directly or through a distribution board situated above the bulkhead deck. The power circuits for
power-operated doors are to be separate from power supply to any other systems.
Availability of the power supplies is to be continuously monitored on the load side of the feeders
protective device. Loss of any such power supply is to activate an audible and visual alarm at the
navigation bridge control position.
3.9
Arrangements of Electric Power, Control and Monitoring Circuits 4-10-1/3.9

Electric power, control and monitoring circuits are to be protected against fault in such a way that a
failure in one door circuit will not cause a failure in any other door circuits. Short circuits or other
faults in alarm or display circuits of a door are not to result in a loss of power operation of that door.
A single electrical failure in the power operating or control system of a power-operated door is not to
result in opening of a closed door.
3.11

As far as practicable, electrical equipment and components for watertight doors are to be situated
above the freeboard deck and outside hazardous areas.
The enclosures of electrical components necessarily situated below the freeboard deck are to provide
suitable protection against the ingress of water, as follows:
690
Part
Chapter
Section
4
10
1

4-10-1
Electrical motors, associated circuits and control components: protected to IPX7 standard
Door position indicators and associated circuit components: protected to IPX8 standard (The
water pressure testing of the enclosure is to be based on the pressure that may occur at the
location of the component during flooding for a period of 36 hours)
Door movement warning signals: protected to IPX6 standard
Enclosures of other electrical components are to be in accordance with 4-8-3/Table 2.
3.13
Hydraulic System 4-10-1/3.13

Hydraulic system is to be in accordance with 4-6-7/3.
The hydraulic system is to be dedicated to the operation of the doors. The system is to be designed
such that the possibility of a single failure in the hydraulic piping adversely affecting the operation of
more than one door is minimized.
Access Doors/Hatches Normally Closed at Sea
4-10-1/5
Doors and hatches fitted with gaskets and dogs are to be provided with means of indicating locally
and on the bridge whether they are open or secured closed. For this purpose, all dogs are to be
monitored individually. When all dogs are linked to a single acting mechanism, then only the
monitoring of a single dog is required.
The power supply to the monitoring system is to be in accordance with 4-10-1/3.7 and the monitoring
system is to be self-monitoring in accordance with 4-10-1/3.3
Bow Doors, Inner Doors, Side Shell Doors and

Stern Doors 4-10-1/7
7.1
Securing Arrangement 4-10-1/7.1

7.1.1
Hydraulic Securing Devices 4-10-1/7.1.1

Where hydraulic securing devices are applied, the system is to be mechanically lockable in
the closed position. In the event of a loss of hydraulic fluid, the securing devices are to remain
locked.
The hydraulic system for securing and locking devices is to be isolated from other hydraulic
circuits when in the closed position.
7.3
Remote Control (1998) 4-10-1/7.3

Where bow doors and inner doors give access to a vehicle deck, or where side shell doors or stern
doors are located partially or totally below the freeboard deck with a clear opening area greater than
6 m2 (65 ft2), an arrangement for remote control from a position above the freeboard deck is to be
provided allowing closing and opening of the doors and associated securing and locking of every
door. The operating panels for doors are to be accessible to authorized persons only. A notice plate
giving instructions to the effect that all securing devices are to be closed and locked before leaving
harbor is to be placed at each operating panel and is to be supplemented by warning indicator lights,
as required by 4-10-1/7.5.2(b).
691
Part
Chapter
Section
7.5
4
10
1

4-10-1
Monitoring (1998) 4-10-1/7.5

7.5.1
General 4-10-1/7.5.1
The following requirements for displays, water leakage protection and door surveillance are
required for vessels fitted with bow doors and inner doors. The requirements also apply to
vessels fitted with side shell doors or stern doors in the boundary of special category spaces or
ro-ro spaces through which such spaces may be flooded.
The requirements are not applicable to ro-ro cargo vessels where no part of the side shell
doors or stern doors is located below the uppermost waterline and the area of the door
opening is not greater than 6 m2 (65 ft2).
7.5.2
Displays and Alarms 4-10-1/7.5.2

The display system and the alarm system are to be of self-monitoring type and in accordance
with the following. Also, the alarm system is to be designed on the fail-safe principle.
7.5.2(a) Location and Type. (1998) Separate indicator lights are to be provided on the
navigation bridge and on each operating panel to show that the doors are closed and that their
locking devices are properly positioned.
The display panel on the navigation bridge is to be equipped with a mode selection function
harbor/sea voyage, arranged so that an audible and visible alarm is given if, in the sea
voyage condition, the doors are not closed, or any of the securing devices are not in the
correct position. Display of the open/closed position of every door and every securing and
locking device is to be provided at the operating panels.
7.5.2(b) Indicator Lights. Indicator lights are to be designed so that they cannot be manually
turned off. The display panel is to be provided with a lamp test function.
7.5.2(c) Power Supply. The power supply for the display system is to be independent of the
power supply for operating and closing the doors.
7.5.2(d) Protection of Sensors. Sensors are to be protected from water, ice formation and
mechanical damage.
7.7
Leakage Monitoring 4-10-1/7.7

7.7.1
Bow Doors and Inner Doors 4-10-1/7.7.1

For vessels fitted with bow and inner doors, a water leakage detection system with audible
alarm and television surveillance is to be arranged to provide an indication to the navigation
bridge and to the engine control room of leakage through the inner door.
7.7.2
Side Shell Doors and Stern Doors 4-10-1/7.7.2

For passenger vessels fitted with side shell or stern doors, a water leakage detection system
with audible alarm and television surveillance is to be arranged to provide an indication to the
navigation bridge and to the engine control room of leakage through any of the doors.
For cargo vessels fitted with side shell or stern doors, a water leakage detection system with
audible alarm is to be arranged to provide an indication to the navigation bridge of leakage
through any of the doors.
7.7.3
692
Drainage 4-10-1/7.7.3
A drainage system is to be arranged in the area between the bow door and ramp and in the
area between the ramp and inner door, where fitted. The system is to be equipped with an
audible alarm function to the navigation bridge for water level in these areas exceeding 0.5 m
(1.6 ft) above the car deck level.
Part
Chapter
Section
7.9
4
10
1

4-10-1
Door Surveillance
4-10-1/7.9
Between the bow door and the inner door, a television surveillance system is to be fitted with a
monitor on the navigation bridge and in the engine control room. The system is to monitor the
position of doors and a sufficient number of their securing devices.
7.11

Electrical equipment are to comply with 4-10-1/3.11.
7.13
Hydraulic System 4-10-1/7.13

Hydraulic system is to comply with 4-10-1/3.13.
External Doors/Openings
9.1
External Openings Below Damaged Waterline 4-10-1/9.1
4-10-1/9
External openings meeting the requirements in 3-2-15/17.1 are to be fitted with displays on the
navigation bridge showing whether the closing appliances are open or secured closed.
For the openings fitted with gaskets and dogs, all dogs are to be monitored individually. When all
dogs are linked to a single acting mechanism, then only the monitoring of a single dog is required.
system is to be self-monitoring in accordance with 4-10-1/3.3.
9.3
Cargo, Gangway or Fueling Ports 4-10-1/9.3

The ports in the side shell below the freeboard or superstructure deck are to be fitted with displays on
the navigation bridge showing whether the closing appliances are open or secured closed.
For ports fitted with gaskets and dogs, all dogs are to be monitored individually. When all dogs are
linked to a single acting mechanism, then only the monitoring of a single dog is required. For the
compartment between the port and the second door, if provided, a water leakage detection system
with audible alarm is to be arranged to provide an indication to the navigation bridge of leakage
through any of the doors.
system is to be self-monitoring in accordance with 4-10-1/3.3.
693

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RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING

American Bureau of Shipping

Rule Change Notice (2004)

1 January 2000 (and subsequent years)

Listing by Effective Dates of Changes from the 2003 Rules

To align requirements with for hydrostatic testing of

Additional Measures for Oil

To introduce new optional Class notation POT

EFFECTIVE DATE 1 January 2004

Dead Ship Condition

To clarify the term dead ship condition in accordance

Dead Ship Start

To align editorially with 4-1-1/1.9.6.

Design Angles of Inclination

To clarify the application of the static fore-and-aft

Diesel Engines Speed

To align the requirements for testing of generator engine

Gas Turbines Speed

To align the requirements for testing of generator

Steam Turbines Speed

To align the requirements for testing of generator

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2004

Shaft Alignment Calculations

To specify requirements to take into account the

To clarify shaft alignment procedures.

To modify requirements to correlate safety valve sizing

Molded Expansion Joints

To clarify that molded expansion joints of composite

Provisions for Expansion and

To elaborate further on the specific installation

To clarify the term fuel oil service tank, in line with

Pipe Joint Limitations for Fuel

To clarify 4-6-4/Table 4 with regard to the use of

Pipe Joint Limitations for

To emphasize that certified thruster systems are to

Main Shutoff Valve

To clarify that the open/close position of the main

Disallowed Types of Control

To prohibit use of electromagnetic valves in the CO2

To define the essential services necessary for continuous

Primary Essential Services

To define the essential services necessary for continuous

To incorporate IACS UI SC124 (Rev.1) and to add cross

Starting from Dead Ship

To incorporate IACS UI SC124 (Rev.1) and to add cross

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2004

Transformers and Converters

To incorporate IACS UI SC134, UI SC83 and SOLAS

To incorporate IACS UI SC157 regarding system

Load Shedding Arrangements

To specify the services for which load shedding is not

To align the requirements for testing of generator

Switchboard and Distribution

To incorporate IACS UI SC167 and to clarify that

Plastic Cable Trays and

To incorporate IACS UR E16 regarding plastic cable

Guidance for Type Test

To incorporate IACS Recommendation No. 73 Type

Circuit Breakers and Switches