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    Acid Dewpoint

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    Cowdrey Ilan
    The acid dew point of a flue gas is the temperature at which any acidic gases in the flue gas will condense into liquid acids. It is important not to cool flue gases below this point to avoid corrosion. Common acidic gases in flue gases include sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. Equations provided can be used to predict the dew points of these acids based on the partial pressures of the acidic gases and water vapor in the flue gas. The sulfur trioxide content needed for the sulfuric acid dew point equation can be estimated from the sulfur dioxide content.

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    Acid Dewpoint

    Uploaded by

    Cowdrey Ilan
    289 views4 pages
    The acid dew point of a flue gas is the temperature at which any acidic gases in the flue gas will condense into liquid acids. It is important not to cool flue gases below this point to avoid corrosion. Common acidic gases in flue gases include sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. Equations provided can be used to predict the dew points of these acids based on the partial pressures of the acidic gases and water vapor in the flue gas. The sulfur trioxide content needed for the sulfuric acid dew point equation can be estimated from the sulfur dioxide content.

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    Acid

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    The acid dew point of a flue gas is the temperature at which any acidic gases in the flue gas will condense into liquid acids. It is important not to cool flue gases below this point to avoid corrosion. Common acidic gases in flue gases include sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. Equations provided can be used to predict the dew points of these acids based on the partial pressures of the acidic gases and water vapor in the flue gas. The sulfur trioxide content needed for the sulfuric acid dew point equation can be estimated from the sulfur dioxide content.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    289 views4 pages

    Acid Dewpoint

    Uploaded by

    Cowdrey Ilan
    The acid dew point of a flue gas is the temperature at which any acidic gases in the flue gas will condense into liquid acids. It is important not to cool flue gases below this point to avoid corrosion. Common acidic gases in flue gases include sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. Equations provided can be used to predict the dew points of these acids based on the partial pressures of the acidic gases and water vapor in the flue gas. The sulfur trioxide content needed for the sulfuric acid dew point equation can be estimated from the sulfur dioxide content.

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    Acid dewpoint

    Edit 0 21
    The acid dewpoint (also acid dew point) of a flue gas (i.e., a combustion product gas) is the
    temperature, at a given pressure, at which any gaseous acid in the flue gas will start to condense into
    liquid acid.[1] [2] [3]
    The acid dew point of a flue gas, at a given pressure, is often referred to as the point at which the flue gas
    is "saturated" with gaseous acid, meaning that the flue gas cannot hold any more gaseous acid.
    In many industrial combustion processes, the flue gas is cooled by the recovery of heat from the hot flue
    gases before they are emitted to the atmosphere from the final flue gas stack (commonly referred to as a
    chimney). It is very important not to cool the flue gas below its acid dew point because the resulting liquid
    acid condensed from the flue gas can cause serious corrosion problems for the equipment used in
    transporting, cooling and emitting the flue gas.

    Chemistry and mechanism


    Sulfuric acid dew point
    As a broad generality, flue gases from the combustion of coal, fuel oil, natural gas, or biomass are
    primarily composed of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) as well as gaseous nitrogen
    (N2) and excess oxygen (O2) remaining from the intake combustion air. Typically, more than two-thirds of
    the flue gas is nitrogen. The combustion flue gases may also contain small amounts of particulate matter,
    carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur oxides in the form of gaseous sulfur dioxide
    (SO2) and gaseous sulfur trioxide (SO3). The SO3 is present because a portion of the SO2 formed in the
    combustion of the sulfur (S) compounds in the combustion fuel is further oxidized to SO 3. The gas phase
    SO3 then combines the vapor phase H2O to form gas phase sulfuric acid (H2SO4):

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    H2O + SO3 H2SO4

    water + sulfur trioxide sulfuric acid

    Because of the presence of gaseous sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid dew point of most flue gases is much
    higher than the water dew point of the flue gases. For example, a flue gas with 12 volume % water vapor
    and containing no acid gases has a water dew point of about 49.4 C (121 F). The same flue gas with
    the addition of only 4 ppmv (0.0004 volume %) of SO 3 will have a sulfuric acid dew point of about 130.5
    C (267 F).
    The acid dew point of a combustion flue gas depends upon the composition of the specific fuel being
    burned and the resultant composition of the flue gas. The adjacent graph [4] depicts how the amounts of
    water vapor and gaseous SO3 present in a flue gas affect the sulfuric acid dew point of the flue gas.
    Given a flue gas composition, its acid dew point can be predicted fairly closely. As an approximation, the
    sulfuric acid dew points of flue gases from the combustion of fuels in thermal power plants range from
    about 120 C to about 150 C (250 to 300 F).

    Other acid dew points


    Sulfurous acid
    Some of the sulfur dioxide in flue gases will also combine with water vapor in the flue gases and form gas
    phase sulfurous acid (H2SO3):

    H2O + SO2 H2SO3

    water + sulfur dioxide sulfurous acid

    Nitric acid
    The nitrogen in flues gases is derived from the combustion air as well as from nitrogen compounds
    contained in the combustion fuel. Some small amount of the nitrogen is oxidized into gaseous nitrogen
    dioxide (NO2) and some of that gas phase nitrogen oxide then combines with water vapor to form gas
    phase nitric acid (HNO3):

    H2O + NO2 H2NO3

    water + nitrogen dioxide nitric acid

    Hydrochloric acid
    Some flue gases may also contain gaseous hydrochloric acid (HCl) derived from chloride compounds in
    the combustion fuel. For example, municipal solid wastes contain chloride compounds and therefore the
    flue gases from municipal solid waste incinerators may contain gaseous hydrochloric acid which will
    condense into liquid hydrochloric acid if those flue gases are cooled to a temperature below the acid dew
    point of hydrochloric acid.

    Prediction of acid dew points


    These equations can be used to predict the acid dew points of the four acids that most commonly occur in
    typical combustion product flue gases:
    Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dew point: [5] [6]

    (1)1000/T=1.78420.0269log10(PH2O)

    0.1029log10(PSO3)+0.0329log10(PH2O)log10(PSO3)
    or this equivalent form: [7] [8]

    (2)1000/T=2.2760.02943loge(PH2O)
    0.0858loge(PSO3)+0.0062loge(PH2O)loge(PSO3)
    Sulfurous acid (H2SO3) dew point: [9] [10]

    (3)1000/T=3.95260.1863loge(PH2O)
    +0.000867loge(PSO2)+0.000913loge(PH2O)loge(PSO2)
    Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dew point: [11] [12]

    (4)1000/T=3.73680.1591loge(PH2O)0.0326loge(PHCl)
    +0.00269loge(PH2O)loge(PHCl)
    Nitric acid (HNO3) dew point: [13]

    (5)1000/T=3.66140.1446loge(PH2O)
    0.0827loge(PHNO3)+0.00756loge(PH2O)loge(PHNO3)
    where:
    T = The acid dew point temperature for the indicated acid, in kelvins
    P = Partial pressure, in atmospheres for equation 1 and in mmHg for equations 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Compared with published measured data, the acid dew points predicted with equations 3, 4 and 5 are
    said to be within 6 kelvins, and within 9 kelvins for equations 1 and 2. [14]

    Predicting the sulfur trioxide content of flue gases


    As can be seen in the above equation for the sulfuric acid dew point of a flue gas, the partial pressure of
    sulfur trioxide in the flue gas is required. That partial pressure can be readily determined given the total
    pressure of the flue gas and the volume percent of sulfur trioxide in the flue gas, since the partial pressure
    of any component of a gaseous mixture may be obtained by simply multiplying the total gas pressure by
    the component's volume fraction of the gaseous mixture.
    Determining the volume percent of sulfur trioxide in a flue gas by theoretical calculations is quite difficult
    and unreliable. However, the volume fraction of the sulfur dioxide in the flue gas can be determined by
    assuming that 90 percent or more of the sulfur in the combustion fuel will be oxidized into gaseous sulfur
    dioxide when the fuel is combusted. Then it is commonly assumed that about 1 to 5 percent of the sulfur
    dioxide will be further oxidized into sulfur trioxide. In other words, if the sulfur dioxide in the flue gas is
    determined to be 0.3 volume percent and it is assumed that 3 percent of that will be further oxidized to
    sulfur trioxide, the volume fraction of sulfur trioxide in the flue gas will be (0.003)(0.03) = 0.00009 and, if
    the flue gas pressure is essentially 1 atm (760 mmHg), the partial pressure of the sulfur trioxide will be
    (0.00009)(760) = 0.0684 mmHg.

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