Focus on QC & VT Technicians

documenting the daily activities of the

asphalt roadway paving
Presented by
District 5
1

By: Lorie Matthews

Who are you?

Where do you work?
What is your role?
2

C onsistent
P redictable
R epeatable
http://www.dot.state.fl.us/construction/CPR/CPR_Main.shtm
3

Bold
Inspirational
Innovative
4

 Asphalt Roadway QC/VT Activities

By: Tim Carter, Julie Brown Tim McGlone, Jeffrey Hinkle,
& Kermit Ramdial

Break
Asphalt in General
By: Robert Parker & Joe Somlitz

Lunch
Asphalt Roadway Reporting Exercise
By: Lori Jones & Karen Madrid

Break
Importance of Accuracy
By: John Burnette
5

Focus on daily activities of the

Asphalt Roadway QC & VT Technicians
Presented By:
Tim Carter, Julie Brown Tim McGlone,
Jeffrey Hinkle,& Kermit Ramdial

Before paving starts, be familiar with

the following:
Plans
Plan Sheets
Typicals
Striping

Contract
Asphalt Specifications
Asphalt QC Plan
Pre-Pave Meeting Minutes
7

 Have contact number for:

Paving Superintendent/Foreman
Roadway QC/VT
Plant QC/VT
QC Manager
Project Administrator
Resident Asphalt Specialist
8

 Onsite Pre-Production Meeting

with QC & VT:
LETS
DISCUSS SAFETY!!
Identify possible hazards such
as:
Lane Closures
Taking temperatures
Side streets and driveways
Local activity
Orientation of personnel (clear
zone, work zone, location of
vehicles, & staff)
Complacency
Equipment Operations (night
time, lighting, and eye contact)
Plan escape route

 Onsite Pre-Production Meeting

with QC & VT:
Prior to beginning each shift:
Meet to discuss the intended paving
operations.
Discuss any unique or special items that may
need to be addressed.
Check and compare 4 foot smart level.
Compare Thermometers
This information can also be referred to after the
shift to make sure nothing was missed.
10

 Monitor Milling Operation (327):

What are we milling for?
Cross Slope Correction
Match Existing (Depth)
Where do we measure cross slope?
Check to ensure cross slope is within Specification tolerance
After milling machine
CPR Website Item #26 Response:
Accumulating errors of milling depth and paving depth can result in cross
slope that does not match existing. Physically measuring the milling and
paving cross slopes (rather than depths) provides more accurate cross
slope readings and better assurance "match existing" occurs.
Where do we measure for depth?
Both QC & VT check depth at random locations
Compare results with targets in table 327-1

11

 Review the Typical Section Sheets

12

 Where am I?
Sometimes there is confusion on what each lane
designation is called.

13

 Where are you on these plans?

6

7
3

4
8

1
2

1.______________________

2.________________________

3.______________________

4.________________________

5.______________________

6.________________________

7.______________________

8.________________________

14

 What to look for on a Mix Design

12.5

Structural

XX-XXXX

Continue
15

 What to look for on a Mix Design

16

 How to Calculate Spread Rate

from the Mix Design

Continue
17

 How to Calculate Spread Rate

from the Mix Design

18

 QC Roadway Report

Form #675-030-20A
Automated Version

19

 QC Roadway Report
Latest Version Excel 2007

20

 What are the Tabs at the Bottom?

1

1. This is where the line entries are placed. You will spend most of your time
here. This will be covered in detail in just a few moments.
2. Tack spread rate information goes here. How many spread rates are
required per day?
300-8.4 Rate of Application
3. If you get lost, there are handy instructions for you. If you have any
questions about this form, contact your QC Manager or the Local
Resident Asphalt Specialist.
21

 The Basics
6

7
1
2

1. This is where you place the 11 digit project number (hyphens not required).
2. This is where the QC technician would place his TIN # (Driver License). If there is more than
one QC technician working on a project, we will show you later how to designate different QC
Technicians.
3. This is your intended lot size. Depending on what type of mix, age of mix 334-5.1.2 is what
your lot size will be. There are two options, 2000 or 4000 tons. Remember FC-5 can only
have 2000 ton lots 337-6.2.1 paragraph 3.
4. This is where the design mix information goes. When you click on this box, another sub-form
appears for you to fill in the appropriate information (Gmm).
5. Is this a static mode lot. You cannot mix a static mode lot/area with a non-static lot.
6. This is a drop down box that you can select your lot. Remember each design mix gets a new
lot number
7. This is the box that is to be checked when the lot closes. A lot will close for any of the
following reasons:
a. Time expired (30 calendar days)
d. Change in design mix
b. Intended lot size met
e. Plant change
c. Lot termination due to a failure
f. Project over!!!

22

 Asphalt Placement Tracking

1

10

1.

Constant Width Area. This is mainline, shoulder, ramps, bike paths, bike lanes. Anywhere the width does
not change.
2. Varied Width Areas. This is gore areas, turnouts, radius.
3. #. This is where you place a number to put a note for additional information. If there happens to be more
than one QC Technician during a lot of paving, this is where the different TIN numbers will be listed.
4. Date Paved. If you have night paving, the date paved will stay the same even if you run past midnight
5. Day or Night. If you have 24 hour shifts, it is critical this be filled out so the correct delivery tickets can be
compared with the correct paving shift.
6. Sublot. There are 4 sublots per lot. The sublot size is either 500 tons or 1000 tons. See Spec. 334-5.1.2.
7. Truck Load #s. Record trucks in the order of load placement.
8. Intended Use. A drop down box appears. Fill in required information. What is the difference between No
Pay Tonnage and Waste? Waste leaves the job.. No Pay Tonnage stays on the job, i.e., temporary
asphalt, corrections.
9. Density. Is Density required in this area? See Spec. 334-5.1.1.2
10. Lane. Drop Down Box.
23

 Asphalt Placement Tracking (cont.)

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

11. Description. This is NOT a drop down box. You will need to put some kind of description in here, i.e.,
Mainline, Street name, radius.
12. Lift # of #. This is where you put what lift you are on and how many lifts are planned for in the plans.
13. Start Paving at Station. This is where you place the station number where the spread rate check begins.
Unfortunately all mile post projects need to be converted to station numbers. How many station boards are
required on a project? See Spec. 5-7.4
14. End Paving at Station. This is where you place the station number where the spread rate check ends.
15. Length. The computer automatically fills this in for you based off your beginning and ending station
numbers.
16. Width. The QC Technician fills in the width of the paving pass. Under the Varied width section, place the
average width in here.
17. Area Paved (SY). The computer automatically fills this in for you.
18. Quantity (TN). The QC Technician fills in this field. What is the maximum that can be placed here? See
Spec 330-2.2.
24

 Asphalt Placement Tracking (cont.)

19

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

20

21

22

23

Individual Lift Thickness. QC Technician fills in this information.

Actual Spread Rate. The Excel sheet calculates this field for you.
Target Spread Rate. The Excel sheet calculates this field for you.
Base Only (Total Thickness). The QC Technician fills this field in.
Base Only (Prorated Base) The Excel sheet calculates this field for you. Remember to pick the correct
Base type under Intended Use.

Now we have finished the spread rate calculations. But, we have another area to fill in if needed.
25

 Comments Section and Totals

1. The Comments Section. This is a sample from another project where comments were placed. In this section
the QC Technician would give explanations of anything out of the ordinary, i.e., if a different QC Technician
was covering the project, asphalt in lieu of stabilized sub grade, explanation why spread rates are too high or
too low, multiple crews, what happened to a missing load or trucks out of order.
26

 Asphalt Roadway Verification Report

(form 675-030-21)
VT to verify asphalt spread
rate at least once/layer/day

27

 Asphalt Roadway Temperature

Company Name
Address
Phone Number

Roadway QC is to
record asphalt
temperature for the first
five loads and one out
of every five loads
thereafter onto the
delivery ticket
(Specification 330)

#####
######i5201

Continue
28

 Asphalt Roadway Temperature

VT to verify asphalt
temperature at least
twice/day
(CPAM 5.10)

29

 QC Tack Spread Rate Information

QC to check and record the tack spread rate at least twice/day
(Specification 300)

Continue
30

 VT Tack Spread Rate Information

VT to verify tack spread rate
at least once/day
(CPAM 5.10)

31

 Why is Tack Important?

Too Little

Too Much

32

 During & at the end of the days paving,

the VT is to check the QC Report
for accuracy & consistency

33

 Observe the following during paving:

1. Is the tack uniform, has correct spread rate, and has it
broken (turns from brown to black)?
2. When unloading, the trucks should not bump the paver
3. Is the paving operation continuously moving with a
sufficient supply of trucks?
4. Is straightedge on jobsite and calibrated daily?
Continue
34

 Observe the following during paving:

5. Are the transverse and longitudinal joints being rolled
correctly?
6. Is the proper rolling pattern and procedure being followed?
7. Is safe and efficient traffic control being maintained?
8. Is the spread rate being monitored as required by
Specification 330 (QC) and CPAM 5.10 (VT)?
9. Is the cross slope being checked regularly?
Continue
35

 Observe the following during paving:

Is the paving operations in compliance with the QC
Plan?
If non-compliance

Notify QC Manager
and/or PA

If non-compliance not corrected in the same days

operation
Notify PA
PA has option to pull that portion of QC Plan that is in
non-compliance
Continue
36

 Observe the following during paving:

Is the paving operations in compliance
with the QA/QC Guide List?

FDOT-Construction-QA/QC Guide List:

http://www.dot.state.fl.us/construction/CONSTADM/guidelist/GuideIndex.shtm

37

 Observe the following after paving:

1. Straightedge
2. VT to layout cores for the QC and IV immediately after
finish roller (use template for laying out core locations).
3. VT to secure random numbers when not being used.
4. Are the cores being cut where marked?
5. Check and verify cross slope

38

Questions
39

Focus on the Dos and Donts of paving.

Prepared By:
Robert Parker & Joe Somlitz

40

 Who is the Engineer

CPR Website Item #16 Response: Per Specification 1-3 Definitions, the
Engineer is, "The Director, Office of Construction, acting directly or through
duly authorized representatives; such representatives acting within the scope
of duties and authority assigned to them."
In practice, it depends on the issue involved and who has been delegated
authority to make the decision. This is done in order to avoid requiring the
Director of the Office of Construction make every decision on every project.
Decisions are delegated to the appropriate personnel. This allows project
decisions to be made at the lowest possible level in an efficient
timeframe. However, if agreement cannot be reached at any level, the
contractor is afforded the ability to raise the issue up the ladder within the
District or State Offices. This system allows more efficient decision making to
occur at the project level, and also affords alternatives to address major
decisions and disagreements at higher levels within the Department.
41

 Paving Operations Dos

42

 Paving Operations Dos

1. For paving operations, keep a qualified CTQP Asphalt
Paving Level II technician on the roadway at all times when
placing asphalt mix for the Department, and perform all
testing with a CTQP Asphalt Paving Level I technician. As
an exception, measurements of cross-slope, temperature
and yield (spread rate), as well as the inspection of the
placement of miscellaneous asphalt, can be performed by
someone under the supervision of a CTQP Paving Level II
technician.
Continue
43

 Paving Operations Dos

2. Construct a smooth pavement with good surface texture
and the proper cross-slope.
3. Look at the plans and plan your work (before you pave) so
that everyone knows what you are paving.
4. Place the mix only when the surface has been previously
prepared, is intact, firm, properly cured, clean, and dry.

Continue
44

 Paving Operations Dos

5. Place the mix only when the air temp is at least 40 degrees
F for layers greater than 1 inch and at least 45 degrees for
layers 1 inch or less.
6. Minimum temp for leveling courses with a spread rate of 50
lb/sy or less is 50 degrees F.
7. Provide sufficient lighting for night operations.
8. Provide a Level 2 Roadway Verification Technician and
Level 2 Roadway Quality Control Technician.
Continue
45

 Paving Operations Dos

9. Record truck loads in the order of load placement.
10. Report all sub-lots to even 500 or 1000 ton increments.
11. Record the ending station of the paving operation at the
location of the saw cut butt joint for the next nights
starting station. The QC & VT are to agree upon the ending
and starting station.

Continue
46

 Paving Operations Dos

12. Use the manual straight-edge to locate the flattest section
at the end of the paving operation to mark the saw-cut.
13. Show varied width areas (not included in the mainline) on
QC Roadway Report on section marked Varied Width
Areas.
14. Make sure there is a reference line to follow for the paver.

Continue
47

 Paving Operations Dos

15. Think about and look ahead where the layer joints are
going to fall. They are to be offset 6 to 12 of each other in
reference to the lane line.
16. Use electronic screed controls.
17. QC & VT are to agree on the tons when paver picks up
from pull.
18. QC & VT should be in communication with each other in
regards to Sub-Lots (starting and ending stations) during
the paving operation.
Continue
48

 Paving Operations Dos

19. Check the temperature of the first 5 loads and one out of the
next 5 loads minimum.
20. All reports need to be reflective of what was actually placed
on the roadway. (Not average out at end of shift)
21. Report placed lift thickness.
22. Maintain a continuous paving operation per Specification
Section 330.
49

 Paving Operations Donts

50

 Paving Operations Donts

1. Transport mix to the roadway unless all weather conditions
are suitable for the laying operations.
2. Place friction course until the adjacent shoulder has been
dressed and grassed.
3. Spread the mix when the wind is blowing so proper
compaction cannot be maintained or sand and dust on the
surface diminish the bond.

Continue
51

 Paving Operations Donts

4. Place the mix while rain is falling or there is water on the
surface to be covered.
5. Place mix with a temp that is outside of the master range.
6. Mix up the truck load order on QC Roadway Report (make
a note on the report of the actual order but try to keep the
truck in order).
7. Get the paver too far ahead of the rollers; this will just
cause problems with densities.
Continue
52

 Paving Operations Donts

8. Roll the mix while its too hot (in the tender zone).
9. Let trucks dump out in-front of the paver. Have an area for
them to clean out.
10. Make entries of pulls over 200 tons on a single line of the
Roadway Report.

53

 Overbuild
1. Record all overbuild as a separate line item on the
QC Roadway Report .
2. Record correct lane number, starting and ending station
numbers, width, lift number, and average lift thickness.

54

 Bike Lanes vs. Bike Paths

1. Bike Lanes are adjacent/connected to mainline lanes.
These lanes are or could be subjected to traffic, therefore
they are eligible for density testing and straightedging.
2. Bike Paths are separate pathways physically separated
from mainline pavement. Since they experience very little
(if any) vehicular traffic, density testing is not required. Bike
paths are exempt straightedge requirements unless a
surface irregularity is determined to be objectionable.
3. Report both areas on QC Roadway Report.
Continue
55

 Bike Lane

Continue
56

 Bike Path

57

 Density Reporting

It is very important for the QC to correctly note

which areas are density or non-density on QC
Roadway Report.

58

 Density Coring
1. Obtain five 6 inch diameter roadway cores within 24 hours of
placement at random locations as directed by the Engineer
within each sublot. In situations where it is impractical to cut
five cores per sublot, obtain a minimum of three cores per
sublot at random locations as identified by the Engineer (VT
to layout and mark core locations).
2. Do not obtain cores any closer than 12 inches from an
unsupported edge.
3. Patch the core holes within three days of coring.
Continue
59

 Density Coring
4. Compact the end of the mat with the same effort as the
beginning of the mat. (Note: A core location can fall at the
end of a days production within 12 of the stopping point.)
5. The VT is to layout the IV core locations and they are
independent from QC core locations.
6. Cut core at exact location marked on pavement (must be
within the paint area).

Continue
60

 Density Coring Exceptions

1. When the total combined quantity of hot mix asphalt for the
project, as indicated in the plans for Type SP and Type FC
mixtures only, is less than 2000 tons, the Engineer will accept
the mix on the basis of visual inspection.
2. Density testing for acceptance will not be performed on
widening strips or shoulders with a width of 5 feet or less,
open-graded friction courses, variable thickness overbuild
courses, leveling courses, any asphalt layer placed on
subgrade (regardless of type), miscellaneous asphalt
pavement, bike/shared use paths, crossovers, or any course
with a specified thickness less than 1 inch or a specified
spread rate that converts to less than 1 inch.
Continue
61

 Density Coring Exceptions

3. Density testing for acceptance will not be performed on
asphalt courses placed on bridge decks or approach slabs;
compact these courses in static mode only.
4. Density testing for acceptance will not be performed on the
following areas when they are less than 1,000 feet
(continuous) in length: turning lanes, acceleration lanes,
deceleration lanes, shoulders, parallel parking lanes or
ramps.

Continue
62

 Density Coring Exceptions

5. Density testing for acceptance will not be performed in
intersections. The limits of the intersection will be from stop
bar to stop bar for both the mainline and side streets. A
random core location that occurs within the intersection shall
be moved forward or backward from the intersection at the
direction of the Engineer (Specification 334-5).

Continue
63

 Density Cores
Intersection Exception Areas

Continue
64

 Density Cores

65

 Misc Asphalt

66

 Cross Slope Checks

67

 Straightedge
1. Final Type SP structural and friction course layers,
pavement lanes, and ramps with constant width to 3/16
inch.
2. Exceptions (Spec. 330-9):
a. Shoulders, intersections, tapers, crossovers, parking
lots and similar areas.
b. Areas less than 250 LF as in turn lanes, acceleration &
deceleration lanes and side-streets.
c. Any area in the exceptions that is objectionable in
excess of 3/8 inch.
Continue
68

 Straightedge
3. Final Type SP structural and friction course layers,
pavement lanes, and ramps with constant width to 3/16
inch.
4. Engineer may waive requirements: transverse joints at the
beginning and end of the project, manholes, utility
structures, ramps and super-elevated sections that may
result in an inaccurate measurement.

Continue
69

 Straightedge
5. Intermediate layers and temporary pavement with design
speed of 55mph or more, opened to traffic in excess of 3/8
inch.
6. Outside wheel path or as requested by the Eng. (May be
requested to pull the straightedge in both wheel paths).
7. Laser acceptance: friction course on mainline only with
design speed of 55mph or greater.

Continue
70

 Straightedge
Exception Areas

Continue
71

 Straightedge
Exception Areas

Continue
72

 Straightedge

Continue
73

 Straightedge

Continue
74

 Straightedge

75

Questions
76

Focus on completing a QC Road Report

Prepared By:
Lori Jones & Karen Madrid

77

 QC Roadway Report

78

 Objectives:

C onsistent
P redictable
Repeatable
79

 Goals for Exercise:

Truck Load #s
Density?
Lane / Description
Lifts
Stations
Widths
Overbuild
80

 Tools:

Typical Section

Plan Sheets

Striping Sheets

81

 Paving Operations:

9-6-2011 (Day 1): Lift 1 / 2 widening only

Outside Left Roadway at Sta. 1330+00 paving west continuing to Sta. 1324+40
2. Outside Right Roadway at Sta. 1324+40 paving east continuing to Sta. 1332+39

Do not include the side street radius

3. Inside Left Roadway at Sta. 1330+00 paving west continuing to Sta. 1324+40

Do not include the crossovers

4. Inside Right Roadway at Sta. 1324+40 paving east continuing to Sta. 1328+71

Include the crossovers

1.

9-7-2011 (Day 2): Lift 1 / 2 and 2 / 2 widening only and overbuild

1.

Inside Right Roadway from 9-6-2011 end of day, paving east to Sta. 1332+28

2.

Inside Right Roadway at Sta. 1330+00 paving east continuing to Sta. 1332+28

3.

Outside Right Roadway at Sta. 1330+00 paving east continuing to 1332+39

4.

Place overbuild between Sta. 1330+00 paving east continuing to 1332+39

82

 Check List for Future Paving

Truck Load #s
Density?
Lane / Description
Lifts
Stations
Widths
Overbuild
GMM
83

 Objectives:

C onsistent
P redictable
Repeatable
84

Questions
85

Focus on the importance of reporting

asphalt activities accurately
Prepared By:
John Burnette

86

 Why Is Accuracy Important For

Final Estimates?
CPF
DDM Remove/Replace specify in road report
Square Yards
Pay Item/Lump Sum Stacking
Importance of Accuracy (penalties, As-Builts)
87

CPFs and the Affect of How

the Road Report is Filled Out.

88

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
89

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
90

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
91

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
92

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
93

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
94

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
95

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
96

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

3330.98 Tons x 1.05 = 3497.50 Tons
3497.50 3330.98 = 166.52 Tons
166.5 Tons x $73.75 = $12,279.38
3330.98 Tons x 1.04 = 3464.22 Tons
3464.22 3330.98 = 133.24 Tons
133.2 Tons x $73.75 = $9,823.50
$12,279.38 - $9,823.50 =
97

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
98

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
99

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
100

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
101

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
102

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

Continue
103

 Non-Density Tonnage Affect on CPF

$90.00 x 0.05 = -$4.50

1,351.7 Tons x -$4.50 = -$6,082.65

$90.00 x 0.04 = -$3.60

1,351.7 Tons x -$3.60 = -$4,866.12

$6,082.65 - $4,866.12 =
104

DDM Remove and Replace

105

 DDM Remove and Replace

Continue
106

 DDM Remove and Replace

Continue
107

 DDM Remove and Replace

Continue
108

 DDM Remove and Replace

Continue
109

 DDM Remove and Replace

Continue

110

 DDM Remove and Replace

Continue
111

 DDM Remove and Replace

Stations on the Replacement Asphalt Need

to Match the Stations on the DDM.

Tonnage that Replaced the Asphalt that was

Removed, Needs to be Taken Away from the
Original Lot that the DDM was Assessed
Against.

112

Square Yards

113

 Why is it so Important to have

Good Square Yards on the Road Report?

Asphalt Base is a Square Yard Pay Item, and the Square Yards
from the Road Reports are used for each Lots CPF.

The Maximum Deficiency for Asphalt Base of 2 or More is 50

Lbs./SY., so your Square Yards being incorrect could require
Removal and Replacement or Coring for Thickness.

Good Square Yards are needed to make sure the spread rate for
base stays within 5% of Target. Per Specs it is not allowed to pay
for any tonnage over 5% of the Target Spread Rate.

On Lump Sum Projects, Good Square Yards are needed to make

sure the spread rate stays within 5% of Target. Per Specs, if the
Spread for the Sub-Lot is Shy by more than 5%, the layers of
Asphalt will have to be stacked in the Area that is Shy to
determine if a Penalty is to be assessed.
114

Lump Sum/Stacking

115

 Lump Sum/Stacking

Continue
116

 Lump Sum/Stacking

Continue
117

 Lump Sum - Target Spread Rate

Example
Sta. 125 +00 STA. 200+00 = 7,500 Ft.
(7,500 Ft X 12 Ft) 9 = 10,000 SY Deficient Area
deficient = 495 465 = 30 #/SY
(10,000 SY X 30 #/SY) 2000 #/Ton = 150 Tons

Per Specifications: reduction in pay will be determined per sublot by

applying a proportional reduction in payment based on a ratio of the avg.
spread rate to the design spread rate, and the ratio will be applied to the
unit price shown in Table-9-1.

465 / 495 = 0.94

0.94 X $ 46.59 = $ 43.79
$43.79 X 150 Tons =
This will be
entered as a negative line item adjustment
Continue
118

 Penalties & As-Builts

Accuracy of Stations for Begin, End, Equations &

Exceptions on the Road Reports are Important
because the Department can not pay for Quantities
off of the Project.

Widths need to be Documented Correctly so that any

Straightedge Penalty can be Assessed Correctly.

Lanes and Lifts Need to be Accurate in Case of Shy

Areas or DDMs for Remove and Replacement or
Leave in Place at No Pay.

Continue
119

 As-Builts

120

Questions
121

Exercise Answers

122

 Tools:

Typical Section
Widening Areas
Outside Lanes 11 (R3/L3 = 7 and Bike Lane = *4)
Inside Lanes 5

Plan Sheets
Shows where the widening is

Striping Sheets
Lane designation
Bike Lane = *5 (at Sta. 1328+50 to 1332+00+/-)
123

 ANSWERS: Day 1 1

124

 ANSWERS: Day 1 2a

125

 ANSWERS: Day 1 2b

126

 ANSWERS: Day 1 2c

127

 ANSWERS: Day 1 3a

128

 ANSWERS: Day 1 3b

129

 ANSWERS: Day 1 4a

130

 ANSWERS: Day 1 4b

131

 ANSWERS: Day 1 4c

132

 ANSWERS: Day 2 1

133

 ANSWERS: Day 2 2

134

 ANSWERS: Day 2 3

135

 ANSWERS: Day 2 4

136