1 s2.0 S0043135414001389 Main
1 s2.0 S0043135414001389 Main
1 s2.0 S0043135414001389 Main
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abstract
Article history:
Stepped cascades are recognized as high potential airewater gas exchangers. In natural
rivers, these structures enhance oxygen transfer to water by creating turbulence at inter-
face with increasing air entrainment in water and airewater surface exchange. Stepped
3 February 2014
tures depends on several operating and geometrical parameters. In the literature, several
empirical correlations for aeration efficiency prediction on stepped cascades exist. Most of
Keywords:
these correlations are only applicable for operating and geometrical parameters in the
Oxygen transfer
range of which they have been developed. In this paper, 398 experimental sets of data
(from our experiments and collected from literature) were used to develop a correlation for
Modeling
aeration prediction over stepped cascades derived from dimensional analysis and
Self-purification
parameterized for each individual flow regime in order to consider change in flow regime
River
effect on oxygen transfer. This new correlation allowed calculating the whole set of data
Cascade
obtained for cascades with steps heights between 0.05 m and 0.254 m, cascade total height
between 0.25 m and 2.5 m, for discharges per unit of width ranging from 0.28 103 m2/s to
600 103 m2/s and for cascade steps number between 3 and 25. In these ranges of parameters, standard deviation for aeration efficiency estimation was found to be less than
17%. Finally, advices were proposed to help and improve the structure design in order to
improve aeration.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1.
Introduction
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 5 5 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 9 4 e2 0 2
Nomenclature
a
a
b
C
Cs
CU
CD
Ci
Do2
D, Di
E20
Fr*
F
g
h
H:
He
hc
KL
Ka
K
cascade slope
airewater interfacial area (m2)
probability of nullity
dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L).
dissolved oxygen saturation concentration (mg/L)
upstream dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L)
downstream dissolved oxygen concentration
(mg/L)
oxygen concentration at airewater interface
(mg/L)
diffusion constant of oxygen in the water (m2.s1)
diffusivity of oxygen at T, Ti temperatures (m2.s1)
aeration efficiency at 20 C
roughness Froude number as defined by Baylar
et al. (2006) Fr* qW/(g.sin a.h3)1/2
oxygen transfer rate (mg.L1.s1)
gravity constant (m/s2)
step height (m)
total cascade height (m)
Henry constant for O2 (Pa. L. mg1)
critical water depth (m)
water side global transfer coefficient of oxygen
(m.s1)
air side global transfer coefficient of oxygen (m.s1)
global transfer coefficient of oxygen (m.s1)
l
L
La
Li
n
Po2
q
qw
r, ri
RH
r
Re
s, si
T
t
m, mi
V
W
x
Xi, Yi
195
2.
Bibliographic review
2.1.
196
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 5 5 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 9 4 e2 0 2
Fig. 1 e Flow regimes over stepped cascade: (a) nappe flow, (b) transition flow, (c) skimming flow.
The transfer rate of oxygen from air to water can be
expressed as:
E20 1 1 E1=f
(5)
a
a Po2
C
4 kL $ $Ci C KL $ $
V
V He
(6)
(1)
(2)
Transfer coefficient KL determination requires informations about the system hydrodynamics to reach the
value of oxygen concentration within the studied system.
However, aeration can be evaluated by the aeration efficiency
E (Gameson, 1957) without knowledge of the system hydrodynamics by measuring three concentrations: CU, CD and CS
(respectively upstream, downstream and saturation concentrations). For a given aeration system, with no oxygen consumption, aeration efficiency E could be calculated between
upstream and downstream as:
CD CU
1
E1
r
CS CU
(3)
2.2.
(4)
2.3.
2.4.
q2=3
W2=3 $g1=3
(7)
(8)
197
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 5 5 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 9 4 e2 0 2
Gameson (1957)
Tebbutt (1972)
Essery et al. (1978)
Baylar and Emiroglu
(2003); Baylar et al. (2006)
Toombes and Chanson (2005)
This paper
E20
Geometric parameters
Hydrodynamic
parameters
h (m)
l (m)
W (m)
H (m)
q (10-3 m3/s)
hc (m)
e
55
e
126
e
0.05e0.254
0.025e0.5
0.05e0.15
e
0.07e0.254
e
0.07e0.6
e
0.3e0.15
0.15
0.3
0.9-2.2
1.8
2
1.2e2.5
e
0.084e3.9
1.5e21.75
5e50
e
0.002e0.025
0.0047e0.465
0.03e0.15
12
205
0.1433
0.05e0.10
2.4
0.10e0.14
0.5
0.15e0.3
1.72
0.25e0.5
19e300
0.3e2.5
0.086e0.132
0.007e0.03
!
H
hc
1 exp p 0; 427 0; 31
h
gh
(9)
Correlations (12) and (13) do not consider number of cascades steps effect on oxygen uptake.
Yi and Xi are functions of the flow regimes as Table 2
shows.
The experiments of Tebbutt (1972) (Table 1) were realized
at 9 C and 14 C. These data were corrected using the relation
of Gulliver et al. (1990) (equations (5) and (6)) in order to estimate the aeration efficiency at 20 C.
3.
Experimental section
La represents the length of aerated flow which is the difference between cascade length L and the length of nonaerated flow Li (equation (11)).
Li
2:98
cos a 1:88Fr0:35 0:17Fr
h
SO2
3
1;34
La
E20 1 8:24 104 Fr1:65 0:50 F1:34
r
h
0;50 0;28
L
a
2; 23 102
h
(10)
(11)
Later, Baylar et al. (2007c) developed an empirical correlation for E20 prediction on a single step in nappe flow depending on 3 parameters (qw, h, a):
i
h
1:594
E120 1 exp 5:730 q0:035
h0:998 cosa12:042 sina
w
(12)
X3
hc
$
h
!#
X4 X5
L Y1 $hY2 $qY3 $cos aY4
(13)
1
Co2
O2 / SO2
4
2
(14)
198
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Table 2 e Xi, Yi variation with flow regimes (Baylars, 2007b) (equation (14)).
Flow regime
Skimming
Transition
Nappe
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
2.643
3.256
6.834
0.508
0.043
0.749
0.896
0.504
0.205
1.708
0.991
0.915
1.704
0.250
0.265
0.448
3.292
2.661
0.078
0.063
0.007
0.419
2.705
2.057
0.992
1.387
1.575
4.
4.1.
RH
(15)
W$hc
2$hc W
(16)
a3
hc
$tan aa4
H
(17)
4.2.
The ratio H/h represents the number of cascade steps effect, when steps have uniform height.
The ratio hc/H related the water critical depth and the total
cascade height. It expresses the gravity and inflow conditions effects on aeration.
The ratio h/l expresses the effect of steps geometry on
aeration.
The efficiency E20 is the ratio between the transferred
quantity of oxygen and the maximal quantity susceptible
to be transferred at 20 C (equation (3)).
199
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2.5
Flow properties
Geometric
properties
Frx
Parameters
Fundamental
units
r water density
m water dynamic
viscosity
Q water flowrate
h step height
hc flow critical height
l steps length
W cascade width
H stepped cascade
total height
M.L3
M.L1.T1
1.5
L3.T1
L
L
L
L
L
0.5
this paper
Baylar et al (2003, 2006)
0
0
h
c
h$cos a tan hl
!1=2
(18)
4.3.
Nappe
Transition
Skimming
200
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A
a1
a2
a3
a4
Transition
Skimming
Value
Value
Value
Value
0.211
0.033
0.445
3.091E-05
0.083
16.7751107
5.02750138
24.3891692
0.00185722
3.46394616
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.998
0.000
0.331
0.048
0.687
0.169
0.234
14.394007
9.46332575
29.695529
9.29440977
9.92339927
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.403
0.042
0.670
0.297
0.211
3.007
2.420
11.308
3.861
2.623
0.004
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.012
0.14 103
0.536
0.348
1.186
0.031
5.247
4.390
5.764
9.042
0.397
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.692
4.4.
Correlations comparison
w a t e r r e s e a r c h 5 5 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 9 4 e2 0 2
201
parameters and overcome the scale effects since local aeration prediction is not calculated for each step.
4.5.
5.
calculated for the stepped cascade of Toombes and Chanson
leads to negative values. Baylar et al. (2010) correlation is only
applicable with one step.
Highly turbulent flows on stepped cascade are difficult to
model at the local scale because the behavior varied from the
upper step to the lower one. Moreover, the relative invariance
of bubble size, and scale effects are difficult to predict due to
the great number of coupling parameters. One of the solutions
would be to simulate in detail the interface using Volume Of
Fluid simulation. This is time consuming and the solution for
one configuration does not allow an easy scale-up or scaledown and it requires simulating each new configuration.
This is why, as explained in paragraph 4.1, we developed a
global correlation based on aeration efficiency prediction
regardless to multiphase flow details. It provides a reasonable
accuracy of the global aeration prediction for a large range of
(19)
(20)
Conclusion
A model of aeration efficiency in stepped cascades with horizontal steps was elaborated by using dimensional analysis
and 398 experimental data. These data have been taken from
the literature but also measured on an experimental set-up
design. The obtained correlation is composed of five dimensionless numbers that characterized the aeration behavior in
stepped cascades. It allows predicting the experimental data
issued from a wide range of operating conditions with a
satisfactory average relative error of 16.5%. Three hydrodynamic regimes were found on stepped cascades: nappe,
transition and Skimming regimes. The effect of the studied
parameters on the aeration strongly differs according to the
flow regime. Also, three different sets of coefficients were
optimized for each flow regime in order to better consider the
physic of the aeration prediction. This correlation gives a
satisfactory estimation of oxygen transfer in existing cascades
and could be used to design new cascades to improve
oxygenation and therefore self-purification processes. Since
cascades provide aeration without operating cost, the proposed correlation could be also useful to design cascades
downstream WWTPs to eliminate residual pollution or even in
wetlands.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the French National Research
Agency (EPEC ANR-10-ECOT-007-01). Authors would like to
thank the mechanical workshop of the LRGP for construction
and installation of the laboratory pilot.
202
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