4

Unit 1 Psychology's History and Approaches

2. The
porates five steps:

study method incora.~-----~--

b.

, c. _ _ _ _ _ __

d.
,and
e. _ _ _ _ _ __
List five additional study tips identified in the text.
a. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____

c.

d. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
e. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

PROGRESS TEST 1
Multiple-Choice Questions
Circle your answers to the following questions and
check them with the answers beginning on page 10. If
your answer is incorrect, read the explanation for
why it is incorrect and then consult the appropriate
pages of the text (in parentheses following the correct
answer).
1. In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the

a.
b.
c.
d.

science of mental life.

study of qmscious and unconscious activity.
science of observable behavior.
science of behavior and mental processes.

2. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only
behaviors that can be observed"?
a. Wilhelm Wundt
b. Sigmund Freud
c. John B. Watson
d. William James
3. Today, psychology is defined as the
a. science of mental phenomena.
b. science of conscious and unconscious activity.
c. science of behavior.
d. science of behavior and mental processes.
4. Who introduced the early school of structuralism?
a. Edward Titchener
b. Wilhelm Wundt
c. William James
d. Mary Whiton Calkins

5. Who wrote the early textbook Principles of

Psychology?
a. Wilhelm Wundt
c. Jean Piaget
b. Ivan Pavlov
d. William James
6. Which of the following exemplifies the issue of
the relative importance of nature and nurture on
our behavior?
a. the issue of the relative influence of biology
and experience on behavior
b. the issue of the relative influence of rewards
and punishments on behavior
c. the debate as to the relative importance of
heredity and instinct in determining behavior
d. the debate as to whether mental processes are
a legitimate area of scientific study
7. The seventeenth-century philosopher who helieved that the rrlind is blank at birth and that
most knowledge comes through sensory experienceis
c. Descartes.
a. Plato.
d. Locke.
b. Aristotle.
8. Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed
that some ideas are innate?
a. Aristotle
c. Descartes
b. Plato.
d. Locke.
9. Which psychological perspective emphasizes the
interaction of the brain and body in behavior?
a. biological
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. evolutionary
10. A psychologist who explores how Asian and

North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the

perspective.
a. behavioral
c. cognitive
b. evolutionary
d. social-cultural
11. A psychologist who conducts experiments solely
intended to build psychology's knowledge base is
engaged in
a. basic research.
b. applied research.
c. industrial-organizational research.
d. clinical research.
12. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called
a. basic researchers.
b. applied psychologists.
c. clinical psychologists.
d. psychiatrists.
i

Progress Test 1

13. Today, psychology is a discipline that

a. connects with a diversity of other fields.
b. is largely independent of other disciplines.
c. is focused_ primarily on basic research.
d. is focused primarily on applied research.
14. (Close-Up) in order, the sequence of steps in the
SQ3R method is
a.
b.
c.
d.

15. Psychologists who study how brain activity is

linked to memory, perception, and other thought
processes are called
a. humanistic psychologists.
b. psychiatrists.
c. clinical psychologists.
d. cognitive neuroscientists.

survey, review, question, read, reflect.

review, question, survey, read, reflect.
question, review, survey, read, reflect.
survey, question, read, review, reflect.

Matching Items
Match each psychological perspective, sch0ol, and
subfield with its definition or description.
Definitions or Descriptions

Terms

1. biological perspective

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

social-cultural perspective
psychiatry
clinical psychology
humanistic perspective
behavioral perspective
industrial-organizational psychology
cognitive perspective
basic research
applied research
evolutionary perspective
psychodynamic perspective
structuralism
functionalism
behaviorism
cognitive neuroscience

a. behavior in the workplace

b. how people differ as products of different enviromnents

c. the study of practical problems

d. an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the contents of the mind
e. the mechanisms by which observable responses
are acquired and changed
. how the body and brain create emotions,
memories, and sensations
g. how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

h. the view that psychology should be an objective

science that avoids reference to mental processes
i. how natural selection favors traits that promote
the perpetuation of one's genes
j. the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled
people
k. brain activity linked with perception, thinking,
memory, and language
I. the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and
childhood traumas
m. adds to psychology's knowledge base
n. an early school of psychology that focused on the
adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors
o. the historically significant perspective that
emphasized people's potential for growth
p. the medical treatment of psychological disorders

Unit 1 Psychology's History and Approaches

PROGRESS TEST 2

8. The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve

Progress Test 2 should be completed during a final

unit review. Answer the following questions after
you thoroughly understand the correct answers for
the section reviews and Progress Test 1.

Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The first psychology laboratory was established
by
in the year _ _ __
a. Wundt; 1879
b. James; 1890

c.
d.

Freud; 1900
Watson; 1913

2. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?
a. Wilhelm Wundt
b. John Watson
c. Ivan Pavlov
d. virtually any American psychologist during
;he 1960s
3. In psychology, behavior is best defined as
a. anything a person says, does, or feels.
b. arty action we can observe and record.
c. any action, whether observable or not.
d. anything we can infer from a person's actions.
4. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most
closely associated with
a. cognitive psychology.
b. behaviorism.
c. psychodynamic theory.
d. humanistic psychology.
5. In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a
a. way of asking and answering questions.
b. field engaged in solving applied problems.
c. set of findings related to behavior and mental
processes.

d. nonscientific approach to the study of mental

disorders.

ii

6. Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of

a. philosophy and chemistry.
b. physiology and chemistry.
c. philosophy and biology.
d. philosophy and physics.
7. The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was
a. Aristotle.
c. Descartes.
b. Plato.
d. Simonides.

information is the primary concern of the

_ _ _ _ perspective.
a. biological
b. evolutionary

c. social-cultural
d. cognitive

9. Which of the following individuals is also a

physician?
a. clinical psychologist
b. experimental psychologist
c. psychiatrist
d. biological psychologist
10. Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship
between changes in our thinking over the life
span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is
most likely a
a. clinical psychologist.
b. personality psychologist.
c. psychiatrist.
d. developmental psychologist.
11. Which subfield is most directly concerned with

studying human behavior in the workplace?

a. clinical psychology
b. personality psychology
c. industrial-organizational psychology
d. psychiatry
12. Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different
situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the

_ _ _ _ perspective.
a. behavioral
c. social-cultural
b. evolutionary
d. cognitive
13. Which perspective emphasizes the learning of
observable responses?
c. biological
a. behavioral
b. social-cultural d. cognitive
14. A psychologist who studies how worker produc-

tivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in

research.
a. applied
c. clinical
b. basic
d. developmental
15. (Close-Up) A major principle underlying the

SQ3R study method is that

a. people learn and remember material best
when they actively process it.
b. many students overestimate their mastery of
text and lecture material.
c. study time should be spaced over time rather
than crammed into one session.

d. overlearning disrupts efficient retention.

Psychology Applied

16. The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the

importance of
a. different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mep_tal processes.
b. basic research over pure research.
c. pure research over basic research.

d. having a single academic perspective to guide

2. Jawan believes that psychologists should go back

to using introspection as a research tool. This
technique is based on
a. survey methodology.
b. experimentation.
c. self-examination of mental processes.
d. the study of observable behavior.

research.

True-False Items
Place aT or an Fin the blank next to each statement.
1. Psychology's three main levels of analy-

sis often contradict each other.

2. The primary research tool of the first
psychologists was the experiment.
3. The subject matter of psychology has
changed over the history of the field.
4. Every psychological event is simultaneously a biological event.
5. Today, most psychologists work within
the behavioral perspective.
6. The major perspectives in psychology
contradict one another.
7. (Close-Up) Spaced practice promotes better retention than massed practice.
8. (Close-Up) Overlearning hinders retention.

9. A major goal of psychology is to teach

us how to ask important questions and
to think critically as we evaluate com.
peting ideas.
10. The school of structuralism fell from
favor in part because the method of
introspection was unreliable.

PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED
Answer these questions the day before a test as a final
check on your understanding of the unit's terms and
concepts.

3. Dharma's term paper on the history of American

psychology notes fhat
a. psychology began as the science of mental life.
b. from the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology was
defined as the scientific study of observable
behavior.
c. contemporary psychologists study both overt
behavior and covert thoughts.
d. all of these statements are true.
4. Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help
him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. You recommend fhat he contact a(n)
a. industrial-organizational psychologist.
b. developmental psychologist.
c. counseling psychologist.
d. psychiatrist.
5. Professor Gutierrez, who believes that human
emotions are best understood as being jointly
determined by heredity, learning, and the individual's social and cultural contexts, is evidently
a proponent of the
a. psychodynamic perspective.
b. biopsychosocial approach.
c. evolutionary perspective.
d. biological perspective.
6. The philosophical views of John Locke are to
those of Rene Descartes as
is to
a. nature; nurture
b. nurture; nature
c. rationality; irrationality
d. irrationality; rationality

Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior

and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would

have omitted which of the following words from
this definition?
a. science of

b. behavior and
c. and mental processes
d. Wundt would have agreed with the definition
as stated.

7. Duiring his presentation on the history of psychology, Sanjay notes fhat Darwin's theory led
most directly to the development of the school of
a. structuralism.
b. behaviorism.
c. functionalism.
d. humanism.

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11

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Unit 1 Psychology's History and Approaches

8. In conducting her report on the "nature-nurture

debate in contemporary psychology," Karen
notes.that
a. most psychologists believe that nature is a
more important influence on the development
of most human traits.
b. most psychologists believe that nurture is
more influential.
c. the issue is more heatedly debated than ever
before.
d. nurture works on what nature endows.
9. Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction.
Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the
_____ perspective.
a. biological
c. cognitive
b. behavioral
d. social-cultural
JO. Dr. Aswad is studyirtg people's enduring irmer

traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely a(n)

a. clinical psychologist.
b. psychiatrist.
c. personality psychologist.
d. industrial-organizational psychologist.

14. (Close-Up) Your roommate announces that her

schedule permits her to devote three hours to

studying for an upcoming quiz. You advise her to
a. spend most of her time reacting and rereading
the text material.
b. focus primarily on her lecture notes.
c. space study time over several short sessions.
d. cram for three hours just before the quiz.
15. (Close-Up) A fraternity brother rationalizes the

fact that he spends very little time studying by

saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon
and have the test material become stale." You tell
him that
a. he is probably overestimating his knowledge
of the material.
b. if he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved.
c. the more often students review material, the
better their exam scores.

d. all of these statements are true.

16. The psychological views of William James are to

those of Edward Titchener as
is to
a. nature; nurture

11. The psychological perspective that places the

MOST emphasis on how observable responses

are learned is the
perspective.
a. behavioral
c. social-cultural
b. cognitive
d. evolutionary
12. During a dirmer conversation, a friend says that

the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are

quite similar. You disagree and point out that the
cognitive perspective emphasizes._ _ _ __
whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes
a. conscious processes; observable responses

b. unconscious processes; conscious processes

c. overt behaviors; covert behaviors
d. introspection; experimentation

13. Concerning the major psychological perspectives

on behavior, the text author suggests that
a. researchers should work within the framework of only one of the perspectives.
b. only those perspectives that emphasize objective measurement of behavior are useful.
c. the different perspectives often complement
one another; together, they provide a fuller
understanding of behavior than provided by
any single perspective.
d. psychologists should avoid all of these traditional perspectives.

b. nurture; nature

c. structuralism; frmctionalism
d. functionalism; structuralism

Essay Question
Explain how researchers working from each of psychology's major perspectives might investigate an
emotion such as love. (Use the space below to list the
points you want to make, and organize them. Then
write the essay on a separate piece of paper.)