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HVDC Coursework

The document discusses HVDC power networks, including how HVDC is created by converting AC to DC and back to AC, problems with harmonics and solutions, and control and stability issues. It provides details on converters, smoothing reactors, harmonic filters, and other components of HVDC systems.

Uploaded by

Nawshin Dastagir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
83 views

HVDC Coursework

The document discusses HVDC power networks, including how HVDC is created by converting AC to DC and back to AC, problems with harmonics and solutions, and control and stability issues. It provides details on converters, smoothing reactors, harmonic filters, and other components of HVDC systems.

Uploaded by

Nawshin Dastagir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HVDC Power Networks

How HVDC is created and converted back to HVAC


Problems with Harmonics and solutions
Control and stability issues
Switching and circuit breaker issues
A typical look at an application of a HVDC actual link either in operation or just
being completed.
.
Every year due to energy losses, more than 10% of the worlds electricity
production doesnt reach the end user since electrical energy is produced and
distributed in the form of alternating current (AC). In AC, the electron flow
changes direction rapidly thus moving around close to the surface of the
conductor and leading to excessive waste heat whereas with direct current (DC),
electrons only flow in one direction and penetrate further into the conductor. The
conductor is used more efficiently, it heats less and there is less wasted energy.
The transmission of electricity in the form of DC was not practiced earlier due to
the technology to transmit it over long distances incurred high costs.

The basic process that happens in a high voltage DC (HVDC) power network is at
the conversion station where electricity is converted from AC to DC at the
transmitting end and DC to AC at the receiving end. From the figure above we
can understand that initially AC current is generated (1) whose voltage is step up
using a transformer to achieve HVAC (2). It is then rectified into DC (3) and then
transmitted on HVDC lines (4) to the receiving end where it is converted back to
HVAC using an inverter (5) and finally stepped down to AC. Such systems are of
two types: voltage link and current link. Overall this process includes use of,

Converters- The main component are the quadruple thyristors valves.


Thyristors are solid state component which is used to switch and control
electric current flow. It conducts current when it receives certain voltage in

its gate terminal and continues to conduct even after the voltage is
removed. By associating the thyristors in series arrangement, a thyristor
valve is developed in a 3,6,12 pulse arrangement which has the capacity
to work at high voltage. They are therefore used for reversing the course
of current in converters. Example of such converter includes Natural,
Capacitor and Forced commutated converters. They are water cooled as
well as air-insulated to prevent heating effect.
-

Smoothing reactors
Harmonic filters
Reactive power supplies
Electrode
DC lines
Circuit breakers

HVDC transmission system can be intruded by many conditions mainly due to


the harmonic distortion of the current/voltage flow and voltage instability. Both
the AC and DC converters at both end of the system generate harmonics which
induces a huge current flow in the HVDC system thereby causing overheating of
the capacitors, generators and also interference with other systems. This is
mainly due to firing angle errors, negative sequence components in the
converter of AC voltages and unequal converter transformer leakage impedances
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?
id=gSoDaumDrjoC&pg=PA231&lpg=PA231&dq=problem+with+harmonics+in+
HVDC&source=bl&ots=rIfsfEP2I&sig=TYF5M2_rE5VIY5RfVIklgIhP6ZE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UtFkVJupBait7Abl2ICAC
Q&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=problem%20with%20harmonics%20in
%20HVDC&f=false) . If the natural frequency of the system matches the
frequency of the harmonics, resonance occurs which affects the system more.
Therefore in order to reduce the effects of harmonics filters are used.

http://www.academia.edu/6350298/High_Voltage_Direct_Current_Transmission_A_Review_Part_II_-Converter_Technologies
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/hamerly1/docs/energyweek00.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OOAJhr-WHc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADipAoszSUc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxuXk6MA72c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgbJ1shV96c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQmQbloyJ1M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATFqX2Cl3-w
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/hamerly1/

Natural Commutated Converters. Natural commutated converters are most


used in the HVDC
systems as of today. The component that enables this conversion process is the
thyristor,
which is a controllable semiconductor that can carry very high currents (4000 A)
and is able
to block very high voltages (up to 10 kV). By means of connecting the thyristors
in series it is
Possible to build up a thyristor valve, which is able to operate at very high
voltages (several
hundred of kV).The thyristor valve is operated at net frequency (50 hz or 60 hz)
and by means
of a control angle it is possible to change the DC voltage level of the bridge. This
ability is the
way by which the transmitted power is controlled rapidly and efficiently.

Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC). An improvement in the thyristorbased


commutation, the CCC concept is characterised by the use of commutation
capacitors inserted
in series between the converter transformers and the thyristor valves. The
commutation
capacitors improve the commutation failure performance of the converters when
connected to
weak networks.
Forced Commutated Converters. This type of converters introduces a spectrum
of advantages,
e.g. feed of passive networks (without generation), independent control of active
and reactive
power, power quality. The valves of these converters are built up with
semiconductors with
the ability not only to turn-on but also to turn-off. They are known as VSC
(Voltage Source
Converters). Two types of semiconductors are normally used in the voltage
source converters:
the GTO (Gate Turn-Off Thyristor) or the IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor).
Both of
them have been in frequent use in industrial applications since early eighties.
The VSC
commutates with high frequency (not with the net frequency). The operation of
the converter
is achieved by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). With PWM it is possible to create
any phase

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