8 PDF

NICKEL
Tensile Properties
Annealed Tensile strengthof Nickel at 20 degrees celcius is 450 Mpa. Meanwhile Annealed 0.2% Proof Stress at 20C
is 150 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity
Nickel has modulus elasticity around 200 Gpa at 100 degrees celcius and reduced each time the temperature increased.
Hardness
Annealed nickel has a low hardness and good ductility. Nickel, like GOLD, silver and copper, has a relatively low
work hardening rate, i.e. it does not tend to become as hard and brittle when it is bent or otherwise deformed as do
most other metals. These attributes, combined with good weldability, make the metal easy to fabricate into finished
items.
Ductility
The arc-melted commercially pure nickel products range in ductility from 35-55 % for bar and plate. Which means
Nickel is a ductile material and also malleable.
HISTORY
1600
In the 1600s, a dark red ore, often with a green coating, had been a source of
irritation for copper miners in Saxony, Germany. They believed the dark red
substance was an ore of copper, but they had been unable to extract any copper
from
it.
In frustration,
they had named it kupfernickel which could be translated
as goblins copper because clearly, from the miners point of view at any
rate, there were goblins or little imps at work, preventing them extracting
the copper.
1751-1754
1900-now
Between 1751 and 1754, the Swedish chemist Axel Cronstedt carried
out a number of experiments to determine the true nature of
kupfernickel. (We now know that kupfernickel is nickel arsenide,
NiAs.)
In the early twentieth century, Ludwig Mond patented a
process using nickel carbonyl to purify nickel. This process is
still used today.
MAKING PROCESS
REFINING
LEACH PROCESS
REDUCTION
Most nickel ores have several recoverable metals in them and the process if commonly
a multiple stream of metals recovered. The copper concentrate is sent to the copper
smelter and 99.99% copper cathode is produced in electrowinning cells. The nickel ore
is sent to the nickel refinery, where a complex set of reactions is carried out. These
include leaching in autoclaves using ammonia, heated to around 200 deg F at elevated
pressures of 100-150 PSI. The application of heat and pressure dramatically speeds up
the chemical reaction and produces the nickel much faster than leaching at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure
There is a primary and a secondary leach circuit, where the solids remaining in the
first circuit are sent to a second autoclave to recover any metals the first leach
process missed. A slurry of the liquid and solids are then pumped through a
thickening and filtration system, separating the non-valuable solids from the liquid
containing the nickel. The nickel and ammonia solution contains 2:2 ratio of nickel to
ammonia (molar), which is roughly 50 grams nickel per liter of solution.
The nickel-ammonia solution is then reduced with hydrogen in autoclaves, adding aa
small amount of ferrous ammonium sulphate. This solution is heated to 250 deg F at 350
PSI, in a hydrogen atmosphere. The nickel is reduced by hydrogen and precipitates as fine
metallic nickel (Ni). The nickel settles and the solution is pumped out to a holding tank.
Since the solution still contains some nickel , it is re-processed again to recover the
remaining nickel
ALLOY
CREATION
The nickel can then be removed through a cone bottomed tank or by a

thickener/filter operation to yield the nickel powder. It is then dried and sent to
a briquette process where it is made into pellets or briquettes. It can also be
melted and poured into ingots for sale to the market.
APPLICATIONS
Nickel is used in batteries
for example NiCd (nickelcadmium) and Ni-MH
(nickel-metal hydride)
rechargeable batteries and in
magnets.
Nickel is found in many

alloys used in dental
treatment to provide
improved physical and
chemical properties, such as
strength and durability, as
well as to reduce the cost of
using precious alloys such as
GOLD
Nickel metals are used in transport

industry and electronic components
because it has high melting point (
1453 degree celcius ) and also
ductile and magnetic at temperature
room.

8 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NICKEL

The nickel can then be removed through a cone bottomed tank or by a

Nickel is found in many

Nickel metals are used in transport

You might also like