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    Periodic Table Crystal Structure

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    aramontana
    The document summarizes the crystal structures of elements in the periodic table. Most metallic elements form variations of the cubic crystal system, with exceptions like zinc and cadmium which form hexagonal structures. Common crystal structures include body centered cubic (bcc), face centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close packed (hcp). Some elements have unusual or distorted structures like manganese, gallium, and tin. Melting points are provided for each element.

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    Periodic Table Crystal Structure

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    aramontana
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    The document summarizes the crystal structures of elements in the periodic table. Most metallic elements form variations of the cubic crystal system, with exceptions like zinc and cadmium which form hexagonal structures. Common crystal structures include body centered cubic (bcc), face centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close packed (hcp). Some elements have unusual or distorted structures like manganese, gallium, and tin. Melting points are provided for each element.

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    The document summarizes the crystal structures of elements in the periodic table. Most metallic elements form variations of the cubic crystal system, with exceptions like zinc and cadmium which form hexagonal structures. Common crystal structures include body centered cubic (bcc), face centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close packed (hcp). Some elements have unusual or distorted structures like manganese, gallium, and tin. Melting points are provided for each element.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    874 views6 pages

    Periodic Table Crystal Structure

    Uploaded by

    aramontana
    The document summarizes the crystal structures of elements in the periodic table. Most metallic elements form variations of the cubic crystal system, with exceptions like zinc and cadmium which form hexagonal structures. Common crystal structures include body centered cubic (bcc), face centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close packed (hcp). Some elements have unusual or distorted structures like manganese, gallium, and tin. Melting points are provided for each element.

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    of 6

    Periodic table (crystal structure)

    Periodic table (crystal structure)


    The thermodynamically stable structures of metallic elements adopted at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
    are color-coded and shown below. The only exception is mercury, Hg, which is a liquid and the structure refers to
    the low temperature form. The melting points of the metals (in K) are shown above the element symbol. Most of the
    metallic elements crystallize in variations of the cubic crystal system, with the exceptions noted. "Non-metallic"
    elements, like the noble gases, are not crystalline solids at STP, while others, like carbon, may have several meta
    stable allotropes at STP which of course can also occur for typical metals like e.g. tin.

    Table

    v
    t
    [1]
    e

    Crystal structure of elements in the periodic table


    H

    He

    453.69 1560
    Li
    Be
    bcc hcp

    Ne

    370.87 923
    Na
    Mg
    bcc hcp

    933.47
    Al
    fcc

    Si

    Cl

    Ar

    1357.8 692.68 302.91


    Cu
    Zn
    Ga
    fcc
    hcp

    Ge

    As

    Se

    Br

    Kr

    505
    Sn

    904
    Sb

    Te

    Xe

    At

    Rn

    336.53 1115 1814 1941 2183 2180 1519 1811 1768 1728
    K
    Ca
    Sc
    Ti
    V
    Cr
    Mn
    Fe
    Co
    Ni
    bcc
    fcc hcp hcp bcc
    bcc
    bcc hcp
    fcc
    312.46 1050 1799 2128 2750 2896 2430 2607 2237 1828
    Rb
    Sr
    Y
    Zr
    Nb
    Mo
    Tc
    Ru
    Rh
    Pd
    bcc
    fcc hcp hcp bcc
    bcc
    hcp hcp fcc
    fcc
    301.59 1000
    Cs
    Ba
    bcc bcc
    Fr

    973
    Ra
    bcc

    1235
    Ag
    fcc

    594
    Cd

    2506 3290 3695 3459 3306 2719 2041.4 1337.33 234.32


    Hf
    Ta
    W
    Re
    Os
    Ir
    Pt
    Au
    Hg
    hcp bcc
    bcc
    hcp hcp fcc
    fcc
    fcc
    Rf

    Db

    Sg

    Bh

    Hs

    Mt

    Ds

    430
    In

    577
    Tl
    hcp

    600.61 544.7 527


    Pb
    Bi
    Po
    fcc

    Rg

    Cn

    Uut

    Fl

    1193 1068 1208 1297 1315 1345 1099 1585


    La
    Ce
    Pr
    Nd
    Pm Sm
    Eu
    Gd
    dhcp fcc dhcp dhcp dhcp
    bcc
    hcp

    1629
    Tb
    hcp

    1680
    Dy
    hcp

    1734
    Ho
    hcp

    1802
    Er
    hcp

    1323 2115 1841 1405.3 917 912.5 1449 1613


    Ac Th
    Pa
    U
    Np
    Pu Am
    Cm
    fcc fcc
    dhcp dhcp

    1323
    Bk
    dhcp

    1173
    Cf
    dhcp

    1133
    Es
    fcc

    Fm

    Uup

    Lv

    Uus Uuo

    1818 1097 1925


    Tm Yb Lu
    hcp fcc hcp
    Md

    No

    Lr

    Periodic table (crystal structure)

    Legend:
    The top number in the cell is the melting point (in K)

    bcc: body centered cubic

    fcc: face centered cubic (cubic close packed)

    hcp: hexagonal close packed

    dhcp: double hexagonal close packed


    unusual structure
    nonmetal
    unknown or uncertain

    Unusual structures
    Element

    crystal
    system

    coordination number

    notes

    Mn

    cubic

    distorted bcc unit cell contains Mn atoms in 4 different


    environments

    Zn

    hexagonal

    distorted from ideal hcp. 6 nearest neighbors in same plane- 6


    in adjacent planes 14% farther away

    Ga

    orthorhombic

    each Ga atom has one nearest neighbour at 244 pm, 2 at 270


    pm, 2 at 273 pm, 2 at 279 pm.

    Cd

    hexagonal

    distorted from ideal hcp. 6 nearest neighbours in the same


    plane- 6 in adjacent planes 15% farther away

    In

    tetragonal

    slightly distorted fcc structure

    Sn

    tetragonal

    4 neighbours at 302 pm; 2 at 318 pm; 4 at 377 pm; 8 at 441


    pm

    Sb

    rhombohedral puckered sheet; each Sb atom has 3 neighbours in the same


    sheet at 290.8pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 335.5 pm.

    grey metallic form.

    Hg

    rhombohedral 6 nearest neighbours at 234 K and 1 atm (it is liquid at room


    temperature and thus has no crystal structure at ambient
    conditions!)

    this structure can be considered to be a distorted hcp


    lattice with the nearest neighbours in the same plane
    being approx 16% farther away

    Bi

    rhombohedral puckered sheet; each Bi atom has 3 neighbours in the same


    sheet at 307.2 pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 352.9 pm.

    Bi, Sb and grey As have the same space group in their


    crystal

    Po

    cubic

    6 nearest neighbours

    simple cubic lattice. The atoms in the unit cell are at the
    corner of a cube.

    Sm

    trigonal

    12 nearest neighbours

    complex hcp with 9 layer repeat, ABCBCACAB....

    Pa

    tetragonal

    body centred tetragonal unit cell, which can be considered to


    be a distorted bcc

    The structure is related to Iodine.

    white tin form (thermodynamical stable above 286.4 K)

    [2]

    Periodic table (crystal structure)

    orthorhombic

    strongly distorted hcp structure. Each atom has four near


    neighbours, 2 at 275.4 pm, 2 at 285.4 pm. The next four at
    [3]
    distances 326.3 pm and four more at 334.2 pm.

    Np

    orthorhombic

    highly distorted bcc structure. Lattice parameters: a=666.3


    [4][5]
    pm, b=472.3 pm, c=488.7 pm

    Pu

    monoclinic

    slightly distorted hexagonal structure. 16 atoms per unit cell.


    Lattice parameters: a= 618.3 pm, b=482.2 pm, c=1096.3 pm,
    [6][7]
    = 101.79

    Usual crystal structures


    Close packed metal structures
    Many metals adopt close packed structures i.e. hexagonal close packed and face centred cubic structures (cubic close
    packed). A simple model for both of these is to assume that the metal atoms are spherical and are packed together in
    the most efficient way (close packing or closest packing). In closest packing every atom has 12 equidistant nearest
    neighbours, and therefore a coordination number of 12. If the close packed structures are considered as being built of
    layers of spheres then the difference between hexagonal close packing and face centred cubic each layer is
    positioned relative to others. Whilst there are many ways can be envisaged for a regular build up of layers:
    hexagonal close packing has alternate layers positioned directly above/below each other, A,B,A,B, ......... (also
    termed P63/mmc, Pearson symbol hP2, strukturbericht A3) .
    face centered cubic has every third layer directly above/below each other,A,B,C,A,B,C,.......(also termed cubic
    close packing, Fm3m, Pearson symbol cF4, strukturbericht A1) .
    double hexagonal close packing has layers directly above/below each other, A,B,A,C,A,B,A,C,.... of period length
    4 like an alternative mixture of fcc and hcp packing (also termed P63/mmc, Pearson Symbol hP4, strukturbericht
    A3' ).[8]
    -Sm packing has a period of 9 layers A,B,A,B,C,B,C,A,C,.... (R3m, Pearson Symbol hR3, strukturbericht
    C19).[9]
    Hexagonal close packed
    In the ideal hcp structure the unit cell axial ratio is

    ~ 1.633, However there are deviations from this in some

    metals where the unit cell is distorted in one direction but the structure still retains the hcp space groupremarkable
    all the elements have a ratio of lattice parameters c/a < 1.633 (best are Mg and Co and worst Be with c/a ~ 1.568). In
    others like Zn and Cd the deviations from the ideal change the symmetry of the structure and these have a lattice
    parameter ratio c/a > 1.85.

    Periodic table (crystal structure)

    Face centered cubic (cubic close packed)


    More content relating to number of planes within structure and implications for glide/slide e.g. ductility.
    Double hexagonal close packed
    Similar as the ideal hcp structure, the perfect dhcp structure should hava a lattice parameter ratio of
    3.267. In real dhcp structures of the 5 lanthanides (including -Ce)

    variates between 1.596 (Pm) and 1.6128 (Nd).

    For the 4 known actinides dhcp lattices the corresponding number variate between 1.620 (Bk) and 1.625 (Cf).[10]

    Body centred cubic


    This is not a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors,
    however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the
    coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are included. Note that if the body centered
    cubic unit cell is compressed along one 4 fold axis the structure becomes face centred cubic (cubic close packed).

    Trends in melting point


    Melting points are chosen as a simple, albeit crude, measure of the stability or strength of the metallic lattice. Some
    simple trends can be noted. Firstly the transition metals have generally higher melting points than the others. In the
    alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2) the melting point decreases as atomic number increases,
    but in transition metal groups with incomplete d-orbital subshells, the heavier elements have higher melting points.
    For a given period, the melting points reach a maximum at around group 6 and then fall with increasing atomic
    number.

    References
    [1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)& action=edit
    [2] A.F Wells (1962) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 3d Edition Oxford University Press
    [3] Harry L. Yakel, A REVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES IN URANIUM ALLOYS. The Physical Metallurgy of Uranium Alloys
    Conference, Vail, Colorado, Feb. 1974
    [4] Lemire,R.J. et al.,Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001
    [5] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ a_c. html
    [6] Lemire,R.J. et al.,2001
    [7] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ aPu. html
    [8] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ a3p. html
    [9] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ c19. html
    [10] Nevill Gonalez Swacki & Teresa Swacka, Basic elements of Crystallography, Pan Standford Publishing Pte. Ltd., 2010

    General
    Actinides and the Environment, Edited by P.A. Sterne, A. Gonis and A.A. Borovoi, NATO ASI Series, Proc. of the
    NATO Advanced Study Institute on Actinides and the Environment, Maleme, Crete, Greece, July 1996, Kluver
    Academic Publishers,. p.pp.5961. ISBN0-7923-4968-7.
    The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, Edited by L.R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean
    Fuger, 3rd. Edition, Springer 2007 ISBN 1402035551. ISBN978-1402035555.

    Periodic table (crystal structure)

    External links
    Strukturbericht Type A structure reports for the pure elements (http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/
    atype.html)
    Crystal Structures for the solid chemical elements at 1 bar (http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/
    ele_structures.html)

    Article Sources and Contributors

    Article Sources and Contributors


    Periodic table (crystal structure) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595779889 Contributors: Axiosaurus, Benjah-bmm27, Chris the speller, DePiep, Double sharp,
    Headbomb, Icairns, Khazar2, Lfh, LilHelpa, Magioladitis, Morning277, Nergaal, OlEnglish, Raistuumum, Rjwilmsi, Savantas83, StringTheory11, Suchit Verma, Swpb, Wham Bam Rock II,
    Widefox, 71 anonymous edits

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