PNGE 470: Separation & Processing

PNGE470
SEPARATION&PROCESSING
WELLSTREAM
NaturalGas
WaterVapor
LiquidHydrocarbons
LiquidWater
Solids
BASICOPERATIONS
Separation
SeparationofSolids
SeparationofFreeLiquids
RemovaloftheHeavyHydrocarbons
Processing
RemovaloftheWaterVapor
RemovaloftheAcidGases
EngineeringObjectives
MaximizeRecovery
attheLowestCost
PNGE470
SEPARATION
SeparationofGasfromFreeLiquids
ComponentsofaSeparator
Causeaprimaryphaseseparation
ACentrifugalDevice
Removeentrainedliquidmistfromthegas
ALargeSettlingSection
Removeentrainedgasfromtheliquid
AMistExtractor
Dischargegasandliquidwithnoreentrainment
AdequateControl
SEPARATORS
TYPES
VERTICAL:LowGOR
RequireLimitedSpace
Expensive
HORIZONTAL:HighGOR
MostCommonforGasWells
LessExpensive
SPHERICAL
3PhaseSeparation
Compact
VeryLimitedSurgeSpace
HORIZONTALSEPARATOR
HORIZONTALSEPARATOR
VERTICALSEPARATOR
SPHERICALSEPARATOR
SeparatorGasCapacity
0.5
L g
vG K
g
vG =Superficial Gas Velocity, ft/s
L =Liquid Density
g =Gas Density
K Empirical Factor
SeparatorKValues
SeparatorGasCapacity
2.4D Kp L g
q
zT
g
2
0.5
q=Flow Rate, MMscf/d

D=Diameter, ft
p=Operating Pressure, psia
T= Operating Temperature, o R
z= Gas Deviation Factor
SeparatorLiquidCapacity
1440 VL
qL
t
qL Liquid Capacity, bbl/day
VL Settling Volume, bbl
t Retention time, min
RetentionTimes
VerticalSeparatorSettlingVolumes
HorizontalSeparatorSettlingVolumes
SphericalSeparatorSettlingVolumes
Example
Sizeastandardverticalseparatorforthe
followingconditions:
GasRate=5MMcfd
GasGravity=0.7
LGR=20bbl/MMCF
APIGravity=60o
P=800psig
T=80oF
Solution
2.4D Kp L g
q
zT
g
2
0.5
141.5
L 62.4
46.11 lb/ft 3
131.5 60
2.7 g P
2.7 0.7 800
3.38 lb/ft 3
=
zT
0.828 80 460
qzT g
2
D
2.4Kp L g
0.5
K 0.06 D 28"
K 0.35 D 11" K 0.205 D 15"
5 0.828 540
3.38
2.4 K 800 46.11 3.38
0.5
Solution
Liquid Rate 20 5 100 bbl/d
1440 VL
qL
t
16" 5'
Table 7-3 V= 0.27
1440 0.27
qL
389 bbl/d
1
LowPressureVerticalSeparator
Gas
Capacity
HighPressureVerticalSeparators
Gas
Capacity
LowPressureHorizontalSeparators
Gas
Capacity
HighPressureHorizontalSeparators
Gas
Capacity
SphericalSeparators
Example
OilRate=2500bbl/day
GOR=1000SCF/bbl
P=50psig
Solution
qg 2500 1000 2,500,000 scfd 2.5MMcfd
Fig. 4.6 @50psig 36" 5 '
q 2.9MMcfd
1440 1.61
Table 7 4 V 1.61 qL
2318 2500
1
Next Size 30" 10'
1440 2.06
V 2.06 qL
2969 2500
1
30" 10'
qg 3.75MMcfd
qL 2969 bbl / day
Example
GasRate=5MMcfd
LGR=20bbl/MMCF
P=800psig
Solution
Fig 4.7 @800 psig 20" 7',6"
Table 7-3 V= 0.65
1440 0.65
936 bbl/d
qL
1
qg 5.4MMcfd
Example
Sizeastandardhorizontalseparatorfor
thefollowingconditions:
GasRate=5MMcfd
LGR=20bbl/MMCF
P=800psig
Solution
Fig 4.10 @800 psig 16" 5'
Table 7-5 V= 0.61
1440 0.61
878 bbl/d
qL
1
qg 5.1MMcfd
Example
Sizeastandardhorizontalseparatorfor
thefollowingconditions:
GasRate=10MMcfd
CondensateRate=500bbl/d
WaterRate=100bbl/d
P=800psig
Solution
Fig 4.10 @800 psig 20" 10'
qg 10.2MMcfd
Table 7-5 V= 1.80

1440 1.80
qL
518 bbl/d< 500+100 bbl/d
5
Next Size:24" 10'
Table 7-5 V= 2.63
1440 2.63
qL
757 bbl/d
5
SeparationoftheCondensableHydrocarbons
VaporLiquidEquilibrium(VLE)
StageSeparation
PandTReduction
Compression
VaporLiquidEquilibrium(VLE)
yi
FlashCalculations
yi
ki
xi
zi
zi 1 ki
0
i 1 nV ki 1 1
Nc
zi
zi ki
xi
, yi
nL ki nV
nL ki nV
xi
StandingMethod
LPFlash
LP-Flash.xsl
This spreadsheet performs flash calculations at low pressures and temperatures.
(pressure < 1,000 psia, temperature < 200 oF)
Instructions:
1) Update input data in blue;
2) Run Macro Solution;
3) Enter a value for z-factor in the "Flash Calculation" section;
4) View results.
Input Data:
Pressure:
Temperature:
Specific gravity of stock tank oil:
Specific gravity of solution gas:
Gas solubility (Rs):
600
200
0.90
0.70
500
Composition
Compound Mole Fraction (zi)
C1
0.6599
C2
0.0869
C3
0.0591
i-C 4
0.0239
n-C 4
0.0278
i-C 5
0.0157
n-C 5
0.0112
C6
0.0181
C 7+
0.0601
N2
0.0194
CO 2
H2S
0.0121
0.0058
1.0000
psia
F
water = 1
air = 1
scf/STB
Flash Calculation:
nv =
Results
0.8791
Compound
C1
zi
ki
zi(ki-1)/[nv(ki-1)+1]
0.6599
6.5255
0.6225
C2
0.0869
1.8938
0.0435
C3
0.0591
0.8552
-0.0098
i-C 4
0.0239
0.4495
-0.0255
n-C 4
0.0278
0.3656
-0.0399
i-C 5
0.0157
0.1986
-0.0426
n-C 5
0.0112
0.1703
-0.0343
C6
0.0181
0.0904
-0.0822
C 7+
0.0601
0.0089
-0.4626
N2
0.0194
30.4563
0.0212
CO 2
0.0121
3.4070
0.0093
H2S
0.0058
1.0446
0.0002
0.0000
nL =
0.1209
Compound
C1
xi
yi
xiMW i
yiMW i
0.1127
0.7352
1.8071
11.7920
C2
0.0487
0.0922
1.4633
2.7712
C3
0.0677
0.0579
2.9865
2.5540
i-C 4
0.0463
0.0208
2.6918
1.2099
n-C 4
0.0629
0.0230
3.6530
1.3356
i-C 5
0.0531
0.0106
3.8330
0.7614
n-C 5
0.0414
0.0070
2.9863
0.5085
C6
0.0903
0.0082
7.7857
0.7036
C 7+
0.4668
0.0042
53.3193
0.4766
N2
0.0007
0.0220
0.0202
0.6156
CO 2
0.0039
0.0132
0.1709
0.5823
H2S
0.0056
0.0058
0.1902
0.1987
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase:

Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase:
Specific gravity of liquid phase:
Specific gravity of vapor phase:
Input vapor phase z-factor:
Density of liquid phase:
Density of vapor phase:
Volume of liquid phase:
Volume of vapor phase:
GOR:
API gravity of liquid phase:
80.91
23.51
0.76
0.81
0.958
47.19
2.08
0.04
319.66
8659
56
water =1
air = 1
lbm/ft
3
3
lbm/ft
bbl
scf
scf/bbl
Example
Solution
nv = 0.8791
Compound
zi
ki
zi(ki-1)/[nv(ki-1)+1]
C1
0.6599
6.5255
0.6225
C2
0.0869
1.8938
0.0435
C3
0.0591
0.8552
-0.0098
i-C4
0.0239
0.4495
-0.0255
n-C4
0.0278
0.3656
-0.0399
i-C5
0.0157
0.1986
-0.0426
n-C5
0.0112
0.1703
-0.0343
C6
0.0181
0.0904
-0.0822
C7+
0.0601
0.0089
-0.4626
N2
0.0194
30.4563
0.0212
CO2
0.0121
3.4070
0.0093
H2S
0.0058
1.0446
0.0002
0.0000
Solution
nL = 0.1209
Compound
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
C7+
N2
CO2
H2S
xi
0.1127
0.0487
0.0677
0.0463
0.0629
0.0531
0.0414
0.0903
0.4668
0.0007
0.0039
0.0056
yi
0.7352
0.0922
0.0579
0.0208
0.0230
0.0106
0.0070
0.0082
0.0042
0.0220
0.0132
0.0058
xiMWi
1.8071
1.4633
2.9865
2.6918
3.6530
3.8330
2.9863
7.7857
53.3193
0.0202
0.1709
0.1902
yiMWi
11.7920
2.7712
2.5540
1.2099
1.3356
0.7614
0.5085
0.7036
0.4766
0.6156
0.5823
0.1987
Solution
Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase:
Apparent molecular weight of vapor phase:
Specific gravity of liquid phase:
Specific gravity of vapor phase:
Input vapor phase z-factor:
Density of liquid phase:
Density of vapor phase:
Volume of liquid phase:
Volume of vapor phase:
GOR:
API gravity of liquid phase:
80.91
23.51
0.76
0.81
0.958
47.19
2.08
0.04
319.66
8659
56
water =1
air = 1
lbm/ft3
lbm/ft3
bbl
scf
scf/bbl
STAGESEPARATION
STAGESEPARATION
LowTemperatureSeparation
IncreasedLiquidHCRecovery
WaterVaporRemoval
TemperatureReductionisAchievedbySudden
PressureReduction.
RequiresHighPressure
T
Joul-Thompson Coefficeint: =
P H
Constant H Sudden Expansion
For Natural Gas 0 P T
EffectofTemperatureon
LiquidRecovery
Example
High pressure gas condensate well:
Gas Rate = 10 MMcfd
P = 800 psig
Liquid Rate= 200 bbl/day
Temperature =85oF
If T is lowered to 20oF, what additional
recovery could be expected?
Solution
200
bbl
Liquid to Gas Ratio
20
10
MMcf
bbl
@ 20 F Liquid to Gas Ratio 25.7
MMcf
Additional Recovery ( 25.7 20 ) 10 57 bbl / day
o

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PNGE470

q=Flow Rate, MMscf/d

K 0.35 D 11" K 0.205 D 15"

2.4 K 800 46.11 3.38

qL 2969 bbl / day

Table 7-5 V= 1.80

Apparent molecular weight of liquid phase:

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