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    Lecture 02 EEL4781

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    Mary Dunham
    This document discusses protocol layering and protocol stacks. It explains that most networks are organized into a stack of layers to reduce complexity, with each layer performing a well-defined function. It provides examples of reference models like OSI and TCP/IP, and describes some of the key layers like the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers. It also discusses why the OSI model was not as successful as TCP/IP and provides an example of a protocol stack used in the class.

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    Lecture 02 EEL4781

    Uploaded by

    Mary Dunham
    107 views9 pages
    This document discusses protocol layering and protocol stacks. It explains that most networks are organized into a stack of layers to reduce complexity, with each layer performing a well-defined function. It provides examples of reference models like OSI and TCP/IP, and describes some of the key layers like the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers. It also discusses why the OSI model was not as successful as TCP/IP and provides an example of a protocol stack used in the class.

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    This document discusses protocol layering and protocol stacks. It explains that most networks are organized into a stack of layers to reduce complexity, with each layer performing a well-defined function. It provides examples of reference models like OSI and TCP/IP, and describes some of the key layers like the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers. It also discusses why the OSI model was not as successful as TCP/IP and provides an example of a protocol stack used in the class.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views9 pages

    Lecture 02 EEL4781

    Uploaded by

    Mary Dunham
    This document discusses protocol layering and protocol stacks. It explains that most networks are organized into a stack of layers to reduce complexity, with each layer performing a well-defined function. It provides examples of reference models like OSI and TCP/IP, and describes some of the key layers like the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers. It also discusses why the OSI model was not as successful as TCP/IP and provides an example of a protocol stack used in the class.

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    EEL 4781

    Computer Communication Networks


    Lecture 2
    Protocol Layering, Protocol Stack, Example Networks

    Protocol Layering
    Protocol An agreement between the communication parties on how to
    standardize communication

    Most networks are organized as a stack of layers to reduce design


    complexity

    Protocol layers use interfaces to interact with each other


    Reference models include OSI, TCP/IP, and a modified one for this class

    Protocol Layering

    Principles that guided the OSI model:

    A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed

    The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimized the information flow across the interfaces

    Each layer should perform a well-defined function


    The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally standardized
    protocols
    The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be thrown together in
    the same layer out of necessity and small enough that the architecture does not become unwieldy

    Protocol Layering
    Why wasnt the OSI model successful

    Bad timing standards need to be written after research but before investments

    OSI came too late and TCP/IP had already taken over

    Bad technology the model and protocols were flawed, the session and presentation
    layers are nearly empty while data link and network are overfull

    Bad implementations people associated OSI with poor quality while TCP was quite
    good and free

    Bad politics educational research communities vs government agencies

    Protocol Layering
    User 1

    User 2

    Application

    Application

    H4

    Transport

    H4

    Transport

    H3 H4

    Network

    H3 H4

    Network

    H2 H3 H4
    H1 H2 H3 H4

    Link
    Physical

    H2 H3 H4
    H1 H2 H3 H4

    Link
    Physical

    Physical Medium
    Example of the protocol stack used in this book
    Headers with additional data are added at each layer

    Protocol Stack

    Physical Layer how to transmit raw bits over a communication channel

    Modulation and multiplexing (AM, FM, PM, QAM, QPSK, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA)

    Link Layer how to send finite-length messages between users

    Ethernet, 802.11, 802.16

    Protocol Stack
    Network Layer how to combine multiple links into networks and how to
    combine multiple networks into internetworks

    IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, RIP, IGMP

    Transport Layer how services in the network layered are guaranteed

    TCP, UDP, RSVP

    Application Layer how programs make use of the network

    HTTP, DHCP, FTP, DNS, IMAP, SMTP, XMPP, SSH, BGP, Telnet

    Whos who

    ISO International Standards Organization

    IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

    Lagest professional organization in the world that hosts conferences, published journals, and developes
    standards. ie: IEEE 802.11 WIFI

    W3c World Wide Web Consortium

    Voluntary nontreaty organization issuing standards on a variety of subjects from fishing nets to the internet

    Developes protocols and guidelines to facilitate the long-term growth of the web

    RFC Request for Comments

    Where standards are proposed, critiqued, and implemented

    Whos who

    Please refer to handwritten notes

    Mobile Phone Networks

    AMPS, GSM, CDMA2000, HSPA, LTE, frequency reuse, soft handover vs hard handover

    Sample problems from the back 4, 6, 10, 13, 17, 22, 32 (UCF)

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