Network Protocols and

Communication

CCNA Routing and Switching

Introduction to Networks v6.0

Sections & Objectives
▪ Rules of Communication
• Explain how rules facilitate communication.
• Describe the types of rules that are necessary to successfully communicate.
▪ Network Protocols and Standards
• Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating interoperability in network
communications.
• Explain why protocols are necessary in network communication.
• Explain the purpose of adhering to a protocol suite.
• Explain the role of standards organizations in establishing protocols for network interoperability.
• Explain how the TCP/IP model and the OSI model are used to facilitate standardization in the
communication process.
▪ Data Transfer in the Network
• Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Explain how data encapsulation allows data to be transported across the network.
• Explain how local hosts access local resources on a network.
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Rules of Communication

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The Rules
Communication Fundamentals
▪ All communication methods have three elements in common:
• Source or sender
• Destination or receiver
• Channel or media
▪ Rules or protocols govern all methods of communication.

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The Rules
Rule Establishment
▪ Protocols are necessary for effective communication and include:
• An identified sender and receiver
• Common language and grammar
• Speed and timing of delivery
• Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
▪ Protocols used in network communications also define:
• Message encoding
• Message delivery options
• Message Formatting and Encapsulation
• Message Timing
• Message Size

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The Rules
Message Encoding
▪ Encoding between hosts must be in
appropriate format for the medium.
▪ Messages are first converted into bits
by the sending host.
▪ Each bit is encoded into a pattern of
sounds, light waves, or electrical
impulses depending on the network
media
▪ The destination host receives and
decodes the signals in order to
interpret the message.
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The Rules
Message Formatting and Encapsulation
▪ There is an agreed format for letters and
addressing letters which is required for
proper delivery.
▪ Putting the letter into the addressed
envelope is called encapsulation.
▪ Each computer message is
encapsulated in a specific format, called
a frame, before it is sent over the
network.
▪ A frame acts like an envelope providing
destination address and source address.
The Rules
Message Size
▪ Humans break long messages into smaller
parts or sentences.
▪ Long messages must also be broken into
smaller pieces to travel across a network.
• Each piece is sent in a separate frame.
• Each frame has its own addressing
information.
• A receiving host will reconstruct multiple
frames into the original message.
The Rules
Message
Timing
▪ Access Method
• Hosts on a network need to know when to begin sending
messages and how to respond when collisions occur.
▪ Flow Control
• Source and destination hosts use flow control to negotiate
correct timing to avoid overwhelming the destination and
ensure information is received.
▪ Response Timeout
• Hosts on the network have rules that specify how long to
wait for responses and what action to take if a response
timeout occurs.
The Rules
Message Delivery Options
Unicast Message Multicast Message Broadcast Message

One-to-one delivery One-to-many delivery One-to-all delivery

Network Protocols and
Standards
Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications
▪ Protocol suites are implemented
by hosts and networking devices
in software, hardware or both.
▪ The protocols are viewed in terms
of layers, with each higher level
service depending on the
functionality defined by the
protocols shown in the lower
levels.
Protocols
Network Protocols
▪ Networking protocols define a
common format and set of rules
for exchanging messages
between devices.
▪ Some common networking
protocols are Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), and Internet Protocol
(IP).
Protocols
Protocol Interaction
▪ Communication between a web server and
web client is an example of an interaction
between several protocols:
• HTTP - an application protocol that governs the
way a web server and a web client interact.
• TCP - transport protocol that manages the
individual conversations.
• IP – encapsulates the TCP segments into
packets, assigns addresses, and delivers to the
destination host.
• Ethernet - allows communication over a data link
and the physical transmission of data on the
network media.
Protocol Suites • This course will only cover the protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite

Protocol Suites and Industry Standards

▪ A protocol suite is a set of protocols
that work together to provide
comprehensive network
communication services.
• May be specified by a standards
organization or developed by a vendor.
▪ The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open
standard, the protocols are freely
available, and any vendor is able to
implement these protocols on their
hardware or in their software.
Protocol Suites
Development of TCP/IP
▪ Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) was
the predecessor to today’s Internet.
• ARPANET was funded by the U.S.
Department of Defense for use by
universities and research
laboratories.
Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Communication Process
▪ When sending data from a web server to
a client the encapsulation procedure
would be as follows:
• The webserver prepares the Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) page. The HTTP
application layer protocol sends the data to
the transport layer.
• The transport layer breaks the data into
segments and identifies each.
• Next the IP source and destination • This frame is delivered to the nearest
addresses are added, creating an IP Packet. router along the path towards the web
• The Ethernet information is then added client. Each router adds new data link
creating the Ethernet Frame, or data link information before forwarding the packet.
frame.
Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Communication Process (Cont.)
▪ When receiving the data link frames from
the web server, the client processes and
removes each protocol header in the
opposite order it was added:
• First the Ethernet header is removed
• Then the IP header
• Then the Transport layer header
• Finally the HTTP information is processed and
sent to the client’s web browser
Standards Organizations
Open Standards
▪ Open standards encourage
interoperability, competition, and
innovation.
▪ Standards organizations are usually
vendor-neutral, non-profit organizations
established to develop and promote the
concept of open standards.
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards
▪ Internet Society (ISOC) –promotes open ▪ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
development and evolution of Internet use and Numbers (ICANN) - coordinates IP
globally. address allocation and management of
domain names.
▪ Internet Architecture Board (IAB) -
management and development of Internet ▪ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
standards. (IANA) - manages IP address allocation,
domain name management, and protocol
▪ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - identifiers for ICANN.
develops, updates, and maintains Internet
and TCP/IP technologies.
▪ Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) -
focused on long-term research related to
Internet and TCP/IP protocols.
Standards Organizations
Electronics and Communications Standard Organizations
▪ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) - dedicated to advancing technological innovation
and creating standards in a wide area of industries
including networking.
▪ Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) - standards related
to electrical wiring, connectors, and network racks.
▪ Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
standards for radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over
IP (VoIP) devices, and satellite communications.
▪ International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
standards for video compression, Internet Protocol
Television (IPTV), and broadband communications.
Reference Models
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
▪ The benefits of using a layered
model include:
• Assisting in protocol design since
protocols at each layer have
defined functions.
• Fostering competition because
products from different vendors
can work together.
• Preventing technology changes in
one layer from affecting other
layers.
• Providing a common language to
describe networking functions and
capabilities.
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
▪ Application - contains protocols used for process-to-process
communications.
▪ Presentation - provides for common representation of the data.

▪ Session - provides services to the presentation layer to

organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.
▪ Transport - defines services to segment, transfer, and
reassemble the data.
▪ Network - provides services to exchange the individual pieces
of data over the network between identified end devices.
▪ Data Link - provides methods for exchanging data frames
between devices over a common media.
▪ Physical - describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and
©2 0 1 6 C isco an d /or its affilia tes . Al l
procedural means to transmit b i t s a c r o s s p h y
Reference Models
The TCP/IP Protocol Model
▪ The TCP/IP Protocol Model
• Created in the early 1970s for
internetwork communications.
• Open Standard.
• Also called The TCP/IP Model
or the Internet Model.
Reference Models
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model Comparison
▪ In the OSI model, the network access layer and the application layer of the
TCP/IP model are further divided to describe discrete functions that must
occur at these layers.
Data Transfer in the Network
Data Encapsulation
Message Segmentation
▪ Large streams of data are divided
into smaller, more manageable
pieces to send over the network.
• By sending smaller pieces, many
different conversations can be
interleaved on the network, called
multiplexing.
• Each piece must be labeled.
• If part of the message fails to
make it to the destination, only the
missing pieces need to be
retransmitted.
Data Encapsulation
Protocol Data Units
▪ As application data is passed down the
protocol stack, information is added at each
level. This is known as the encapsulation
process.
▪ The form that the data takes at each layer is
known as a Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
• Data - application layer PDU
• Segment – Transport layer PDU
• Packet – Network layer PDU
• Frame – Data Link Layer PDU
• Bits – Physical Layer PDU
Data Encapsulation
Encapsulation Example
▪ The encapsulation process works
from top to bottom:
• Data is divided into segments.
• The TCP segment is encapsulated
in the IP Packet.
• The IP packet is encapsulated in the
Ethernet Frame.
Data Encapsulation
De-encapsulation
▪ The de-encapsulation process
works from bottom to top.
▪ De-encapsulation is the process
used by a receiving device to
remove one or more of the protocol
headers.
• The data is de-encapsulated as it
moves up the stack toward the end-
user application.
Data Access
Network
Addresses
▪ Network layer source and
destination addresses - Responsible
for delivering the IP packet from the
original source to the final
destination.
• Source IP address - The IP address
of the sending device, the original
source of the packet.
• Destination IP address - The IP
address of the receiving device, the
final destination of the packet.
Data Access
Data Link
Addresses
▪ The purpose of the data link
address is to deliver the data link
frame from one network interface to
another network interface on the
same network.
• As the IP packet travels from source to
destination it is encapsulated in a new
data link frame when it is forwarded by
each router.
Data Access
Devices on the Same Network
▪ The network layer addresses, or IP addresses,
indicate the original source and final
destination.
• Network portion – The left-most part of the
address indicates which network the IP address
is a member of.
• Host portion – The remaining part of the address
identifies a specific device on the network.
▪ The data link frame which uses MAC
addressing, is sent directly to the receiving
device.
• Source MAC address - address of sending
device.
• Destination MAC address – address of receiving
device.
Data Access
Devices on a Remote Network
▪ Sending to a remote network - the
source and destination IP
addresses represent hosts on
different networks.
▪ The data link frame cannot be sent
directly to the remote destination
host. Therefore the frame is sent to
the default gateway (nearest router
interface).

▪ The router removes the received

Layer 2 information and adds new
data link information before
forwarding out the exit interface.
Summary
Conclusion
Network Protocols and Communications
▪ Explain how rules facilitate communication.

▪ Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating

interoperability in network communications.
▪ Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a small to medium-
sized business network.